Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kofi Annan 0 2315 882411 882218 2026-07-13T16:44:53Z Usman saadu 46863 882411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] 27s4nffym06s5qabhbps5i4dhe8bl57 882415 882411 2026-07-13T16:46:28Z Usman saadu 46863 882415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] 04obvc0hf41fm00dt61jqt1iadxz3p7 882419 882415 2026-07-13T16:48:17Z Usman saadu 46863 882419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] s8fp8zcm85ko72p75gwycb690nljk4k 882421 882419 2026-07-13T16:49:25Z Usman saadu 46863 882421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A shekara ta 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] jeffvztyrkwsiza0ld1ybi62cxo43vm 882428 882421 2026-07-13T16:51:48Z Usman saadu 46863 882428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A shekara ta 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a Shekara ta 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga shekara ta 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] 9ug4rax2qwxvgdywaq4ttkzx5pvlhul 882434 882428 2026-07-13T16:54:04Z Usman saadu 46863 882434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa watan [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar ta (2001). Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar ta (1962), yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A shekara ta 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a Shekara ta 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga shekara ta 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga shekara ta 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 1981 zuwa ta 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A shekara ta 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] 9pizdrfvlheeskin3hjvaxmzzdqozfk Ahmadu Bello 0 2665 882479 881570 2026-07-13T20:04:03Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Farkon Rayuwarsa */ 882479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da hudu (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] 6d0c00q2cmns8oydadsyi8c3k8y1sqv 882499 882479 2026-07-13T20:36:57Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Siyasa */ 882499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] poamhizkp38secpynml878i0uvwb60q 882501 882499 2026-07-13T20:38:46Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Siyasa */ 882501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] sb4subdcatubtno03ep5d119hdjp0lb 882503 882501 2026-07-13T20:42:24Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Siyasa */ 882503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] qbhchbjny4rxiriok28misb4460bqqc 882506 882503 2026-07-13T20:45:59Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Siyasa */ 882506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] cu8rkq8hf4v3rsx5s22aa2pr7sfldoi 882509 882506 2026-07-13T20:52:57Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Siyasa */ 882509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] m77g8qqmhq6sby4tu2mtqagllraeyav 882510 882509 2026-07-13T20:55:51Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Jam'iyya */ 882510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara 1951. A shekara 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] gftqdgt7q77pxk5spqw6wj01znzzu9c 882512 882510 2026-07-13T21:07:03Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Jam'iyya */ 882512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara ta 1951. A shekara ta 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a shekara 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekara ta 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] cw9kvhj8d3v44tclgwkfvvk9c4j2r5c 882532 882512 2026-07-13T21:36:47Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Jam'iyya */ 882532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara ta 1951. Zuwa shekara ta 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a shekara 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekara ta 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka sake shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] 5uydwc22im11h3sutoxki7alpgvzi44 Ibrahim Shema 0 3886 882563 626882 2026-07-13T23:45:22Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Gwamnan jihar Katsina */ 882563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{databox}} Barista '''Ibrahim Shehu Shema''' (an haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarata 1957) [[lauya]] ne kuma ɗan [[siyasa]] ɗan Najeriya wanda aka zaɓe shi gwamnan [[jihar Katsina]] da ke a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar na shekara ta 2007.<ref name=self>{{cite web |url=http://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid= |title=Governor Ibrahim Shehu Shema of Katsina |publisher=Nigeria Governors Forum |access-date=2009-12-13}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala shekaru hudu An sake zaɓen shi na tsawon shekaru huɗu a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2011, ya yi dukkan takarar a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People’s Democratic Party (PDP)]].<ref name=":0"> "Guber Polls - PDP Shocks the North https://allafrica.com/stories/201104280233.html. Leadership. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.</ref> Wa’adinsa na biyu a kan ƙaragar mulkin gwamnan jihar na shekaru huɗu ya ƙare ne, a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2015, daga nan ya mikawa [[Aminu Bello Masari]] zaɓaɓɓen gwamna a jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] Mulki biyo bayan sabon babban zaɓen ƙasar na shekarata2015. ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ibrahim Shema a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1957 a garin [[Dutsin-Ma]] da ke matsayin ƙaramar hukuma a [[jihar Katsina]]. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Nasarawa, Katsina (1964-1971) da Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, [[Kafanchan]] (1972-1976). Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Arts, Science & Technology, [[Zariya]] daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa 1980, ya samu adimishan a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu (LLB) a shekarar 1983. Bayan shekara ɗaya ya samu B.L a [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Nigerian Law School]], Victoria Island, Lagos. A lokacin da yake aikin lauya, ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya kammala a shekarar 1998.<ref name=self/> ==Fagen siyasa== Shema ya kasance babban [[Lauya]]n gwamnati kuma kwamishinan shari'a na jihar (Agusta 1999 - Mayu 2003) a lokacin da [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] ya ke a matsayin gwamnan [[jihar Katsina]] na farko, daga nan kuma ya koma aikinsa na sirri a Kaduna. A watan Janairun 2005, an naɗa shi mamba na kwamitin musamman na [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar PDP]] kan rikicin [[Anambra]]. Sannan ya riƙe muƙamin mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa ( shiyyar Arewa maso Yamma) (Satumba 2005 – Nuwamba 2006), A lokaci guda kuma ya zama shugaban kwamitin ladabtarwa na jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa, kuma shugaban majalisar gudanarwa, Cibiyar Jam’iyyar PDPn. Shema ya taɓa zama shugaban kwamitin sulhu na ƙasa na jam'iyyar PDP ta Kudu maso Kudu (Mayu zuwa Yuni 2006). Ya kuma riƙe mukamin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya (NAMA) daga watan Disamba 2005 zuwa Nuwamba 2006, a lokacin da ya lashe tikitin jam'iyyar PDP na tsayawa takarar gwamna a [[jihar Katsina]] a shekara ta 2007. ==Gwamnan jihar Katsina== [[File:NigeriaKatsina.png|200px|thumb|Jihar Katsina a cikin Taswirar ƙasar ta ta Najeriya da launin Ja-ja-jir]] An zaɓi Ibrahim Shema Gwamnan [[jihar Katsina]] a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2007, a matsayin magajin [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar’adua]] mai barin mulki, wanda daga bisani shi kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ya hau karagar mulki ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2007. An bayyana Shema a matsayin “gwamna mai rowa,” saboda kin buɗe rumfunan [[jihar Katsina]] ga ƴan siyasar Katsina, yanayin da yake da alaƙa da tsohon gwamnan jihar, [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/aug/23/powergame-23-08-2009-001.htm |title=North -West 2011: The storm gathers |author=ISMAIL OMIPIDAN |date=23 August 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun |access-date=2009-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926213428/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/aug/23/powergame-23-08-2009-001.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Karo na biyu=== An sake zaɓen Shema na tsawon wasu shekaru huɗun a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, inda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People’s Democratic Party (PDP)]]. Shema ya samu ƙuri’u miliyan '''ɗaya da dubu ashirin da bakwai da ɗari tare da sha biyu''' (1,027,912) sai [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] na jam’iyyar [[Congress for Progressive Change]] CPC, da ƙuri’u 555,769. Ɗan takarar jam'iyar [[Action Congress of Nigeria]] (ACN) ya zo na uku da kuri’u 19,990<ref name=":0" />. ==Suka== {{Cquote|Wani jigo a jam’iyyar PDP a Katsina, Tasiu Umar Mashi, ya rasu a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2009, a ofishin kwamishinan ƴan sandan [[jihar Katsina]], Danazumi Doma. Taƙaddama game da lamarin da ya kai ga mutuwarsa ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce tsakanin ɓangarorin PDP da ke adawa da Shema, ɗaya kuma ƙarƙashin jagorancin ministan noma da albarkatun ruwa, Dr. [[Abba Sayyadi Ruma]]. A watan Disambar 2010, Shema ya sake lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna na jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party]], a fafatawar da shi kaɗai ne ɗan takara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200911250229.html |title=In Katsina, Tasiu's Death Sparks Off Controversy |author=Imam Imam |date=24 November 2009 |publisher=ThisDay |access-date=2009-12-13}}</ref> }} ==Iyali== Ya auri [[Fatima Ibrahim Shema]], su na da ƴaƴa huɗu, maza ukku mace ɗaya.<ref>https://aminiya.dailytrust.com/hajiya-fatima-ibrahim-shema-hakuri-sirrin-nasarar-rayuwa/</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shema, Ibrahim}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Gwamnonin jihar Katsina]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] {{Template:Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina}} pz49htped1ddvubv9cccpc5oonnux4j Ukraniya 0 4039 882685 652157 2026-07-14T06:42:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shine Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shine Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648-1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] lu3vs91gmyz9678d5qz3fxxvzutz267 882686 882685 2026-07-14T06:42:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shine Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648-1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 3xo1rqut9nnvf1yo8xv6dl4yozy7sxc 882687 882686 2026-07-14T06:43:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shine Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648-1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 2i9ga6pdivpkddi6jxp1hmdabpq4yxx 882689 882687 2026-07-14T06:44:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648-1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 72gh1x90rjgir6oiktbrnbnq5xn1lwi 882690 882689 2026-07-14T06:44:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648-1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 5cww22q8osp08it3nwiadlcs677mdlx 882692 882690 2026-07-14T06:45:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa ga Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] glkuvfyst3h9v4obbohgnl0581h9igx 882693 882692 2026-07-14T06:46:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] mky54odpl45kxl063xg04aat4562h4t 882696 882693 2026-07-14T06:48:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yamma, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] qg8wet691ydiynn9wiafhoncumlqfr2 882870 882696 2026-07-14T11:14:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'umma daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] lfzf50x3mvtzi9o8al05vwxgkh9piok 882871 882870 2026-07-14T11:15:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A cikin 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] omr3wg7pvp8koucxtfm6pymn3ohajwt 882872 882871 2026-07-14T11:16:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] m6e9p8y3kf9or96jpfbe5kzn7roqjev Aliko Dangote 0 6211 882832 821015 2026-07-14T09:54:36Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362617149|Aliko Dangote]]" 882832 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Aliko Mohammad Dangote''' GCON (Listenⓘ; an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya wanda aka sani da muhimmiyar matsayinsa a cikin Dangote Group da Dangote Refinery . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Aliko Dangote {{!}} Biography, Businessman, Group, Foundation, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aliko-Dangote |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar gudanar da tattalin arziki. Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, Dangote shine mutum na 62 mafi arziki a duniya, [[Baƙar fata biloniya|Baƙar fata mafi arziki]] kuma mutum mafi arziki a Afirka, tare da darajar da aka kiyasta sama da dala biliyan 36.8 a kowane Bloomberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aliko Dangote |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/aliko-dangote/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Dangote ya kafa [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], wani karamin kamfani wanda ke kasuwanci da kayayyaki; shigo da sukari, gishiri, da kayan abinci. A cikin 1981, ya kafa Dangote Nigeria Limited da Blue Star Services; dukansu sun shigo da shinkafa, da kayan aiki kamar ƙarfe da samfuran aluminum. Bayan manyan tallace-tallace da kamfanin ya yi, da kuma babban bukatar siminti, Dangote ya kafa Cement Dangote, wanda ya fuskanci gasa daga Lafarge, kamfanin kera siminti na Faransa da aka sani da shigo da siminti zuwa kasashen Afirka a wannan lokacin. Ya zuwa 2023, Dangote Cement ya samar da kimanin dala biliyan 3.7 a cikin kudaden shiga, kuma Dangote Sugar Refinery an sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sukari a Najeriya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekeugo |first=Nmesoma |date=3 November 2024 |title=Dangote vs Tinubu: A Clash of Titans |url=https://rpublc.com/october-november-2024/dangote-vs-tinubu/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=The Republic}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan siyasa da ra'ayoyin Dangote sun sanya shi mutum ne a [[Afirka]]. An kuma san shi da tasirinsa a kan Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya kuma [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] a 2011 kuma an jera shi a cikin mujallar Time 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a 2014. == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali === [[Fayil:Groundnut_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|248x248px|An yi amfani da pyramids na groundnut a matsayin ajiya don groundnuts. A tsakiyar karni na 20, an yi amfani da waɗannan gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya, musamman a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], ya ba da abinci ga [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa na farko da suka fi yawa.]] An haifi Aliko Mohammad Dangote a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1957, a Kano, Jihar Kano, Birtaniya Najeriya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Sunansa "Aliko" ya ba shi ne daga kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Sanusi Dantata]]; yana nufin "wanda ya ci nasara wanda ke kare bil'adama".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An haife shi ne ga wani shahararren dangin Najeriya, Dangote dan asalin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne. Ya girma a matsayin [[Musulmi]], ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya (née Dantata), daga iyali mai arziki, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Mahaifinsa Mohammed Dangote shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne; ya mallaki kamfanin sufuri.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aliko tana da 'yan uwa uku: [[Sani Dangote]], ɗan kasuwa wanda ya mutu daga ciwon daji; Bello, wanda ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama na 1996 tare da ɗan [[Sani Abacha]]; da Garba, wanda ya rasu a 2013 bayan [[bugun jini]]. Iyalin Dangote sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin kasuwanci. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], shine mutum mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1955. A lokacin aikinsa na kasuwanci, Alhassan ya shigo da kwayoyi daga [[Ghana]], kuma ya fitar da kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} {{Efn|Groundnuts and peanuts were Nigeria's major export produce until the discovery of [[crude oil]] in the 1950s.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=137a}}}} Bayan mahaifin Dangote ya mutu a shekarar 1965, ya ba da gadonsa ga sadaka. Ya ɗauki kakan mahaifiyarsa, Sanusi, da kawunsa na mahaifiyarsa, Usman Amaka Dantata, a matsayin masu tasiri a cikin renonsa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} === Ilimi da aure === [[Fayil:كلية_الدراسات_الإسلامية_والعربية_بالفيوم.jpg|thumb|Dangote ya sami ilimin jami'a a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke Alkahira]] Dangote ya yi karatu a Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa don makarantar firamare kuma daga baya ya gama a Babban Makarantar da ke Kano. A shekara ta 1978, ya kammala karatu daga [[Government College, Birnin Kudu|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu]], inda ya sami karatun sakandare. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa Masar bayan karatun sakandare, kuma ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin karatun kasuwanci da gudanarwa, kafin ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don neman kasuwancin kasuwanci. {{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote yana da 'ya'ya hudu; 'ya' ya'ya mata uku da ɗa mai ɗauki, Abdulrahman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Pilling |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote, Africa's richest man, on his 'crazy' $12bn project |url=https://www.ft.com/content/50f53eac-8370-11e8-96dd-fa565ec55929 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Financial Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Italoye |first=Ibukun |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote's Children: Names of His Sons & Daughters |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/aliko-dangote-children/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" mwoa="">[[Legit.ng]]]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;11 January 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.legit.ng/1213435-how-children-dangote.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19</nowiki> March 2025<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAug\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"citation news cs1\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFGolub2019\" id=\"mwAuk\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Golub, Kate (11 January 2019). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aliko_Dangote#cite_note-auto-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Najeriya Legit.ng, ba kamar Dangote ba, matansa sun ƙi tallace-tallace, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa akwai karancin bayanai game da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A shekara ta 1977, yana da shekaru ashirin, ya auri matarsa ta farko, Zainab, wacce iyayensa suka zaba bisa ga al'adun yankin. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Maria da [[Halima Dangote|Halima]]. Daga baya sun sake aure, kodayake ba a san ainihin ranar ba. A ranar da ba a bayyana ba, ya shiga aure na biyu tare da Mariya Muhammad Rufai, 'yar tsohon Kwamishinan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na Harkokin Mata da Ayyukan Dan Adam. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da 'yar daya, Fatima . Aure ya ƙare da kisan aure a shekarar 2017. == Ayyukan kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Worlds_largest_crude_destillation_column_Dangote.jpg|thumb|Shafin narkewa a Dangote Refinery[[Matatar Dangote|Kamfanin Ruwa na Dangote]]]] Dangote ya ƙaddamar da kasuwancinsa na farko tare da rancen $ 3,000 daga kawunsa. Da farko ya yi ciniki a cikin kayayyakin abinci kuma ya yaba da tunaninsa na farko na kasuwanci don sayar da sukari mai dafa abinci ga abokan aji yana da shekaru takwas, yana riƙe da ribar kansa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, a lokacin da aka sani da Armada na Cement na Najeriya - lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da izinin shigo da kimanin tan miliyan 16 na [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti]] don ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan ci gaba - Dangote ya sami lasisin shigo da kaya kuma ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa don haɗawa da siminti. Koyaya, ƙalubalen da aka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da jiragen ruwa da yawa da ke dauke da siminti a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas, yayin da wasu suka ruwaito sun nutse. An biya masu shigo da kayayyaki kudade don jinkiri.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A wannan lokacin, Dangote ya sami manyan motoci kuma ya kafa kasuwancin jigilar kaya, wanda ya kuma yi amfani da shi don rarraba samfuran siminti.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A shekara ta 1977, kamfanin Dangote ya samar da pasta, gishiri, sukari, da gari. A cikin 1981, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa ƙungiyar, wanda ke sayar da masana'antu, sukari, gari, gishiri, mai da iskar gas, da ƙasa. Ya zauna a Atlanta, Jojiya kafin ya koma Najeriya don fara kasuwancin siminti a shekarar 1998. Kamfanin gyaran sukari a Legas ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An dauki kungiyar Dangote a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a Afirka. A shekara ta 2000, bayan abokinsa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1999, gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki Kamfanin Benue Cement Company (BCC), kamfani mai mallakar jihar a [[Gboko]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], wanda ya ba Dangote damar fadada kasuwancin siminti a Benue. Kamfanin siminti na Dangote na Obajana a [[Jihar Kogi]] ya zama babbar masana'antar siminti a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta sami wani bangare na Sephaku Cement na Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A watan Yulin 2012, an amince da bukatar Dangote ga Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya don hayar ƙasar da aka watsar a Apapa Port Complex. A watan Fabrairun 2022, ya ba da sanarwar kammala ginin [[Peugeot]] a Najeriya biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Stellantis]], kamfanin da ke kera Peugeot. Dangote ya zama mai mallakar Dangote Refinery, mafi girman mai a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emodi |first=Nnaemeka Vincent |date=12 February 2025 |title=Dangote launches Africa's biggest oil refinery |url=https://theconversation.com/dangote-launches-africas-biggest-oil-refinery-4-ways-it-will-affect-nigeria-205685 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> An ba da izini a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aisha Salaudeen |first=Nimi Princewill |date=22 May 2023 |title=Africa's richest man launches $20 billion refinery to revive Nigeria's oil industry |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/business/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-intl-lgs/index.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Nigeria commissions Dangote Refinery in bid to end fuel imports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/22/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-seeks-to-end-fuel-imports |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Binciken kasuwanci na Dangote da kokarin taimakon jama'a sun kai ga kasashen Afirka kamar Benin, Kamaru, Ghana, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Togo. === Najeriya === Dangote ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben abokinsa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2003. Ya ba da gudummawa sama da N200 miliyan ga kamfen ɗin. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Nigeria's Jonathan adds Dangote to economic team |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/nigerias-jonathan-adds-dangote-to-economic-team-idUSJOE77I0NW/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kira Dangote a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2019. [[Femi Otedola]] kuma an lissafa shi, duk da haka, masu magana da yawun duka biyun ba su amsa kiran da buƙatun sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Dangote Named As Buhari Election Campaign Adviser |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-28/nigeria-s-dangote-named-as-buhari-election-campaign-adviser |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Dangote ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 150 don taimakawa wajen yaki da barkewar cutar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Ebola: Aliko Dangote Donates N150 Million To Combat Outbreak in Nigeria |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/08/ebola-aliko-dangote-donates-n150-million-to-combat-outbreak-in-nigeria/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 200 don tallafawa yaki da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]]. Kamfanin Dangote yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a masana'antun siminti da sukari na Najeriya, inda masu fafatawa galibi ke gwagwarmaya don yin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmi tare da albarkatunsa masu yawa da kuma fa'idodin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Kafa kamfanin mai a Legas ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar mallakar samar da man fetur, tare da masu sukar gargadi game da karuwar farashi da raguwar gasar kasuwa. Wadannan damuwa sun kara da rahotanni game da zargin da ake yi na gwamnati, gami da cire haraji, wanda aka ba da shi ga refinery. == Kasuwanci a waje da Najeriya == === Kenya === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Dangote, ta hanyar goyon bayansa na Afirka Travel Investments ya sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin yawon bude ido a [[Kenya]], Pollman's Tours da Safaris don KES biliyan 4 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Africa's Richest Man Aliko Dangote Acquires Kenyan Tourism Firm for KSh 4b |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/589116-africas-richest-man-aliko-dangote-acquires-kenyan-tourism-firm-ksh-4b/ |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=TUKO |language=en}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Kamfanin sa Dangote Cement ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da JSE-listed Sephaku Holdings don gina da sarrafa Sephaku Cement a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin manyan masana'antun siminti na Afirka ta Kudu. Dangote Cement ya mallaki 64% na aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangote Cement in South Africa |url=https://www.dangotecement.com/south-africa/? |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=Dangote Cement |language=en}}</ref> === Benin === Kasuwancin Dangote ya kai ga [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]], inda ya saka hannun jari a kasuwancin siminti. Kamfanin sa, Dangote Cement, ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Benin. === Ghana === A Ghana, Dangote ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Ghana kuma ya goyi bayan shigo da siminti da sauran kayayyaki. == Tattaunawa == A cikin wani labari na 2014 a kan Vanguard News, tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya Sa'adatu Modibbo Kawu ya yi tambaya game da tushen samun kudin shiga na Dangote.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Ya rubuta cewa Dangote yana amfana daga kasuwar Najeriya musamman Bayani sauyawar kasar zuwa mulkin farar hula. Ya ambaci [[Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Najeriya|Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Najeriya]] da ke rubuta cewa 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun zama matalauta. Yayinda yake sukar ''Forbes'' don yin bikin Dangote, ya kira shi "mujallar uber-capitalist".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An zargi Dangote da tallafawa zaben shugaban kasa na Obasanjo a shekarar 1999, saboda haka, Obasanjo ya ba shi "yancin shigo da siminti, sukari, da shinkafa". A cikin wata kebul na diflomasiyya ta 2007 da ta bayyana a ''[[WikiLeaks]]'' a cikin 2011, babban wakilin Amurka a Legas Brian Browne ya ba da shawarar cewa an ba Dangote kulawa ta musamman don musayar kudade ga yakin neman zaben Obasanjo a cikin 2003. Dangote ya watsar da da'awar.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dangote ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki ta Shugaba Jonathan da kwamitin kirkirar aiki a cikin 2011. Har ila yau, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an ba shi kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]], girmamawa ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. Shi ne mutum na farko ba na gwamnati ba da ya sami bambancin.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A cikin 2012 da 2013, ya kai karar [[Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto|Cletus Ibeto]] yana mai cewa Ibeto Cement yana karɓar raguwar haraji ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Shi mai ba da agaji ne kuma tare da tushe, Gidauniyar Dangote, an ruwaito cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren zamantakewa da ilimi na Najeriya; a cikin 2011, an ruwaito ya ba da $ 60 ga kowane mutum da ya rasa muhallinsa sakamakon tashin hankali a zaben shugaban Najeriya na 2011.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote has four children and five grandchildren. He took his family to Walt Disney World in 2012.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Dukiya == {{excerpt|Wealth of Aliko Dangote}} == Kyauta == Dangote ya zama biliyan na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2012 ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya rubuta cewa shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Afirka kuma baƙar fata mafi arziki a duniya. " A cewar jaridar Najeriya Vanguard, Bloomberg Billionaires Index ta ba da rahoton cewa dukiyar Dangote ta karu da dala biliyan 9.2 a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Afua |date=3 April 2012 |title=Africa's richest man is cementing his place in history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/03/aliko-dangote-nigeria-cement-africa |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 2015 Swiss Leaks ya bayyana cewa ya kasance abokin ciniki na Bankin jami'ar Burtaniya, HSBC, don haka yana da kadarori a Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya. <ref name="m339" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=7 September 2024 |title=Nigeria's Aliko Dangote regains Africa's richest title from Johan Rupert |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/07/nigerias-aliko-dangote-regains-africas-richest-title-from-johan-rupert/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Nairametrics}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin memba na NEMT, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba da kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (GCON) a cikin 2011.{{Efn|TNEMT is an account meaning the National Economic Management Team.}}{{Efn|GCON is the second highest honor given in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Why we offered GCON to Dangote |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=14 November 2011 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/why-we-offered-gcon-to-dangote-jonathan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>}} Shi ne na farko wanda ba jami'in gwamnati ba da ya karɓi bambancin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Time ya lissafa shi a cikin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=Dangote, Okonjo-Iweala Named In Time Magazine 100 Most Influential |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/04/24/dangote-okonjo-iweala-named-in-time-magazine-100-most-influential/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> A cikin 2015 an lissafa Dangote a cikin "50 Mafi Manyan Mutane a Duniya" ta ''Bloomberg'', lambar yabo ta Guardian Man of the Year, kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri ta mujallar London, New African. An nada Dangote a matsayin co-shugaban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka-Afirka a watan Satumbar 2016 ta Majalisar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amirka. Buhari ne ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Malaria ta Ƙarshen Najeriya a watan Agustan 2022. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada Dangote a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2017, ya musanta cewa ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a Zaben 2019, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na musamman don yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I'm Not Running For 2019 Presidency Says Aliko Dangote |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/09/09/not-running-for-2019-presidency-aliko-dangote/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote ya yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Gates kan batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 150 don taimakawa kokarin gwamnatin Najeriya na magance da hana [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria reports one more Ebola case, 11 in total |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816195542/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016 ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa 'yan Najeriya da ta'addancin Boko Haram suka shafa. A watan Maris na 2020, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 200 don yaki da yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Dangote donate N200m to fight Coronavirus in Nigeria |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328063704/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=CNBC Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote mai sha'awar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] ce kuma ta nuna sha'awar sayen kulob din a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Emele |last2=Lacqua |first2=Francine |date=24 September 2024 |title=My Dream of Buying Arsenal Is Over, Says Africa's Richest Man |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-24/my-dream-of-buying-arsenal-is-over-says-africa-s-richest-man |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar wasanni ta Najeriya don taimakawa wajen gyara [[Filin Wasa na Mashood Abiola|Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola]] a Abuja . * A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba Dangote lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya, [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa ta 2021 daga Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Dangote Wins NECA's Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dangote.com/dangote-wins-necas-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Dangote Industries Limited}}</ref> Ya kuma karbe shi a 2023 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * A shekara ta 2011, shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara fitowa kuma an bayyana shi a jerin Biliyoyin ''Forbes'' World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=28 October 2011 |title=Nigerian Billionaire Aliko Dangote Gets Highest National Honor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/10/28/nigerian-billionaire-aliko-dangote-gets-highest-national-honor/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> * 2012 Ernst &amp;amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award * 2024 Sabistation Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Awards * 2024 mai karɓar National Order of the Lion ta Shugaba Macky Sall * 2022 mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Order of Merit of Niger ta Shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] * Shugaba na ''Asirin Tattalin Arziki''' na shekara, 2024 * A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Dangote ta lashe kyautar tallace-tallace ta ''[[CNN]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Biliyoyin Duniya * Jerin mutane ta hanyar darajar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Attajiran Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l4x4xct3bwlwesyqlunyzpxf3n09lrn 882833 882832 2026-07-14T09:55:08Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Aliko Mohammad Dangote''' GCON (Listenⓘ; an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya wanda aka sani da muhimmiyar matsayinsa a cikin Dangote Group da Dangote Refinery . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Aliko Dangote {{!}} Biography, Businessman, Group, Foundation, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aliko-Dangote |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar gudanar da tattalin arziki. Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, Dangote shine mutum na 62 mafi arziki a duniya, [[Baƙar fata biloniya|Baƙar fata mafi arziki]] kuma mutum mafi arziki a Afirka, tare da darajar da aka kiyasta sama da dala biliyan 36.8 a kowane Bloomberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aliko Dangote |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/aliko-dangote/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Dangote ya kafa [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], wani karamin kamfani wanda ke kasuwanci da kayayyaki; shigo da sukari, gishiri, da kayan abinci. A cikin 1981, ya kafa Dangote Nigeria Limited da Blue Star Services; dukansu sun shigo da shinkafa, da kayan aiki kamar ƙarfe da samfuran aluminum. Bayan manyan tallace-tallace da kamfanin ya yi, da kuma babban bukatar siminti, Dangote ya kafa Cement Dangote, wanda ya fuskanci gasa daga Lafarge, kamfanin kera siminti na Faransa da aka sani da shigo da siminti zuwa kasashen Afirka a wannan lokacin. Ya zuwa 2023, Dangote Cement ya samar da kimanin dala biliyan 3.7 a cikin kudaden shiga, kuma Dangote Sugar Refinery an sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sukari a Najeriya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekeugo |first=Nmesoma |date=3 November 2024 |title=Dangote vs Tinubu: A Clash of Titans |url=https://rpublc.com/october-november-2024/dangote-vs-tinubu/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=The Republic}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan siyasa da ra'ayoyin Dangote sun sanya shi mutum ne a [[Afirka]]. An kuma san shi da tasirinsa a kan Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya kuma [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] a 2011 kuma an jera shi a cikin mujallar Time 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a 2014. == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali === [[Fayil:Groundnut_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|248x248px|An yi amfani da pyramids na groundnut a matsayin ajiya don groundnuts. A tsakiyar karni na 20, an yi amfani da waɗannan gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya, musamman a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], ya ba da abinci ga [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa na farko da suka fi yawa.]] An haifi Aliko Mohammad Dangote a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1957, a Kano, Jihar Kano, Birtaniya Najeriya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Sunansa "Aliko" ya ba shi ne daga kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Sanusi Dantata]]; yana nufin "wanda ya ci nasara wanda ke kare bil'adama".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An haife shi ne ga wani shahararren dangin Najeriya, Dangote dan asalin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne. Ya girma a matsayin [[Musulmi]], ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya (née Dantata), daga iyali mai arziki, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Mahaifinsa Mohammed Dangote shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne; ya mallaki kamfanin sufuri.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aliko tana da 'yan uwa uku: [[Sani Dangote]], ɗan kasuwa wanda ya mutu daga ciwon daji; Bello, wanda ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama na 1996 tare da ɗan [[Sani Abacha]]; da Garba, wanda ya rasu a 2013 bayan [[bugun jini]]. Iyalin Dangote sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin kasuwanci. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], shine mutum mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1955. A lokacin aikinsa na kasuwanci, Alhassan ya shigo da kwayoyi daga [[Ghana]], kuma ya fitar da kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} {{Efn|Groundnuts and peanuts were Nigeria's major export produce until the discovery of [[crude oil]] in the 1950s.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=137a}}}} Bayan mahaifin Dangote ya mutu a shekarar 1965, ya ba da gadonsa ga sadaka. Ya ɗauki kakan mahaifiyarsa, Sanusi, da kawunsa na mahaifiyarsa, Usman Amaka Dantata, a matsayin masu tasiri a cikin renonsa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} === Ilimi da aure === [[Fayil:كلية_الدراسات_الإسلامية_والعربية_بالفيوم.jpg|thumb|Dangote ya sami ilimin jami'a a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke Alkahira]] Dangote ya yi karatu a Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa don makarantar firamare kuma daga baya ya gama a Babban Makarantar da ke Kano. A shekara ta 1978, ya kammala karatu daga [[Government College, Birnin Kudu|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu]], inda ya sami karatun sakandare. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa Masar bayan karatun sakandare, kuma ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin karatun kasuwanci da gudanarwa, kafin ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don neman kasuwancin kasuwanci. {{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote yana da 'ya'ya hudu; 'ya' ya'ya mata uku da ɗa mai ɗauki, Abdulrahman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Pilling |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote, Africa's richest man, on his 'crazy' $12bn project |url=https://www.ft.com/content/50f53eac-8370-11e8-96dd-fa565ec55929 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Financial Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Italoye |first=Ibukun |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote's Children: Names of His Sons & Daughters |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/aliko-dangote-children/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" mwoa="">[[Legit.ng]]]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;11 January 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.legit.ng/1213435-how-children-dangote.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19</nowiki> March 2025<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAug\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"citation news cs1\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFGolub2019\" id=\"mwAuk\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Golub, Kate (11 January 2019). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aliko_Dangote#cite_note-auto-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Najeriya Legit.ng, ba kamar Dangote ba, matansa sun ƙi tallace-tallace, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa akwai karancin bayanai game da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A shekara ta 1977, yana da shekaru ashirin, ya auri matarsa ta farko, Zainab, wacce iyayensa suka zaba bisa ga al'adun yankin. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Maria da [[Halima Dangote|Halima]]. Daga baya sun sake aure, kodayake ba a san ainihin ranar ba. A ranar da ba a bayyana ba, ya shiga aure na biyu tare da Mariya Muhammad Rufai, 'yar tsohon Kwamishinan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na Harkokin Mata da Ayyukan Dan Adam. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da 'yar daya, Fatima . Aure ya ƙare da kisan aure a shekarar 2017. == Ayyukan kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Worlds_largest_crude_destillation_column_Dangote.jpg|thumb|Shafin narkewa a Dangote Refinery[[Matatar Dangote|Kamfanin Ruwa na Dangote]]]] Dangote ya ƙaddamar da kasuwancinsa na farko tare da rancen $ 3,000 daga kawunsa. Da farko ya yi ciniki a cikin kayayyakin abinci kuma ya yaba da tunaninsa na farko na kasuwanci don sayar da sukari mai dafa abinci ga abokan aji yana da shekaru takwas, yana riƙe da ribar kansa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, a lokacin da aka sani da Armada na Cement na Najeriya - lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da izinin shigo da kimanin tan miliyan 16 na [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti]] don ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan ci gaba - Dangote ya sami lasisin shigo da kaya kuma ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa don haɗawa da siminti. Koyaya, ƙalubalen da aka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da jiragen ruwa da yawa da ke dauke da siminti a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas, yayin da wasu suka ruwaito sun nutse. An biya masu shigo da kayayyaki kudade don jinkiri.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A wannan lokacin, Dangote ya sami manyan motoci kuma ya kafa kasuwancin jigilar kaya, wanda ya kuma yi amfani da shi don rarraba samfuran siminti.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A shekara ta 1977, kamfanin Dangote ya samar da pasta, gishiri, sukari, da gari. A cikin 1981, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa ƙungiyar, wanda ke sayar da masana'antu, sukari, gari, gishiri, mai da iskar gas, da ƙasa. Ya zauna a Atlanta, Jojiya kafin ya koma Najeriya don fara kasuwancin siminti a shekarar 1998. Kamfanin gyaran sukari a Legas ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An dauki kungiyar Dangote a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a Afirka. A shekara ta 2000, bayan abokinsa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1999, gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki Kamfanin Benue Cement Company (BCC), kamfani mai mallakar jihar a [[Gboko]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], wanda ya ba Dangote damar fadada kasuwancin siminti a Benue. Kamfanin siminti na Dangote na Obajana a [[Jihar Kogi]] ya zama babbar masana'antar siminti a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta sami wani bangare na Sephaku Cement na Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A watan Yulin 2012, an amince da bukatar Dangote ga Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya don hayar ƙasar da aka watsar a Apapa Port Complex. A watan Fabrairun 2022, ya ba da sanarwar kammala ginin [[Peugeot]] a Najeriya biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Stellantis]], kamfanin da ke kera Peugeot. Dangote ya zama mai mallakar Dangote Refinery, mafi girman mai a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emodi |first=Nnaemeka Vincent |date=12 February 2025 |title=Dangote launches Africa's biggest oil refinery |url=https://theconversation.com/dangote-launches-africas-biggest-oil-refinery-4-ways-it-will-affect-nigeria-205685 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> An ba da izini a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aisha Salaudeen |first=Nimi Princewill |date=22 May 2023 |title=Africa's richest man launches $20 billion refinery to revive Nigeria's oil industry |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/business/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-intl-lgs/index.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Nigeria commissions Dangote Refinery in bid to end fuel imports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/22/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-seeks-to-end-fuel-imports |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Binciken kasuwanci na Dangote da kokarin taimakon jama'a sun kai ga kasashen Afirka kamar Benin, Kamaru, Ghana, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Togo. === Najeriya === Dangote ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben abokinsa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2003. Ya ba da gudummawa sama da N200 miliyan ga kamfen ɗin. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Nigeria's Jonathan adds Dangote to economic team |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/nigerias-jonathan-adds-dangote-to-economic-team-idUSJOE77I0NW/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kira Dangote a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2019. [[Femi Otedola]] kuma an lissafa shi, duk da haka, masu magana da yawun duka biyun ba su amsa kiran da buƙatun sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Dangote Named As Buhari Election Campaign Adviser |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-28/nigeria-s-dangote-named-as-buhari-election-campaign-adviser |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Dangote ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 150 don taimakawa wajen yaki da barkewar cutar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Ebola: Aliko Dangote Donates N150 Million To Combat Outbreak in Nigeria |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/08/ebola-aliko-dangote-donates-n150-million-to-combat-outbreak-in-nigeria/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 200 don tallafawa yaki da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]]. Kamfanin Dangote yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a masana'antun siminti da sukari na Najeriya, inda masu fafatawa galibi ke gwagwarmaya don yin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmi tare da albarkatunsa masu yawa da kuma fa'idodin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Kafa kamfanin mai a Legas ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar mallakar samar da man fetur, tare da masu sukar gargadi game da karuwar farashi da raguwar gasar kasuwa. Wadannan damuwa sun kara da rahotanni game da zargin da ake yi na gwamnati, gami da cire haraji, wanda aka ba da shi ga refinery. == Kasuwanci a waje da Najeriya == === Kenya === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Dangote, ta hanyar goyon bayansa na Afirka Travel Investments ya sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin yawon bude ido a [[Kenya]], Pollman's Tours da Safaris don KES biliyan 4 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Africa's Richest Man Aliko Dangote Acquires Kenyan Tourism Firm for KSh 4b |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/589116-africas-richest-man-aliko-dangote-acquires-kenyan-tourism-firm-ksh-4b/ |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=TUKO |language=en}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Kamfanin sa Dangote Cement ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da JSE-listed Sephaku Holdings don gina da sarrafa Sephaku Cement a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin manyan masana'antun siminti na Afirka ta Kudu. Dangote Cement ya mallaki 64% na aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangote Cement in South Africa |url=https://www.dangotecement.com/south-africa/? |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=Dangote Cement |language=en}}</ref> === Benin === Kasuwancin Dangote ya kai ga [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]], inda ya saka hannun jari a kasuwancin siminti. Kamfanin sa, Dangote Cement, ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Benin. === Ghana === A Ghana, Dangote ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Ghana kuma ya goyi bayan shigo da siminti da sauran kayayyaki. == Tattaunawa == A cikin wani labari na 2014 a kan Vanguard News, tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya Sa'adatu Modibbo Kawu ya yi tambaya game da tushen samun kudin shiga na Dangote.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Ya rubuta cewa Dangote yana amfana daga kasuwar Najeriya musamman Bayani sauyawar kasar zuwa mulkin farar hula. Ya ambaci [[Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Najeriya|Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Najeriya]] da ke rubuta cewa 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun zama matalauta. Yayinda yake sukar ''Forbes'' don yin bikin Dangote, ya kira shi "mujallar uber-capitalist".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An zargi Dangote da tallafawa zaben shugaban kasa na Obasanjo a shekarar 1999, saboda haka, Obasanjo ya ba shi "yancin shigo da siminti, sukari, da shinkafa". A cikin wata kebul na diflomasiyya ta 2007 da ta bayyana a ''[[WikiLeaks]]'' a cikin 2011, babban wakilin Amurka a Legas Brian Browne ya ba da shawarar cewa an ba Dangote kulawa ta musamman don musayar kudade ga yakin neman zaben Obasanjo a cikin 2003. Dangote ya watsar da da'awar.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dangote ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki ta Shugaba Jonathan da kwamitin kirkirar aiki a cikin 2011. Har ila yau, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an ba shi kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]], girmamawa ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. Shi ne mutum na farko ba na gwamnati ba da ya sami bambancin.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A cikin 2012 da 2013, ya kai karar [[Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto|Cletus Ibeto]] yana mai cewa Ibeto Cement yana karɓar raguwar haraji ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Shi mai ba da agaji ne kuma tare da tushe, Gidauniyar Dangote, an ruwaito cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren zamantakewa da ilimi na Najeriya; a cikin 2011, an ruwaito ya ba da $ 60 ga kowane mutum da ya rasa muhallinsa sakamakon tashin hankali a zaben shugaban Najeriya na 2011.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote has four children and five grandchildren. He took his family to Walt Disney World in 2012.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Dukiya == {{excerpt|Wealth of Aliko Dangote}} == Kyauta == Dangote ya zama biliyan na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2012 ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya rubuta cewa shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Afirka kuma baƙar fata mafi arziki a duniya. " A cewar jaridar Najeriya Vanguard, Bloomberg Billionaires Index ta ba da rahoton cewa dukiyar Dangote ta karu da dala biliyan 9.2 a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Afua |date=3 April 2012 |title=Africa's richest man is cementing his place in history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/03/aliko-dangote-nigeria-cement-africa |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 2015 Swiss Leaks ya bayyana cewa ya kasance abokin ciniki na Bankin jami'ar Burtaniya, HSBC, don haka yana da kadarori a Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya. <ref name="m339" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=7 September 2024 |title=Nigeria's Aliko Dangote regains Africa's richest title from Johan Rupert |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/07/nigerias-aliko-dangote-regains-africas-richest-title-from-johan-rupert/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Nairametrics}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin memba na NEMT, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba da kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (GCON) a cikin 2011.{{Efn|TNEMT is an account meaning the National Economic Management Team.}}{{Efn|GCON is the second highest honor given in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Why we offered GCON to Dangote |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=14 November 2011 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/why-we-offered-gcon-to-dangote-jonathan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>}} Shi ne na farko wanda ba jami'in gwamnati ba da ya karɓi bambancin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Time ya lissafa shi a cikin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=Dangote, Okonjo-Iweala Named In Time Magazine 100 Most Influential |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/04/24/dangote-okonjo-iweala-named-in-time-magazine-100-most-influential/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> A cikin 2015 an lissafa Dangote a cikin "50 Mafi Manyan Mutane a Duniya" ta ''Bloomberg'', lambar yabo ta Guardian Man of the Year, kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri ta mujallar London, New African. An nada Dangote a matsayin co-shugaban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka-Afirka a watan Satumbar 2016 ta Majalisar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amirka. Buhari ne ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Malaria ta Ƙarshen Najeriya a watan Agustan 2022. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada Dangote a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2017, ya musanta cewa ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a Zaben 2019, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na musamman don yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I'm Not Running For 2019 Presidency Says Aliko Dangote |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/09/09/not-running-for-2019-presidency-aliko-dangote/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote ya yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Gates kan batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 150 don taimakawa kokarin gwamnatin Najeriya na magance da hana [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria reports one more Ebola case, 11 in total |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816195542/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016 ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa 'yan Najeriya da ta'addancin Boko Haram suka shafa. A watan Maris na 2020, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 200 don yaki da yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Dangote donate N200m to fight Coronavirus in Nigeria |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328063704/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=CNBC Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote mai sha'awar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] ce kuma ta nuna sha'awar sayen kulob din a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Emele |last2=Lacqua |first2=Francine |date=24 September 2024 |title=My Dream of Buying Arsenal Is Over, Says Africa's Richest Man |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-24/my-dream-of-buying-arsenal-is-over-says-africa-s-richest-man |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar wasanni ta Najeriya don taimakawa wajen gyara [[Filin Wasa na Mashood Abiola|Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola]] a Abuja . * A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba Dangote lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya, [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa ta 2021 daga Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Dangote Wins NECA's Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dangote.com/dangote-wins-necas-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Dangote Industries Limited}}</ref> Ya kuma karbe shi a 2023 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * A shekara ta 2011, shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara fitowa kuma an bayyana shi a jerin Biliyoyin ''Forbes'' World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=28 October 2011 |title=Nigerian Billionaire Aliko Dangote Gets Highest National Honor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/10/28/nigerian-billionaire-aliko-dangote-gets-highest-national-honor/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> * 2012 Ernst &amp;amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award * 2024 Sabistation Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Awards * 2024 mai karɓar National Order of the Lion ta Shugaba Macky Sall * 2022 mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Order of Merit of Niger ta Shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] * Shugaba na ''Asirin Tattalin Arziki''' na shekara, 2024 * A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Dangote ta lashe kyautar tallace-tallace ta ''[[CNN]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Biliyoyin Duniya * Jerin mutane ta hanyar darajar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Attajiran Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g59dz2wmx138mhskvz3kvcupqnzbvz4 882835 882833 2026-07-14T09:58:20Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Aliko Mohammad Dangote''' GCON (An haife shi ne 10 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya wanda aka sani da muhimmiyar matsayinsa a cikin Dangote Group da Dangote Refinery . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Aliko Dangote {{!}} Biography, Businessman, Group, Foundation, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aliko-Dangote |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar gudanar da tattalin arziki. Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, Dangote shine mutum na 62 mafi arziki a duniya, [[Baƙar fata biloniya|Baƙar fata mafi arziki]] kuma mutum mafi arziki a Afirka, tare da darajar da aka kiyasta sama da dala biliyan 36.8 a kowane Bloomberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aliko Dangote |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/aliko-dangote/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Dangote ya kafa [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], wani karamin kamfani wanda ke kasuwanci da kayayyaki; shigo da sukari, gishiri, da kayan abinci. A cikin 1981, ya kafa Dangote Nigeria Limited da Blue Star Services; dukansu sun shigo da shinkafa, da kayan aiki kamar ƙarfe da samfuran aluminum. Bayan manyan tallace-tallace da kamfanin ya yi, da kuma babban bukatar siminti, Dangote ya kafa Cement Dangote, wanda ya fuskanci gasa daga Lafarge, kamfanin kera siminti na Faransa da aka sani da shigo da siminti zuwa kasashen Afirka a wannan lokacin. Ya zuwa 2023, Dangote Cement ya samar da kimanin dala biliyan 3.7 a cikin kudaden shiga, kuma Dangote Sugar Refinery an sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sukari a Najeriya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekeugo |first=Nmesoma |date=3 November 2024 |title=Dangote vs Tinubu: A Clash of Titans |url=https://rpublc.com/october-november-2024/dangote-vs-tinubu/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=The Republic}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan siyasa da ra'ayoyin Dangote sun sanya shi mutum ne a [[Afirka]]. An kuma san shi da tasirinsa a kan Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya kuma [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] a 2011 kuma an jera shi a cikin mujallar Time 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a 2014. == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali === [[Fayil:Groundnut_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|248x248px|An yi amfani da pyramids na groundnut a matsayin ajiya don groundnuts. A tsakiyar karni na 20, an yi amfani da waɗannan gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya, musamman a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], ya ba da abinci ga [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa na farko da suka fi yawa.]] An haifi Aliko Mohammad Dangote a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1957, a Kano, Jihar Kano, Birtaniya Najeriya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Sunansa "Aliko" ya ba shi ne daga kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Sanusi Dantata]]; yana nufin "wanda ya ci nasara wanda ke kare bil'adama".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An haife shi ne ga wani shahararren dangin Najeriya, Dangote dan asalin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne. Ya girma a matsayin [[Musulmi]], ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya (née Dantata), daga iyali mai arziki, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Mahaifinsa Mohammed Dangote shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne; ya mallaki kamfanin sufuri.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aliko tana da 'yan uwa uku: [[Sani Dangote]], ɗan kasuwa wanda ya mutu daga ciwon daji; Bello, wanda ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama na 1996 tare da ɗan [[Sani Abacha]]; da Garba, wanda ya rasu a 2013 bayan [[bugun jini]]. Iyalin Dangote sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin kasuwanci. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], shine mutum mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1955. A lokacin aikinsa na kasuwanci, Alhassan ya shigo da kwayoyi daga [[Ghana]], kuma ya fitar da kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} {{Efn|Groundnuts and peanuts were Nigeria's major export produce until the discovery of [[crude oil]] in the 1950s.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=137a}}}} Bayan mahaifin Dangote ya mutu a shekarar 1965, ya ba da gadonsa ga sadaka. Ya ɗauki kakan mahaifiyarsa, Sanusi, da kawunsa na mahaifiyarsa, Usman Amaka Dantata, a matsayin masu tasiri a cikin renonsa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} === Ilimi da aure === [[Fayil:كلية_الدراسات_الإسلامية_والعربية_بالفيوم.jpg|thumb|Dangote ya sami ilimin jami'a a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke Alkahira]] Dangote ya yi karatu a Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa don makarantar firamare kuma daga baya ya gama a Babban Makarantar da ke Kano. A shekara ta 1978, ya kammala karatu daga [[Government College, Birnin Kudu|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu]], inda ya sami karatun sakandare. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa Masar bayan karatun sakandare, kuma ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin karatun kasuwanci da gudanarwa, kafin ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don neman kasuwancin kasuwanci. {{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote yana da 'ya'ya hudu; 'ya' ya'ya mata uku da ɗa mai ɗauki, Abdulrahman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Pilling |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote, Africa's richest man, on his 'crazy' $12bn project |url=https://www.ft.com/content/50f53eac-8370-11e8-96dd-fa565ec55929 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Financial Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Italoye |first=Ibukun |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote's Children: Names of His Sons & Daughters |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/aliko-dangote-children/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" mwoa="">[[Legit.ng]]]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;11 January 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.legit.ng/1213435-how-children-dangote.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19</nowiki> March 2025<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAug\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"citation news cs1\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFGolub2019\" id=\"mwAuk\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Golub, Kate (11 January 2019). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aliko_Dangote#cite_note-auto-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Najeriya Legit.ng, ba kamar Dangote ba, matansa sun ƙi tallace-tallace, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa akwai karancin bayanai game da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A shekara ta 1977, yana da shekaru ashirin, ya auri matarsa ta farko, Zainab, wacce iyayensa suka zaba bisa ga al'adun yankin. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Maria da [[Halima Dangote|Halima]]. Daga baya sun sake aure, kodayake ba a san ainihin ranar ba. A ranar da ba a bayyana ba, ya shiga aure na biyu tare da Mariya Muhammad Rufai, 'yar tsohon Kwamishinan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na Harkokin Mata da Ayyukan Dan Adam. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da 'yar daya, Fatima . Aure ya ƙare da kisan aure a shekarar 2017. == Ayyukan kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Worlds_largest_crude_destillation_column_Dangote.jpg|thumb|Shafin narkewa a Dangote Refinery[[Matatar Dangote|Kamfanin Ruwa na Dangote]]]] Dangote ya ƙaddamar da kasuwancinsa na farko tare da rancen $ 3,000 daga kawunsa. Da farko ya yi ciniki a cikin kayayyakin abinci kuma ya yaba da tunaninsa na farko na kasuwanci don sayar da sukari mai dafa abinci ga abokan aji yana da shekaru takwas, yana riƙe da ribar kansa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, a lokacin da aka sani da Armada na Cement na Najeriya - lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da izinin shigo da kimanin tan miliyan 16 na [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti]] don ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan ci gaba - Dangote ya sami lasisin shigo da kaya kuma ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa don haɗawa da siminti. Koyaya, ƙalubalen da aka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da jiragen ruwa da yawa da ke dauke da siminti a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas, yayin da wasu suka ruwaito sun nutse. An biya masu shigo da kayayyaki kudade don jinkiri.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A wannan lokacin, Dangote ya sami manyan motoci kuma ya kafa kasuwancin jigilar kaya, wanda ya kuma yi amfani da shi don rarraba samfuran siminti.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A shekara ta 1977, kamfanin Dangote ya samar da pasta, gishiri, sukari, da gari. A cikin 1981, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa ƙungiyar, wanda ke sayar da masana'antu, sukari, gari, gishiri, mai da iskar gas, da ƙasa. Ya zauna a Atlanta, Jojiya kafin ya koma Najeriya don fara kasuwancin siminti a shekarar 1998. Kamfanin gyaran sukari a Legas ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An dauki kungiyar Dangote a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a Afirka. A shekara ta 2000, bayan abokinsa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1999, gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki Kamfanin Benue Cement Company (BCC), kamfani mai mallakar jihar a [[Gboko]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], wanda ya ba Dangote damar fadada kasuwancin siminti a Benue. Kamfanin siminti na Dangote na Obajana a [[Jihar Kogi]] ya zama babbar masana'antar siminti a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta sami wani bangare na Sephaku Cement na Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A watan Yulin 2012, an amince da bukatar Dangote ga Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya don hayar ƙasar da aka watsar a Apapa Port Complex. A watan Fabrairun 2022, ya ba da sanarwar kammala ginin [[Peugeot]] a Najeriya biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Stellantis]], kamfanin da ke kera Peugeot. Dangote ya zama mai mallakar Dangote Refinery, mafi girman mai a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emodi |first=Nnaemeka Vincent |date=12 February 2025 |title=Dangote launches Africa's biggest oil refinery |url=https://theconversation.com/dangote-launches-africas-biggest-oil-refinery-4-ways-it-will-affect-nigeria-205685 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> An ba da izini a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aisha Salaudeen |first=Nimi Princewill |date=22 May 2023 |title=Africa's richest man launches $20 billion refinery to revive Nigeria's oil industry |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/business/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-intl-lgs/index.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Nigeria commissions Dangote Refinery in bid to end fuel imports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/22/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-seeks-to-end-fuel-imports |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Binciken kasuwanci na Dangote da kokarin taimakon jama'a sun kai ga kasashen Afirka kamar Benin, Kamaru, Ghana, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Togo. === Najeriya === Dangote ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben abokinsa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2003. Ya ba da gudummawa sama da N200 miliyan ga kamfen ɗin. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Nigeria's Jonathan adds Dangote to economic team |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/nigerias-jonathan-adds-dangote-to-economic-team-idUSJOE77I0NW/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kira Dangote a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2019. [[Femi Otedola]] kuma an lissafa shi, duk da haka, masu magana da yawun duka biyun ba su amsa kiran da buƙatun sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Dangote Named As Buhari Election Campaign Adviser |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-28/nigeria-s-dangote-named-as-buhari-election-campaign-adviser |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Dangote ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 150 don taimakawa wajen yaki da barkewar cutar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Ebola: Aliko Dangote Donates N150 Million To Combat Outbreak in Nigeria |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/08/ebola-aliko-dangote-donates-n150-million-to-combat-outbreak-in-nigeria/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 200 don tallafawa yaki da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]]. Kamfanin Dangote yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a masana'antun siminti da sukari na Najeriya, inda masu fafatawa galibi ke gwagwarmaya don yin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmi tare da albarkatunsa masu yawa da kuma fa'idodin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Kafa kamfanin mai a Legas ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar mallakar samar da man fetur, tare da masu sukar gargadi game da karuwar farashi da raguwar gasar kasuwa. Wadannan damuwa sun kara da rahotanni game da zargin da ake yi na gwamnati, gami da cire haraji, wanda aka ba da shi ga refinery. == Kasuwanci a waje da Najeriya == === Kenya === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Dangote, ta hanyar goyon bayansa na Afirka Travel Investments ya sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin yawon bude ido a [[Kenya]], Pollman's Tours da Safaris don KES biliyan 4 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Africa's Richest Man Aliko Dangote Acquires Kenyan Tourism Firm for KSh 4b |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/589116-africas-richest-man-aliko-dangote-acquires-kenyan-tourism-firm-ksh-4b/ |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=TUKO |language=en}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Kamfanin sa Dangote Cement ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da JSE-listed Sephaku Holdings don gina da sarrafa Sephaku Cement a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin manyan masana'antun siminti na Afirka ta Kudu. Dangote Cement ya mallaki 64% na aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangote Cement in South Africa |url=https://www.dangotecement.com/south-africa/? |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=Dangote Cement |language=en}}</ref> === Benin === Kasuwancin Dangote ya kai ga [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]], inda ya saka hannun jari a kasuwancin siminti. Kamfanin sa, Dangote Cement, ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Benin. === Ghana === A Ghana, Dangote ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Ghana kuma ya goyi bayan shigo da siminti da sauran kayayyaki. == Tattaunawa == A cikin wani labari na 2014 a kan Vanguard News, tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya Sa'adatu Modibbo Kawu ya yi tambaya game da tushen samun kudin shiga na Dangote.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Ya rubuta cewa Dangote yana amfana daga kasuwar Najeriya musamman Bayani sauyawar kasar zuwa mulkin farar hula. Ya ambaci [[Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Najeriya|Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Najeriya]] da ke rubuta cewa 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun zama matalauta. Yayinda yake sukar ''Forbes'' don yin bikin Dangote, ya kira shi "mujallar uber-capitalist".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An zargi Dangote da tallafawa zaben shugaban kasa na Obasanjo a shekarar 1999, saboda haka, Obasanjo ya ba shi "yancin shigo da siminti, sukari, da shinkafa". A cikin wata kebul na diflomasiyya ta 2007 da ta bayyana a ''[[WikiLeaks]]'' a cikin 2011, babban wakilin Amurka a Legas Brian Browne ya ba da shawarar cewa an ba Dangote kulawa ta musamman don musayar kudade ga yakin neman zaben Obasanjo a cikin 2003. Dangote ya watsar da da'awar.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dangote ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki ta Shugaba Jonathan da kwamitin kirkirar aiki a cikin 2011. Har ila yau, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an ba shi kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]], girmamawa ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. Shi ne mutum na farko ba na gwamnati ba da ya sami bambancin.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A cikin 2012 da 2013, ya kai karar [[Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto|Cletus Ibeto]] yana mai cewa Ibeto Cement yana karɓar raguwar haraji ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Shi mai ba da agaji ne kuma tare da tushe, Gidauniyar Dangote, an ruwaito cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren zamantakewa da ilimi na Najeriya; a cikin 2011, an ruwaito ya ba da $ 60 ga kowane mutum da ya rasa muhallinsa sakamakon tashin hankali a zaben shugaban Najeriya na 2011.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote has four children and five grandchildren. He took his family to Walt Disney World in 2012.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Dukiya == {{excerpt|Wealth of Aliko Dangote}} == Kyauta == Dangote ya zama biliyan na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2012 ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya rubuta cewa shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Afirka kuma baƙar fata mafi arziki a duniya. " A cewar jaridar Najeriya Vanguard, Bloomberg Billionaires Index ta ba da rahoton cewa dukiyar Dangote ta karu da dala biliyan 9.2 a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Afua |date=3 April 2012 |title=Africa's richest man is cementing his place in history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/03/aliko-dangote-nigeria-cement-africa |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 2015 Swiss Leaks ya bayyana cewa ya kasance abokin ciniki na Bankin jami'ar Burtaniya, HSBC, don haka yana da kadarori a Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya. <ref name="m339" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=7 September 2024 |title=Nigeria's Aliko Dangote regains Africa's richest title from Johan Rupert |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/07/nigerias-aliko-dangote-regains-africas-richest-title-from-johan-rupert/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Nairametrics}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin memba na NEMT, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba da kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (GCON) a cikin 2011.{{Efn|TNEMT is an account meaning the National Economic Management Team.}}{{Efn|GCON is the second highest honor given in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Why we offered GCON to Dangote |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=14 November 2011 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/why-we-offered-gcon-to-dangote-jonathan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>}} Shi ne na farko wanda ba jami'in gwamnati ba da ya karɓi bambancin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Time ya lissafa shi a cikin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=Dangote, Okonjo-Iweala Named In Time Magazine 100 Most Influential |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/04/24/dangote-okonjo-iweala-named-in-time-magazine-100-most-influential/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> A cikin 2015 an lissafa Dangote a cikin "50 Mafi Manyan Mutane a Duniya" ta ''Bloomberg'', lambar yabo ta Guardian Man of the Year, kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri ta mujallar London, New African. An nada Dangote a matsayin co-shugaban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka-Afirka a watan Satumbar 2016 ta Majalisar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amirka. Buhari ne ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Malaria ta Ƙarshen Najeriya a watan Agustan 2022. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada Dangote a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2017, ya musanta cewa ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a Zaben 2019, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na musamman don yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I'm Not Running For 2019 Presidency Says Aliko Dangote |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/09/09/not-running-for-2019-presidency-aliko-dangote/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote ya yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Gates kan batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 150 don taimakawa kokarin gwamnatin Najeriya na magance da hana [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria reports one more Ebola case, 11 in total |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816195542/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016 ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa 'yan Najeriya da ta'addancin Boko Haram suka shafa. A watan Maris na 2020, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 200 don yaki da yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Dangote donate N200m to fight Coronavirus in Nigeria |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328063704/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=CNBC Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote mai sha'awar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] ce kuma ta nuna sha'awar sayen kulob din a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Emele |last2=Lacqua |first2=Francine |date=24 September 2024 |title=My Dream of Buying Arsenal Is Over, Says Africa's Richest Man |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-24/my-dream-of-buying-arsenal-is-over-says-africa-s-richest-man |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar wasanni ta Najeriya don taimakawa wajen gyara [[Filin Wasa na Mashood Abiola|Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola]] a Abuja . * A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba Dangote lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya, [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa ta 2021 daga Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Dangote Wins NECA's Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dangote.com/dangote-wins-necas-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Dangote Industries Limited}}</ref> Ya kuma karbe shi a 2023 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * A shekara ta 2011, shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara fitowa kuma an bayyana shi a jerin Biliyoyin ''Forbes'' World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=28 October 2011 |title=Nigerian Billionaire Aliko Dangote Gets Highest National Honor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/10/28/nigerian-billionaire-aliko-dangote-gets-highest-national-honor/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> * 2012 Ernst &amp;amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award * 2024 Sabistation Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Awards * 2024 mai karɓar National Order of the Lion ta Shugaba Macky Sall * 2022 mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Order of Merit of Niger ta Shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] * Shugaba na ''Asirin Tattalin Arziki''' na shekara, 2024 * A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Dangote ta lashe kyautar tallace-tallace ta ''[[CNN]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Biliyoyin Duniya * Jerin mutane ta hanyar darajar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Attajiran Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cmei1kn19mfyr5y6k75fp4ffq87gff8 Garoua 0 6704 882802 665733 2026-07-14T08:57:45Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 882802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Marche Garoua Nord Cameroon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Garwa.]] '''Garwa''' ko '''Garoua''' birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Kameru]]. Ita ce babban birnin yankin [[Nord]] (da Hausanci: Arewa). Garwa tana da yawan jama'a 600,000, bisa ga jimillar 2009. An gina birnin Garwa a farkon karni na sha tara kafin haifuwan annabi Issa. == Tarihi == [[Modibo Adama|Idriss bala rabe ne (haussa)ya kafa Garoua a farkon rabin karni na 18. A lokacin jirgin ruwa, ya zama babban tashar kogi.]] <ref name="EB2">{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> [[Modibo Adama|Yawan mutanen birnin ya kai]] [[Modibo Adama|25,000 a 1800.]] <ref>Mark Dike DeLancey, Rebecca Neh Mbuh, Mark W. Delancey, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2010, p. 189</ref> == Geography == Garoua yana arewacin Kamaru, kuma yana kan [[Benue (kogi)|kogin Benue]]. <ref name="GM">{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@9.3280221,13.4041372,3258m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin ƙofa zuwa [[Benue National Park|Benoue National Park]]. Maƙwabta sun haɗa da Cibiyar Kasuwanci, Lopere, Quartier de Marouare, Poumpoumre, Roumde Adjia da yankin arewa maso yammacin Yelwa, kusa da filin jirgin sama na Garoua. <ref name="GM" /> == Yanayi == Garoua yana da [[Yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna|yanayi mai zafi na savanna]] ( [[Tsarin yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''Aw'' ), tare da lokacin damina da lokacin rani kuma yanayin zafi yana da zafi a duk shekara. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Garoua ya tashi daga {{Convert|26.0|C|F}} a watan Disamba da Janairu, watanni mafi sanyi, zuwa {{Convert|33.0|C|F}} a watan Afrilu, watan mafi zafi. Mafi zafi lokacin shekara shine Maris da Afrilu, kafin lokacin damina ta fara. Maris yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici a {{Convert|39.8|C|F}}, yayin da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici shine {{Convert|26.4|C|F}} a watan Afrilu. Agusta yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici a {{Convert|30.7|C|F}}, yayin da Disamba yana da mafi ƙarancin matsakaici a {{Convert|17.3|C|F}}. Garoua yana karɓar {{Convert|997.4|mm}} na ruwan sama sama da kwanaki 88 na hazo, tare da yanayi mai sanyi da rani kamar yawancin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi. Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu ba sa samun hazo kwata-kwata. Agusta, watan mafi sanyi, yana karɓar {{Convert|247.9|mm}} na ruwan sama a matsakaici. Satumba yana da kwanaki 24 na hazo, wanda shine mafi yawan kowane wata. Garoua yana samun sa'o'i 2927.1 na hasken rana a kowace shekara a matsakaici, tare da rarraba hasken rana daidai a duk shekara, kodayake yana da ƙasa a lokacin damina. == Alkaluma == A cikin 2005, Garoua tana da yawan jama'a 495,996. Kabilar [[Fulani|bumawa,tupuri,massai]] ne ke zaune a birnin. Saboda yawan 'yan gudun hijirar Chadi da ke cikin birnin, akwai karamin ofishin jakadancin Chadi. <ref name="Ham2009">Google (29 October 2016). "Garoua" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Google. Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == A matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma na huɗu a Kamaru, Garoua babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ce a ƙasar. Ta bunkasa ne a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin man fetur, siminti, fatu, gyada, da auduga, da ake jigilar su a cikin jiragen ruwa da ke gabar kogin Benue, tsakanin [[Burutu]] a Najeriya. Ta dade tana zama cibiyar bunkasa masana'antar auduga kuma tana da wuraren sarrafa [[Yadi|masaku]] da masana'antu da yawa. <ref name="Ndenecho2011">Ham, Anthony (2009). ''West Africa''</ref> Kamfanin auduga na [[Sodecoton]] yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyinsa a cikin birnin. <ref name="Raimond2013">{{Cite book}}</ref> Aikin fata da kamun kifi suma sanannu ne na masana'antu. == Wasanni == [[Roumdé Adjia Stadium|Filin wasa na Roumdé Adjia]] an saita shi zai kasance ɗaya daga cikin filayen da za su karbi bakuncin [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2021|gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021]]. == Wuraren ibada == Daga cikin [[wajen bauta|wuraren ibada]], akwai masallatai [[Musulunci|na musulmi]]. Akwai kuma majami'u na Kirista da haikali: [[Archdiocese Roman Katolika na Garoua|Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Garoua]] ( [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] ), [[Evangelical Church of Cameroon|Cocin Evangelical na Kamaru]] ( [[Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Reformed ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Reformed na Duniya]] ), [[Presbyterian Church a Kamaru|Cocin Presbyterian a Kamaru]] ( [[Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Reformed ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Duniya]] ), [[Taron Baptist na Kamaru]] ( [[Baptist Duniya Alliance|Alliance World Alliance]] ), Cikakkiyar Ofishin Jakadancin Kamaru ( [[Majalisar Allah|Majami'un Allah]] ). <ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 484-486</ref> == zurga zurga == [[Garoua International Airport|Filin jirgin sama na]] Garoua yana aiki da Garoua. <ref>ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT</ref> Sojojin Amurka suna amfani da filin jirgin sama a matsayin tushe don gudanar da ayyukan [[Jirgin sama mara matuki|jiragen sama marasa matuki]]. <ref>''Georgia (Republic) Export-Import Trade and Business Directory''. International Business Publications. October 2005. p. 97. ISBN <bdi>978-0-7397-3267-0</bdi>.</ref> Birnin ya ta'allaka ne akan babbar hanyar ƙasa 1, <ref name="GM2">Ndenecho, Emmanuel Neba (2011). ''Decentralisation and Spatial Rural Development Planning in Cameroon''</ref> a mahadar titin tsakanin [[Marwa|Maroua]] da [[Ngaoundéré]] . <ref name="EB3">Raimond, Christine (8 October 2013). ''Ressources vivrières et choix alimentaires dans le bassin du lac Tchad''. IRD Editions. p. 202. ISBN <bdi>978-2-7099-1576-2</bdi>.</ref> Babban titin da ke bi ta arewa ta garin da kuma bayan filin jirgin sama ana kiransa Rue de la Gendarmerie. <ref name="GM2" /> ==Hotuna== <gallery> Waterfall Garoua Kameroen - panoramio.jpg|Wani wuri da ruwa ke zubuwa a kasa a Garkuwa ko garwa. Mosquee de Garoua.jpg|Wani Masallaci a Garoua Transport dans la ville de Garoua3.jpg|Wani mutum yana tafiya bisa halinsa a birnin na Garwa Grenier à blé - Grenier à mil dit Bembal - Garoua - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - AP62T157136.jpg|Deux homme habillé en tenue hausa posté devant le Grenier à blé - Grenier à mil dit Bembal - Garoua - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - AP62T157136 </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Garwa}} [[Category:Biranen Kameru]] 0e5khppa4gn9crq3wdby49gj57cq7th Yakubu Muhammad 0 7313 882819 876778 2026-07-14T09:27:20Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356995031|Yakubu Muhammed]]" 882819 wikitext text/x-wiki   Yakubu MohammedListenⓘ (wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Maris 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙi kuma marubucin rubutun. Jakadan Globacom ne, [2] jakadan SDGs kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage. [ana buƙatar ambato] Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan Hausa sama da 100 da fina-finan Turanci sama da 40, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Lionheart, Jamhuriya ta 4, Sons of the Caliphate da MTV Shuga wanda ya ba shi kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards[3] da kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] rreug938y36y418vbrnndbiwvk4lm40 882821 882819 2026-07-14T09:28:02Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Yakubu MohammedListenⓘ (wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Maris 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙi kuma marubucin rubutun. Jakadan Globacom ne, [2] jakadan SDGs kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage. [ana buƙatar ambato] Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan Hausa sama da 100 da fina-finan Turanci sama da 40, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Lionheart, Jamhuriya ta 4, Sons of the Caliphate da MTV Shuga wanda ya ba shi kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards[3] da kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] kdochkby3q8ibfa3jgd505lhcfwtils 882824 882821 2026-07-14T09:33:07Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Yakubu Mohammed (wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙi kuma marubucin rubutun. Jakadan Globacom ne, [2] jakadan SDGs kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage. Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan Hausa sama ga guda 100 da fina-finan Turanci sama ga guda 40, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Lionheart, Jamhuriya ta 4, Sons of the Caliphate da MTV Shuga wanda ya ba shi kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards[3] da kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar ta 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] l99oxi321j4ie83gyr2vdoeectsenu8 Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo 0 9307 882562 490448 2026-07-13T23:43:25Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Manazarta */ 882562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Hassan Dan kwambo''' An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/april Afrilu]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://freedomradionig.com/shugaba-tinubu-ya-ayyana-7-ga-afrilu-a-matsayin-ranar-%25C6%25B4an-sanda/&ved=2ahUKEwiX-v3r8vaGAxUiBNsEHds-AEMQxfQBKAB6BAgREAI&usg=AOvVaw1kwb9nMn_LyZAEbakgG-ZL</nowiki></ref> a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da biyu, 1962 a unguwar [[Herwagana]] dake garin [[Gombe]] <ref>https://m.guardian.ng/tag/alhaji-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambo/</ref>. [[Dan Nijeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=</nowiki>https://www.channelstv.com/2024/06/25/nigerias-women-4x100m-team-win-gold/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwioyarE8_aGAxVYQvEDHVz9CnEQyM8BKAB6BAgUEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vTeeHAdpJwmf5ncXygCAK</ref> ne, kuma [[Ɗan siyasa]] wanda shine tshohon gwamnan [[Jihar Gombe]], dake [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Kuma tsohon Accountant General na ƙasa. <ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/ibrahim-hassan-dankwambo{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatun sa == Ya kammala karatun digiri ɗin sa na farko a [[jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] dake [[Zariya]] a shekarar alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985), inda ya karanci Accounting. Baya ga haka ya samu nasarar kammala karatun sa na Masters a fannin Economic a [[Legas|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar alif dari tara da chasain da huɗu (1994).<ref><nowiki>https://www.cbn.gov.ng/aboutcbn/TheBoard.asp?Biodata=dankwambo&Name=Alhaji+Ibrahim+Hassan+Dankwambo,+OON</nowiki></ref> Sannan ya kammala PhD ɗinsa a fannin Accounting a [[Jami'ar Igbinedion]].<ref><nowiki>http://thenationonlineng.net/gov-dankwambo-bags-phd-igbinedion-varsity/</nowiki></ref> Ya fara aikinsa da Coopers & Lybrand a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985), sannan yayi aiki da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] daga shekara ta 1988 zuwa 1999. A wancan lokacin ne aka sanya shi akaunta janar (Accountant General) na jahar Gombe, ya riƙe wannan matsayi har shekarar dubu biyu da biyar (2005).<ref><nowiki>http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5720:day-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambos-home-coming-turned-carnival&catid=16:community-news-pyramid-trust&Itemid=28</nowiki></ref> Ya riƙe wannan ofishin har sanda ya ajiye saboda ya fara neman takarar sa ta kujerar Gwamnan jihar Gombe a watan junairun shekara ta dubu biyu da sha ɗaya (2011).<ref><nowiki>http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5720:day-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambos-home-coming-turned-carnival&catid=16:community-news-pyramid-trust&Itemid=28</nowiki></ref> == Siyasa == Ibrahim Dankwambo ya samu nasarar lashe zaben gwamna a jihar [[Gombe]] a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu a shekara dubu biyu da shaɗaya, 2011. Ya lashe zaɓen ne da ƙuri'u 596,481 inda ya mawa Alhaji Abubakar Aliyu na jami'ar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress APC] fintakau wanda yake da ƙuri'u 91,781 da sanata Sa'idu Umar Kumo na jam'iyyar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party ANPP] mai ƙuri'u 84,959.<ref><nowiki>http://allafrica.com/stories/201104280577.html</nowiki></ref> [[Fayil:Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]] Yana kan karagar mulki ne, Dankwambo ya rasa mataimakin sa, David Miyims Albashi, wanda ya rasu a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya (2011) a asibitin Jamani yayin jinya da yakeyi saboda hatsarin mota a ranar 28 a watan Agusta shekarar 2011.<ref><nowiki>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/gombe-state-deputy-governor-passes-on/</nowiki></ref> A 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta dubu biyu da shaɗaya, 2011, Dankwambo ya sanya Tha'anda Rubainu a matsayin mataimakin Gwamnan.<ref><nowiki>https://t.guardian.ng/slide/governor-ibrahim-dankwambo-of-gombe-state-lmiddle-with-the-deputy-mr-tha-anda-rubainu-right-and-director-general-of-his-campaign-organisation-at-a-campaign-in-kaltungo-on-january-4-2015/</nowiki></ref> Bayan sake zaɓen sa na shekarar 2015, Charles Yau shine ya kasance mataimakin Gwamna har ya zuwa ƙarshen tenuwan sa na biyu a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara, 2019.<ref><nowiki>https://dailytrust.com/deputy-governors-series-6</nowiki></ref> Shine jigon jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a jahar Gombe kuma ɗan takarar sanatan Gombe ta arewa a zaɓen da za'a gabatar a shekarar 2023.<ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/dankwambo-is-gombe-north-pdp-senatorial-candidate/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/23/2023-dankwambo-picks-pdp-gombe-north-senatorial-ticket/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT: Dankwambo, Hassan Ibrahim}} [[Category: Gwamnonin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe]] [[Category: Mutanen Nijeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] j8ptpz4q3liqwuzw2qyjzb940p6ud13 882569 882562 2026-07-13T23:54:25Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Manazarta */ 882569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Hassan Dan kwambo''' An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/april Afrilu]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://freedomradionig.com/shugaba-tinubu-ya-ayyana-7-ga-afrilu-a-matsayin-ranar-%25C6%25B4an-sanda/&ved=2ahUKEwiX-v3r8vaGAxUiBNsEHds-AEMQxfQBKAB6BAgREAI&usg=AOvVaw1kwb9nMn_LyZAEbakgG-ZL</nowiki></ref> a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da biyu, 1962 a unguwar [[Herwagana]] dake garin [[Gombe]] <ref>https://m.guardian.ng/tag/alhaji-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambo/</ref>. [[Dan Nijeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=</nowiki>https://www.channelstv.com/2024/06/25/nigerias-women-4x100m-team-win-gold/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwioyarE8_aGAxVYQvEDHVz9CnEQyM8BKAB6BAgUEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vTeeHAdpJwmf5ncXygCAK</ref> ne, kuma [[Ɗan siyasa]] wanda shine tshohon gwamnan [[Jihar Gombe]], dake [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Kuma tsohon Accountant General na ƙasa. <ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/ibrahim-hassan-dankwambo{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatun sa == Ya kammala karatun digiri ɗin sa na farko a [[jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] dake [[Zariya]] a shekarar alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985), inda ya karanci Accounting. Baya ga haka ya samu nasarar kammala karatun sa na Masters a fannin Economic a [[Legas|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar alif dari tara da chasain da huɗu (1994).<ref><nowiki>https://www.cbn.gov.ng/aboutcbn/TheBoard.asp?Biodata=dankwambo&Name=Alhaji+Ibrahim+Hassan+Dankwambo,+OON</nowiki></ref> Sannan ya kammala PhD ɗinsa a fannin Accounting a [[Jami'ar Igbinedion]].<ref><nowiki>http://thenationonlineng.net/gov-dankwambo-bags-phd-igbinedion-varsity/</nowiki></ref> Ya fara aikinsa da Coopers & Lybrand a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985), sannan yayi aiki da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] daga shekara ta 1988 zuwa 1999. A wancan lokacin ne aka sanya shi akaunta janar (Accountant General) na jahar Gombe, ya riƙe wannan matsayi har shekarar dubu biyu da biyar (2005).<ref><nowiki>http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5720:day-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambos-home-coming-turned-carnival&catid=16:community-news-pyramid-trust&Itemid=28</nowiki></ref> Ya riƙe wannan ofishin har sanda ya ajiye saboda ya fara neman takarar sa ta kujerar Gwamnan jihar Gombe a watan junairun shekara ta dubu biyu da sha ɗaya (2011).<ref><nowiki>http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5720:day-ibrahim-hassan-dankwambos-home-coming-turned-carnival&catid=16:community-news-pyramid-trust&Itemid=28</nowiki></ref> == Siyasa == Ibrahim Dankwambo ya samu nasarar lashe zaben gwamna a jihar [[Gombe]] a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu a shekara dubu biyu da shaɗaya, 2011. Ya lashe zaɓen ne da ƙuri'u 596,481 inda ya mawa Alhaji Abubakar Aliyu na jami'ar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress APC] fintakau wanda yake da ƙuri'u 91,781 da sanata Sa'idu Umar Kumo na jam'iyyar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party ANPP] mai ƙuri'u 84,959.<ref><nowiki>http://allafrica.com/stories/201104280577.html</nowiki></ref> [[Fayil:Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]] Yana kan karagar mulki ne, Dankwambo ya rasa mataimakin sa, David Miyims Albashi, wanda ya rasu a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya (2011) a asibitin Jamani yayin jinya da yakeyi saboda hatsarin mota a ranar 28 a watan Agusta shekarar 2011.<ref><nowiki>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/gombe-state-deputy-governor-passes-on/</nowiki></ref> A 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta dubu biyu da shaɗaya, 2011, Dankwambo ya sanya Tha'anda Rubainu a matsayin mataimakin Gwamnan.<ref><nowiki>https://t.guardian.ng/slide/governor-ibrahim-dankwambo-of-gombe-state-lmiddle-with-the-deputy-mr-tha-anda-rubainu-right-and-director-general-of-his-campaign-organisation-at-a-campaign-in-kaltungo-on-january-4-2015/</nowiki></ref> Bayan sake zaɓen sa na shekarar 2015, Charles Yau shine ya kasance mataimakin Gwamna har ya zuwa ƙarshen tenuwan sa na biyu a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara, 2019.<ref><nowiki>https://dailytrust.com/deputy-governors-series-6</nowiki></ref> Shine jigon jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a jahar Gombe kuma ɗan takarar sanatan Gombe ta arewa a zaɓen da za'a gabatar a shekarar 2023.<ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/dankwambo-is-gombe-north-pdp-senatorial-candidate/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/23/2023-dankwambo-picks-pdp-gombe-north-senatorial-ticket/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Dankwambo, Hassan Ibrahim}} [[Category: Gwamnonin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe]] [[Category: Mutanen Nijeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] is21kmzvvtdfbe4a543d8z1pgag7pn1 Abubakar Atiku Bagudu 0 9401 882487 815429 2026-07-13T20:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abubakar Atiku Bagudu''' CON (an haife shi 26 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1961) ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne wanda ke rike da mukamin ministan kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na Najeriya a yanzu. Ya yi [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|gwamnan jihar Kebbi]] daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekara ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Executive Governor - Abubakar Atiku Bagudu {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/governor/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190417/https://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/governor/about |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=www.kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> Ya kuma taba zama sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Kebbi ta tsakiya daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2015. == Rayuwa da ilimi == Atiku Bagudu dan hamshaƙin attajiri ne, mahaifinsa shi ne daraktan ilimin firamare a [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] . Ya samu digirin a BSc Economics a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo]] [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], Msc a fannin Tattalin Arziki a [[Jami'ar Jos]] da MA Al'amuran Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Bagudu Abubakar Atiku |url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=sen.abubakarbagudu |access-date=2011-05-09 |website=The Senate of Nigeria}}</ref> Yana auren [[Zainab Shinkafi Bagudu|Zainab Bagudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-11 |title=Kebbi gov's wife sensitizes physically challenged persons on virus |url=https://guardian.ng/news/kebbi-govs-wife-sensitizes-physically-challenged-persons-on-virus/ |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekara ta 2009, Bagudu ya gaji [[Adamu Aliero]] lokacin da ya lashe zaben fid da gwani na Sanatan Kebbi ta tsakiya bayan Aliero da Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada Aliero ya zama Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja a watan Disamba shekara ta 2008. A zaben 6 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2011, Bagudu ya yi nasara a PDP da kuri'u 173,595. Magabacinsa Adamu Aliero, wanda ya koma jam’iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), ya zo na biyu da kuri’u 137,299, yayin da Aliyu Bello Mohammed na jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ya zo na uku da kuri’u 11,953. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collated Senate results |url=http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114 |archive-date=19 April 2011 |access-date=2011-05-08 |publisher=INEC}}</ref> A zaben 2015 Atiku Bagudu ya fice daga jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki zuwa jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) inda ya tsaya takarar gwamna inda ya samu gagarumin rinjaye a zaben. A zaben gwamnan jihar Kebbi a ranar 9 ga Maris shekara ta 2019, Bagudu ya samu kuri'u 673,717, yayin da abokin takararsa Sen. Isah Galaudu na PDP ya samu kuri'u 106,633. Bagudu ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe tikitin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) na zaben Sanatan Kebbi ta tsakiya a 2023. Ya fadi zaben ne a hannun dan takarar PDP mai ci [[Adamu Aliero]] wanda a baya ya fice daga APC, bayan ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani. Shugaban kasa Bola Tinubu ne ya nada shi ministan kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare a ranar 16 ga Agusta shekara ta 2023 == Manyan Nasarorin da aka samu a matsayin Gwamna == Nan take sabon Gwamnan da aka rantsar ya dauki aikin tsaftace gwamnatin [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]]. Ya yi kokarin daidaita ayyuka da ka’idojin gwamnati da kuma kwato dukiyoyin gwamnati da aka yi asarar da aka sace da suka hada da kudade. Ya kuma kaddamar da atisayen ne domin tara ma’aikatan gwamnatin jihar Kebbi da ma’aikatan bogi. Yayin da Atiku Bagudu ya isa kujerar Gwamna, ya gamu da wata Jihar Kebbi da ba ta da wani kyakkyawan tsari. Sama da yara miliyan 1.2 ne aka ruwaito ba sa zuwa makaranta, matasa marasa aikin yi sun yi yawo a kan titi, asibitoci marasa aikin yi da kananan hukumomin da suka durkushe gaba daya. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta yi gaggawar kwace kahon bijimin ba tare da bata lokaci mai daraja ba. Ya yi amfani da karfin tuwo wajen kafa kwamitin da zai kwato dukiyoyi da kudaden gwamnati da aka yi asarar da aka sace. Tawagar kwamitin ta samu nasarar gano biliyoyin nairori na kudaden jihar da gwamnan ya sanyawa aiki nan take ta hanyar sake farfado da jihar ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa kamar hanyoyin mota, makarantun kasa da kasa, masana'antar sarrafa ruwa, asibitoci, gyara noma , samar da wutar lantarki da ruwan sha ga al'ummomin karkara, da sauran muhimman sassa na jihar. Atiku Bagudu ya kasance majagaba na samar da asusun bai daya wato Treasury Single Account (TSA) a jihar Kebbi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-28 |title=rehabilitated primary healthcare centers ready for use gov bagudu |url=https://nta.ng/2019/09/28/24-rehabilitated-primary-healthcare-centers-ready-for-use-gov-bagudu/ |access-date=2019-09-28 |website=nta.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002657/https://nta.ng/2019/09/28/24-rehabilitated-primary-healthcare-centers-ready-for-use-gov-bagudu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=revisiting bagudus legacy in kebbi |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2025/01/31/revisiting-bagudus-legacy-in-kebbi/?amp/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gyaran Kiwon Lafiya === Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu a [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin kamfen na gyarawa da inganta tsarin samar da lafiya a jihar Kebbi. Gwamnatinsa ta fara ne da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya a cikin shekaru takwas na Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko guda 230 ta kuma Gina, Gyarawa, Ingantawa, da cikakkun kayan aiki a cikin yankunan karkara a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Ya kaddamar da shirin bayar da gudunmuwa na kiwon lafiya na jiha domin bunkasa samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya mai sauki daga marasa galihu a jihar. A ranar 28 ga Mayu shekara ta 2019 ya gyara cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a matakin farko guda 24 a jihar Kebbi. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta gina dakin marasa lafiya guda 2 a asibitin Sir Yahaya Memorial wanda ya kunshi dakin likitancin yara. Ya gyara Asibitoci a fadin kananan hukumomi 21 na jihar Kebbi, ya gyara Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kebbi, a [[Kalgo]]. Ya kaddamar da kwamitocin kula da kiwon lafiya na matakin farko da gudanarwa, gwamnatinsa ta kaddamar da sabbin shirin kare lafiyar masu amfani da abinci da kuma daukar mataki kan ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki (eatsafe) Tare da hadin gwiwar USAID. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=Kebbi to scale up primary healthcare bagudu |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kebbi-to-scale-up-primary-healthcare-bagudu/amp/ |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=usaid launches eatsafe activity to help improve nutrition in nigerias Kebbi state |url=https://ng.usembassy.gov/usaid-launches-eatsafe-activity-to-help-improve-nutrition-in-nigerias-kebbi-state/ |access-date=2017-07-15 |website=ng.usembassy.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Hali a Gina Hanya === A matsayinsa na Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Atiku Bagudu ya gina sama da kilomita 200 a fadin birane da kauyuka da filayen noma. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta gina titina da magudanan ruwa a unguwar Bayan Oando da Tipper Garage a Birnin Kebbi, Unguwan Zabarmawa Birnin Kebbi, da kuma wani kusa da tsohon CID Office, Malluwa da Rafin Atiku Area. Garin Jega, Titin Babuche - Bayawa, Augie - Zagi Boarder Road, Ka'oje - Illo Road, Badariya - Kola - Zuguru - Titin Filin Sarki Nepa, a Garin Jega, Kilomita Biyar. Gwamnatin sa ta gyara mashigin Rima da zagaye biyar a fadin jihar Kebbi. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta Gina hanyar shiga da magudanar ruwa a Tsohon Gari da Gwadangwaji mai nisan kilomita 2.56 zuwa Ambursa, Gyaran gadoji biyu a kauyen Baban Jori Giede da Baba - Dan yaku. Ta gina Titin Falale - Barama - Badariya Argungun Bye Pas Road, Aliero - Gehuru Road. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=kebbi state governor approves 3.219 billion naira for construction of access roads |url=https://von.gov.ng/kebbi-state-governor-approves-n3-219bn-for-construction-of-access-roads/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=von.gov.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=bagudu celebrating the architect of modern day Kebbi |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2025/01/27/bagudu-celebrating-the-architect-of-modern-day-kebbi/?amp/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gwamnati Ta Shirye-shiryen Karfafawa === Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu a karkashin shirin Atiku Bagudu na tattalin arziki da karfafawa a tarihin Kebbi ba'ayi kamanta ba. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da Shirye-shiryen Tsare-tsare masu Dorewa (SDGs) da Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta kashe sama da Biliyan 20 a kai. Atiku Bagudu ya shaida bikin yaye matasa 2000 maza da mata da gwamnatin jihar ta horas da su kan koyon sana’o’i. Raba motocin bas na kasuwanci guda 200 a fadin kananan hukumomi 21. Ya kafa wani karamin tallafi na 10000 ga kowace mace 'yar kasuwa kuma ya kafa tsarin ba da tallafi. Ya kaddamar da tsare-tsare bayar da miliyan 100 a kowace karamar hukuma don matasa da mata, wani adadin miliyan 80 da aka tanada don rance mai sauki ga yan kasuwa da masu sana'a. A watan Janairu shekara ta 2021 Gwamna Atiku Bagudu ya amince da miliyan 468.5 don aiwatar da ayyuka da shirye-shiryen karfafawa a karkashin ma'aikatar harkokin mata da ci gaban zamantakewa ta jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-10 |title=nigeria commits to funding girls education empowerment |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigeria-commits-to-funding-girls-education-empowerment/ |access-date=2020-05-10 |website=von.gov.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320055906/https://von.gov.ng/nigeria-commits-to-funding-girls-education-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-18 |title=Kebbi govt empowers 5800 women with 2.4 billion naira |url=https://leadership.ng/kebbi-govt-empowers-58000-women-with-n2-4bn/ |access-date=2019-07-18 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> === Habbaka Ilimi === An fahimci Gwamna Atiku Bagudu yana da daraja ilimi musamman ilimin yara mata. Yana kallon ilimin ‘ya’ya mata a matsayin hakki na gwamnati. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta kara wa bangaren ilimi kudi a kasafin kudin jihar. Gwamnatocin baya sun yi sakaci sosai a fannin ilimi a jihar Kebbi. Gwamna Atiku Bagudu ya tabbatar da biyan kudin tallafin karatu ga daliban da ke karatu a manyan makarantu daban-daban, na jihar da wajen jihar da kuma kasashen ketare, ciki har da biyan kudin jarabawar WAEC da NECO ga daliban sakandare. A karkashin gwamnatinsa cibiyoyi guda uku sun inganta Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adamu Augie, Argungun, Kwalejin Kimiyyar jinya da unguwan zoma ta Jihar Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, da Kwalejin Fasaha da Kiwon Lafiya, Jega sun samu amincewar bayar da Digiri, HND, da Diploma (ND). A watan Disamba 2021 Atiku Bagudu ya amince da horar da dalibai 262 na jihar zuwa kasan waje don yin karatun likitanci da injiniya zuwa kasan Indiya, Ukraine da Sudan . Sama da course guda 33 na Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero sun sami cikakkiyar shaidar amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa, (NUC). Gwamnatinsa ta taimaka wajen Ingantawa da kuma sauya Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Zuru zuwa Jami’ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Zuru. Ya samu zunzurutun kudi har naira biliyan 4 domin kafawa da kuma ba da cikakken izini ga tsangayar Injiniya a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero. A karkashin hukumar kula da ilimin bai daya ta jiha, an gina ajujuwa SUBEB 518 yayin da aka gyara ajujuwa 1,058, an samar da kayayyakin daki guda 42,244 sannan an gina rukunin bandakunan guda 450, rijiyoyin burtsatse 138, injin shara 383, tsaftace ruwan shan dalibai. === Noma === A bangaren noma kuwa gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta ba da fifikon noma a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofinta. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta kafa masana'antar man tumatur a Ngaski, ta jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a duniya kamar Dangote Rice Mill da Sugar factory, Kebbi, NNPC ethanol project a [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]] . Yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna na kasuwanci tsakanin gwamnatin [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] da kungiyar bankin duniya, CBN, NNPC, da [[UNICEF|Unicef]] . Karkashin gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu na jihar Kebbi ta kawo kwararro a harkar noma da kiwo na kasar Masar domin ci gaban jihar. An kaddamar da shirin Anchor Borrowers don samar da abinci, samar da karin metric ton dubu shida na shinkafa , hadin gwiwa da gwamnatin jihar Legas wajen noman shinkafar Legas - Kebbi (Lake Shinkafa),kasar [[Kenya]] ta kara daukar nauyin manoma sama da 70,000, don samar da sama da tan miliyan uku na shinkafa, ya kawo Hukumar Gudanarwar WACOT Mills, samar da garmar shanu guda dubu goma 10,000, samar da injin suskar shinkafa 100, da babura 100 ga ma’aikatan da aka horar da su a fannin noma. [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] tare da shiga tsakani na bankin duniya na tallafawa matasa da mata 5000 na Agro-processing productivity enhancement support (APPEALS). A cikin shekara takwas gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta sayo sama da metric ton 50,000 na takin zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=Kebbi state and egypt to partner on agriculture |url=https://von.gov.ng/kebbi-state-and-egypt-to-partner-on-agriculture/ |access-date=2016-07-15 |website=von.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Agriculture development is kebbi government strength |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/agricultural-development-is-kebbi-governments-strength/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=guardian.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsaro === Gwamnatin jihar Kebbi ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo ta tabbatar da cewa hukumomin tsaro A jihar sun kafa cibiyoyin tsaro masu aiki da gaskiya wadanda ke samar da tsaro ga cibiyoyi a matsayin abin amfanar jama'a ta hanyar. Hakan ya sa jihar Kebbi ta samu kwanciyar hankali sakamakon hadin kai tsakanin dukkan sojojin da aka tura jihar. Haɗin gwiwarsu ya rage manyan laifuffuka kamar su garkuwa da mutane, fashi da makami, fashi da makami, da makamantansu na zamantakewa. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta magance matsalolin tsaro a jihar ta hanyar kafa hukumar kula da gidajen haya da samar musu da kayan aiki da motoci da alawus-alawus da za su dauka domin jin dadin su. Gwamnatin Atiku Bagudu ta baiwa jami’an tsaro motoci sama da 500 a [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=press release bagudu lauds nigerian army strides tackle insecurity pledges more |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/news/governor/press-release-bagudu-lauds-nigerian-army-strides-tackle-insecurity-pledges-more/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Kebbistate.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=governor bagudu annals history |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/news/governor/governor-bagudu-annals-history/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Ganewa == A watan Oktoban 2022, shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya na [[Order of the Niger|kwamandan oda na Niger]] (CON). * CMAN Fellowship Award. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=just in budget minister atiku bagudu bags cman fellowship award |url=https://allmedia24.com/just-in-budget-minister-atiku-bagudu-bags-cman-fellowship-award/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=allmedia24.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati Da Shugaban Kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . * Kyautar Noma da Abinci da Shugaban Kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-11 |title=bagudu bags another award in Agriculture and food security |url=https://thesun.ng/bagudu-bags-another-award-in-agriculture-and-food-security/ |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=thesun.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kwarewa ta NLC. * Kyautar Sadarwar Zuba Jari ta Ƙasashen Waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=fin awardee his excellency |url=https://foreigninvestmentnetwork.com/fin-awardee-his-excellency-abubakar-atiku-bagudu-executive-governor-kebbi-state-nigeria/ |access-date=2019-09-10 |website=foreigninvestmentnetwork.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Karramawar kasa da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Nijar Mohamed Bazoum ya bayar. * Babban Taimakon Ilimi ta NUT. * Sardaunan Yauri. * Babban Ministan Titin Jaridar na Watan Nuwamba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=atiku bagudu emerges the street journals super minister for the month of november |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/atiku-bagudu-emerges-the-street-journals-super-minister-for-the-month-of-november/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=thestreetjournal.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202100744/https://thestreetjournal.org/atiku-bagudu-emerges-the-street-journals-super-minister-for-the-month-of-november/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar jakadan sararin samaniya ta kasa * Rice Revolution Award da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya bayar. * Daren Ganewa NIMASA. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kebbi]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5f9kglc3frh5h3mrkckygdevs4u523g Manchester City F.C. 0 10167 882346 880648 2026-07-13T14:23:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] jzh1gqsk0zgghgzl038xspemem82c9o 882347 882346 2026-07-13T14:24:48Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 64zkjaedj9gwze1h5jbelupe4bie0oc 882350 882347 2026-07-13T14:28:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 5wd84jyhw139nrhy0udgk7dhl7la17w 882351 882350 2026-07-13T14:29:43Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 1z1fgfzqhj14cgl46yyho9aoykvlx7x 882353 882351 2026-07-13T14:32:19Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin 23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] kyg49sng48avujczytr9ey3y0sxqn9v 882355 882353 2026-07-13T14:33:19Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin 23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na ciki shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] afrh8lebpqx0tvw6jc2v8pn8n78e8zp 882357 882355 2026-07-13T14:34:50Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na ciki shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 3r18jekkkurjvketp1j7q8rfaw1v4i2 882359 882357 2026-07-13T14:35:44Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na ciki shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] bbrio1n5x8abkx3gqm589g02p08tubr 882360 882359 2026-07-13T14:36:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na ciki shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] nckgxsla8q4zgvvvfe00eatdpyngvol 882361 882360 2026-07-13T14:37:27Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na ciki shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] pylzbvdywmk0y9pwcqpr2bkni2mk6qn 882362 882361 2026-07-13T14:38:19Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] kvwkmseo4ykuk8sii74lh8tnp0gu435 882363 882362 2026-07-13T14:39:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 3hrasn8yk3o97fkep5vu3o985uslxq6 882364 882363 2026-07-13T14:40:57Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] b0nfypxj12wd77r2fh0mlozhg7tkalj 882365 882364 2026-07-13T14:42:05Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] nizjd5gfaoonps63o2jw3j0u4kvwn2d 882366 882365 2026-07-13T14:43:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] q8ccbcq630x143pvzubkisbucf9ehyk 882367 882366 2026-07-13T14:44:57Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] lb8jrcaw4tpan6s5w2e5vnblh53rtks 882368 882367 2026-07-13T14:46:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 414661cqa044rhevg7war7t35ir9pl4 882369 882368 2026-07-13T14:47:52Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] thsnwmmf62xen791u3y6045ns807ek0 882370 882369 2026-07-13T14:49:07Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] lhj1u7zd7z7r1e3sk4c1ei62hs2c4l5 882371 882370 2026-07-13T14:50:51Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] ewz3bsjw0pjrpk2fbkavixl3jh1ijjt 882373 882371 2026-07-13T14:52:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] rgacg65j83xjudexzqpr2ih7hxgxsxp 882375 882373 2026-07-13T14:53:52Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 882375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] acikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 1ua0pwk4immmgw5e6ya6vrfvtmpgjlb 882422 882375 2026-07-13T16:49:46Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 882422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] i1428xika2epo14k0tr2jps0wryllqy 882424 882422 2026-07-13T16:50:16Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko */ 882424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] dbmys97e9yu63ihdhp2t5w50dbirrwv 882426 882424 2026-07-13T16:50:50Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko */ 882426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarata 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] dd819kk0dot09vu8g11oakv9t8mslfo 882427 882426 2026-07-13T16:51:09Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko */ 882427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarar 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 6k4sgcfgovmwz4inbw6sle6lrt7j9kb Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe 0 10760 882822 880806 2026-07-14T09:30:07Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early Life and Education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363636382|Hadiza Balarabe]]" 882822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov.jpg|thumb|sabuwa bakarabe]] [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agwam fantswaem]] '''Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe''' [[Dan Nijeriya|Yar'Najeriya]] ce, kuma yar'siyasa, wanda aka zaba tazama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. An kuma zaɓe ta tareda da gwamna maici wato [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] a watan February shekara ta dubu biyu da Sha Tara 2019, karkashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]].<ref>[https://www.blueprint.ng/2019-which-way-southern-kaduna "2019, Which way Southern Kaduna?"] ''[[Blueprint]]'' Retrieved 28 February, 2019.</ref><ref>Aza MSUE. [https://www.leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-commitee "Duputy Governor-elect Hadiza Balarabe Chairs Transition Committee 2019"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Leadership_(newspaper)]]'' Kaduna State. Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/aGFkaXphLXNhYnV3YS1iYWxhcmFiZS1oYWRpemE={{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/politics/8af9b04b39cc9349e72837ad0d937d03{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, a matsayinta na mataimakiya gwamna, ta gabatar da kasafin kudin sabuwar shekara ta 2020 na gwamnatin jihar Kaduna a gaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna|majalisar dokokin jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba yin hakan a [[Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/357818-for-the-record-full-speech-by-kaduna-acting-governor-on-presentation-of-2020-budget.html</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/23/kaduna-deputy-governor-hadiza-balarabe-warns-public-against-internet-scammers/</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta yi burin tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 2023 amma ta janye, aka zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar dan takarar jam’iyyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]].<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/kaduna-guber-uba-sani-announces-hadiza-balarabe-deputy-governor-as-running-mate</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/the-making-of-nigerias-first-female-governor/</ref><ref>https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, an sake zabar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Balarabe haifaffiyar gidan Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe ne a karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] ta jihar [[Kaduna]]. Ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Soba don yin karatun sakandare, sannan ta samu admission a babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]] inda ta yi karatun likitanci sannan ta kammala MBBS a 1986.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ daga asali https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro, Jihar Kaduna a 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Hadiza Sabuwa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] eukbl0se2wtnzqecpr4dklum4c4e0gl 882823 882822 2026-07-14T09:30:35Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early Life and Education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363636382|Hadiza Balarabe]]" 882823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov.jpg|thumb|sabuwa bakarabe]] [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agwam fantswaem]] '''Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe''' [[Dan Nijeriya|Yar'Najeriya]] ce, kuma yar'siyasa, wanda aka zaba tazama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. An kuma zaɓe ta tareda da gwamna maici wato [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] a watan February shekara ta dubu biyu da Sha Tara 2019, karkashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]].<ref>[https://www.blueprint.ng/2019-which-way-southern-kaduna "2019, Which way Southern Kaduna?"] ''[[Blueprint]]'' Retrieved 28 February, 2019.</ref><ref>Aza MSUE. [https://www.leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-commitee "Duputy Governor-elect Hadiza Balarabe Chairs Transition Committee 2019"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Leadership_(newspaper)]]'' Kaduna State. Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/aGFkaXphLXNhYnV3YS1iYWxhcmFiZS1oYWRpemE={{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/politics/8af9b04b39cc9349e72837ad0d937d03{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, a matsayinta na mataimakiya gwamna, ta gabatar da kasafin kudin sabuwar shekara ta 2020 na gwamnatin jihar Kaduna a gaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna|majalisar dokokin jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba yin hakan a [[Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/357818-for-the-record-full-speech-by-kaduna-acting-governor-on-presentation-of-2020-budget.html</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/23/kaduna-deputy-governor-hadiza-balarabe-warns-public-against-internet-scammers/</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta yi burin tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 2023 amma ta janye, aka zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar dan takarar jam’iyyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]].<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/kaduna-guber-uba-sani-announces-hadiza-balarabe-deputy-governor-as-running-mate</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/the-making-of-nigerias-first-female-governor/</ref><ref>https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, an sake zabar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Balarabe haifaffiyar gidan Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe ne a karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] ta jihar [[Kaduna]]. Ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Soba don yin karatun sakandare, sannan ta samu admission a babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]] inda ta yi karatun likitanci sannan ta kammala MBBS a 1986.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ daga asali https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro, Jihar Kaduna a 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Hadiza Sabuwa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] 7nitf4b3og4w5twmrhrro04rhvb01ir Aguata 0 11031 882594 869168 2026-07-14T00:40:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aguata''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Local Governments in Anambra State|url=https://nigerianfinder.com/list-of-local-governments-in-anambra-state/|access-date=10 September 2021|website=nigerianfinder.com}}</ref> kuma tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development}}</ref> Mafi yawan ɓangaren hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar yana cikin garin Aguluezechukwu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2351741.html |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=mindat.org}}</ref> yayin da wani ƙaramin ɓangarenta yake cikin Ekwulobia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aguata.an.gov.ng/|title=Official Anambra State Government Website for Aguata Local Government|website=Anambra State Government|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=16 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216162836/https://aguata.an.gov.ng/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aguata.an.gov.ng/history-of-aguata-lga/|title=History of Aguata Local Government|website=Anambra State Government|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815045104/https://aguata.an.gov.ng/history-of-aguata-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naijasky.com/aguata/109/brief-history-of-aguata/7791|title=Brief history of Aguata – Aguata|last=Adeleke|first=Dr. Wale|website=NaijaSky|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906085340/http://naijasky.com/aguata/109/brief-history-of-aguata/7791|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra South Senatorial District |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development}}</ref> Ƙaramar Hukumar tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai 286,897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Tattalin arziki == A wannan yanki, noma domin biyan buƙatun yau da kullum na daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kasuwannin <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Eke<nowiki>'''</nowiki> da <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Nkwo<nowiki>'''</nowiki> kuma suna zama cibiyoyin musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka iri-iri tsakanin jama’a. Haka kuma, akwai kamfanoni da cibiyoyi masu yawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Aguata, ciki har da otal-otal, cibiyoyin kuɗi musamman bankunan microfinance, da sauran harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aguata Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/107/aguata |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=manpower.com.ng}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aguata}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] b701vyrouz88tdrf81ujmp9kisaflvy Turai Yar'Adua 0 15089 882688 624521 2026-07-14T06:43:52Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Turai Yar'Adua and Werner Burkart.jpg|thumb|Turai Yar'dua da Werner Burkart]] Hajiya '''Turai Umar Musa Yar'Adua''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1957)<ref name="allafrica">{{cite news|first=Chioma|last=Gabriel|title=Turai Yar'Adua - a Silent But Influential First Lady|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001150880.html|work=[[Vanguard Media]]|publisher=AllAfrica.com|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> ita ce matar tsohon Shugaban [[Kasar Inyamurai|kasar]] [[Najeriya]], kuma tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Katsina [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]. Ita ce ''First Lady'' a [[Najeriya]] daga shekara ta 200, har zuwa rasuwar mijinta shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'Adua a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010. == Ilimi. == An haifi Turai Yar'Adua ne a cikin garin [[Katsina]] na [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriy]]<nowiki/>a a watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1957.<ref name="allafrica" /> Ta halarci makarantar Government Girls Secondary ta [[Kankia|Kankiya]] tun tana yarinya.<ref name="allafrica" /> Turai Yar'adua ta yi makarantar firamare ta Garama da ke [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] da kuma Makarantar Gwamnati wato Government Secondary school da ke [[Kankia]], duk a cikin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar ta Katsina]]. Daga baya ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Arts da Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] da ke [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], inda aka ba ta suna "dalibar da ta fi dacewa" a shekarar alif 1980.<ref name="allafrica" /> A shekara ta alif 1983, Turai ta samu digiri na farko a fannin yare dake a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.]]<ref name="allafrica" /> == Rayuwar ta. == Turai ta auri [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] a shekara ta 1975,<ref name="allafrica" /> kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar da maza biyu. ‘ya’yanta maza biyu sune Shehu Umaru Musa Yar’adua da Musa Umar Musa Yar’adua, Shehu sunan marigayi shugaban kasa Umaru Musa Yar’adua dan’uwa. Kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya.<ref name="allafrica" /><ref name="le">{{cite news|first=Christy|last=Iliya|title=Hajiya Turai: What Manner Of First Lady?|url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/product_info.php?%20products_id=7136|work=Leadership online|publisher=Leadership Newspapers Group|date=|accessdate=2007-09-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930002418/http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/product_info.php?%20products_id=7136|archivedate=2007-09-30|df=}}</ref> Daya daga cikin ‘yarsu mai suna Zainab ta auri Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari, Gwamnan [[jihar Kebbi]].<ref name="td">{{cite news|first=Saka Ibrahim|last=Birnin|title='Yar’Adua’s Daughter's Wedding Won't Affect Guber Case'|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=83775|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=Leaders & Company|date=2007-07-16|accessdate=2007-09-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153942/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=83775|archivedate=2007-09-30|df=}}</ref> A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007, Turai ta kasance baƙon girmamawa a yayin ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Mobility Aid da Braille a [[Akure]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Wata cibiya mai zaman kanta mai suna ''Handicapped Education Foundation (HANDEF)'' ce ta gina wannan cibiyar wacce Olufunke Agagu, sannan Uwargidan Gwamnan [[Jihar Ondo]] ta kafa. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da matar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, [[Patience Jonathan|Patience Jonathan,]] da matan wasu gwamnonin jihohi da dama.<ref name="vg">{{cite news|first=Dayo|last=Johnson|title=First Lady rallies support for physically challenged persons|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/southwest/sw107092007.html|work=Vanguard|publisher=Vanguard Media|date=2007-09-07|accessdate=2007-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917155310/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/southwest/sw107092007.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-09-17}}</ref> An yi rade-radin cewa Turai na daya daga cikin na kusa da mashawarcin mijinta a lokacin da yake Shugaban kasar [[Najeriya|Najeriya.]]<ref name="allafrica8">{{cite news|first=Chioma|last=Gabriel|title=Turai Yar'Adua - a Silent But Influential First Lady|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001150880.html|work=[[Vanguard Media]]|publisher=AllAfrica.com|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> Misali, Yan anyi imanin cewa Turai ta yi tasiri kan zabin Farfesa Babatunde Osotimehin, tsohon Darakta-Janar na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa kan cutar kanjamau, a matsayin Ministar Lafiya ta Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mijinta. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]] [[Category:Mata]] jtjymebrruffmujo9escmf2lnui69nh Branwen Okpako 0 15290 882805 874296 2026-07-14T09:07:48Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354444660|Branwen Okpako]]" 882805 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Farfesa|Farfesa.]] '''Branwen Kiemute Okpako''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), ɗan asalin Najeriya ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Welsh.<ref name="okpako">{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://ballhausnaunynstrasse.de/person/branwen_okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=ballhausnaunynstrasse}}</ref> Ta fi shahara a matsayin darektan fina-finai masu daraja The Education of Auma Obama, Dirt for Dinner and Landing . Baya ga shugabanci, ita ma marubuciya ce, furodusa, mai daukar hoto, editan fim da kuma malami.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife ta ne a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1969 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya . <ref name="berlinale" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma [[Wales]].<ref name="okpako" /> A shekara ta 1991, Okpako ta sami B.Sc. a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Bristol, Ingila kuma daga baya ya bi hanyar MFA daidai a cikin jagorancin fim daga Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin GmbH, Berlin (DFFB) a cikin 1999.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}</ref> Ta auri Johannes Brandrup, inda daga baya suka sake aure. == Ayyuka == Yayinda take cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta DFFB, ta samar da gajeren fim dinta na farko ''Dreckfresser'' a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da dan sanda baƙar fata na farko a Gabashin Jamus. Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa ciki har da Matakai na Farko: Kyautar Sabon Jamusanci don Fim na Bayanai 2000, Kyautar IG Media a Dok Leipzig a cikin 2000, Kyautar rarrabawa daga Tallace-tallace 2000. Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar fim din mafi kyau a mako na 24 na Duisburg . A shekara ta 2001, fim din ya girmama tare da Kyautar Bayanan Gwamnatin Jihar Bavaria "The Young Lion" kuma a matsayin fim mafi kyawun digiri a bikin See Docs Dubrovnik.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta yi fim din ''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' . Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a wannan shekarar kuma an haɗa shi a gasar fina-fakka a bikin fina'a da talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou (FESPACO) a shekara ta 2005. Tare da nasarar fina-finai biyu na farko, ta yi fim din Die Geschichte der [[Auma Obama]] a cikin 2011, inda fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Viewers Choice a bikin fina-fukkuna na Afirka. <ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya samo asali ne daga rayuwar farko ta tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], saboda Okpako aboki ne na 'yar'uwar Barack Auma Obama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hybrid Approach: An Interview with the Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492644/pdf |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=Women in German Yearbook: Feminist Studies in German Literature & Culture}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy Awards don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Bayani|Mafi kyawun Bayani na Diaspora]] da kuma Kyautar Masu Kafa Festival don Mafi kyawun Tarihi a bikin fina-finai na Pan African a Los Angeles . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Okpako ya yi fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Fluch der Medea . Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da rayuwar marigayi marubucin Jamus Christa Wolf . Fim din ya zama firaminista a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin a wannan shekarar.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Okpako ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kamar, ''Schwarz Tragen'' (2013), ''Maggie Burns'' (2009), Scramble Quiz Video (2008), ''Das Singende Kamel'' (2007), Bloodknot (2007), da Seh ich ya kasance, Du nicht siehst (2002). <ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Baya ga fina-finai, Okpako cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashen Fim da Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Dijital a Jami'ar California, Davis . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |1995 |''Vorspiel'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1997 |''Saukowa'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1998 |''Neman Taid'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |1999 |''LoveLoveLiebe'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2000 |''Dreckfresser'' (Dirt for Dinner) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Hotunan fim na talabijin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreckfresser / Dirt for Dinner - Film Screening and Q&A with director Branwen Okpako |url=https://calendar.oberlin.edu/event/dreckfresser_dirt_for_dinner_-_film_screening_and_qa_with_director_branwen_okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=oberlin}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' (Kwarin Mai Rashin Ruuri) |Darakta, marubuci |Hotuna | |- |2011 |Die Geschichte der Auma Obama (Ilimi na Auma Obama) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Hotuna |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer-in-Residence Tackles African Diaspora, German Identity Through Film |url=https://oberlinreview.org/tag/branwen-okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=The Oberlin Review}}</ref> |- |2014 |Fluch der Medea (Curse of Medea) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, mai daukar hoto |Fim din | |- |2017 |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' |Marubuci |Fim din | |- |TBD |''Labaran Labarai'' |Actress: Blue (murya) |Fim din | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] avmelz3u0oy7pp7n3bjdplz3xg89rmz 882807 882805 2026-07-14T09:10:09Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Farfesa|Farfesa.]] '''Branwen Kiemute Okpako''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), ɗan asalin Najeriya ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Welsh.<ref name="okpako">{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://ballhausnaunynstrasse.de/person/branwen_okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=ballhausnaunynstrasse}}</ref> Ta fi shahara a matsayin darektan fina-finai masu daraja The Education of Auma Obama, Dirt for Dinner and Landing . Baya ga shugabanci, ita ma marubuciya ce, furodusa, mai daukar hoto, editan fim da kuma malami.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife ta ne a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1969 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya . <ref name="berlinale" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma [[Wales]].<ref name="okpako" /> A shekara ta 1991, Okpako ta sami B.Sc. a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Bristol, Ingila kuma daga baya ya bi hanyar MFA daidai a cikin jagorancin fim daga Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin GmbH, Berlin (DFFB) a cikin 1999.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}</ref> Ta auri Johannes Brandrup, inda daga baya suka sake aure. == Ayyuka == Yayinda take cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta DFFB, ta samar da gajeren fim dinta na farko ''Dreckfresser'' a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da dan sanda baƙar fata na farko a Gabashin Jamus. Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa ciki har da Matakai na Farko: Kyautar Sabon Jamusanci don Fim na Bayanai 2000, Kyautar IG Media a Dok Leipzig a cikin 2000, Kyautar rarrabawa daga Tallace-tallace 2000. Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar fim din mafi kyau a mako na 24 na Duisburg . A shekara ta 2001, fim din ya girmama tare da Kyautar Bayanan Gwamnatin Jihar Bavaria "The Young Lion" kuma a matsayin fim mafi kyawun digiri a bikin See Docs Dubrovnik.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta yi fim din ''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' . Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a wannan shekarar kuma an haɗa shi a gasar fina-fakka a bikin fina'a da talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou (FESPACO) a shekara ta 2005. Tare da nasarar fina-finai biyu na farko, ta yi fim din Die Geschichte der [[Auma Obama]] a cikin 2011, inda fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Viewers Choice a bikin fina-fukkuna na Afirka. <ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya samo asali ne daga rayuwar farko ta tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], saboda Okpako aboki ne na 'yar'uwar Barack Auma Obama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hybrid Approach: An Interview with the Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492644/pdf |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=Women in German Yearbook: Feminist Studies in German Literature & Culture}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy Awards don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Bayani|Mafi kyawun Bayani na Diaspora]] da kuma Kyautar Masu Kafa Festival don Mafi kyawun Tarihi a bikin fina-finai na Pan African a Los Angeles . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Okpako ya yi fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Fluch der Medea . Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da rayuwar marigayi marubucin Jamus Christa Wolf . Fim din ya zama firaminista a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin a wannan shekarar.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Okpako ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kamar, ''Schwarz Tragen'' (2013), ''Maggie Burns'' (2009), Scramble Quiz Video (2008), ''Das Singende Kamel'' (2007), Bloodknot (2007), da Seh ich ya kasance, Du nicht siehst (2002). <ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Baya ga fina-finai, Okpako cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashen Fim da Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Dijital a Jami'ar California, Davis . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |1995 |''Vorspiel'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1997 |''Saukowa'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1998 |''Neman Taid'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |1999 |''LoveLoveLiebe'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2000 |''Dreckfresser'' (Dirt for Dinner) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Hotunan fim na talabijin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreckfresser / Dirt for Dinner - Film Screening and Q&A with director Branwen Okpako |url=https://calendar.oberlin.edu/event/dreckfresser_dirt_for_dinner_-_film_screening_and_qa_with_director_branwen_okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=oberlin}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' (Kwarin Mai Rashin Ruuri) |Darakta, marubuci |Hotuna | |- |2011 |Die Geschichte der Auma Obama (Ilimi na Auma Obama) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Hotuna |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer-in-Residence Tackles African Diaspora, German Identity Through Film |url=https://oberlinreview.org/tag/branwen-okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=The Oberlin Review}}</ref> |- |2014 |Fluch der Medea (Curse of Medea) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, mai daukar hoto |Fim din | |- |2017 |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' |Marubuci |Fim din | |- |TBD |''Labaran Labarai'' |Actress: Blue (murya) |Fim din | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] amxi5omfiwe77vgs9dzhli7bdhtvfbp 882813 882807 2026-07-14T09:18:54Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Farfesa|Farfesa.]] '''Branwen Kiemute Okpako''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), ɗan asalin Najeriya ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Welsh.<ref name="okpako">{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://ballhausnaunynstrasse.de/person/branwen_okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=ballhausnaunynstrasse}}</ref> Ta fi shahara a matsayin darektan fina-finai masu daraja. The Education of Auma Obama, Dirt for Dinner and Landing. Baya ga shugabanci, ita ma marubuciya ce, furodusa, mai daukar hoto, editan fim da kuma malami.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife ta ne a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu 1969 a [[Lagos (birni)|jahar Legas]], Najeriya . <ref name="berlinale" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma [[Wales]].<ref name="okpako" /> A shekara ta 1991, Okpako ta sami B.Sc. a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Bristol, Ingila kuma daga baya ya bi hanyar MFA daidai a cikin jagorancin fim daga Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin GmbH, Berlin (DFFB) a cikin 1999.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}</ref> Ta auri Johannes Brandrup, inda daga baya suka sake aure. == Ayyuka == Yayinda take cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta DFFB, ta samar da gajeren fim dinta na farko ''Dreckfresser'' a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da dan sanda baƙar fata na farko a Gabashin Jamus. Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa ciki har da Matakai na Farko: Kyautar Sabon Jamusanci don Fim na Bayanai 2000, Kyautar IG Media a Dok Leipzig a cikin 2000, Kyautar rarrabawa daga Tallace-tallace 2000. Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar fim din mafi kyau a mako na 24 na Duisburg . A shekara ta 2001, fim din ya girmama tare da Kyautar Bayanan Gwamnatin Jihar Bavaria "The Young Lion" kuma a matsayin fim mafi kyawun digiri a bikin See Docs Dubrovnik.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta yi fim din ''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' . Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a wannan shekarar kuma an haɗa shi a gasar fina-fakka a bikin fina'a da talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou (FESPACO) a shekara ta 2005. Tare da nasarar fina-finai biyu na farko, ta yi fim din Die Geschichte der [[Auma Obama]] a cikin 2011, inda fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Viewers Choice a bikin fina-fukkuna na Afirka. <ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fim din ya samo asali ne daga rayuwar farko ta tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], saboda Okpako aboki ne na 'yar'uwar Barack Auma Obama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hybrid Approach: An Interview with the Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492644/pdf |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=Women in German Yearbook: Feminist Studies in German Literature & Culture}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy Awards don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Bayani|Mafi kyawun Bayani na Diaspora]] da kuma Kyautar Masu Kafa Festival don Mafi kyawun Tarihi a bikin fina-finai na Pan African a Los Angeles . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Okpako ya yi fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Fluch der Medea . Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne game da rayuwar marigayi marubucin Jamus Christa Wolf . Fim din ya zama firaminista a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin a wannan shekarar.<ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Okpako ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kamar, ''Schwarz Tragen'' (2013), ''Maggie Burns'' (2009), Scramble Quiz Video (2008), ''Das Singende Kamel'' (2007), Bloodknot (2007), da Seh ich ya kasance, Du nicht siehst (2002). <ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills "Fluch der Medea"]. berlinale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Baya ga fina-finai, Okpako cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashen Fim da Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Dijital a Jami'ar California, Davis . <ref name="usdavis">{{Cite web |title=Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=University of California, Davis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/branwen-okpako "Branwen Okpako: Associate Professor of Cinema and Digital Media"]. University of California, Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="africasacountry">{{Cite web |title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=africasacountry}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africasacountry.com/2015/01/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-branwen-okpako "5 Questions for Filmmaker Branwen Okpako"]. africasacountry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |1995 |''Vorspiel'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1997 |''Saukowa'' |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Fim din | |- |1998 |''Neman Taid'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |1999 |''LoveLoveLiebe'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2000 |''Dreckfresser'' (Dirt for Dinner) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Hotunan fim na talabijin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreckfresser / Dirt for Dinner - Film Screening and Q&A with director Branwen Okpako |url=https://calendar.oberlin.edu/event/dreckfresser_dirt_for_dinner_-_film_screening_and_qa_with_director_branwen_okpako |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=oberlin}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Tal der Ahnungslosen'' (Kwarin Mai Rashin Ruuri) |Darakta, marubuci |Hotuna | |- |2011 |Die Geschichte der Auma Obama (Ilimi na Auma Obama) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, furodusa |Hotuna |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer-in-Residence Tackles African Diaspora, German Identity Through Film |url=https://oberlinreview.org/tag/branwen-okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=The Oberlin Review}}</ref> |- |2014 |Fluch der Medea (Curse of Medea) |Darakta, marubuci, edita, mai daukar hoto |Fim din | |- |2017 |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' |Marubuci |Fim din | |- |TBD |''Labaran Labarai'' |Actress: Blue (murya) |Fim din | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e90otwtcy3cjzpr0te4u0yj5hdls22i Ibrahim Sheme 0 17365 882558 880368 2026-07-13T23:39:56Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 882558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ibrahim Sheme marubuci ne Na Najeriya mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da Hotline Magazine . [1][2] Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar"Adua, da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin Mamman Shata . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2016. [1] [3] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar. A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] . Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya. Littafinsa na biyu, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da "The Malam's Potion"_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira "The Great Soyayya Debate", ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da "littattafan soyayya". Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi. A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ayyukan fim == Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood. Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Gidajen ''ga [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|ANA]]'' rufe da wuraren budewa: Anthology of New Short Fiction (don ANA): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web |title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality |url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=auadamu.com}}</ref> * Malam's Potion da Sauran Labarai: Masu wallafa Informart, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (a cikin ''[[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]'') Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' (Tafiye-tafiye a kan Isra'ila a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Rubuce-rubuce na marigayi Hausa Musician, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Masu wallafa Informart, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (fassarar Hausa na Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart), Ba a buga shi ba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] katx7sjtt6e59xq8qeimmwqp6od58fy 882559 882558 2026-07-13T23:40:22Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Manazarta */ 882559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ibrahim Sheme marubuci ne Na Najeriya mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da Hotline Magazine . [1][2] Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar"Adua, da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin Mamman Shata . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2016. [1] [3] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar. A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] . Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya. Littafinsa na biyu, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da "The Malam's Potion"_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira "The Great Soyayya Debate", ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da "littattafan soyayya". Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi. A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna. == Ayyukan fim == Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood. Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Gidajen ''ga [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|ANA]]'' rufe da wuraren budewa: Anthology of New Short Fiction (don ANA): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web |title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality |url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=auadamu.com}}</ref> * Malam's Potion da Sauran Labarai: Masu wallafa Informart, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (a cikin ''[[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]'') Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' (Tafiye-tafiye a kan Isra'ila a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Rubuce-rubuce na marigayi Hausa Musician, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Masu wallafa Informart, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (fassarar Hausa na Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart), Ba a buga shi ba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] op50dv7i88n9v1xdgu1p9m23il0qvur 882560 882559 2026-07-13T23:40:46Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 882560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ibrahim Sheme marubuci ne Na Najeriya mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da Hotline Magazine . [1][2] Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar"Adua, da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin Mamman Shata . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2016. [1] [3] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar. A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] . Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya. Littafinsa na biyu, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da "The Malam's Potion"_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira "The Great Soyayya Debate", ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da "littattafan soyayya". Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi. A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna. == Ayyukan fim == Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood. Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Gidajen ''ga [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|ANA]]'' rufe da wuraren budewa: Anthology of New Short Fiction (don ANA): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web |title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality |url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=auadamu.com}}</ref> * Malam's Potion da Sauran Labarai: Masu wallafa Informart, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (a cikin ''[[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]'') Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' (Tafiye-tafiye a kan Isra'ila a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Rubuce-rubuce na marigayi Hausa Musician, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Masu wallafa Informart, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (fassarar Hausa na Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart), Ba a buga shi ba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] ril7idl80xub4tgi5fgm0xcox3dl7tu 882561 882560 2026-07-13T23:42:10Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 882561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ibrahim Sheme marubuci ne Na Najeriya mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da Hotline Magazine . Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar"Adua, da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin Mamman Shata . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2016. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar. A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] . Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya. Littafinsa na biyu, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da "The Malam's Potion"_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira "The Great Soyayya Debate", ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da "littattafan soyayya". Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi. A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna. == Ayyukan fim == Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood. Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Gidajen ''ga [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|ANA]]'' rufe da wuraren budewa: Anthology of New Short Fiction (don ANA): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web |title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality |url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=auadamu.com}}</ref> * Malam's Potion da Sauran Labarai: Masu wallafa Informart, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (a cikin ''[[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]'') Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' (Tafiye-tafiye a kan Isra'ila a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Rubuce-rubuce na marigayi Hausa Musician, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Masu wallafa Informart, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (fassarar Hausa na Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart), Ba a buga shi ba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] 2j1keeta0sjoj9fdsx39vasn2ax75ih Zumunci 0 17968 882572 877506 2026-07-13T23:55:54Z Arabiyu 28508 882572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Petra, People in conversation, Jordan.jpg|thumb]] '''Zumunci wata''' al'ada ce mai girma a tsakanin [[mutane]] wanda kan ƙara haɗa huddar, dangantaka da yarda Mai karfi da juna, zumunci kan ƙara ilimi a tsakanin masu sada shi kuma zumunci abu ne da addinanmu suka umurce mu da mu sada shi saboda falalar shi.<ref>https://kamus.com.ng/hausa/zumunci.html</ref> ==Dalilin zumunci== [[File:Mountains tourism trail transport.jpg|thumb|Tafiya zumunci ]] #Domin sada gaisuwa #Domin kara ilimi #Domin farin ciki #Kaucewa bala'i #kara son juna #Domin biyayya ga umarnin Allah. #Domin samun babban rabo a lahira. Da dai ssaurasu.<ref>https://www.dw.com/ha/zamantakewa/s-11608</ref> ==lokutan zumunci== Akwai lokutan da galibi akan yi zumunci duk da za a iya yin shi a kowane lokaci. #Lokacin bukukuwan sallah #Karshen shekara #Lokacin hutun makaranta #Lokacin bukukuwa ya #Kowane lokaci. === Nau’o’in  Zumunci === Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaduwa fiye da kowace kabila ko al’ummar dake makwabtaka da Hausawa. ==== 1.Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya) ==== Wannan kan gunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, yayan tsatso, yan uwa, yan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, kani da sauransu. ==== 2. Zumunci na aure (auratayya) ==== Wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, suruki, suruka, agola,dan riko. ===== 3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (ma}wabtaka) ===== Wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin makwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu. ===== 4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya) ===== Wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri daya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, dalibta da sauransu. ====== 5. Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani) ====== Wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu. ====== 6. Ziyara ====== Na nufin ka tafi gari, ko gidan wani da nufin ku gaisa da dalili, ko babu. Ana iya cewa wannan al’ada ko ba a daina to Bahaushe ya rage yinta matuka. Wannan kuwa baya rasa dalili na sauyin zamani. Domin zamani ya kawo abubuwan sufuri ba za a yi tafiya sai da kudin mota, a wani lokaci da yar tsaraba da matafiyi zai rika don yara. Haka shi kuma mai masauki zai tanaji abin da zai yi wa bakonsa hidima da kuma abin sallama. To yanzu son abin duniya da ganin gari da bakar rowa sun hana ziyartar juna. Kowa sai ya fake da babu, ana iya samun dan uwa na jini sun yi shekara da shekaru ba'a ziyarci juna ba. Ba wai wa]anda suke garuruwa daban-daban ba, a a hatta waɗanda suke gari daya. ====== 7. Gudunmowa ====== Wannan wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna wajen yi ma mutum wani hasafi na musamman a lokacin wani sha'ani kamar na aure ko suna, don a zamanto taimakwa wanda abin ya shafa. Sau da yawa a kan taimaka da hatsi, ko kudi, wani lokaci ma har da tufafi da dai duk wani abu mai amfani. Akwai kuma gudunmuwa da akan yi wa wadanda suka yi gobara, ko kuma wadanda aka yi wa sata. ====== 8. Gayya ====== Wannan ma wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna, amma ta wajen aiki. Aikin gayya ba a yin shi sai da dalili, kamar rashin lafiya ko kuma wata larura ta musamman. A kan taimakawa mutum a aikin gona, ko kuma aikin gida da sauransu. dan uwa da abokan arziki na unguwa su ne su kan taru su taimaka. Baya ga taimakawa da a kan yi wa juna kuma, sarki ko mai unguwa ya kan yi gayya don a rage masa  aiki. Idan sarki ya kira gayya, to kusan ba wanda ba zai amsa wannan kira ba. Mata su ma suna yin gayya irin ta su, misali in an yi sabon daki za a yi dabe. Duk wanda ya yi gayya, to dole ne ya yi abincin gayya saboda jama'ar da suka zo aiki su ci. ====== 9. Aikin Gayya ====== Wannan shi ma wani aiki ne da ake taimakawa juna ta hanyar haduwa a yi aikin taimakon kai da kai, ko kuma idan wani bashi da lafiya ya kasa gyara gonarsa sai a yi gayyar fan uwa da abokan arziki da ya kamata a tafi a nome masa kyauta. A irin wannan har akan yi fura da kunu ko tuwon gayya don ma’aikata su ci ko su sha. A nan ne ma har aka samu karin magana mai cewa "kowa ya sha furar gayya dole ya yi aiki". Shata Katsina sai ya ce "ka sha furar mutane kace zaka yi kwance a a ku tashi gumi na nake ci" . Zamani ya zo yayi barin makauniya da wannan dabi’a. A yau komai sai dai kudinka ya baka ko yasa a yi maka. Bahaushe ya tabbatar da wannan a inda ya kirkira wata magana mai cewa: “Nasara ya hana aikin banza”. Ko kuma: “Kowa tashi ta fisshe shi”. ====== 10. Zaman Gandu ====== Wani zama ne da ake yi, a inda za a iske kaka, da ubada da uwa, da da da matarsa, da jikoki duk a gida daya ga dakin wannan ga na wannan. A irin wannan zama ana kasancewa komai tare ake yi. Da damuna za a tafi gona ta mai gida da ake kira gonar gandu a wurin aiki. Bayan an dawo, maigida ne zai ciyar da kowa, ko da kowa dansa yana da mata da yaya, dole shi ne zai ciyar da su. Irin wannan rayuwa tana da dadi matuka, domin ana taimaka wa juna a harkokin rayuwa ta fuskoki da yawa. Ba a farga ba, zamani ya zo ya yi tafiyar ya ji da wannan ɗabi’a. Musamman samuwar aikin gwamnati, a inda za a ɗauki mutum ya koma wani garin da ba nasa ba, ko kuma ko yana gari, sai ka iske ya ware gidansa shi kaɗai wai kar a dame shi. A nan ne ake rayuwa irin ta daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa, ko kuma mu ce ba ruwan wani da wani wai mahaukaci ya yi baƙo. ba abin da wannan yake koyarwa sai Ƴar karen rowa. == Zumunci == TSAKURE: Maƙasudin wannan muƙala shi ne ƙoƙarin gano tare da yin nazari a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma nazarin zai waiwaya baya don ƙyallaro yanayin da zumunci yake a zamanin da,tare da fito da halin da zumunci ke ciki a zamanin yanzu. Bayan wannan kuma zamu dubi irin gurɓacewar da harkar zumunci ta yi.Fayyace wasu dalilai waɗanda suka yi sanadin haka, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya yi a rayuwar Bahaushe a yau. Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli,  da suka taimaka sosai wajen lalacewar, ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, wanda a ƙarshe ya shafi zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya. Wannan muƙala ta kawo waɗannan matsaloli gami da dalilan da suka yi sanadin hakan. Domin ƙarawa daɓe da makuba, d  nazarcin wasu litattafai, kundayen bincike tare da wasu muƙala waɗanda suka yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma  moriyar da ake samu. Bayan mun dubi matsalolin sai kuma mu jero wasu shawarwari da zasu  taimaka wajen fito da Bahaushe daga cikin wannan hali: BITAR AYYUKAN MAGABATA Babu shakka, an yi rubuce-rubuce da dama, da suka shafi zumunci da matsayinsa a rayuwar Bahaushe. Kowanne masani da irin gudunmowar da ya bayar. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne, a dalilin cewa, kowanne marubuci akwai inda ya fi mayar da hankalinsa. Watau wasu marubutan sun yi amfani da wasu bayanai da suka shafi  zumunci kai tsaye. Wasu kuma a matsayinsa ta fuskar addini, wasu kuma, wasu kuma al’adan ce,suka kalle shi,waɗansu kuma a siffar rubutun zube da sauransu. An yi rubuce-rubucen ne a wasu littattafai da aka wallafa, da wasu kundayen digirin M.A., da na B.A.,  ko mujallu, ko muƙala, ko jaridu da sauransu. A’isha Umar Wali(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na biyu mai take Hausa KingshipTerm. Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Mu’azu M.S.(1998) a kundinsa na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken  Zumuncin Bahaushe.Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Banta Margaret(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken  A survey on the adjustment Problems of Widows and Single Parents in our Society.Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Jabiru Abdullahi(1958)a littafinsa mai suna Nagari Na kowa.littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Magana Jari ce, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Ruwan Bagaja, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Habibu Sarki A.(2000) a littafinsa mai suna Zuwan Musulunci  a Afrika,da shigowarsa ƙasar Hausa, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. GABATARWA Da sunan Allah Mai rahama Mai jinqai, Mai kowa, Mai komai, Mai aikata abin da Ya so, ga wanda Ya so,  a sadda Ya so, a yadda Ya so, ko ana so ba a so tilas bayi su so. Tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata ga shugaban halittu Annabi Muhammadu(sallallahu alaihi wasallam), da Alayensa da Sahabbansa,da sauran Mabiyansa umuman. Wannan muƙala na da ƙudurin yin tsokaci a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma,tare da fito da irin gurɓacewar harkar zumunci da kuma tasirin da haka ta yi a rayuwarsa a yau.Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli  da suka zama ƙashin baya wajen lalacewar ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, ko kuma a ce zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya. Wannan muƙala babu shakka tana da muhimmanci, saboda za ta yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma  moriyar da ake samu. Bayan haka,za’a dubi wasu matsalolin da suka taimaka wajen jefa Bahaushe cikin wannan hali. Waɗannan matsaloli sun watsu a gida da daji,sannan kuma,Bahaushe na karo da su ta fuskoki daban-daban. Wannan ne ma yasa na kira muƙalar da cewa: “Taɓarɓarewar zumuncin Bahaushe a yau. ”(Lalacewar zamantakewa a ƙasar Hausa).Watau abin da nake nufi shi ne, matsayi ko halin da zumuncin Bahaushe ke ciki a rayuwarmu ta yau,sannan kuma da irin tasirin da hakan ta haifar. Babu shakka,ko ba a shafa ba maruru ya fi kaluluwa in ji makaho. Tabbas dukkan wanda yake cikin hayyacinsa ya san cewa Bahaushe ya samu kansa na gaba kura baya siyaki. Wannan mawuyacin hali kuwa,shi ne, na lalacewar, ko gurɓacewar  zumunci a zamanin da muke ciki.Tarihi ya nuna cewa Bahaushe na da al’adar kyakkyawar zamantakewa a da. To sai dai kuma yanzu  ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani rami  mai gaba dubu. Domin kuwa Bahaushe ya ce “tsalle ɗaya kan yi ka faɗa rami, ka yi dubu ba ka fita ba”.Haka kuma ya ce “ruwa baya tsami banza” ma’ana babu abin da zai faru sai da dalili. Don haka taɓarɓarewar harkar zumuncin Bahaushe bai rasa wasu dalilai. Bisa dogaro da waɗannan maganganu ya sa  za mu kalli al’amarin zamantakewar Bahaushe a yau, da irin halin da ta faɗa,tare da duba wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka yi jagorar hakan.      Bugu da ƙari kuma, na tsara muƙalar tawa kashi uku kamar haka: Kashi na farko,ya ƙunshi taken muƙalar ,sai gabatarwa,da ma’anar kalmar taɓarɓarewa,da ta  zumunci tare da ire-irensa da kuma dalilai ko sanadinsa. Kashi na biyu kuma,zai kawo wasu daga cikin matsalolin da zumunci ke fuskanta, a nan kuma za mu dubi waɗanne irin matsaloli ne,kuma me ya kawo su ? A kashi  na uku,zai ƙunshi wasu shawarwari game da wasu hanyoyi da nake ganin, idan aka bi su  za  a iya samun mafita. A qarshe na rufe ta da kammalawa da madogara.   Ma’anar Zumunci             Da zarar an ambaci kalmar zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa, babu  abin da zai zo masu a zuciya da ya wuce wata dangantaka ta musamman da ke tsakanin mutum da mutum wadda ta shafi dukkan fannonin rayuwa.To sai dai wasu Masana sun ba wannan kalma ma’anoni daban-daban,kamar haka:    Zumunci na  nufin wata dangantaka ce ta jini (haihuwa), ko ta aure,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci na  nufin dangantaka, ko dangi, ko ƴan uwa. Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin mutum biyu, ko ƙungiyoyi,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin abubuwa,ko dangi,zuriya ɗaya a dalilin haihuwa,ko tabanni(goyon hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka ), ko aure. Bisa la’akari da bayanai da suka gabata, muna iya cewa, Wannan kalma ta zumunci,da kuma ma’anoni daban-daban, da masana, suka bayar muna iya cewa zumunci wata alaƙa ko dangantaka,ko nasaba,ko jituwa ce dake ƙulluwa ko haɗa mutane daban-daban kan harkokin da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum. NAU'O'IN ZUMUNCI Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaɗuwa fiye da kowace ƙabila ko al’ummar da ke maƙwabtaka da Hausawa. A wannan mataki za mu yi nazarin nau’o’in zumunci al’ummar  Hausawa da dalilan a kansa a sami wata mu’amulla da kan haifar da zumunci. Akwai nau'in zumunci ko zumunta iri daban-daban waɗanda kan wakana a tsakanin al'umma bisa wasu dalilai kamar haka: - 1.  Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya):- Wannan kan ƙunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, Ƴaƴan tsatso, Ƴan uwa, Ƴan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, ƙani da sauransu. 2. Zumunci na soyayya (auratayya):- wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, da suruki,da  suruka,da agola,da ɗan riƙo,ko tabanni. 3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka): - wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin maƙwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu. 4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya) : - wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri ɗaya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, ɗalibta da sauransu. 5.  Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani): - wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu. ZUMUNCIN JINI  (HAIHUWA KO ZURIYA) Zumunci na jini shi ne,wata dangantaka ko alaƙa da ta shafi haihuwa ko zuriya ,wato ta dalilin haɗuwar iyaye ko kakanni. Wannan zumunci na iya kasancewa na kusa ko nesa. Akan sami zumunci ne a samakon kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin mutanen da suka fito tsatso ɗaya, suka kuma haɗa uwa ko uba ɗaya wannan shi ake kira shaƙiƙin ɗan uwa . Dangantaka ta kusa kan iya ƙulla zumuncin  jini a tsakanin  ƴaƴan da ma’aurata(mace da namiji) suka haifa, ko  ƴaƴan da mace ta haifa waɗanda ba ubansu ɗaya ba, ko kuma ba uwansu ɗaya ba. Ƙulla irin wannan zumuncin  ba  abin mamaki ba ne a al’ummar Hausawa, tun  da yake yawancin su musulmai ne, kuma ƙa’idar  addinin ta yarda  namiji ya auri mace fiye da ɗaya (amma ka da ya wuce huɗu). Ita ma mace tana iya yin wani aure, idan ta fito daga gidan wani mijin, a sakamakon rasuwarsa  ko rabuwar  aure. Domin  haka ana iya samun zumunci tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, da waɗanda suke uba ɗaya uwa kowa da ta sa. Haka kuma a tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba kowa da nasa. Baya ga wannan  zumunci na kusa,  akan  samu na nesa, kamar  waɗanda suke kakanni ɗaya, wato ɗan wa da ɗan ƙani, ko kuma ɗan mace,  da ɗan namiji. Wani irin nau’in  zumuncin  jini  kuma, da ake samu a tsakanin  Hausawa, shi ne irin dangantakar da ake samu a dangin uwar mutum, ko ta dangin uba. A dangi uwa akan samu wannan, Wa to ƙanin uwa waɗanda ake kira kawu. Haka kuma akan samu Ƴar uwa ko ƙanwar  uwa waɗanda ake kiransu da Inna. Ta ɓangaren dangin uba akwai wan uba, ko ƙanin uba, akan kira shi da Baba ko Baffa,sannan  sai kuma Ƴar uba ko ƙanwar uba ana kiransu da Gwaggo. Kyakkyawan zumuncin da Bahaushe ya gada kan sanya a girmama waɗannan, kamar  yadda zai girmama iyayensa da suka haifeshi ko ma fiye.Tare da ɗauke masu ɗawainiyar wasu al’amura, kamar aikace -aikace ko taimaka masu da wani abin da ya mallaka. Irin wannnan zumunci yakan yi danƙo a al’ummar Hausawa, a yayin  da yaro kan iya tashi a gidan ƙannai ko yayyen  iyayen sa. Ba tare da samun wani bambanci na tarbiyar, ko rashin nuna ƙauna ba, kamar yadda zai iya samu a gidan iyayensa. Haka kuma dangantakar kasancewar yara ƴaƴan maza (ƴaƴan wa da na ƙani) kan sanya  a samu kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakaninsu. Musamman na girmama juna da shawartar juna a kan lamura, kai ka ce dai uwarsu ɗaya uba xaya. Dangantakar Ƴaƴan mace da na namjii waɗanda akan kira taubasai al’ummar Hausawa ya haifar da wasan ba’a,ko raha a tsakaninsu. Waɗannan wasannin na ba’a ko raha sukan sa a samu kyakkyawan zumunci mai ɗorewa wanda a wasu lokutan ma yakan kai ga auratayya, ban da wannan kuma akwai kuɗin shara da taubasai kan ba junansu a duk ƙarshen shekara, shi ma wannan ba ƙaramar gudummawa ya yi ba. A sakamakon bai wa zumunci muhimmanci da Bahaushe yake yi, shi  ya sa Hausawa ba su ƙyashin haɗa dangantakar aure a tsakanin ƴan uwan jini (wanda shari’a ba ta hana ba) don ƙara danƙon wannan zumuncin. Wannan shi ya sa Hausawa ke kiran sa auren zumunci. Wannan irin ƙaunar juna ta al’adar zumunci ta kawo haɗa kai da bai wa kowa matsayinsa a  cikin  zuriya guda.Kamar Babba ya ja girmansa ya tausayawa na ƙasa ko yaro. Shi kuma yaro ya girmama Babba ta hanyar yi masa ladabi da biyayya. A dalilin haka ne ya sa ko da yaushe Babban shi ke wucewa gaba ko da kuwa kan hanya ce, wato in ana  tafiya.Haka kuma shi ne mai ɗaukar nauyin duk  wani na ƙasa da shi. Za mu iya kafa hujja da wasu al’adu da ake gudanarwa a al’umar Hausawa, kamar wajen harkar aure.A inda za ka samu ana gudanar da wasu al’amura a gidajen ƴan uwan iyaye kamar haka: in har mutum na da na gaba da shi kamar  wa. To in dai za a zo neman auren ƴarsa, to ba za a zo wurinsa kai tsaye ba, sai dai a tafi wurin na gaba da shi,sannan kuma  ya bayar da ita.  Ban da neman aure, ko wajen maɗaurin  auren ma  dai ƙanin  uba yake  ɗaura auren  a matsayin waliyi. Haka kuma ko wajen sanya yarinya a lalle,da  zaman lalle, uwar wanka da sauransu. Duk za a tarar ƴan uwan iyaye ke gudanar da su, ko da kuwa a ce ga iyayen ana gani. Haka kuma taimakawa mai wata hidima da ƴan uwa  suke yi, wato gudummawa ta kuɗi,ko sutura,ko  abinci. Kai wani lokaci ma har da muhalli, sai ka ga an yi sha’ani ba tare da mutum ya wahala ba. Ban da wannan kuma ƴan uwa na jini kan zama kamar alƙalai, ko mahukunta,saboda sau da yawa in an samu saɓani tsakanin ma’aurata (mata da miji). Manya a gida, ko zuriya su kan sulhuntasu, ko ma ba ma’aurata ba. In dai har aka samu saɓani a tsakanin ƴan uwa to sai ka ga an kira su don a yi sulhu. Haka kuma, ta fuskar haihuwa ma zumunci bai kau da kai ba, nan ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa zumunta ZUMUNCIN SOYAYYA Zumuncin Soyayya na nufin kyakkyawar dangantaka ko mu’amulla da ta ƙullu a tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye a sakamakon ƙauna, ko tausayi, ko kuma auratayya. Wato waɗannan kamar wasu matakai ne na samar da zumuncin soyayya. AURE: Dangane da zumuncin da aure yake ƙullawa ana iya duba abin ta fuskoki da yawa. Akan sami zumunci tsakanin miji ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa, sai kuma tsakanin matan su kansu. Wato kishiya da kishiya, ko kuma tsakanin miji da iyayen mata wato surukai, har ma ya zuwa dangin matar. Akan samu zumunci tsakanin mata da iyayen miji, wato surukanta. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya zuwa ga dangin miji gaba ɗaya. Haka kuma akan samu zumunci da dangantakar aure ta samar, kamar tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴansa na cikinsa da ƴaƴan da matarsa ta zo da su (agola) da dai Sauransu. Bisa ga yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin miji, ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa. Abu ne da ba a iya faɗa gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai a kwatanta. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa da yadda suke gudanar da harkokin gida, kamar ƙaunar juna da kare mutunci da riƙe amana a tsakaninsu da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar gida ga miji. Misali kamar ciyarwa da shayarwa, da tufatarwa da kuma muhalli da sauransu. Ita kuma matar wasu ƙananan hidimomi na gida kamar dafa abinci, kula da yara da tsabtace muhalli da dai sauransu al’amura. Zumunci tsakanin mata da miji kan yi danƙo ƙwarai idan kowane ya ɗauki ɗawainiyar da ke kansa, ba tare da cuta ma wani ba. Irin wannan zumunci idan ya yi kyau yakan fi na jini, musamman da yake ana gudanar da rayuwar tare a kullum. Bayan wannan kuma, sai mu duba yadda dangantakar kishiya da kishiya ke samar da zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa. A irin yadda suke gudanar da al’amuran gida, kamar raba kwana da miji zai riƙa yi a tsakaninsu. Ko kuma raba girki, da dai duk wani abu da ya shafi harkokinsu a wurin miji. Idan zama tsakanin kishiyoyi ya yi kyau, to sai ka ga gida ya zauna lafiya. Domin za a ga kishiya na girmama wadda ta riga ta shigowa gidan, tana kiranta da suna yaya, ko kuma mamar wane da makamantansu. Wato saboda ƙarfafa zumunci.Al’adar Bahaushe ta hana amarya ta kira uwargida da sunanta kai tsaye. Da yake Bahaushe mutum ne mai ɗaukar nasa kamar ba nasa ba, zumuncin Bahaushe na tsakanin kishiyoyi kan sa ƴaƴan uwargida su tashi (girma) a ɗakin  Amarya, ko kuma na Amarya su tashi a ɗakin uwargida ko kuma duk ƴaƴan mijin su tashi a ɗakin uwargida. Wato sukan samar da kyakkyawar zumunci da akan kasa bambance ɗan wannan da na waccan. Zumunci tsakanin kishiyoyi ma idan ya yi kyau, yakan yi naso har ga ƴan uwansu. Wata rawar da zumuncin aure ke takawa, a wajen ƙarfafa zumunci, shi ne yadda Hulɗa ke gudana a tsakanin miji da dangin matarsa, ko kuma matar da dangin mijinta. Domin kuwa in har aka yi dace, zama ya yi kyau ana zaune lafiya, to sai a ga ana gudanar da kyakkyawan zumunci. Ko da yake, idan aka kuskure aka yi rashin sa’a aka samu Ƴar ɓaraka,ma’ana in babu jituwa a tsakanin sai ka tarar ana zaman-doya-da-manja. Ko da kuwa ma’aurata na son junanasu. Wannan kuwa na faruwa mafi yawa a inda aka yi auren ƙi, ko na kangara. Wato a samu wani sashi na dangin ma’auratan ba sa son auren. Dangantakar aure a al’ummar Hausawa yakan samar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴan da mace ta zo da su (Agola) ko tsakanin mace da ƴaƴan riƙon mijinta. A al’adance maigida in ba ya nuna bambanci tsakanin ƴaƴansa da waɗanda ba nasa ba. Domin yakan ba su abinci iri ɗaya, sutura iri ɗaya, makaranta ɗaya, kai har da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar aure da sauran harkokin rayuwa. Akan gane kawai cewa ba ƴaƴansa ba ne,har sai  an zo rabon gado, ma’ana bayan rasuwarsa. Ita ma mace takan ɗauki ƴaƴan da mijin yake riƙo kamar ƴaƴan cikinta. Wato ba a iya bambance ƴaƴanta da waɗanda ba nata ba. A al’adar auren Hausawa musamman na budurwa, takan tafi gidan miji da wata  ƙanwarta, ko wata ƴar uwarta, wadda akan kira ƴar zaman ɗaki ko ƙanwar rana. Maigida da sauran mutanan gida ba su kan nuna wa ita wannan ‘yar zaman xaki bambanci ba, takan saje da ‘yan gidan. A ci da ita a yi mata duk abin da za a yi wa ‘yangida. Idan zumunci ya yi danƙo, a nan za a nemi aurenta mijin uwar xakinta ya zama uban auren. A  ala’adar Bahaushe akan yi wasannin raha tsakanin matar wa da ƙanin miji. Haka ita ma mace takan yi irin waɗannan wasanni da ƙanin miji da kuma taubasai. Wannan al’ada kan haifar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin  mutanen  da suka ƙullu da dangantakar ko da kuwa auren ya rabu. Haka kuma haihuwa, wani ginshiƙi ne da ke ƙara ƙarfafa zumuncin aure. Da zarar aka ce ma’aurata sun sami haihuwa a tsakaninsu, to zumunci ya ƙullu ke nan. Ko da kuwa aure ya rabu, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin iyayen sun mutu, akan samu wata hulɗa na gudana a tsakaninsu. Haka kuma wannan haihuwar kan zama wata abin yin inkiya, saboda a wani lokaci sai ka ji ana cewa ai wane ne uban ƴaƴanta, ko kuma wance ce uwar ƴaƴansa. Dole ne iyayen, ko ƴan uwan ƴaƴan su kasance a wuri ɗaya a wasu shagulgula da suka shafi ƴaƴan nasu kamar sha’anin aure ko haihuwa. Haka ma idan wani abin baƙin ciki ya faru kamar mutuwa, ko gobara da dai sauransu. Bayan haka kuma, haihuwa kan haifar da wata alaƙa da ta zama kamar zare da ta ɗinka tsakanin ma’aurata da iyayensu, wato kakanninsa abin da aka haifa, saboda wannan jituwa ne ta ke tsakanin jika da kaka ake samu wata ƙauna mai ƙarfi  ta sarƙu. Wannan ne kan sanya ake jin kaka mace na kiran jikanta “miji” ko maigida. Haka shi kuma kaka namiji ya na kiran jikarsa da matata. In kuma jikan namiji ne sai ya ce aboki. Haka ita ma kaka mace ta kan kira jikarta da ƙawa, ko kishiya da dai sauran wasanni na raha don nishaɗi da nuna ƙauna. A sakamakon al’adun aure a al’umar Hausawa, akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka na surukuta. Surukai su ne iyayen matar  da ya ke aure (maza da mata) da kuma yayyenta maza da mata. Haka ita ma iyayen mijin mace maza da mata da kuma yayyensa maza da mata sun zama surukanta. Namiji yakan girmama surukansa kamar yadda yake girmama iyayensa ko fiye. A al’adance dole ne a ce mutum na jin kunyar surukansa, a inda ba ya iya sakin jiki ko ya furta wasu maganganu a muhallin da surukansa suke, haka ita ma macen. Tsakanin mutanen da iyayensu ke auren juna ma akan sami kyakkyawar fahinta wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka, da ladabi, ko girmama juna da ake samu a lamarin surukuta a al’ummar Hausawa.Tabbas shi ke haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci tsakanin mutane da suka ƙullu da dangataka. Zumuncin  da auren Hausawa kan samar, kan yi naso har  ya kai ga samun kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin  ƙauyuka, ko garuruwa. A  sakamakon  auratayyar da akan samu tsakanin wannan ƙauyen da wancan, a al’umar  Hausawa yakan sa a samar da kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin ƙauyukan. A  inda za a ga suna yin ruwa suna  yin  tsaki akan duk  wani lamari da ya shafi ɗaya ƙauyen. Haka kuma a wasu lokutan akan samu wasannin raha a tsakanin al’umma a sakamakon irin wannan auren. A taƙaice muna iya cewa ba don ɗebe sha’awa kawai da samun zuriya ake yin aure ba. A’a har da  samar da zumunci a al’umma da kuma kyautata shi,sannan yana taka mahimmiyar rawa a lamarin aure. Wato ta kowane ɓangare aka dubi dangantarkar da aure ke ƙullawa a al’umar  Hausawa. Haƙiƙa za a tarar da wani zumuncin  da ya ginu wanda ana iya cewa ba zai taɓa  rushewa ba har abada. Ko da kuwa auren ya rabu ko ma’auratan sun rasu. RIƘO KO GOYO Riƙo ko goyo shi ne, wani mutum ya riƙe ɗan wani, tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Idan yaro namiji ne, a wasu wuraren akan mayar da shi wurin ubansa. In kuwa mace ce, da zarar yarinya ta isa aure, to daga nan shi ke nan, riƙo ko goyo ya ƙare ke nan. Riƙo ko goyo yakan gudana a tsakanin ƴan'uwa da ɗan uwa, ko kuma aboki da aboki, ana yinsa ne, saboda wasu dalilai da suka haɗa da: - i. Zumunci. ii. Haihuwa. III. Ƙauna. vi Tausayi. V  Moriya vii Tabanni ZUMUNCI: Goyo ya kan taka rawa mai muhimmanci ga rayuwa ta wajen ƙarfafa danƙon zumunci.Domin za ka iya samun wani ya kama ɗan ƙanin sa ko ɗan ɗanwarsa ya riƙe tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Sau da yawa wani riƙon kan fara ne tun daga yaye, watau lokacin da aka cire yaro daga mama, nan ma ya fi faruwa ne a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar kaka, ko Ƴar uwa ko uba. Wannan abu ya kan ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci, don kuwa yakan faru in ka samu wani gidan inda ake riƙon wani, ba za ka iya banbance ɗan gidan ba ko ɗan riƙo ba, za ka gansu babu wata wariya. Komai nasu iri ɗaya ake yi masu, sutura, abinci kai har ma aure, wannan kan ƙara ƙulla zumunci. HAIHUWA: A wata fuska kuma, a kan ɗauki riƙo ko goyo ne, don kwaɗayin samun haihuwa. Kamar yadda wasu Hausawa musamman ma mata kan camfa, cewar, idan mutum ba ya haihuwa, to lallai ne in ya ɗauki goyo, Allah Zai ba shi nasa. Haka nan kuma, wasu don dai ba sa haihuwa, to sai su ɗauki goyon don dai su rinƙa samun na aike. A ƙarshe akwai masu ɗaukar yara don sabo, misali in sun aurar da yaransu, to don kawai su ɗauke kewa, sai su ɗauko wani. ƘAUNA: Baya ga waɗannan, akwai kuma masu ɗaukar goyo don ƙauna, kamar inda za ka samu cewa wasu mutane na ɗaukar goyo ne kawai, don ƙauna, watau soyayya. Inda za ka samu babu dangin iya, babu na baba, ma'ana babu dangantakar komai sai dai aminci, watau abotaka. Misali  aboki, ko maƙwabci da maƙwabci, inda za ka tarar ɗaya ya kama yaron ɗaya ya riƙe, babu bambanci kamar shi ya haife shi. A wani lokaci ma yakan fifita shi a kan waɗanda ya haifa. TAUSAYI: Akan yi goyo a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne, in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa ni ka yi to don tausayawa, ko da ace yana tare da iyayensa ne, akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayenta a lokaci guda.Bayan wannan kuma, sai a wata fuska inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa. Misali in almajirin ƙarami ne za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su. Ko da babu dangantaka, ko yaron da aka tsinta. MORIYA: Akan yi goyo don moriya, a inda za ka samu an ajiye bara, ko yaron gida yana yi wa mutanen gidan hidima.Watau kamar dai mai aiki, akan samu mai yin hidima, wani tun yana  yaro har girmansa ko da mace ce, ko kuma namiji.Sannan kuma akwai waɗansu masu yin sana'a, inda sukan mallaki barori masu kula da harakokin kasuwanci. Su ma wasu tun daga yarinta har zuwa tsufa, har ma wani lokacin su ma su samu su kafu su yi ƙarfi su samu abin hannunsu. AGOLA: Goyon  agola yakan faru ne, in aka auro mace mai ɗa ko ƴa, to akan kirasu da sunan agola ko Kolo. A bisa al'adar  Bahaushe  riƙon agola yakan zama dole ne, misali idan uban yaron ko yarinyar ya mutu.Ko kuma dangin uban yaron ba su a garin, ko kuma yaron bai yi girma ba. Su kansu dangin uba ba sa son a tafi da yaronsu wani gida ya zama agola don gudun wulakanci. Ko kuma kar a  raba shi da ƴan uwa, shi yasa wasu duk juyin da za a yi ba za su yarda a kai yaronsu wani gida ba. Shi yasa in mace ta fita, to sai a yaye yaron daga mama a sanya wani a cikin dangi ya & auka don kawai ƙyamar agolanci. TABANNI: Wannan  goyo  akan yi shi ne a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa–ni- ka -yi.To don tausayawa, ko da a ce yana tare da iyayensa ne, ko kuma Maraya. Akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayensu a lokaci guda. Bayan wannan, sai kuma a wata fuska, inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa, misali in almajirin ƙarami ne, za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa, watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su, ko da babu dangantaka, ko kuma yaron da aka tsinta. To amma kuma, daga ƙarshe sai a mayar da su kamar ƴaƴan tsatso, watau za su iya gadon mai riƙonsu. A wani lokaci akan kira irin wannan goyo da  goyon hankaka mai da ɗan  wani naka.       ZUMUNCIN ZAMANTAKEWA Zumuncin zamantakewa, shi ne wanda ya shafi sha’anin zaman tare da yadda ya danganci harkokin rayuwa yau da kullum. Kamar maƙwabtaka, da abota, da almajirci da kuma barantaka da dai sauransu. MAƘWABTAKA Zumunci da ya shafi maƙwabtaka yakan faru ne, a sakamakon kusantar juna ta fuskar Muhalli. Bahaushe kan kira mutanen da suke kewaye da gidansa da maƙwabta. Wato waɗanda suke gabas da yamma, da kudu da arewa. Haka kuma akan ɗauki duk gidajen da ke anguwa ɗaya a matsayin maƙwabtan juna. To sai dai mafi kusanci dangane da lamarin maƙwabtaka su ne, waɗanda suka haɗa katanga ko wanda suke kallon juna dab da dab. A al’umar Hausawa akan samu zumunci maƙwabtaka tsakanin unguwa da unguwa, ko tsakanin gari da gari. Bayan wannan kuma, yanzu an samu ci gaban zamani.Ta inda akan samu zumunci ta haɗuwar gunduma ɗaya, ko ƙaramar hukuma ko Jiha ɗaya.Ko kuma Ƙasa baki ɗaya.To amma wannan ya fi  faruwa in ana nesa da gida. Zumunci maƙwabtaka ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba,ta hanyoyi da yawa. A wasu lokuttan, sai a samu yaran maƙwabta sun tare a gidan maƙwabci. A wani karon ma ba za a iya bambance ɗangida da wanda ba ɗangida ba. Haka nan kuma, wannan Hulɗa kan haifar da cuɗanya da shaƙuwa ta harkokin yau da kullum. Kamar are-aren wasu kayan aiki, misali  dagi, da tsani, da kwangiri,ko [[adda]] da sauransu.Wannan ya haɗa da musayar kyaututtuka da nuna damuwa kan wani abin da ya shafi maƙwabci,tun daga kan maza har mata. Ban da wannan kuma su kansu mazan sukan haɗu, kowa ya kawo abincinsa a taru a ci gaba ɗaya(ciyayya). Game da su kuwa mata, akan samu musayar kyauta musamman abinci dangin kayan marmari da ake kira kawo ƙwarya,ko ɗauki. Haka kuma a lokacin bikin sallah, ko wani biki, ko kuma wata tsaraba, ko kuma haka nan kawai. Al’amarin maƙwabtaka ba ƙarami ba ne, don kuwa Bahaushe ya ɗauke ta da muhimmanci.Wannan kuwa, tun gabanin zuwan addini Musulunci ƙasar Hausa. To da addinin Musulunci ya zo kuma, sai ya zamanto ya ƙara ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka, kamar yadda ya zo a cikin littafin Riyadil Salihin. Inda wani hadisi yace, Abdullahi  Ɗan Umar yace: Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya ce: “ Akwai wata rana da mala’ika Jibril ya zo  masa ya faɗa masa (Annabi)  haƙƙoƙin maƙwabci a kan maƙwabci, har sai da Annabi ya yi tsammanin maqwabci zai iya gadon maƙwabcinsa, saboda tsananin kusanci da nuna dangantaka”. Haka kuma, akwai abubuwa da suka faru tsakanin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da wani Bayahude maƙwabcinsa. “An ruwaito cewa Annabi(S.A.W.) ya kasance da wani maƙwabci Bayahude.Wanda ya riƙa watso wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) shara a gida.Duk da haka Manzon Allah bai ce masa komai ba.Aka kwana biyu,Manzon Allah bai ga an zuba shara ba.Don haka sai Manzo ya  tambaya, shin ina Bayahudan nan? Sahabbai suka ce: “ba shi da lafiya”, sai Manzo yace mu tafi mu gaishe shi”. Waɗannan suna iya zama madogara dangane da yadda Addinin Musulunci ya ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka a tsakanin al’umma. Addini da ma ya iske Hausawa na da al’adar zumunci a tsakanin maƙwabta.To sai dai ya faɗaɗa matsayinta, kamar yadda aka samu wasu bayanai masu yawan gaske. A  inda Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya nuna mana cewa: Maƙwabtaka kan fara ne daga gida ɗaya, zuwa gida arba’in hannun hagu, haka kuma gida da zuwa arba’in hannun dama.Haka kuma gaba ko baya su ma daga gida ɗaya zuwa arba'in. Wannan ya ƙara ba Bahaushe ƙarin ƙarfin gwiwa,wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci a al’ummansa. ZUMUNCIN ABOTA Zumunci da abota kan ƙulla kan faru ne, saboda wasu dalilai masu tarin yawa da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Wannan zumunci kan iya ƙulluwa a tsakanin jinsi ɗaya ko wani jinsi, da wani, ko tsakanin tsara da tsara, ko tsakanin babba da yaro da dai sauransu. Bisa ga dalilan da kan sa  abota ta ɗore shi ne, dacewar abokan. Musamman in aka yi sa’a ra’ayinsu ya zo ɗaya, ko kuma ɗaya ya fi ɗaya haƙuri . Akan samu abokai na jinsi ɗaya, misali kamar aboki da aboki, wato duk maza ne, ko ƙawa da ƙawa,mata. Dangane da yadda abota kan ƙullu ta yi ƙarfi har ta haifar da zumunci a tsakanin mutane.Ba ya rasa nasaba da irin asalin abin da ya yi sanadin haɗuwar su.Tare da kuma irin mahimmancin da suka bai wa Al’amarin. Misali kamar waɗanda suka haɗu a makaranta, ko kasuwa, ko wurin ibada, ko wurin wani taro na musamman da Sauransu. Abota kan ƙullu a tsakanin ɗalibai ko almajirai, ko ƴan makaranta da suke karatu tare.Tabbas makarantar na iya kasancewa ta Arabiyya, wato ta allo ko kuma makarantar tsangaya. A inda za a iske an haɗa wa Malami yara, a wani lokaci na gari ɗaya, ko na garuruwa daban- daban, duk suna harka tare. A samakon haka abota kan ƙullu. Da yake yanzu zamani ya zo da wani  sauyi, akan samu makarantun Islamiyya.Inda za a samu an haɗa yara maza da mata a aji ɗaya, amma ba Ƙur’ani kaɗai ake koya masu ba har da sauran ilimin addinin. Akwai kuma makarantar ilimi na littattafai (zawiyya),a inda nan za a iske manyan mutane suke ɗaukar karatu a wurin wani malami.Wanda yake ya sha bamban da na makarantar yara, wato da ta allo da kuma ta Islamiyya. Haka shi ma ilmin boko yakan zama mafarin ƙulluwar abota a tsakanin mutane da al’ummar Hausawa a matakai daban- daban. Kamar a makarantun firamare, da na gaba da firamare, da kuma manya-manyan makarantu. Da farko dai, akan kai yaro ko yarinya makaranta elemantare, ko firamare, sannan kuma ya wuce makarantar sakandare ko ta horan malamai. A makarantar firamare da na gaba da firamare. Duk yaron ko yarinyar da suka haɗa aji za a ga ana samun kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu wadda kan haifar da zumunci zuwa gaba. Haka ma waɗanda ba su haɗa aji ba, in dai sun yi makaranta ɗaya, irin wannan zumunci kan ƙullu. A manyan makarantun ilimi ma kamar jami’o’i, zama tare ko gudanar da wasu (abubuwa) al’amura kan sa a ƙulla abota wanda kan haifar da zumunci mai ɗorewa.Wato bayan an gama makaranta har ya zuwa ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki.A inda za a iske ana kafa ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin xalibai. Haka ma harkar kasuwanci kan sa a ƙulla dangantaka wanda kan haifar da zumunci. Haɗuwa a wurin cin kasuwa da irin ragowar da akan samu a wurin saye da sayarwa, tsakanin mutane da dai sauransu.Wannan shi ma kan sa a saba, da kuma yarda da juna a zama abokai.Ta fuskar kasuwa kuma da  sauran lamura, wato zumunci yana  ɗorewa. Hasali ma dai, a al’ummar Hausawa mutanen da suke sana’a ko kasuwanci iri ɗaya sukan zama kamar tsintsiya. Bisa ga wata abotar da ta kan ƙullu ta sanadiyyar haɗuwa a wuraren ibada, nan ma za mu iya cewa ba ƙaramar rawa su ke takawa ba kamar masallaci, aikin hajji da umra ko jana’iza da sauransu. Wato wasu harkar da addini kan sa a shaƙu a zama abokai har zumunci ya shigo a zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya. A wata fuskar kuma, akan samu ƙulluwar abota a sakamakon haɗuwa a wasu wuraren tarurruka na rayuwa. Kamar wasan al’adun gargajiya, kamar  wasannin dambe,ko kokuwa, kalankuwa, ko irin na taron siyasa da dai sauran makamantasu. Waxannan kan taimaka ainun dangane da ƙulla abota a tsakanin mutane a cikin alumma.A  inda wannan abota kan ɗore har ga ƴaƴa da jikoki, ta fuskar ziyartar juna, ko musayar kyaututtuka a tsakaninsu, ko halartar duk wani lamari da ya shafi aboki. Dangantakar abota dai a al’umar Hausawa abu ne da kan ƙulla kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin mutane.A wanda wani lokaci ma yakan fi zumuncin jini danƙo. Idan irin wannan zumunci ya yi kyau, aboki kan iya ɗaukar ɗawainiyar iyalan aboki.Musamman idan ba ya da rai, ko wata rashin lafiya ta kama shi, ko idan ya yi tafiya. Haka kuma aboki kan iya zama uban auren ƴaƴa abokinsa. Wato ya ba da su ga wanda yake so, ya kuma yi masu duk wasu ɗawainiya fiye ma da yadda zai yi ma ƴaƴan sa. ALMAJIRCI  KO ƊALIBTA Almajirci  ko ɗalibta abu ne da kan haifar da dangantaka kyakkyawa,a tsakanin mutane, wanda daga ƙarshe zumunci kan ƙullu. Dangantakar kan ƙullu ne ta fuskoki da yawa kamar tsakanin malamai da Almajiri ko tsakanin  almajri ko  xalibi da xan’uwansa ko kuma a tsakanin almajiri ɗalibi da jama’ar  gari. Dangane da yadda, almajirci na fannin ilimin addini ke ƙulla zumunci a tsakanin malamai da almajiri. shi ne, kamar inda za a tarar malami ya zama kamar uba ga almajirin.Balle ma a ce sun tafi zuwa wani gari wanda ba garinsu ba. To a nan ban da karantar da shi da malami ya ke yi, to kuma shi ne, matsayin ubansa. Wannan dangantaka ta kan ɗore ko bayan almajirin ya sauke Alkur’ani ya koma gida, sai a samu ya na ziyartar malami. Bayan wannan kuma akan samu dangantaka a tsakanin malamai da iyayen almajiri.Iyayen kan girmama malami ne, saboda baiwar da Allah ya ba shi ta ilimi, da kuma karantar da Ɗansu da ya yi wanda a sakamakon haka za su amfana duniya da lahira. Irin wannan dangantaka ta girmamawa kan haifar da zumunci, a inda za a iske har ziyarar juna ake yi da halartar shagulgulan da suka shafi juna. Haka kuma akwai wani zumunci da ke ƙjulluwa a tsakanin  alamajirai.  A duk inda a ka ce almajirai suna zaune dole ne a samu kusantar juna tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye. Idan an tafi yawon bara akan tafi tare, duk abin da aka samu a ci tare irin wannan dangantarkar kan ɗore har zuwa girma ya haifar da zumunci. A sakamakon barin gida a shiga duniya neman ilim, almajiri kan ce “ a rashin uwa akan yi uwar ɗaki” Domin ya ɗebe wannan kewar almajirin kan samu wata mata a cikin gari wadda zai rinƙa kai mata wasu ƴan koke-koke, tana share masa hawaye, ko kuma ya rinƙa kai mata tarin kuɗi ko ajiyar wani kayansa na musamman. Akan kira wannan mata da sunan uwar ɗaki ko kuma in namiji ne, sai a ce masa ubangida. Samun uwar ɗaki ko uban gida yakan faru ne a wani lokaci da aka fara zuwa bara, ko aike, ko kuma ta fara yin rubutun sha, wato almajirin kan yo wa matar da yake so ta zama uwar ɗakinsa rubutun sha, musamman lokacin zumi,ko wata larura in taso. Wanda idan ya tashi tafiya gida, ita kuma sai ta yi masa hasafi na abin da ya sauƙaƙa tare da godiya. Ta fannin maza kuwa wato uban gida shi an fi samun mai yi masa wata hidimar yau da kullum, kamar cefane da wanki ko share-share. A wani lokacin akan yi sa’a wani ubangida ya riƙe almajiri har girmansa wani ma har yakan yi masa aure. Wato ya yi masa duk abin da zai yi wa ɗan cikinsa. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya kai ga iyayen Almajiri. A inda sukan girmama shi, kuma ya mutuntasu, saboda ƙarfin halin da suka nuna na barin ɗansu ya yi masa barantaka. Bisa ga yadda ɗalibta ta ɓangaren ilimi zamani ko na boko, ke ƙulla zumunci shi ne, inda za a samu zumunci tsakanin ɗalibi da malaminsa. Nan ma akan gudanar da zumunci kamar yadda yake tsakanin ɗa da uba. Don kuwa baya ga koyar da shi da malami ke yi, yakan ba shi wasu shawarwari da za su taimakeshi a harkokin rayuwarsa ko da bayan ya gama karatu. Da yake ɗalibta suna suka tara, za mu iya kasa ta kashi uku dangane  da  mastayin ko mataki. Misali akwai ɗalibta  da akan fara a makarantun firamare, wato tun ana ƙanana. A nan malami shi ne, zai lura da yaro kamar mai raino wato kamar uwa,don kuma shi zai nuna masa  cewar ya yi wannan, ya bar wannan. A irin wannan makarantar, malamai kan ɗauki yara kamar ƴaƴansu, su koya masu yadda ake tarbiya, da tsabta da sauransu.Wannan kan sa dangantaka  ta ɗore tsakanin malamai da ɗalibi, musamman idan jininsu ya  haɗu. Daga wannan kuma sai mataki na biyu na ɗalibtar da yaro kan yi a lokacin da yake makarantar gaba da firamare ko kwalejin. A irin wannan muhalli dangantaka kan iya zuwa ne ta fuska biyu. Da yake yaro ya fara sanin ciwon kansa.Yakan sami ƙulla dangantaka  da yaran ajinsu,ko ƴan ɗakinsu kwanansu.Haka kuma akan samu ubangida  wanda ya fi shi daɗewa  a makarantar. Irin wannan ubangida kan rinqa kulawa  da shi da al’amarin yaron. Irin wannan  dangantaka  kan ɗore ya haifar da zumunci, ko da bayan an bar makaranta. Bayan wannan sai kuma mataki na ƙarshe,wato ɗalibtar da mutum kanyi a manya-manyan makarantu, ko  jami’o’i. A lokacin da ya zama mutum cikakke, wato ya riga ya mallaki hankalinsa ba dole ne malami ya wahalar da kansa  wajen horar dashi ba, sai dai jawo hankali da shawarwari. A irin wannan mataki  ma akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin  ɗalibai da  suka zo daga wurare daban-daban,wanda kan sa zumunci. Ta fuska ta biyu kuma ita ce zumuntar da  kan ƙullu a tsakanin xalibi da Malamai. A samakon irin ƙauna da kuma horon da malami ya yi ma ɗalibi,da kansa yakan ƙi mantawa da shi, idan sun zama  wani abu. Ɗalibi kan kyautata ma malamai kamar yadda zai kyautawa iyayensa. BARANTAKA (UBANGIDA DA BARANSA) Barantaka a al’umar Hausawa yana nufin ajiye wani mutum, ya rinƙa kula da gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Ko dai a biya shi a ƙa’idance, ko kuma ya dogara ga duk abin da Allah ya ciyar da shi daga ubangidansa. Ubangida kan ɗora wa baransa hidimar cefenen gidansa, ko kulawa da wurin kasuwancinsa, ko wasu dabbobi da yake kiwo, da sauransu. A al’umar Hausawa an fi samun barantaka ne a tsakanin masu mulki da talakawa, ko tsakanin masu hali da talakawa. Hanyoyin da dangantakar barantakar ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa na da yawa. Domin a mafi yawan lokuta in dai har mai gida na kyautata wa barorinsa, sai a samu dangantakarsu ta zama kamar ta xa da mahaifi. Akan samu inda ubangida ke yi wa Baransa aure ya ba shi gida ko gona. Kai abin har yakan zama kamar wani ɗan uwa ne na jini. A wasu wuraren, bara yana ƙulla zumunci da ƴan uwan ubangidansa, kai ka ce shi ma ɗan uwa ne na tsatso. Idan dangantkar bara da ubangida ta yi ƙarfi, to sai a tarar ana yin zumunci a tsakanin dangin bara da dangin ubangida. Wannan kuwa yakan haɗa da ziyartar juna, da halartar wasu bukukuwa ko dai wasu lamura da suka shafi juna musamman in baran daga karkara yake. Haka idan dangantaka  ta yi ƙarfi tsakanin bara da ubangidansa kusanci da yarda kan fi na tsakanin ɗa da mahaifi. Ubangida kan sanar da baransa wasu daga cikin sirrorinsa wanda ɗan cikinsa ma ba ya tava sani. Barantaka a al’ummar Hausawa suna ta tara. Akan samu barorin da ke gidan sarakuna waɗanda sukan sha bamban da na gidan masu kuɗi. Barorin sarakuna waɗanda akan ɗauka a matsayin fadawa, ko kuma na jikin fada, ciyar da su, da shayarwa, da tufatarwa, da aure, da muhalli duk suna wajen basaraken da suke ƙarƙashinsa ne. Game da barorin da suke ƙarƙashin mai kuɗi kuwa al’amarinsu ya saɓa da na sarakuna, saboda suna yin aiki ne da nufin a biya su. Ko da ma kuwa ciyarwa, da shayarwa, ko muhalli bai zama dole ba, sai dai don kyautatawa balle kuma a ce a yi masu aure. Ko da ya ke akan samu a wasu wurare ana yin haka, amma ba dai kamar irin na Sarakuna ba. Barantaka a wannan zamani ya bambanta da na zamanin da. Ana samun wasu ‘yan bambance -bambancen ne, kuma a sakamakon ci-gaban zamani da aka samu, wanda suka haɗa da samuwar ilmin boko, da aikin gwamnati, da na kamfanoni, da kasuwanci, da sufuri, da aikin jinga da dai Sauransu. Dangane da yadda samuwar ilmin boko ya yi tasiri akan dangatakar barantaka shi ne kasancewar ilmin boko ne ya zo da aikin  ofis, ko mu ce na gwamnati da na kamfanoni da kuma leburanci. A sakamakon haka ne aka samu sauyi a cikin tsarin barantaka. Aikin gwamnati ya tanadar wa manƴan manƴan ma’aikata barori, waɗanda za su dinga yi masu hidima. Kamar masinja, da direba, kuku wato mai dafa abinci da boyi-boyi wato Mai aikace-aikacen gida kamar shara da wanki da sauransu. Idan aka yi sa’a wannan dangantakar ta yi kyau yakan sa a samu ƙulluwar zumunci. Bara sai ya zama tankar ɗan ‘uwa na jini. A wasu lokutan ma, ko da ubangidan ya bar aiki, dangantakar kan ɗore. A  zamanin da an fi samun maza majiya ƙarfi a harkar barantaka, don kuwa mafi yawa aikin ƙarfi ake yi kamar noma,da huɗa, ko  aikin gini, ko faskare da ɗiban ruwa da dai sauransu. To sai a yanzu aka samu ayyuka kamar raino, ko girki, ko wanke-wanke ko kuma cefane da dai sauran ayyuka waɗanda a da ba a ɗaukar barori masu yi. Wannan rayuwa da harkar barantaka ta samu ne saboda sauyawar zamani. Irin wannan dangantaka kan ƙulla zumunci musamman da yake yanzu ya shafi mata waɗanda a al’ummar Hausawa ana iya kiransu iyayen zumunci. Ta fuskar sufuri ma a yanzu an samu wani tsari na barantaka. Ana iya kiran direba bara ga mai mota, musamman saboda danƙa masa mota da aka yi, don ya ci abinci. Shi kuma direba yakan samu yaran mota ko mai gyaran mota wanda yake kamar bara ne a gare shi (direba). Shi kuma saboda koya masa mota da yake yi wanda ake sa ran nan zuwa gaba ya zamar masa sana’a. To duk waɗannan mu’amuloli idan suka yi kyau, zumunci kan shiga a kuma zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya. ZUMUNCIN ADDINI Idan aka ce zumuncin addini ana nufin irin kyakkyawar dangantakar da harkokin addinin suka ƙulla tsakanin mutane. Da yake a baya mun ce Bahaushe ya fara ƙulla zumunci ne tun kafin zuwan addinin musulunci. To kamata ya yi mu waiwaya baya mu ga yadda lamuran addinin gargajiya na Bahaushe ya samar masa da zumunci, sannan mu dubi yadda abin ya inganta bayan zuwan addini na musulunci. Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa al’ummar Hausawa a wancan lokacin suna da addinin da yawa. Da suke gani sun dace da yanayin rayuwar su, kuma kowane yana gani akwai abin bautawa kuma yake ba da ummarni ko hani. Haka kuma akwai shugabanin masu jagorancin wannan addini na gargajiya ko bauta. Misali a  Kano suna da tsumburbura da a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Barbushe a kan Dala da Gwaron Dutse,da Sarki [[maciji]] a Daura, da Madara a Kufena a Zariya, da magiro a kan dutsen Kwatarkwashi a Zamfara da sauransu. Da yake shi ma bori wani nau’i ne na addnin gargajiya al’ummar Hausawa, akan keɓe wasu lokuta na musammana waɗanda ake gudanar da waɗansu shagulgula na bori kamar girka ko raƙon wata, ko cire kurwa(inuwa) da sauransu. Dangane da yadda addinin gargajiya ko bori ya haɗa kan waɗanda suka yi imani da shi ko kuwa mu ce mabiyansa ba ƙaramar rawa ya taka ba. Musamman in mu ka yi nazarin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe ta kasance, saboda ko ba komai addinan sun haɗa dangantaka ta ƙut da ƙut. Za a samu ko da ba zuriyar mutum ba ne, in har a ka ce ga wani abu ya faru in dai har sun yi tarayya a abin imani ɗaya wato sun yarda da wani aljani, ko wani abin bauta, sai ka iske irin zumuncin da suke yi, kai ka ce ƴan uwa ne na jini. Domin babu mai son abin da zai ɓata wa wani rai, sai dai dole. Zuwan addinin Musulunci ƙasar Hausa ya taka muhimminyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar Bahaushe musamman da yake Musulunci addini ne da ya shafi rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Bahaushe ya rungumi Musulunci kai tsaye, ya yi kuma watsi da sauran al’adunsa da addinansa na gargajiya. Daga cikin koyarwar addinin musulunci wanda Bahaushe ya runguma har da zumunci. Wannan bai rasa nasaba da horan da Allah ya yi a cikin Alkur’an mai girma inda yake cewa: a suratul Nahal Ayata : 90                     “ Lalle Allah Ya na ummarni da kyautatawa da Adalci      ku ba ma’abota zumunta haƙƙinsu kuma ya yi hani      al fasha da mummunan aiki………….” Suratul Furƙan Ayata 54                   “ Shi ne (Allah) wanda ya halice ku daga ruwa kuma         ya sanya dangantaka da surukuta Allah Ya kasance                Ubangijinka mai iko……..” Haka shi ma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya na cewa a cikin “ Buguyatul Musulmi Ba zai shiga Aljanna ba” wanda ya yanke zumunci” “Wanda ya yi imani da Allah da ranar lahira to ya              kyautatawa  ma’abota zumunci (ƴan uwansa)” Bisa ga waɗannan dalilai da kuma wasu da yawa waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, kasancewar Bahaushe Musulmi sai ya inganta lamarin zumunci a rayuwarsa fiye da yadda abin yake a lokacin maguzanci. A  koyarwar  addinin musullunci ,Allah (S.W.T) Ya  umarci waɗanda suka yi imani da su so ƴan uwansu, su tausaya wa marasa hali, masu rauni, da marayu da dai duk wani wanda wata hulɗa ta rayuwa ta haɗa su. Kamar a aya ta 36 suratul Nisa’i.       “Kuma ku bauta wa Allah kuma ka da ku haɗawani da shi  kuma ga mahaifa ku yi kyautatawa, kuma ga ma’ abota zumunta da marayu da matalauta da maƙwabci ma’abucin kusanta, da maƙwabci manisanci, da aboki a gefe da xan hanya da abin da hannuwanku na dama suka mallaka. lalle ne Allah ba ya son wanda ya kasance mai takama, mai yawan alfari.” Baya ga ƙulla zumunci da Bahaushe ke yi, ta yin la’akari da horon da Allah (SWT) a cikin Alƙur’ani mai girma da koyarwar Annabinsa Muhammmad (S.A.W). Akwai wasu lamura na addini da ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa. Misali haɗuwa a koyaushe a masallaci unguwa, ko na juma’a, ko a masallacin idi, lokacin sallah ƙarama da babba kan ƙulla dangantaka wanda ke iya haifar da zumunci tsakanin mutane. Haka kuma haɗuwa a taron ɗaurin aure, ko zanen suna, ko jana’iza, nan ma ana iya ƙulla dangantaka wadda kan iya ginuwa har ya haifar da zumunci. A sakamakon bambanci ko saɓanin fahintar addini, ya haifar da kafuwar ƙungiyoyin addini. A inda aka sami fahintar juna a tsakanin mutane wanda ya haifar da wasu mutane suka shiga wasu ɗariƙu, kamar ƙadiriyya ko Tijjaniyya da Sauransu. Wannan ya sanya duk waɗanda suka yi tarayya a rukuni ɗaya suna gudanar da zumunci a tsakaninsu. Idan abin farin cikin ya tashi mabiyan wannan ɗarikar duk za a taru a taya shi murna. Haka idan kuma abin baƙin ciki ne za a taru a taya shi baƙin ciki, a ba shi haƙuri daga nan zumunci ya ƙullu. Baya ga waɗannan kuma, a yanzu ana samun wasu ƙungiyoyi na addini kamar ƙungiyar jama’atul Nasarul Islam, ko Fitiyanul Islam, ko Jama’atu Izalatul Bid’a Wa’iqamatus Sunna, ko Jundullahi da dai sauransu. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su ne da hanyoyi da dama ta nuna zumunci kamar taron yin wa’azi da kuma wurin wasu ibadu, taimakon al’ummar ta yin wasu ayyukan ci gaban al’umma. Kamar dai kowane addinin shi ma addinin kirista ya ƙulla zumunci ga Hausawa mabiyansa ta fuskoki da yawa kamar wajen zuwa majami’a (coci) domin sujadar safe, ko ta yamma ko sujadar mako, ko kuma wajen bikin kirsimati da ista monde da dai sauran al’amuran addinin. A taqaice  dai muna iya cewa Bahaushe mutum ne da ya taso  tun fil’azal da zumuncinsa, wato tun lokacin addinin gargarjiya. To bayan zuwan addinin Musulunci sai abin ya ƙara ƙarfafa da yake daman zumunci na ɗaya daga cikin koyarwa addinin. Tasirin zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa ya kai har ana ba shi muhimmanci fiye da wasu al’amura da addinin ya wajabta. Wato dai zumunci a wurin Bahaushe kamar tsoka ne da jini wanda kuma aka samu ba ya gudanar da zumunci, to akan ɗauke shi fanɗararre, jama’a su rinƙ ƙyamarsa. MU'AMALA ZUMUNCI SANA’A Zumuncin sana’a kan ƙullu ko faru ne ta sakamakon tarayya a sana’a iri ɗaya, sau da yawa akan samu mutane masu sana’a ɗaya, suna gudanar da harkokin rayuwa ta yau da kullum wadda kan haɗ ziyarar juna. Hasali ma dai, a al’adar Bahaushe, masu sana’a iri ɗaya sukan zauna a wuri ɗaya  a gari, ko a kasuwa. Misali a garuruwan ƙasar Hausa akan samu unguwa mahauta,ko unguwar maƙera,ko Soron ɗinki,ko unguwar masaƙa, ko marina,da unguwar majema da sauransu. Baya ga zumuncin maƙwabtaka da zai shiga tsakaninsu. Akan samu zumunci na auratayya saboda suna sana’a ɗaya, kuma suna zaune wurin ɗaya. Zumunci sana’a kan haifar da ziyarar juna tsakanin masu sana’a iri ɗaya. Kamar misali idan an yi wa wani haihuwa ko bikin aure ko rasuwa da dai sauran harkokin rayuwa. A yanzu zamani ya kawo ci gaba ta fuskar kafa ƙungiyoyi na sana’a iri – irin kamar ƙungiyar mahauta da ƙungiyar maƙera da ƙungiyar manoma har da ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa. Hulɗar da kan wakana tsakanin masu gudanar da sana’o’i  iri ɗaya, da kuma ƴan ƙungiyar masu sana’a ɗaya kan yi. Yakan haifar da zumunci da taimakon juna a tsakaninsu. A wasu ƙungiyoyin akan samu wani asusu da akan Buɗe, a inda akan ɗora wa kowa haraji daidai ƙarfina. A irin wannan kuɗi ne ake taimaka wa ƴan uwa, idan sun shiga wata matsala ko wani sha’ani ya same su. Kafa irin wannan ƙungiyoyi ba ya kan tsaya ne a gari ɗaya kawai ba. Har akan samu rassan ƙungiyar a ko’ina da cibiyar a wuri ɗaya. Wato ke nan zumunci na iya naso har tsakanin gari da gari ko ƙasa da ƙasa. Domin mahimmancin zumuncin sana’a da ƙara masa danƙo da armashi a al’ummar Hausawa.  An samar da wasanni na raha a  da barkwanci tsakanin wasu masu sana’a daban daban. Wannan kuwa akan yi shi ne don samun nishaɗi da annashuwa. Sannan kuma akwai adana al’ada da riƙon zumunci. Wannan wasa kan faru ne, ko dai don a nuna fifikon wasu masu sana’ar kan wasu masu wata sana’a ta daban. Ko kuma don a nuna irin matsayinta ga rayuwar al’umma gaba xaya. Misalin wannan kamar maƙera da Buzaye, ko mahauta da masunta (masu kamun kifi),ko mahauta da majema, ko marina da masaƙa da sauransu. Wani zumunci da sana’a ke ƙullawa shi ne ta wajan cinikayya tsakanin mai saye da mai sayarwa. Bisa kuma ga ragowa da ake samu a tsakanin kan sa a ji ana cewa wane abokina ne. Shi ma a kan samu wani zumunci mai ƙarfi da ke ta ƙulluwa. A inda har akan lamunci juna abin har takan kai ga ziyartar juna da halartar wata hidima in ta samu da dai sauransu. Zumuncin sana’a kan taimaka wa mutum a lokacin da ya shiga wani hali. Misali kamar in ya sauka a wani gari a matsayin baƙo, Ko kuwa a ce bai san kowa ba. Da yake sana’a abu ne da Bahaushe ya ba mahimmnaci don neman abin da zai gudanar da rayuwa cikin jin daɗi. To sai ya zama wajibi ga Bahaushe ya sa wannan lamarin na zumunci a harkar sana’arsa yadda har ba a iya bambance zumunci na jini da wadda sana’a ta haxa. ZUMUNCIN TAFIYA Tafiya na nufin mutum ya tashi daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri, don gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Tun a zamanin da, har zuwa yanzu ba ma a ƙasar Hausa kaƙai ba. Tafiya kan haɗa mutane daban- daban a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani wuri wadda kan haɗa wata dangantaka a kan hanya ya zama zumunci. Ko da bayan an isa wurin da za ayi, zumunci yakan  yi naso har Ƴaƴa da jikoki. A zamani da, wato kafin samun abubawan hawa kamar mota da babur,da keke da sauransu. Idan za a yi tafiya musamman na kasuwanci akan yi ƙungiya-ƙungiya da akan kira ayari. A wasu lokuta sai a tarar sun fito gari ɗaya a wani lokacin kuma sai dai su haɗu kawai saboda wasu dalilai. Ayarin fatake masu fatauci daga wannan gari zuwa wancan sukan samu shugaba da ake kiransa Madugu. Shi wannan mutum shi ne, mai faɗa a ji, ya ba da umarni na yi ko hani. Wannan ayari kan ƙunshi jama’a maza da mata da dabbobi kamar jakuna, da dawaki, da raƙuma. A wani lokaci kuma akan samu shanu da akan yi takarkari da wasu daga cikinsu, don a ɗora masu kaya. Sannan in akwai wani yaro, ko mai larura to sai ya hau ɗaya daga cikin takarkarin. Su kuma sauran ƴan ayarin  duk da ƙafa ake tafiya, sai in an samu wani wuri a yi zango, in an ga dare ya yi. Irin wannan tafiya kan sa ƙulla kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin matafiya wanda kan iya samar da zumunci na mu’amulla da na auratayya  a tsakaninsu. Baya  ga wannan kuma tafiya kan ƙulla zumunci ta fuskar ibada kamar zuwa aikin hajji a ƙasar  Makka. Inda za a samu matafiya sun zama kamar ƴan uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, ba  a da ba, lokaci da ake tafiya a ƙasa har ma a wannan zamani. A sakamakon tafiya aikin hajji, Hausawa kan ƙulla dangantaka da waɗanda suka yi tafiya tare. A  inda zumunci kan ɗore ko bayan an dawo gida. Zumuncin da tafiya ke ƙulluwa a al’ummar Hausawa ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa. Bayan shigowar hanyoyin sufurin na zamani,kamar motoci, da jirage da dai sauransu. Da zarar Bahaushe ya haɗu da wani a cikin mota akan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani gari. Wasu daga hira dangataka za ta fara ginuwa har ya kai ga an yi wa juna tayin wani abinci. Daga nan sai tambayar wurin zama,da kaɗan-kaɗan za a yi ta ziyartar juna har zumunci ya ƙullu. ZUMUNCIN RA’AYI RA’AYI Ra’ayi na iya ɗaukar ma’anar fahimta, da amincewa, da kuma karkata rai(zuciya) ga wani lamari na rayuwar duniya. Wato bukata,ko tunani bisa al’amuran rayuwa, shi ake kira ra’ayi a taƙaice karkata ko tarayya akan ra’ayi ɗaya  da mutane daban-daban kan sa a samu kyakkyawar dangataka a tsakanin mutane wanda kan haifar da zumunci. Wannan  zumuncin ci gaban  zamani ya zo mana da shi.To amma da yake ya iske Malam Bahaushe da ma yana da zumunci, sai aka dace. Akan samu jituwar ra’ayi a kulob-kulob, ko ƙungiyar masu sauraran rediyo da karanta jaridu, ko ƙungiyar zaɓi- sonka da dai sauransu. A sakamakon haɗuwar kai, ko dacewar ra’ayi, akan  samu mutune daga wurare daban-daban ko asali daban-daban.Ra’ayin siyasa ya haɗasu, kai ka ce ƴan ‘uwa ne na jini. Irin wannan zumunci kan kai har ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki. Misali a siyasar jamhuriya ta ɗaya ƴan Nepu kan sami kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu. Wanda ya haifar da zumunci a al’umar Hausawa har kawo wa yau. Haka su ma ƴan jam’iyyar N.P.C. da Sauransu. To haka ma abin ya kasance a janhuriya ta biyu.Wannan shi ne ya yi naso zuwa zamaninmu  na yau. Baya ga wannan kuma dagantakar ƴan kulob-kulob a gari ko unguwa kan samar da zumunci. A inda akan ga sun haɗu kansu, don kawai su taimaka wa kansu da kansu. Wato haɗa kansu su gudanar da wasu aikace-aikace da ci gaban al’umma gaba ɗaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfinsu ko kuma da aljihunsu. Wannan bai yiwuwa, sai ra’ayi ya zo ɗaya, sannan ake samun haɗin kai Wani ɓangaren da zumuncin ra’ayi ya ƙarfafa shi ne, wajen nuna ƙauna ga wani mutum. Ko da ba a taɓa ganin shi ido da ido ba. A wannan fuskar za mu iya kawo misalin ƙungiyoyin masu sauraron rediyo da kuma ƴan zaɓi sonka. Waɗanda za a iske mutum bai taɓa ganin mutum ba. To amma a sakamakon jin sunansa a rediyo, sai a ga abota ta ƙullu tun ana gaida juna ta gidajen Rediyo. Wata rana har sai ka ga an ziyarci juna. Su ma ƙungiyoyi na taimakawa junansu kamar ta yin ajo, wato gudanmuwa. Idan wata hidima ta sameshi kamar haihuwa, ko aure, ko kuma in ya yi wata asara. A ƙarshe dai zamu iya cewa lallai haɗuwar ra’ayi ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba, wajen ƙulla zumunci. Ko da yake zamani ya kawo wannan zumunci, to dama “iska ta iske kaba na rawa”.Wato zamani ya zo ya tarar da Bahaushe yana gudanar zumuncinsa. MATSAYIN ZUMUNCI A DA DA YANZU Idan  a ka yi nazarin yadda ake gudanar da lamarin zumunci, a al’umar Hausawa a da, da kuma yanzu. Za mu ga ba za su taɓa kwatantuwa ba. A kowacce al’umma yanayin rayuwa kan canza daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Daga cikin abubuwan da kan canza rayuwa akwai tasirin baƙin  al’umma da al’adu, da kuma ci gaban  zamani. To sai dai a wasu lokutan ci gaban kan zo da wasu illoli, kamar yadda ya yi wa lamarin zumunci a al’ummarmu  a yau. A wannan mataki za a kwatanta matsayin zumunci a da, da kuma yanzu. Sannan kuma da dalilan da suka sa ya taɓarɓare ko matsalolin da yake fuskanta. A zamanin da, al’adar Bahaushe ta shimfiɗa wasu abubuwa da suka ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci a cikin al’ummar. Tun kafin isowar addinin musulunci da kuma bayanarsa. A al’ada ta Bahaushe ya gaji wasu manyan  al’amura da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, in dai har aka zo yin maganar zumunci. Waɗannan al’amura kuwa sun haɗa da rungumar juna tare da taimakon juna, da kunya, da girmama al’ada da dai sauransu. Bahaushe ya gaji rungumar juna a al’adance, saboda tun ta hanyar nazarin yadda gidansa yake ya isa misali. Ta fuskar ƙaunar juna kuwa duk inda Bahaushe yake a da, za a same shi bai ƙaunar wani abu mara kyau, ko wata mumunar ƙaddara ta faɗa wa ɗan uwansa. In har ya same shi za a iske shi yana taya shi baƙin ciki. Haka kuma in aka ce abin farin ciki ya samu ɗan uwan Bahaushe, a nan ma ba a barinsa a baya. Misali idan aka yi wa wani haihuwa, ko kuma a shagalin aure ƴan uwa za su tara masa gudunmuwa, na kuɗi, ko na hatsi, ko tufafi da sauran su. Idan abin ɓacin rai ya same shi, za a tarar duk ƴan ‘uwan su nuna damuwarsu, kamar wajen ciwo ko mutuwa, ko wata asara kamar gobara, ko sata da makamantansu. Kulawa da wannan kuwa shi ne babban sinadarin da ke  ƙulla zumunci fiye da komai. Duk da yake cewa, har yanzu ana samun irin wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka a al’ummar Hausawa. To a gaskiya,yanzu abin ya yi rauni ƙwarai. Wato ba za a kwatanta shi da yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin jama’a a yanzu ba. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ƴan uwa na jini su shekara ba tare da an sa juna a ido ba. Ko kuma ya rinƙa gudanar da harkokinsa daga shi sai matarsa da ƴaƴansa. Al’ummar Hausawa na da al’adar kunƴa a zamanin da,kuma takan taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa zumunci. Idan muka lura a yau kunya  ta ɓace. Bugu da ƙari, shi kansa Bahaushe ya yi watsi da wasu abubuwa, da ba su zama dole ba. Sannan kuma hatta yanayin hanyoyin gudanar da rayuwa sun sauya su. Domin a zamanin da Bahaushe yafi ƙarfin abinci,da  muhalli da sauransu. To amma, yanzu sai ga shi duk suna neman fin ƙarfinsu. A da Bahaushe kan mallaki abincin shekara da shekaru, saboda halin noma sannan kuma ga kiwo. Saɓanin yanzu harkar noman ta zama, sai mai hannu da shuni,wanda zai iya amsa kira in an yi. Don haka ashe dole ne mutum ya rage wasu abubuwa, kuma ya shiga matse hannu, amma fa a dole don  ba yadda za’a yi. Ban da wannan kuma, ko da yanayin muhallin da Bahaushe ya gada, ya samu tasiri, saboda dai an san Bahaushe a gidansa ya kan mallaki ɗakin matarsa, ko matansa, da turaka, sai zaure a wani lokocin kuma da ɗakin baƙi. To amma yanzu abu ya shaddada ya kai lahaula wala ƙuwata, sai ka samu mutum daƙyar zai samu ya gina ɗaki ɗaya ma, balle har a yi ma maganar ɗakin baƙi. MATSALOLIN ZUMUNCI A  YAU Al’amarin zumunci yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama, a sakamakon faruwar sauye-sauyen da zamani ya kawo, a rayuwar Bahaushe ta yau da kullum. Bisa faruwar abubuwa, kamar cuɗanya da wasu ƙabilu. A inda aka samu shigowar baƙin al’adu, sannan kuma suka yi tasiri, Haka kuma zuwan ilmin boko shi ma ya yi tasiri ƙwarai a kan zumuncin Bahaushe. Don kuwa ya zo da wasu ɗabi’u, sannan ya kuma kawar da wasu ɗabi’u da a ka gada kaka da kakanni.Misali zaman gidan haya da wasu ƙabilu,sannan kuma ɗaki ɗaya ko ciki da falo. Baya ga waɗannan kuma, sai wasu dalilai kuma da suka ƙara kawo matsaloli ga harkar zumunci, sun haɗa da yanayi tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamani, sannan kuma sai gurɓacewar hali da sauransu. Zumunci ya fuskanci babbar matsala ta fuskar Hulɗar yau da kullum, musamman da aka durƙusar da jama’a da dama. Kamar lalacewar harkar nama,da kasuwanci, da kuma faɗuwar darajar naira. Wannan al’amari ya bugi kowa, don haka ne, sai ya sa kowa yana ta kansa. Kasancewar kowa a cikin irin wannan hali,na talauci, sai ya kawo wasu abubuwa sababbi waɗanda da ba a sansu ba. Kamar rowa,da ƙyamar haihuwa,da gudun dangi. Haka kuma ana iya cewa ya kori wasu abubuwa waɗanda da yake an san Bahaushe da su. Kamar taimakawa mabuƙata, da suka haɗa da ƴan ‘uwa ne, ko bare? da aka san Bahaushe da shi. To dalilin wannan durƙushewar da tattalin arziki ya yi, sai ya kawar da wannan. Don kuwa ya zama dole, saboda ya ya mutum ya iya da kansa? balle har ya ji da ɗaukar nauyin ɗan uwa?. Domin haka sai aka samu giɓi a tsakanin ƴan uwa, ko maƙwabta. Musamman masu hannu da shuni, wannan kuwa ya ƙara nesanta jama’a da dama da sauran ƴan uwa da abokan arziki. Wanda babu shakka ya kawo lalacewar zumunci a wurare da yawa. Domin sau da yawa kyauta na ƙara qulla zumunci,rowa kuma na tsinka shi.  A halin da ake ciki a wannan zamani ba maƙwabci ba, kai ko da ɗan uwa ne,  ko kuma malami ne yanzu in ya hori yaro, sai ka ga an nuna ɓacin rai. Wai cewar ya tsargi yaron ko ya sa masa ido ne ,ba domin gyara halin yaron ne ya hore shi ba. Bayan haka kuma, sai wani dalilin kuma da ya kawo gurɓatar hali shi ne kuwa, rashin girmama na gaba. Wanda shi ma ya ƙara durƙusar da zumunci ƙwarai da gaske. Domin idan aka dubi baya a zamanin da, za mu ga cewar an san Bahaushe da girmama na gaba da shi. Don ba a gida ɗaya ba, ko a unguwa ɗaya ake ,da zarar a ka ce ga wani babban wanda ake girmama shi. Haka kuma da zarar babba ya yi magana a kan wani abu zai yi a saɓa. Duk kuma abin da ya hukunta, ko mene ne ya zauna, babu mai tayarwa, saboda irin matsayin sa. Bayan haka kuma, a da akan samu biyayya a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar wa (yaya) ya na da iko a kan ƙaninsa. Ma’ana in ya yi hukunci ta zauna. Haka shi kuma ƙanin ba shi da ikon ya yi jayayya, don biyayya tare da girmamawa. Haka kuma yake har akan Ƴaƴansu. Shi kuma wannan na da ikon yin hukunci da na ƴan uwa, babu wata fargaba,don ya san ya fi ƙarfin abin. Kai ko babu jinin dangantaka a tsakani, ko ta abota ta haɗa mutum da iyaye wani. To sai ka samu ana girmama, wannan mutum a matsayin uba. A wannan zamani abin ya zamanton saɓanin haka. Gurɓacewar halayen mutane, wanda ya sa suka yi watsi da waɗannan lamuran ya sa zumunci da aka sani a tsakanin Hausawa ya yi rauni. Kowa kansa ya sani, to amma sai  wasu na ganin cewa ci gaba ne. GURƁACEWAR HALI Zumunci ya samu nakasa ta dalilin gurɓatar hali da aka samu a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Don kuwa a da an san Bahaushe da wasu halaye, kamar kunƴa, da girmama na gaba, da rungumar juna, ko ƙaunar juna, da ɗaukar ƙaddara da Sauransu. Bahaushe an san shi da kunƴa,(na nufin jin nauyi,tare da kamun kai), da kawaici, ko kara (kawar da kai,a kan wasu al’amura) waɗanda a yanzu  sun ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan ɓacewa kuwa ya taimaka da gaske wajen gurɓatar halayen Bahaushe a yau. Don kuwa a zamanin da, sai ka iske mutum na da ikon ya yi hukunci akan ɗan wani. Ma’ana in ya ganshi ya na abin da ba daidai ba, sai ya hukuntashi ba tare da fargabar ko iyayen yaron zasu nuna ɓacin ransu ba.Ta dalilin wannan shi ya kawo kyautatuwar tarbiya a zamanin da, saboda an ɗauka ɗa na kowa ne; kuma haƙƙin kowa ne, ya kula da  ɗan wani kamar yadda zai kula da nasa. Masu hikima na cewa, “ka ƙi naka duniya ta so shi, ka so naka duniya ta ƙi  shi” to wannan ya nuna a sarari irin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe take a da. A yanzu maganar kunya ko kawaici ko kara sun ɓace. Sannan kuma son Ƴaƴa ya yi yawa, kowa ba ya son a taɓa ɗansa. Domin  kuwa, wani ko dai dai da tsawa in ka yi wa ɗansa, sai ya tuhumeka kan wane dalili ne za ka matsa wa yaronsa?. A wani lokaci ma in har ba’a yi sa’a ba, sai abin ya kai su ga tashin hankali, ko kuma wani lokaci har ya kai su zuwa ga hukuma, watan kamar ƴan sanda ko Alkali. An nan an samu akasin ɗabi’un da a ka Bahaushe da su, don kuwa a zamani da ana kawar da kai a kan ɗa, amma yanzu kowa nasa ya sani. Ma’ana son Ƴaƴa shi ya sanya zumunci ya naƙasa. Saboda gaba ɗaya an saki layi sai bin son zuciya. Gurɓacewa hali ya zama kamar ci gaban mai haƙar rijiya ne, don kuwa babu  inda za a in dai har  ana cikin wannan hali. Bugu da ƙari a zamanin da, an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna, ko kuma a ce ƙaunar ɗan uwansa. Don kuwa in aka ce ga abu ya samu ko ya faru ga ɗan uwa.To lallai su ma danginsa za su nuna damuwarsu, a kan wannan al’amari, saboda za su yi iyakar ƙoƙarinsu, sai sun ga inda ƙarfinsu ya ƙare. Ko da yake yanzu abubuwa sun sauya, domin kuwa duk wanda ka samu zaka iske shi ma yana da al’amarin da ya dameshi. Da zarar garin Allah ya waye zaka samu kowa ya kama gabansa, sai ɗai ɗai ne, zaka ga wai suna lura ko biyawa ta kan ƴan uwa,sai dai kowa ya yi ta kansa. Wanda yake  wannan wata sabuwar rayuwa ce, kuma baquwa da Turawa suka kawo mana. BAƘIN AL’ADU Zumunci ya fuskanci matsaloli masu ɗimbin yawa a wannan zamani. musamman saboda cuɗanyar  al’ummar Hausawa da wasu ƙabilu, ya sa dalilin haka aka samu surkin al’adun Bahaushe da baƙin al’adu don haka ne sai aka samu tasirin baƙin al’adu akan al’adun Bahaushe kamar kunya, taimakon juna da tausayi da sauransu. A inda ko dai suna gurɓata, ko kuma ma suka ɓace gaba ɗaya. Sai baƙin suka maye gurbin su. Bisa ga yadda aka san Bahaushe a al’adunsa akwai kunƴa wadda ita ce takan yi masa takunkumi  yin wasu abubuwa. Wannan kuwa zai iya haɗawa da kawaici kan wasu abubuwa. Kamar yadda wata karin magana ta ce “Ɗa na barin halal don kunya” manufa shi ne ko da wannan abu haƙƙinka ne, to ka na iya kau da kai don kunƴa, zamu iya dangantashi da sha’ani  ƴaƴa. Domin  a da ɗa dai na kowa ne, ko ɗan uwa ko amini, ko maƙwabci, ko malami. Kai, ko da ma wani Babba ne, a unguwa yana da ikon ya tsawatarwa yaro, kai har horo ma idan ta kama. Ban da yanzu, abin ba haka yake ba, saboda cuɗanya da wasu al’umma, sai aka samu akasi. A yanzu duk wanda ya taɓa ɗan wani, to sai ka ji ana kai ruwa rana. A wani lokaci kuma har, sai kaga abu ya kai ga zuwa Alkali akan maganar Ƴaƴa, ko kuma kaga faɗan yara ya juye zuwa na Manƴa. A zamanin da an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna wato taimakon ɗan uwa ta kowace fuska, a inda sai inda ƙarfinsa ya ƙare. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai nuna cewar “ Naka naka ne ko bai maka aiki komai,” sannan Bahaushe ya yarda da ra’ayin nan mai cewa  “namu ya samu sai ci”. Manufa shi ne, in Allah ya wadata ɗan uwa, to ɗan uwansa ya warke ke nan, saboda shi ne zai shaida. Malam Bahaushe ya kuma ƙara cewa “ai Babba juji ne” don haka dole ne ya ɗauki nauyin na ƙasa da shi. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai cewa “kowa ya taimaki wani Allah na taimakonsa” Yanzu zamani ya sauya gaba ɗaya, saboda haka Bahaushe ya tsinci kansa cikin wani hali na rashin sanin tabbas. Bisa dalilin shigowar al’adar Malam Bature. Wanda shi a rayuwa irin tasa, bai yarda da tsari irin na Malam Bahaushe ba. Shi abin da ya fi amincewa shi ne, kowa tashi ta fissheshi, ko kuma muce daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa. A nan manufa shi ne daga shi sai ƴaƴansa da matarsa, a wani lokaci kuma da karensa. Shi bai yarda da ya ɗauki nauyin kowa ba, kai ko da mahaifansa in suka tsufa, sai ya kai su gidan gajiyayyu, sai dai ya rinƙa kai masu ziyara daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. ZAMA DA MAƊAUKIN KANWA Wannan irin dogon zama da aka yi, na shekaru masu yawa. Shi ne  ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa  da suka yi tasiri a kan rayuwar Bahaushe gaba ɗaya. Shi wannan irin tasirin kuwa,  zamu iya karkasa shi zuwa kashi huɗu ko kuma su mutanen kamar haka: Akwai mutanen da tasiri ya yi masu jirwaye suka yi dabbare- dabbare. Akwai mutane da suka yi rabi  da rabi  kamar ragon uda, ko akuya mai gyauto(gefe rabi fari, rabi baƙi). Akwai mutane da suka yi baƙi-baƙi. Akwai mutanen da suka rikiɗe  gaba ɗaya  sun  yi  baƙiƙƙiirin. Sun ƙuna ba su gudun [[ƙauri]]. Kowane daga cikinsu ba ya rasa dalili da  ya sanya  shi  zama hakan; 1. Rukunin mutane na farko su basu yi boko  ba, amma sun fi ƴan bokon zaƙewa. 2. Rukunin mutane na biyu, ana iya samun ƴan boko   zalla watau waɗanda  suka yi karatun zamani kuma suka ɗauki ra’ayin  boko, amma kuma suna  gaurayawa da al’adunsu. 3. Rukunin na uku ,su ne boko sana’a, suna cin moriyar ta,  amma ba su dulmiya ba. 4. Rukunin mutane na huɗu su ake kira boko aƙida, kuma tunanin su yafi na Bature, tun da su rayuwarsu ta yi  ban –tafin- makafi  da ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Berkawan_dalam_kesukaan.jpg|Yara na sada zumunta File:30_years_loving_my_friends.jpg|Shekara 30 da zumuncinsu a matsayin Abokai </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lc4cwgsjc2k16dclfizd5prmlj5b5vp Auren dole 0 18049 882328 881327 2026-07-13T14:03:31Z Usman saadu 46863 882328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin.jpg|thumb|zanan auran dole]] [[Fayil:Jab'r ki Shadi - Vilayat mein (Forced marriage - abroad) 9 min, Geo TV, English version, 2003.webm|thumb|Wanda akahimah auren dole]] '''Auren dole''' ko Auren Tilas, dai wata tsohuwar al'ada ce da akan, aurawa budurwa wanda bata so duk da wani lokacin suma mazan akan masu auren dole ta hanyar aura masu matan da basu soba to amman hakan sau, da yawa yafi faruwa ga mata. ==Matsalolin Auren dole== Auren dole dai na haifar da matsaloli da dama a cikin rayuwar ma'aurata inda wani lokacin har akan rasa rayuka a tsakanin ma'auratan Wanda hakan na hai far da babbar matsala ga ammata da samari harmada al,umma Wanda azamanin baya mafi akasarin auren dolen da akeyi ana yinshine amatsayin zumunci Wanda baban mutun zaiga yarinya adangi tuntana arkarama saikaji yace yanamadanshi ruku hakan kuma iyayen yarinyar zasudauka hakan aikara dankon zumunci ne sai kajisunce aisunbashi da lokacin da akafara lorada yarinya tafaragirma watu tafara Tara samari sai ace mata ammata miji Wanda shixata aura wannan dalilin ne kesa auren dole nayawan mutuwa mafi akasarin auren dole ba soyayya acikin shi kawai biyayyar iyaye ce. ==Abinda ke kawo Auren dole== Cikin abubuwan da ke kawo auren dole akwai 1. Ƙwadayi 2. Talauci 3.zumunci. San abun duniya Da dai sauran su<ref>https://www.amsoshi.com/2020/05/auren-dole.html?m=1</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Escaping_child_marriage_(14521096630).jpg|Yara da suka tsere don tsoron yi musu auren Dole File:Forced_Marriage_Unit_videos_(7555347948).jpg|Jama'a na kallon wani shiri game da Auren Dole </gallery> ==Manazarta== mdf82p7bgyn3s5ypg5q550w2fle84by 882330 882328 2026-07-13T14:06:51Z Usman saadu 46863 882330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin.jpg|thumb|zanan auran dole]] [[Fayil:Jab'r ki Shadi - Vilayat mein (Forced marriage - abroad) 9 min, Geo TV, English version, 2003.webm|thumb|Wanda akahimah auren dole]] '''Auren dole''' ko Auren Tilas, dai wata tsohuwar al'ada ce da akan, aurawa budurwa wanda bata so duk da wani lokacin suma mazan akan masu auren dole ta hanyar aura masu matan da basu soba to amman hakan sau, da yawa yafi faruwa ga mata. ==Matsalolin Auren dole== Auren dole dai na haifar da matsaloli da dama a cikin rayuwar ma'aurata inda wani lokacin har akan rasa rayuka a tsakanin ma'auratan Wanda hakan na hai far da babbar matsala ga ammata da samari harmada al,umma Wanda azamanin baya mafi akasarin auren dolen da akeyi ana yinshine amatsayin zumunci Wanda baban mutun zaiga yarinya adangi tuntana arkarama saikaji yace yanamadanshi ruku hakan kuma iyayen yarinyar zasudauka hakan aikara dankon zumunci ne sai kajisunce aisunbashi da lokacin da akafara lorada yarinya tafaragirma watu tafara Tara samari sai ace mata ammata miji Wanda shixata aura wannan dalilin ne kesa auren dole nayawan mutuwa mafi akasarin auren dole ba soyayya acikin shi kawai biyayyar iyaye ce. ==Abinda ke kawo Auren dole== Cikin abubuwan da ke kawo auren dole akwai 1. Ƙwadayi 2. Talauci 3.zumunci.4 San abun duniya Da dai sauran su<ref>https://www.amsoshi.com/2020/05/auren-dole.html?m=1</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Escaping_child_marriage_(14521096630).jpg|Yara da suka tsere don tsoron yi musu auren Dole File:Forced_Marriage_Unit_videos_(7555347948).jpg|Jama'a na kallon wani shiri game da Auren Dole </gallery> ==Manazarta== 6ik5admf3iwy7rg8rhs2zdje64roa35 Zubayr ibn al-Awam 0 19537 882815 222120 2026-07-14T09:21:57Z Zahrah0 14848 882815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Az-Zubair dan Al-Awam''' ( {{Lang-ar|الزبير بن العوام بن خويلد}} ; 594–656) dan'uwa ne kuma [[Sahabin Annabi|aboki]] ga [[Muhammad|Annabi]]<nowiki/>n Musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) kuma yana Daya daga cikin farkon wayanda suka [[Musulun ta|musulunta]].Shima yana daga cikin sahabbai goma da Annabin tsira yayi musu bushara da aljannah.Ya zama Daya daga cikin jagororin siyasa da soja na al'umma bayan mutuwar Muhammad. Az-Zubayr ya mutu a Yakin Rakumi. == Iyali da yarinta == An haifi Al-Zubayr a garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a shekarar 594. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|75}} Mahaifinsa shi ne Al-Awam bn Khuwaylid na dangin Asad na [[Ƙuraishawa|kabilar Kuraishawa]], yana mai da Al-Zubayr dan'uwan [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah]] . Mahaifiyarsa ita ce kanwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W), Safiyyah bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, saboda haka Al-Zubayr shine dan uwan Muhammad na farko. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|75}} Yana da yaya biyu, Sa'ib da Abdul Kaaba; wani dan uwa, Safi ibn Al-Harith, wanda ya fito daga dangin Umayya; <ref name="Saad8">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|29}} da wasu kannen uba, ciki har da Hind bint Al-Awwam, matar Zayd ibn Haritha. {{Rp|32}} Tun yana saurayi, Al-Zubayr ya yi yaƙi da wani babban mutum kuma ya buge shi da ƙarfi sosai har sai da hannun mutumin ya karye. Safiyyah, wacce ke da ciki a lokacin, dole ta dauki mutumin zuwa gida. Lokacin da masu wucewa suka tambayi abin da ya faru, sai ta ce musu, “Ya yi yaƙi da Al-Zubayr. Shin kun sami Al-Zubayr mai taushi kamar cuku ko dabino ko cike da tagulla? " Hakan ne lokacin da suka san cewa zai girma ya zama mai ƙarfi yayin yaƙi. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|765}} Al-Awam ya mutu tun Al-Zubayr yana saurayi. Mahaifiyarsa ta sha duka sosai. A lokacin da aka ce mata, “Kun kashe shi! Kun buge zuciyarsa. Shin za ku halakar da yaron? "Ta amsa," Na buge shi don ya zama mai hankali kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin yaƙin " <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|76}} An bayyana Al-Zubayr da matsakaiciyar tsayi, siriri, mai launi-launi, da gashi, duk da siririn gemu. Gashin kansa ya rataya zuwa kafaɗunsa, kuma bai shafa shi ba bayan ya zama fari. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|80}} == Musulunta == Al-Zubayr ya kasance ɗayan mutane biyar na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci daga [[Abubakar]], <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|115}} kuma an ce shi ne na huɗu ko na biyar manya da suka musulunta. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|76}} Yana daga cikin farkon mutum goma sha biyar da suka yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya a shekara ta 615, <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|146}} kuma ya koma can a cikin 616. {{Rp|147}} Yayin da yake cikin Abisiniya, tawaye ga ''Negus'' (Sarki) ya ɓarke. ''Negus ya'' sadu da 'yan tawaye a gabar Kogin Nilu. Musulmai, cikin tsananin damuwa game da rasa mai kare su, sun wakilta Al-Zubayr ya zama mai kawo musu labarai. Taimakon wani farin ruwa mai iska, ya yi iyo a Kogin Nilu har sai da ya kai ga inda ake yaƙi. Ya kalli har sai da ''Negus'' ya ci nasara akan 'yan tawaye, sannan ya sake iyo ya koma kan musulmai. Ya tashi sama yana daga tufafinsa ya sanar, "Hurray, ''Negus'' ya ci nasara kuma Allah ya ruguza maƙiyansa kuma ya tabbatar da shi a ƙasarsa!" Musulmi suka yi murna. {{Rp|153}} Al-Zubayr yana cikin wadanda suka koma Makka a shekara ta 619 saboda sun ji cewa mutanen Makka sun musulunta. "Amma da suka kusanci Makka, sai suka gano cewa rahoton karya ne don haka suka shiga garin karkashin kariyar wani dan kasa ko ta hanyar sata." <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|167–168}} Duk da haka, Al-Zubayr bai ambaci sunan mai tsaron nasa ba. Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin ƙaura baki ɗaya zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a cikin 622. Da farko ya sauka tare da Al-Mundhir bn Muhammad. Ana takaddama game da wanda ya zama “dan’uwan” Al-Zubayr a Musulunci: hadisai daban-daban masu suna [[Abdullah ɗan Mas'ud|Abdullah ibn Masood]], [[Talhah|Talha bin Ubaydullah]], Kaab bin Malik da Salama ibn Salama. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|76–77}} <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|234}} Muhammad ya ba shi babban fili don ya gina gidansa da kuma tallafin wasu itacen dabino. {{Rp|77}} A 625 an sake ba Al-Zubayr ƙarin dabinai daga ƙasar ƙabilar Nadir da aka kora. {{Rp|78}}. == Ayyukan soja karkashin Muhammad (S A W) == An ce Al-Zubayr ya haɗu da dukkan balaguron soja na Muhammad, galibi sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya. An ruwaito shi ya ce:<blockquote>"Wallahi, Manzon Allah ﷺ bai yi wata tafiya ba ko wani balaguro face na kasance daga gare ta." <ref>[https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HepLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT441&dq=%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88+%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB2LS5hqnvAhV-RxUIHfUpDPMQ6AEwAXoECAEQAw#v=onepage&q=%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A9%20%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%20%D9%88%20%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AA&f=false Mustadrak Ala Sahihayn]</ref></blockquote> === Badar === A [[Badar|Yaƙin Badar]] an aike shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri kuma ya kama ɗan leƙen asirin Makka. Sannan ya shiga yakin ya kashe Ubayda bn Sa'id na Umayya. Yana sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya a wannan yaƙin. <ref>[[iarchive:FP156668/03_156672/page/n359/mode/1up|Mustadarak Ala Sahihayn]]</ref> === Uhudu === A [[Yaƙin Uhudu|yakin Uhud]] ya ba da kansa ya dauki takobin Muhammad "da damarta," wanda shi ne "ya buge abokan gaba da shi har sai ya lankwasa," kuma ya kasance "mai matukar rauni" lokacin da Muhammad ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa. <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|373}} Yana tsaye kusa da matan Makka mai guduwa har ya ga duwawun Hind bint Utbah . {{Rp|379}} Amma a wannan lokacin ne yaƙin ya juya; Al-Zubayr yana daya daga cikin dinbin mutanen da suka tsaya a gefen Muhammad lokacin da musulmai daga nasu biyun suka tsere kuma suka bi shi zuwa gawar. "Ya kasance tare da shi a yakin Uhudu kuma ya yi masa bai'a har zuwa mutuwa." <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|78}} {{Rp|381}} === Mahararen === A yayin [[Yaƙin gwalalo|yakin yakin mahara]], Al-Zubayr ya hau dokin . Ya ba da kansa don ya kawo labarin ƙabilar Qurayza ga Muhammad, wanda ya amsa, "Kowane Annabi yana da almajiri, kuma almajiri na shi ne Al-Zubayr." <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|79}}. === Khaybara === A cikin 628 Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa [[Yaƙin Khybar|Khaybar]] kuma ya amsa wa Yasir kalubalen Bayahude game da faɗa ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa Safiya ta tambayi Muhammad, "Shin zai kashe ɗana?" kuma Muhammad ya tabbatar mata, "A'a, dan ku zai kashe shi, insha Allah." Al-Zubayr ya inganta yana karantawa:<poem>"''Khaybar, know that I am Zabbar,'' ''chief of a people no cowardly runaways,'' ''the son of those who defends their glory,'' ''the son of princes.'' ''O Yasir let not all the unbelievers deceive you,'' ''for all of them are like a slowly moving mirage.''"</poem>Sun gwabza, kuma Al-Zubayr ya kashe Yasir. Bayan haka, musulmai sun yi bayani a kan yadda takobi ya kasance mai kaifi; Al-Zubayr ya amsa da cewa ba ta yi kaifi ba amma ya yi amfani da ita da karfi. <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|513–514}} Bayan da musulmai suka ci Al-Qamus, sai aka kawo baitul malin nan, Kinana, ga Muhammad, amma ya ki bayyana inda aka boye kudadensu. Koda yake, daga baya Muhammad bn Maslama ya yanke kan Kinana, don ramuwar gayya ga dan uwansa Mahmud, <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|515}} <ref name="Waqidi">Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi. ''Kitab al-Maghazi''. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., and Tayob, A. K. (2011). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford & New York: Routledge.</ref> {{Rp|330–331}} wanda aka kashe a yaƙin kwanakin baya. {{Rp|511}} {{Rp|322–324}} Daga baya an sanya Al-Zubayr daga cikin mashahurai goma sha takwas waɗanda kowannensu ke kula da rabon wani rukunin ganima. <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|522}} === Makkah === A watan Disamba na 629, a jajibirin cin nasarar Makka, Muhammad ya aika Al-Zubayr da [[Ali]] don su tare wani dan leken asiri wanda ke dauke da wasika zuwa ga Kuraishawa. Lokacin da suka kasa samun wasikar a cikin kayanta, sai suka fahimci cewa tabbas ta ɓoye ta ne a kan nata, sai suka yi mata magana a kai. Daga nan dan leken asirin ya fito da wasikar,wacce ta boye a cikin gashinta,sai Al-Zubayr da Ali suka dawo da ita ga Muhammad, suna da yakinin cewa yanzu Musulmai za su kwace Makka da mamaki.<ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''.Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|545}}. Lokacin da Muhammad ya shiga Makka, Al-Zubayr ya riƙe ɗayan tutocin ƙaura uku na Muhajirai <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|78}} kuma ya umurci reshen hagu na sojojin da suka ci yaƙi. <ref name="Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> {{Rp|549}} Ya kuma yi yaƙin Hunayn . {{Rp|670}} == Aiki bayan Muhammad == A cikin sati na uku na watan yuli na shekara ta 632, halifa Abubakar ya tara runduna galibi daga [[Banu Hashim]] (dangin Muhammad) don kare Madina daga mamayar da ridda ta yi daga sojojin ridda na Tulayha, wanda ya ce shi annabi ne. Rundunar ta hada da manyan mutane kamar Zubayr da Talha bn Ubaidullah. An nada kowannensu a matsayin kwamandan kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar da aka tsara. Suna da rawar da suka taka yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda ; duk da haka, ba su fuskanci wani yanayin faɗa ba. Al-Zubayr shi ne kwamandan filin da ya fi samun nasara a lokacin da Musulmai suka ci Masar da yaki a karkashin Khalifa [[Umar dan al-Khattab|Umar]] . <ref> Futun Misr wa al Maghrib, p. 61; Qa’dat Fath al Sham wa Misr, p. 208-226</ref> Ya yi umurni da runduna a [[Yakin Yarmuk|yakin Yarmouk]] a shekara ta 636, <ref>Futun Misr wa al Maghrib, p. 61; Qa’dat Fath al Sham wa Misr, p. 208-226</ref> sannan a 640 ya ba da umarnin karfafa wadanda aka aika zuwa Amr bn al-As a [[Misra|Misira]] . <ref>Futun Misr wa al Maghrib, p. 61; Qa’dat Fath al Sham wa Misr, p. 208-226</ref> Lokacin da Umar yake mutuwa a shekara ta 644, ya zabi Al-Zubayr da wasu mutane biyar don su zabi [[Khalifofi|Khalifa na]] gaba. {{Rp|71}} Sun zabi [[Uthman bin Affan|Uthman yadda ya kamata]], {{Rp|72}} a lokacin halifancin wane. Al-Zubayr ya kasance mai taka tsantsan dangane da kawo ''hadisai'' game da Muhammad duk da cewa ya kasance yana cikin kamfaninsa koyaushe. Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa dansa Abdullahi, "Na ji Manzon Allah (S A W) yana cewa: Duk wanda ya yi karya a kaina to ya tanadi ymazauni a cikin Wuta" <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|80}} == Matan sa da yara == Al-Zubayr ya yi aure har sau takwas kuma ya sami yara ashirin. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|75}} # Asma bint Abi Bakr . Sun yi aure kafin ''Hijira'' ta 622 kuma sun sake aure lokacin da Urwa ke ƙarami, watau a kusan 645. <ref name="Saad8">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|179}} ## [[Abdullah ɗan al-Zubayr|Abdullah]] ## Al-Mundhir ## Asim ## Al-Muhajir ## Khadija Babba ## Umm Al-Hasan ## Aisha ## Urwa # Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ta dangin Umayya. Sun yi aure a 629, amma "ta ƙi shi," kuma an sake su cikin 'yan watanni. Bayan haihuwar 'yarsu, Ummu Kulthum ta auri [[Abd al-Rahman ɗan Awf|Abdur Rahman bin Awf]] . {{Rp|163}} ## Zainab # Al-Halal bint Qays na kabilar Asad. ## Khadija Karami # Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid daga dangin Umayya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura waɗanda suka dawo daga Abaisiniya a shekara ta 628. {{Rp|164}} ## Khalid ## Amr ## Habiba ## Sawda ## Hind # Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf na kabilar Kalb. ## Mus'ab ## Hamza ## Ramla # Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb, bazawara ce ga Abdur Rahman bn Awf. Al-Zubayr ya sake ta ne kwana bakwai kacal da yin auren. Ta kasance tana gaya wa wasu matan cewa, "Idan dayanku ya yi aure, kada ya yaudare ta da kwana bakwai bayan abin da Zubairu ya yi mini." Ba ta, fadada kan yanayin "yaudarar" ba. # Ummu Ja'far Zainab bint Marthad ta ƙabilar Thaalaba. ## Ubayda ## Ja'far # Atiqa bint Zayd daga dangin Adi, bazawara ga [[Umar dan al-Khattab|Omar]] . Mutanen Madina sun kasance suna cewa:<blockquote>"Duk wanda yake son shahada to ya auri Atiqa bint Zayd . An fara auren ta ga Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri [[Umar dan al-Khattab|Umar bn Khattab]] kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Zubair kuma ya yi shahada ”. <ref>[https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=2O5ICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86&dq=%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AB%D9%85+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AB%D9%85+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_-u6nianvAhUUTcAKHepMBqIQ6AEwCHoECAAQAw#v=onepage&q=%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A9%20%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%20%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%20%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%20%D8%AB%D9%85%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%20%D8%AB%D9%85%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%20%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7&f=false Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Ibn Sa'd ]</ref></blockquote>Matan Al-Zubayr sun yi korafin cewa yana da "wani tsauri game da mata". Ummu Kulthum ta tambaye shi kai tsaye don saki, lokacin da ya ƙi, sai ta yaudare shi a ciki ta hanyar yin lalata da shi yayin da yake cikin hidimar wankan janaba ga sallah. Al-Zubayr ya koka da cewa, "Ta yaudare ni, Allah Ya yi mata wayo!" Muhammad ya shawarce shi da ya sake neman aurenta, amma Al-Zubayr ya fahimci cewa, "Ba za ta sake dawowa wurina ba." Atiqa kawai ta yarda ta aure shi ne da sharadin bazai taɓa doke ta ba. <ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' vol. 4 p. 687, cited in Abbott, N. (1942, 1985). ''Aishah - the Beloved of Mohammed'', p. 88. London: Al-Saqi Books.</ref> == Yaƙin Rakumi == [[File:Tomb_of_Zubayr.jpg|right|thumb| Kabarin Zubairu bn al-Awam a Basra, Iraki]] An [[Kewaye da Uthman|kashe]] Uthman a cikin 656. Al-Zubayr yana da dalilin fatan cewa za a zaɓe shi a matsayin Kalifa na gaba, duk da cewa ya san cewa tsohon abokinsa Talha shi ma mai ƙarfi ne. <ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). Vol. 15, ''The Crisis of the Early Caliphate'', pp. 238-239. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> Amma an zabi Ali, <ref name="Suyuti">Jalal ad-Din Abdulrahman Al-Suyuti, ''Tarikh al-Khulafa''. Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881). ''History of the Caliphs''. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.</ref> {{Rp|166,176}} zuwa muhawarar matar Muhammadu mai takaba [[Aisha]] . <ref name="Tabari16">Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Brockett, A. (1997). Vol. 16, ''The Community Divided''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> {{Rp|52}} Daga nan Al-Zubayr ya hadu da Aisha da Talha a Makka, suna masu cewa ya yi wa Ali mubaya'a ne kawai da takobi. Al-Zubayr, Talha da Aisha sun yi kira da a rama mutuwar Uthman, yayin da Ali ya yarda, ya ce shi bai iya yin haka ba a lokacin. <ref name="Tabari16">Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Brockett, A. (1997). Vol. 16, ''The Community Divided''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> {{Rp|18}} Daga nan kawayen suka tattara sojoji suka yi tattaki zuwa [[Basra]] . A cikin Basrah kuwa, sun kayar da Gwamna kuma sun mamaye garin, {{Rp|69–70,76}} <ref>Muir, W. (1924). ''The Caliphate: its Rise, Decline, and Fall from Original Sources'', 2nd Ed., pp. 243-244. Edinburgh: John Grant.</ref> suna kashe duk wanda aka samu da hannu a kisan Uthman. {{Rp|73}} Lokacin da aka kalubalance su kan dalilin da yasa yanzu suka damu da Uthman alhalin sun nuna masa kiyayya sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, sai suka ce: "Mun so Uthman ya biya mana bukatunmu. Ba mu so a kashe shi. ” {{Rp|69}} Haƙiƙa Ali yayi kama da mutumin da yake zargin ƙiyayya ga kansa, don ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga Basra tare da ƙwararrun sojoji dubu ashirin. <ref name="Tabari16">Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Brockett, A. (1997). Vol. 16, ''The Community Divided''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> {{Rp|121}} Tsawon kwanaki, ana tattaunawa, saboda bangarorin biyu sun tabbatar da cewa suna so ne kawai su ga an yi adalci. {{Rp|122,129,130,132,152}} Amma a ranar 7 ga Disamba 656 tashin hankali ya barke. Mayakan A’isha sun kashe dan sakon Ali, kuma Ali ya ba shi amsa, "Yaƙi yanzu ya dace, don haka ku yaƙi su!" {{Rp|126–127}} Don haka Al-Zubayr kuwa, ya rasa sha'awar yin yaƙin. Ya ce Ali ya yi magana da shi a waje yayin tattaunawar kan cewa su 'yan uwan juna ne, amma dan nasa ya zarge shi da tsoron sojojin Ali. Al-Zubayr ya bar fagen daga yayin da A’isha ta ci gaba da jagorantar dakarunta. Wani mutum mai suna Amr bn Jurmuz ya yanke shawarar bin diddigin motsin sa kuma ya bi shi zuwa wani filin da ke kusa. Lokacin sallah yayi don haka, bayan kowannensu ya tambayi dan uwansa abin da yake yi a can, sai suka amince da yin addu'ar. Yayin da Al-Zubayr yake sujada, Amr bn Jurmuz ya soke shi a wuya ya kashe shi. <ref name="Tabari16">Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Brockett, A. (1997). Vol. 16, ''The Community Divided''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> {{Rp|111–112,116,126,158–159}} == Wasiyya == A cikin wasiyyarsa Al-Zubayr ya bar gida ga duk 'yan matansa da aka sake. <ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> {{Rp|80}} Ya bar kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukiyarsa a wasiyya kuma ya umurci ɗansa Abdullah da ya sayar da sauran dukiyarsa don biyan bashinsa, yana mai roƙon Allah idan ba za a iya biyan ɗaya ba. Abdullah ya gano cewa bashin sun kai 1,200,000, {{Rp|81}} mai yiwuwa a cikin ''dirhami'' . Kodayake Abdullah ya shiga wata matsala don warware dukkan basussukan, amma zawarawan Al-Zubayr su huɗu suka gaji 1,100,000 kowannensu, ya bar sama da 30,000,000 da za a raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa. {{Rp|81–82}} Al-Zubayr bn Al-Awam yana daya daga cikin musulmai goma da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya lamunce musu da Aljanna tun suna raye. <ref>Abu Dawud 40:4632.</ref> <ref>Tirmidhi #3747.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin hijra Muhammadu ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} *duba littafin أصحاب الرسول da Kuma رجال ونساء حول الرسول [[Category:Sahabbai maza]] {{DEFAULTSORT:al-Awam, Sunaye ibn}} se0wdeoab279qa47h1q102vzt6plrxr Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 882529 881799 2026-07-13T21:25:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 882529 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:SieNeiDer|SieNeiDer]] |[[Special:Contributions/SieNeiDer|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 11 ga Yuli 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Mohamedmeera29m|Mohamedmeera29m]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohamedmeera29m|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 12 ga Yuli 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Srnec|Srnec]] |[[Special:Contributions/Srnec|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 12 ga Yuli 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Mikaila Yunusa Hatsai|Mikaila Yunusa Hatsai]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mikaila Yunusa Hatsai|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 12 ga Yuli 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Cyberpunk Chaos|Cyberpunk Chaos]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cyberpunk Chaos|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 12 ga Yuli 2026 |- |6 |[[User:MaryTheo2012|MaryTheo2012]] |[[Special:Contributions/MaryTheo2012|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 12 ga Yuli 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Wiki Caretaker|Wiki Caretaker]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wiki Caretaker|Gudummuwa]] 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Emma Bonino, ɗan siyasan [[Italiya]], tsohon memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma memba na ''Majalisar'' Dattawa ta yanzu ya kafa a shekarata 1993. . NPWJ dogara ne a Roma, kuma shi ne memba na kwamitin NGO hadin gwiwa domin kotun kasa da kasa (CICC) ya kuma bijiro da batun kafa jam'iyya na Non violent Magance M Party, an NGO da Janar (category I) da shawara Status a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] ECOSOC. Manyan shirye-shiryen sun hada da batun hukunta manyan laifuka na duniya, yi wa mata kaciya, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokiradiyya ta]] MENA, gami da kuma aikin [[Iraƙi|Iraki.]] [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'Yancin dan adam]] sun fi fuskantar barazana a yanayi na rikici, inda hatta kasashen duniya kan inganta matakan gajere da nufin dakatar da fadan, amma wanda ke haifar da karin rikici, cigaba da rashin hukunci da lalata dokar, sai dai idan sun bayar da alhakin laifuffukan. da kuma sasantawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Adalci, dimokiradiyya da bin doka da oda ginshikai ne na dorewar zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yanci na gari da' yancin ɗan'adam. Ayyukan NPWJ na asali tun daga shekarar 1993 an tsara su ne don inganta kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuffuka ta dindindin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ingantaccen tsarin hukunta masu aikata laifuka na duniya don rigakafin, hanawa da gurfanar da laifuffukan yaƙi, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kare dangi. == Shirin Shari'a na Kasa da Kasa == NPWJ na shirin shari'ar manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa har yanzu yana mai da hankali ne a kan kokarin kasa da kasa da kasa don dawo da doka da samar da gaskiya da kwatowa ga wadanda suka aikata laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, ta hanyar [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa]], ko kuma ta Kotun kasa da kasa ko Kotuna, na kasa gabatar da kara ko wasu hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi. Gurin su shi ne Babban manufar shirin kasa da kasa na hukunta masu aikata laifuka shine tabbatar da cewa duk wata hanyar da za'a bi, an tsara ta kuma ana aiwatar da ita ta yadda zata bada gudummawa wajan dawo da doka, tana biya bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki kuma tana biye da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayinda NPWJ ke cigaba da aiki zuwa ga gama-gari na Dokar ta ICC ta Rome ta hanyar inganta amincewarsa da aiwatar da dokoki masu inganci, abinda aka lura yawancin abin da ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da cewa an magance wadannan laifuka ta hanyar shari'ar kasa da ta kasa da kasa ko kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi, tare da ICC a matsayin mai kara kuzari, a matsayin waliyyi kuma makoma ta karshe. == Shirin Kaciyar Mata == [[File:New Constitutional Society for Women's Suffrage office in Whitechapel.jpg|thumb|zamantakewar jama'a]] Shirin kaciyar mata, wanda aka fara shi a shekara ta 2000, ya yi bayani ne kan daya daga cikin yaduwar da kuma tsari na take hakkin dan'adam na mutuncin kansa, wanda aka aikata ga miliyoyin mata da 'yan mata a duk duniya, wanda kuma ba a kalubalance shi a karkashin hujjar mutunta al'adun gida. Abinda dai ake so ko Babbar manufar shirin FGM ita ce samar da yanayin siyasa, shari'a da zamantakewar al'umma wacce ke kalubalantar halaye da halaye a kan kaciyar tare da inganta watsi da ita, ta fuskar ingantawa da kuma kare hakkokin mata da 'yan mata, gami da inganta amincewa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Maputo kan Hakkokin Mata a Afirka. Shirin yana inganta dabarun masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu aikata fannoni da ke aiki a kan kaciyar mata FGM da kuma inganta sauye-sauye na shari'a a matsayin kayan aiki mai tasiri na canjin halaye domin juya akalar al'adun zamantakewar jama'a game da FGM. == Tsarin Dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka == [[File:Liberal Democrat Conference 2011.jpg|thumb|Tsarin demokaraɗiyya a wani taro.]] Shirin dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2003, ya kuma magance yanayin inda akasari keɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodi na duniya lungu da sako sau da yawa a keɓe da sunan kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da zato rashin dacewar al'adu. Babban manufar shirin MENA Demokradiyya shi ne inganta dabi'un dimokiradiyya, cibiyoyin sassaucin ra'ayi da budewa gwamnati ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin siyasa na tuntuba wadanda ke amincewa da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin farar hula a matsayin halattaccen kuma takaddama mai dacewa don tattaunawa da cibiyoyin Jiha kan batutuwan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Ana gudanar da wannan shirin ne a matakin kasa da kuma na shiyya, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatoci da dama, da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma abokan hulda, da nufin samar da shawarwari masu inganci da karko da hanyoyin tattaunawa kan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. === Aikin Iraq === A cikin tsarin MENA Demokradiyya, aikin Iraki, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2006, yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin mulki da tsarin kafa hukumomi a Iraki ta hanyar inganta tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin daga dukkanin bangarorin siyasa kan batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da siyasa, gami da musamman abin da ya dace na nauyi da iko a matakai daban-daban na Jihohi, Gundumomi, Gwamnoni, Garuruwa da wajaje. Ta hanyar samar da dama don muhawara a bayyane da sanarwa, aikin Iraki na da nufin taimakawa hanawa ko warware rikice-rikicen tattaunawar da kuma gano mafita mai dorewa. == Dubaru == Abubuwan fifiko don aiki don duk shirye-shiryen an zaɓi su bisa ga buƙatu kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ƙira da aiwatar da ayyuka. A cikin ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, NPWJ na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma inganta muhawara ta jama'a ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa da aiwatar da muhimman shirye-shirye, kamar taron kasa da kasa da na shiyya, wadanda galibi ake daukar nauyinsu tare da shirya su tare da Gwamnatin kasar da suke ciki, tare da karfafa kawance tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran masu fada a ji a cikin al'umma, don samun damar mallakar masu ruwa da tsaki duk na siyasa da kuma sakamakon. NPWJ ta kuma dauki nauyin ba da taimako ta fuskar fasahar zamani, ta hanyar shigar da kwararrun masanan shari'a ga gwamnatoci don tsara dokoki da kuma taimakawa wajen tattaunawa a kan kayan kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa. A ƙarshe, NPWJ ta sami ƙwarewar filin musamman a cikin "taswirar tashe-tashen hankula" da manyan takardu game da keta dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan da rikice-rikice ya shafa da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sadarwar kai da kai tsakanin al'ummomin cikin rikice-rikice da yankunan da ke bayan rikici kan batutuwan shari'ar masu aikata laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa. == Bayani ==   == Manazarta == * [http://www.npwj.org Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba] [[category:Kaciyar Mata]] [[category:Tarihi]] tgiwrb9xixfsnu9i5xdzwcyscr7l6ek Sa-ido akan Helsinki 0 22525 882461 449462 2026-07-13T18:50:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helsinki Watch''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce Robert L. Bernstein ya kafa (ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2019 yana da shekaru 96 a duniya saboda gazawar numfashi ) a cikin 1978, an tsara shi don saka idanu kan tsohon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta bi yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1975. Fadada girmanta da girmanta, Helsinki Watch ta fara amfani da labaran kafafen yada labarai don rubuta bayanan take hakkin dan adam da gwamnatocin cin zarafi suka aikata. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, ta samar da wasu kwamitocin sa ido da yawa waɗanda aka keɓe don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu sassan duniya. A cikin shekarata 1988, Helsinki Watch da kwamitocin sahiban abokanta suka haɗu suka kafa [[Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-adam|Human Rights Watch]] == Tarihi == === Farawa === Bayan yarjejeniyar kasashen duniya da ta kafa yarjejeniyar Helsinki a shekarar 1975, an kafa Helsinki Watch don tabbatar da kasashen Gabashin Bloc da ke fama da mummunan yakin basasa sun bi abubuwan da aka kafa tun farko a yarjejeniyar Helsinki . <ref name="OCAMH">Whiteclay, C. I. (2004). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:9780195071986</ref> Wannan shi ne sakamakon fitowar buƙatun a madadin ƙungiyoyin da ke [[Moscow|Mosko]], [[Prag|Prague]], da [[Warszawa|Warsaw]] waɗanda aka ɗora wa alhakin sa ido kan Tarayyar Soviet da yankuna na Gabashin Turai don tabbatar da bin su wajen sauƙaƙa alƙawurran kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban da aka yi a cikin Yarjejeniyar, <ref>Langley, W. (1999). Encyclopedia of human rights issues since 1945. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.</ref> dayawa daga cikinsu hukumomin Soviet sun kame su a farkon shekarar 1977. <ref name="OCAMH" /> Oneaya daga cikin mahimman manufofin Helsinki Watch shi ne mai matsayin kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari don 'yantar da masu sa ido da jami'an Soviet suka kama, <ref name="OCAMH" /> amma mafi girman nasarorin da aka cimma an tsara shi ne game da inganta civilancin jama'a da siyasa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da yankuna na Gabas Turai. <ref name="OCAMH" /> Helsinki Watch ta kirkiro hanyar gano ayyukan rashawa na gwamnatoci ta hanyar amincewa da halayyar rashin da'a da wasu hukumomin gwamnati ke aiwatarwa ta hanyar watsa labarai ta hanyar watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar masu tsara manufofin kasa da kasa. === Miƙa mulki ga Human Rights Watch === Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen da aka gina tsakanin Amurka da Soviet Union, An kirkiro '''Amurkan Watch''' a cikin shekarata 1981 don guje wa sukar munafunci. <ref>Iriye, A., Goedde, P., & Hitchcock, W. I. (2012). The human rights revolution: An international history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Amintattun Amurkawa sun tashi tsaye don lura da amincewa da cin zarafin da hukumomin gwamnati ke yi a Amurka ta Tsakiya, kuma musamman ya soki gwamnatoci irin su Amurka saboda sa hannunsu wajen samar da makamai da tallafi ga gwamnatocin masu hatsari da ke cikin Amurka. <ref name="hrw.org" /> Kafa wasu kungiyoyi masu kama da haka ya karu cikin hanzari ta hanyar rarraba su a matsayin "Kwamitocin Kulawa" tare da kirkirar '''Asiya ta Asiya''' (1985), '''Africa Watch''' (1986), da '''Gabas ta Tsakiya''' (1989). A cikin shekarar 1988, waɗannan kwamitocin a hukumance sun karɓi babban taken The [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]]. <ref name="hrw.org" /> === Kudade === Kafa Helsinki Watch ya samu damar ne ta hanyar tallafin $ 400,000 wanda Gidauniyar Ford ta bayar . === Lokaci <ref>Marchetti, R. (2017). ''Partnerships in international policy-making: Civil society and public institutions in European and global affairs.'' London: Palgrave Macmillan</ref> === * 1978 - Kirkirar Helsinki Watch * 1981 - Kirkirar Kulawar Amurkawa * 1985 - Kirkirar Asiya * 1988 - Kirkirar Afirka Watch * 1988 - Kirkirar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam * 1989 - Kirkirar Gabas ta Tsakiya == Inganci == Bayan kafuwar ta, Helsinki Watch nan take ta zama babbar ƙungiya tare da bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a duniya. <ref name="thomas">Thomas, D. C. (2011). ''The Helsinki effect: International norms, human rights, and the demise of communism.'' Princeton (N.J.: Princeton University Press.</ref> Da farko dai, Helsinki Watch kai tsaye zata yi kira ga shuwagabannin kwaminisanci ta hanyar kirkirar koke-koke da "sanya suna da kunya" a bainar jama'a gwamnatocin cin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]]. Lokacin da wannan hanyar ta zama ba ta da wani tasiri, sai suka hanzarta kammala karatunsu don amfani da tasirin siyasa daga mahimman 'yan siyasa na Yammacin Turai da na Turai don ci gaba da ayyukansu na tasiri kan manufofin gwamnati kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. <ref>Fahlenbrach, K. (2012). The establishment responds: Power, politics, and protest since 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Kamar yadda agogon Helsinki ya ci gaba ya ci gaba da haɓaka sunansa na samar da ingantaccen bayani game da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Gabashin Turai da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . An ce agogon Helsinki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara hakkin dan Adam a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref name="thomas" /> == Suka == Helsinki Watch ta jawo wasu zarge-zargen nuna son kai a lokacin farko. An soki shi saboda taƙaita ikon sa zuwa take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyar Soviet ta yi yayin yin watsi da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke faruwa a wasu sassan duniya. Da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa dabarun neman taimakon Turawa don la'antar Tarayyar Soviet ya nuna wannan. An soki shi musamman saboda munafunci a cikin rahotonta, kamar yadda a farkon kwanakinsa ba a kula da gane cin zarafin da ke faruwa a cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Dangane da irin wannan suka, wadanda suka kafa Helsinki Watch sun kirkiro wani sabon bangare da ake kira '''Amurkan Watch''' . Daga nan ne kungiyar ta fadada cikin hanzari, ta kafa Watches don mamaye sauran sassan duniya. A cikin shekarar 1988, dukkanin bangarorin Helsinki Watch daban an hade su zuwa bangare daya da ake kira [[Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-adam|Human Rights Watch]] . <ref>Bob, C. (2011). ''The International Struggle for New Human Rights. (Rights, Action, and Social Responsibility''.</ref> == Manyan littattafai <ref>Falgiano, L., & LeMaire, K. (1991). Review: Helsinki Watch publications. Johns Hopkins University Press, 14(4), 640-645.</ref> == An buga su a cikin shekarata 1991, manyan wallafe-wallafen The Helsinki Watch sun haɗa da: * ''Rushe Ethancin Kabilanci: Tsananta wa Gypsies a Romania'' : Agogon Helsinki ya gudanar da wata hira dangane da hare-hare goma sha ɗaya a kan mutanen Gypsy. Agogon Helsinki ya soke nuna wariyar ta hanyar ba da mafita ga abubuwan da aka bayar. * ''Glasnost a cikin Hutu: 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin USSR:'' bayyani game da shari'a, zamantakewar jama'a da cibiyoyin gwamnati da hanyoyin da suka haifar da matsaloli don ci gaban haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . Littafin ya bayyana yunkurin tsohon shugaban tarayyar Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev na sake kafa doka da oda a cikin Kungiyar. * ''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a Arewacin Ireland:'' Wannan littafin ya ba da rahoton matsalolin da ke tattare da Matsaloli a cikin Arewacin Ireland kuma yana taimaka wa masu karatu fahimtar fannonin shari'a na faɗa tsakanin ɓangarori. * ''Tun Juyin Juya Hali: 'Yancin Dan Adam a Romania'' : Wannan littafin yana nuna yunƙurin sabuwar al'adun siyasa bayan juyin juya halin a cikin 1989 . Rahoton ya guji nuna son kai ta hanyar cire shawarwari kan yadda za a magance matsalolin ci gaba a Romania. == Manazarta == [[category:Tarihi]] [[category:Farawa]] [[category:Kudade]] [[category:Sulka]] dnarwco3iiq29t9v3n3wmrc2gqj4phi Masallacin kasa na Ghana 0 24595 882536 581080 2026-07-13T22:13:06Z Merjoor 14653 882536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Masallacin kasa na Ghana''' masallaci ne a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sabah|first=daily|date=2016-03-02|title=President Erdoğan visits Ghana National Mosque|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2016/03/02/president-erdogan-visits-ghana-national-mosque|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=Inside the new Ghana national mosque whose completion has delayed since 2016|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Inside-the-new-Ghana-national-mosque-whose-completion-has-delayed-since-2016-865234|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Shi ne masallaci na biyu mafi girma a yammacin Afirka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Akufo-Addo commissions National Mosque complex - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akufo-addo-commissions-national-mosque-complex/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An gina masallacin akan kudi dala miliyan goma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=emmakd|date=2021-07-17|title=Turkey funded Ghana national mosque commissioned|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2021/07/17/turkey-funded-ghana-national-mosque-commissioned/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Hudai ta Turkiyya ce ke tallafawa da tallafin gwamnatin Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEEX Ghana Mosque {{!}} AP Archive|url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/7d936ad48f0055abf13e1d604ca052f3|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.aparchive.com}}</ref> Hadadden ya hada da mazaunin limami, makaranta da dakin karatu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sinopoli|first=Antonella|date=1 March 2019|title=Ghana. The great Mosque of Accra. - News & views from emerging countries|url=https://www.southworld.net/ghana-the-great-mosque-of-accra/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.southworld.net|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />. == Tarihi == Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 2012.<ref name=":1" /> [[Osman Nuhu Sharubutu]] a cikin jawabinsa ya yi ikirarin Jerry John Rawlings da wasu sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da filaye don tabbatar da aikin ga Musulmai a Ghana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=National Mosque complex opens|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-national-mosque-complex-opens.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1995, JJ Rawlings ya ba da filin don maye gurbin wani masallaci da ya rusa don gina Rawlings Park a Accra. Al’ummar Musulmi a Ghana ne suka fara aikin kuma an watsar da shi kusan shekaru 10 saboda rashin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title=Ghana National Mosque|url=https://spektra.global/ghana-national-mosque/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Spektra Global|language=en-US}}</ref> == Gine -gine da fasali == An gina masallacin cikin salon farfaɗo da Daular Usmaniyya tare da minarets sa hannu guda huɗu masu nisan kusan mita 65 sama da ƙasa. An yi iƙirarin zama kwafi ne na Masallacin Blue.<ref name=":2" /> An yi shi da kayan marmara na carrara na waje. Matakan sama na cikin masallacin sun mamaye fenti masu launin shuɗi, tare da tagogin gilashin da aka zana da zane. Kayan ado na ciki an yi su ne da ayoyin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]] na zane-zane. An rufe benen da kafet. Masallacin yana da [[mihrab]] da aka yi da marmara mai sassaƙaƙƙiya, tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya da allon rubutu biyu a samansa. An tsara fasalin waje tare da tarin gidaje a kusa da babban dome.<ref name=":3" /> == Wuri == Masallacin yana Kanda (Kawukudi) a Accra.<ref name=":3" /> == Umurnin == Nana Akufo-Addo ne ya ba da umarnin masallacin a ranar Juma'a 16 ga Yuli 2021.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-16|title=Akufo-Addo commissions National Mosque Complex [Photos]|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/07/akufo-addo-commissions-national-mosque-complex-photos/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Taron ya samu halartar shugaba Mohammed Bazoum da tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar Mahamadou Issoufou. Haka kuma mahalarta taron sun hada da Mahamudu Bawumia, Fuat Oktay, Ali Erbas, da Osman Nuhu Sharubutu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-16|title=Largest mosque in West Africa opened in Ghana|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Largest-mosque-in-West-Africa-opened-in-Ghana-1311064|access-date=2021-07-17|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719183222/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Largest-mosque-in-West-Africa-opened-in-Ghana-1311064|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Communications|title=President Akufo-Addo Commissions National Mosque Complex|url=https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/1964-president-akufo-addo-commissions-national-mosque-complex|access-date=2021-07-17|website=presidency.gov.gh|language=en-gb|archive-date=2022-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925183353/https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/1964-president-akufo-addo-commissions-national-mosque-complex|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kayan aiki == An yi ikirarin masallacin masallacin mai dauke da kujeru 15,000 wanda aka gina a kan kadada 42. Tana da hadaddun ofisoshin Babban Limamin Kasa, manajojin aikin da sauran su; dakin ajiye gawa, ɗakin karatu, makaranta, dakunan kwanan dalibai, ma'aikata da gidajen baƙi; da asibitin da ya dace da dakunan gwaje -gwaje da kantin magani. Yana da minaret wanda ana iya gani daga sassa da yawa na Accra.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Photos: Akufo-Addo commissions Ghana National Mosque at Nima|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/akufo-addo-commissions-ghana-national-mosque-at-nima-photos/qdpxmdn|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref>. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="165"> File:Ghana National Mosque 6.jpg|A lokacin kaddamar da masallacin File:Ghana National Mosque 4.jpg| An fara sallar juma'a ta farko a cikin masallacin bayan kammala aikin masallacin File:Ghana National Mosque 5.jpg|Kallon ciki na masallacin File:Ghana National Mosque 3.jpg|Kallon waje na masallacin File:Ghana National Mosque 2.jpg|Kallon waje na masallacin </gallery> == Manazarta == 23kvs7ofuooj5o223ksi9hq5qrh2hdp A Jamaâ 0 26987 882381 249282 2026-07-13T15:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A Jama'a''''' (Hausa:Jama'a ko Mutane) fim ne na 2010 wanda Daoud Aoulad-Syad ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pelicula.php?ano=2010&codigo=580066|title=Festival de San Sebastian|website=www.sansebastianfestival.com|access-date=2018-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170235/https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pelicula.php?ano=2010&codigo=580066|archive-date=2018-09-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bikin Fina-Finan Afirka na Cordoba - FCAT, San Sebastián International Film Festival da sauran bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya ne suka zaɓa. == Labari == Don yin fim ɗin Daoud Aoulad-Syad na baya, ''En attendant Pasolini'', an gina saiti akan filaye da aka yi hayar daga waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyen. An gina [[masallaci]] a filin na Moha, daya daga cikin makwabta. Bayan sun gama harbin sai ’yan fim suka bar kauyen. Makwabtan sun rusa duk wani katafaren ginin, in banda masallacin da ya zama wurin ibada na gaske ga wadanda ke zaune a wurin. Duk da haka, wannan bala'i ne ga Moha, wanda ya kasance yana shuka kayan lambu don ciyar da iyalinsa a wannan ƙasa. == Kyaututtuka == * Cined 2010 * San Sebastian 2010 * Shekarar 2011 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *{{IMDb title|1759631}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301080738/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pelicula.php?ano=2010&codigo=580066 San Sebastián International Film Festival] *[http://www.medfilmfestival.org/medfilm2011/it/film/mosque_regard.php Medfilm Festival 2011]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Fina-finai]] kvwfjtm2giivoqbqprv5ieg2zgpqamh Mother of George 0 27320 882390 873407 2026-07-13T16:16:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339073560|Mother of George]]" 882390 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin hadin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   57v30mrluzzn7kl2tvu9uwohxi2o17f 882391 882390 2026-07-13T16:17:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin hadin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   9kc96m6dwe6tj8ram4fqtsu99gp4xy2 882394 882391 2026-07-13T16:20:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin hadin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   q5q6z0vugwe146vr2d0sl3sfja5c0hd 882395 882394 2026-07-13T16:20:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin hadin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   ieu2tpheeiwmtxbug93885i9n6o7qn6 882397 882395 2026-07-13T16:21:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   j8h0ipvp8hagzb681g5cexqii5gxeyi 882398 882397 2026-07-13T16:22:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   125dt06pmmvslv36hs8mbufy24jnspf 882399 882398 2026-07-13T16:22:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   7f7gf0fqv46caplb0g29em6zodzluo2 882412 882399 2026-07-13T16:45:44Z Baby juuu 38856 882412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   5mkh8bd2hdr7phu7wibw76bukqba44j 882414 882412 2026-07-13T16:46:04Z Baby juuu 38856 882414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   7f7gf0fqv46caplb0g29em6zodzluo2 882416 882414 2026-07-13T16:46:38Z Baby juuu 38856 882416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   kttcipb6wzv8nugiuq7y11r1u0g3y10 882417 882416 2026-07-13T16:47:13Z Baby juuu 38856 882417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   q8he62dhk3ewgz1p6lx8o3m0v7il51j 882418 882417 2026-07-13T16:48:13Z Baby juuu 38856 882418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   px7ygvxqhza9f3yjnx52tkq9pivas04 882420 882418 2026-07-13T16:48:40Z Baby juuu 38856 882420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta kuma fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta ƙasar Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony A kan ''Afirka Ƙasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of Georgea kanFacebook * Mother of GeorgeaOfishin Jakadancin Mojo *   bvzhifnurwqvhcq3n4ay6ve7eh5tca6 Inganchin ruwa 0 29760 882697 559229 2026-07-14T06:49:10Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Fassara}} [[File:Water_reflection_of_karst_mountains_at_golden_hour_in_Vang_Vieng_Laos_(panoramic).jpg |thumb|Teku ]] [[File:Museum_on_Water,_Ohrid.JPG |thumb|Gidan adana kayan Tarihi da ke bisa Teku]] [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb| Ana amfani da samfurin rosette don tattara samfuran ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kamar manyan tabkuna ko tekuna, don gwajin ingancin ruwa.]] [[Fayil:Water fountain near the art museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 6178.jpg|thumb]] '''Water quality''' refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of [[ruwa]] based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extend of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options. == Categories == Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da akaye. Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali ne akan ruwan da ake bi da shi don yuwuwa, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/rayuwar ruwa). === shan mutane === [[File:Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg|thumb| Gurɓatar ruwan sha na yanki da ƙasa ta nau'in sinadarai da girman yawan jama'a cikin haɗarin fallasa]] Gurɓatattun abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa cikin ruwan da ba a kula da su ba sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da kwayoyin cuta ; gurɓataccen yanayi kamar gishiri da [[Ƙarfe|karafa]] ; gurbataccen sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin masana'antu da amfani da man fetur ; magungunan kashe qwari da herbicides ; da kuma gurɓataccen rediyo . Ingancin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin [[Ilmin duwatsu|ƙasa]] da yanayin muhalli, da kuma amfani da ɗan adam kamar watsawar najasa, gurɓataccen masana'antu, yin amfani da jikunan ruwa azaman nutsewar zafi, da yin amfani da yawa (wanda zai iya rage matakin ruwa). Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana iyakance adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwan famfo ta tsarin ruwan jama'a na Amurka. Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci ta ba da izini ga EPA don fitar da ma'auni guda biyu: * ''matakan farko suna daidaita'' abubuwan da zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam; * ''Ma'auni na sakandare sun'' tsara kyawawan halaye, waɗanda ke shafar ɗanɗano, wari, ko kamanni. Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) sun kafa iyaka ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan kwalba . Ruwan sha, gami da ruwan kwalba, ana iya sa ran zai iya ƙunsar aƙalla kaɗan na wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓatattun ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa ruwan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya. A cikin biranen duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsabtace ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa ko ruwan ƙasa ) kafin a raba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwan da kuma aka ɗora kai tsaye daga rafi, tabki, ko magudanar ruwa wanda ba shi da magani ba zai kasance da ingancin rashin tabbas dangane da yuwuwar yuwuwa. Nauyin gurɓataccen ruwan sha yana haifar da ƙarancin wakilci da yawan jama'a. <ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71389-2_5], Katner, A. L., Brown, K., Pieper, K., Edwards, M., Lambrinidou, Y., & Subra, W.. (2018). America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan (pp. 79–97). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5</ref> Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan tsaftataccen sabis na ruwan sha suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Cholera, gudawa, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da polio. <ref>[https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water],(2019, June 14). Drinking-water. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water.</ref> Wadannan al'ummomi galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su da kudin shiga, inda ake zubar da ruwan dattin dan adam zuwa wata tashar magudanar ruwa da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su wajen ban ruwa. === Amfani na masana'antu da na gida. === Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food. === ingancin ruwan muhalli. === [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] {{See also|Environmental monitoring|Freshwater environmental quality parameters}} '''Ingancin ruwan muhalli''', wanda kuma ake kira '''ingancin ruwa na yanayi,''' yana da alaƙa da jikunan ruwa kamar tafkuna, [[:Category:Koguna|koguna]], da tekuna . Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan saman ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin muhalli, da amfanin ɗan adam. Abubuwa masu guba da yawan jama'a na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da haɗari don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfanin masana'antu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya shafar namun daji, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan don sha ko a matsayin wurin zama. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya sun fayyace kariyar kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, aƙalla, riƙe ma'auni masu inganci na yanzu. Akwai wasu sha'awar a tsakanin jama'a na mayar da ruwan ruwa zuwa tsaftataccen yanayi, ko yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunaye suna ba da izinin wasu gurɓataccen ruwa muddin nau'in gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani ga abubuwan da aka keɓe. Idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen yanayi (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, ƙauyuka, ɓallewa a wuraren dazuzzuka) a cikin magudanar ruwa na ruwa mai yawa da yawa, komawa zuwa yanayin da ba a sani ba zai zama babban ƙalubale. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin muhalli masu kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali kan kare al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari da kuma kare lafiyar ɗan adam. == Samfurori da aunawa. == === Taro samfurin === <section begin="sampling" />Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun yana nunawa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni na ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa an fi yin su daidai a kan wurin, saboda ruwa yana wanzuwa cikin daidaito da kewayensa . Ma'auni da aka saba yi akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkar da iskar oxygen, haɓakawa, yuwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin diski na Secchi . Ana iya yin samfurin ruwa don gwajin jiki ko na sinadarai ta hanyoyi da yawa, ya danganta da daidaiton da ake buƙata da halayen gurɓataccen abu. Hanyoyin samfurin sun haɗa da misali mai sauƙi bazuwar samfurin bazuwar, ƙirar ƙira, tsarin tsari da samfurin grid, Samfuran gunguni masu daidaitawa, ɗaukar samfura, saka idanu na tsaka-tsaki da ci gaba, samfurin m, sa ido mai nisa, hangen nesa mai nisa, da nazarin halittu . Yin amfani da samfurori masu mahimmanci yana rage farashin da kuma buƙatar kayan aiki akan wurin samfurin. Yawancin al'amuran gurɓatawa ana iyakance su sosai cikin lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. Don haka, samfuran "ɗauka" galibi ba su isa don ƙididdige matakan gurɓataccen abu ba. Masana kimiyya suna tattara irin wannan nau'in bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarin ruwa a kowane lokaci ko tazarar fitarwa .<section end="sampling" /> Yawancin ma'auni masu rikitarwa ana yin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar su, da tantancewa a wani wuri. Tsarin samfurin ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu: * Matsala ta farko ita ce girman abin da samfurin zai iya zama wakilin tushen ruwa na sha'awa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta lokaci-lokaci ko daga rana zuwa dare ko kuma a matsayin martani ga wasu ayyuka na mutum ko al'ummomin halittu na tsire [[Shuka|-tsire]] na ruwa da [[Dabba|dabbobi]] . Ma'auni na [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|sha'awa]] na iya bambanta tare da nisa daga iyakar ruwa tare da wuce gona da iri da ƙasa ko [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] . Mai samfurin dole ne ya ƙayyade idan lokaci ɗaya da wuri guda ɗaya ya dace da bukatun binciken, ko kuma idan amfani da ruwa na sha'awa za a iya kimanta shi da gamsarwa ta hanyar ma'auni na ƙididdiga na lokaci da wuri, ko kuma idan maxima da minima mai mahimmanci suna buƙatar ma'auni na mutum akan kewayo. na lokuta, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru. Dole ne tsarin tattara samfurin ya tabbatar da ma'aunin daidaitattun lokutan samfur na kowane mutum da wuraren da matsakaicin ya dace. {{Rp|39–40}}Inda mafi girman ƙima ko mafi ƙarancin ƙima, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don lura da bambancin don tantance isassun adadin samfuran don tantance yuwuwar wuce waɗannan mahimman ƙimar. * Matsala ta biyu tana faruwa yayin da aka cire samfurin daga tushen ruwa kuma ya fara kafa daidaitattun sinadarai tare da sabon kewayensa - kwandon samfurin. Dole ne a yi kwantena na samfuri da kayan aiki tare da ƙaramin aiki tare da abubuwan da za a auna; pre-tsabtace samfurin kwantena yana da mahimmanci. Samfurin ruwan na iya narkar da wani yanki na kwandon samfurin da duk wani abin da ya rage a kan wannan akwati, kuma sinadarai da aka narkar da su a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya zama cikin kwandon samfurin kuma su kasance a wurin lokacin da aka zubar da ruwan don bincike. <ref name="Franson" /> {{Rp|4}}Irin wannan mu'amala ta zahiri da sinadarai na iya faruwa tare da kowace famfo, bututu, ko na'urori masu tsaka-tsaki da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin samfurin ruwa cikin kwandon samfurin. Ruwan da aka tattara daga zurfafan ƙasa za a gudanar da shi akai-akai a rage matsa lamba na yanayi; don haka iskar gas da aka narkar a cikin ruwa zai taru a saman kwandon. Gas na yanayi sama da ruwa na iya narke cikin samfurin ruwa. Sauran ma'aunin halayen sinadaran na iya canzawa idan samfurin ruwan ya canza yanayin zafi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin da aka rarrabke waɗanda a da aka dakatar da hargitsin ruwa na iya daidaitawa zuwa kasan kwandon samfurin, ko kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci na iya fitowa daga haɓakar ilimin halitta ko hazo na sinadarai . Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya canza yanayin halitta na oxygen, carbon dioxide, da mahadi . Canza adadin carbon dioxide na iya canza pH kuma canza narkewar sinadarai masu sha'awa. Wadannan matsalolin suna da damuwa na musamman yayin auna sinadarai da ake zaton suna da mahimmanci a cikin ƙananan yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Ajiye samfurin na iya warware matsala ta biyu a wani yanki. Hanya ta gama gari ita ce sanya samfuran sanyi don rage ƙimar halayen sinadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan yana rage sauye-sauye ne kawai maimakon hana su. {{Rp|43–45}}Hanya mai amfani don ƙayyade tasiri na kwantena samfurin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin tarin samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shirye don samfurori na wucin gadi guda biyu a gaba na samfurin samfurin. Akwatin samfurin ɗaya yana cike da ruwa wanda aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadaran sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", ana buɗe shi don fallasa sararin samaniya lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake rufe shi kuma a kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don sanin ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa ya gabatar da kowane adadin da za a iya aunawa. sinadaran sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai a "spiked" tare da ƙarin adadin adadin sinadarai na sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar blank ( mara kyau iko ) da samfurin spiked ( kyakkyawan kulawa ) tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asara a lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tarin da bincike. <ref>United States Geological Survey (USGS), Denver, CO (2009). [http://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html "Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307193550/https://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html |date=2022-03-07 }} Prepared by USGS Branch of Quality Systems, Office of Water Quality.</ref> === Gwaji don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa === [[File:EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_(4717896816).jpg|thumb| Gwajin ruwa a Tekun Mexico bayan malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon]] Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar kasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan da nan daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba da kokarin dawo da ababen more rayuwa da samar da muhimman abubuwan da suka wajaba don rayuwa da murmurewa daga baya. Barazanar cututtuka yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ɗimbin mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba. Bayan bala'i na dabi'a, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da mafi kyawun matakin da za a ɗauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri. Maɓalli na asali na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen fecal, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yuwuwar haɓakawa / jimlar narkar da daskararru . Akwai hanyoyin lalata da yawa. Bayan manyan bala'o'i, dogon lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo matakan kafin bala'i. Alal misali, bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004, Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya da ke Colombo (IWMI) ta lura da illolin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun farfaɗo zuwa ruwan sha kafin tsunami mai inganci shekaru ɗaya da rabi bayan taron. <ref>International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2010). [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf "Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022712/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf |date=2012-03-02 }} ''Success Stories.'' Issue 7. {{Doi|10.5337/2011.0030}}</ref> IWMI ta samar da ka'idoji don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurbata; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta]] amince da waɗannan a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ƙa'idodinta na gaggawa. === Binciken sunadarai. === [[File:GCMS_open.jpg|right|thumb| Gas chromatograph -<nowiki><br id="mwARo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mass spectrometer yana auna magungunan kashe qwari da sauran gurɓataccen yanayi]] Mafi sauƙaƙan hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai su ne waɗanda ke auna abubuwan sinadarai ba tare da mutunta nau'insu ba. Binciken abubuwa don oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna nauyin 890 g / L ( gram a kowace lita ) na samfurin ruwa saboda oxygen (O) yana da kashi 89% na kwayoyin ruwa (H <sub>2</sub> O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ya kamata ta bambanta tsakanin diatomic oxygen da oxygen hade da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙaƙan kwatancen bincike na asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan samfuri da ƙimar ingancin ruwa don abubuwan wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe masu nauyi . Binciken ruwa don ƙananan karafa dole ne yayi la'akari da barbashin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar suna iya ƙunsar ƙarfe da za a iya aunawa. Ko da yake ba a narkar da barbashi a cikin ruwan, mutane na iya cinye su ta hanyar shan ruwan. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar narkar da karafa a kan kwandon samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin karafa daga barbashi ƙasa da aka dakatar. Tace barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙara acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar narkar da karafa akan tacewa. <ref>State of California Environmental Protection Agency ''Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances'' (1994) pp.&nbsp;23–24</ref> Matsalolin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya sun fi ƙalubale. Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya yin tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido na yau da kullun kuma ana fitar da sakamakon daga hukumomin gwamnati . Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake da su don wasu ƙima na gaba ɗaya. Kayayyakin da ake samu ga jama'a sun haɗa da na'urorin gwaji a wurin, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin tantance halittu. === Sa ido na ainihi. === Ko da yake galibi ana ƙididdige ingancin ruwa tare da yin nazari a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20, an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke samarwa. Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa sun ƙirƙira tsarin tattara bayanai na ainihin lokacin game da ingancin ruwan tushen. A farkon karni na 21st, an tura nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tsarin kulawa na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkar da iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu nisa don lura da ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, estuarine da gaɓar ruwa. == Manuniya. == === Alamomin ruwan sha === [[File:Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg|right|thumb| Ana amfani da mitar ɗaurin ɗamara don auna jumillar daskararrun daskararru]] * Alkalinity * Launi na ruwa. * pH. * Ku ɗanɗani da wari ( geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), da dai sauransu. ) * Narkar da karafa da gishiri ( sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium ). * Kwayoyin halitta irin su fecal coliform kwayoyin cuta ( ''Escherichia coli'' ), Cryptosporidium, da Giardia lamblia ; ''duba'' nazarin ruwa na kwayoyin cuta. * Narkar da karafa da metalloids ( gubar, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu. ) * Narkar da kwayoyin halitta: launin narkar da kwayoyin halitta (CDOM), narkar da kwayoyin carbon (DOC) * Radon. * Karfe masu nauyi. * Magunguna. * Analogs na hormone. === Alamun muhalli === ==== Alamun jiki na zahiri ==== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} * Water [[temperature]] * Specific conductance or [[electrical conductance]] (EC) or conductivity * [[Total suspended solids]] (TSS) * [[Secchi depth|Transparency]] or [[turbidity]] {{Col-2}} * [[Total dissolved solids]] (TDS) * [[Odour]] of water * [[Color of water]] (such as [[Forel-Ule scale]] or [[Pt/Co scale]]) * [[Taste]] of water {{Col-end}}{{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} * [[pH]] * [[Biochemical oxygen demand]] (BOD) * [[Chemical oxygen demand]] (COD) * [[Dissolved oxygen]] (DO) * [[Hard water|Total hardness]] (TH) {{Col-2}} * [[Heavy metals]] * [[Nitrate]] * [[Orthophosphate]]s * [[Pesticide]]s * [[Surfactant]]s {{Col-end}} ==== Alamun halittu ==== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} * [[Ephemeroptera]] * [[Plecoptera]] * [[Mollusca]] * [[Trichoptera]] * ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E. coli) {{Col-2}} * [[Coliform bacteria]] * ''[[Pimephales promelas]]'' (fathead minnow) * ''[[Americamysis bahia]]'' (Mysid shrimp) * [[sea urchin]] {{Col-end}}An ɓullo da ma'auni na nazarin halittu a wurare da yawa, kuma ɗayan dangin da aka yi amfani da shi na ma'auni don ruwa mai tsabta shine kasancewar da yawa na mambobi na umarni na kwari Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera da Trichoptera (EPT) (na benthic macroinvertebrates wanda sunayen gama gari ne, bi da bi, mai yiwuwafly., stonefly da caddisfly). Ma'anar EPT a zahiri za ta bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma gabaɗaya, a cikin yanki, yawan adadin haraji daga waɗannan umarni, mafi kyawun ingancin ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, kamar EPA. ba da jagora kan haɓaka shirin sa ido da gano membobin waɗannan da sauran umarnin kwari na ruwa. Yawancin masu fitar da ruwan sha na Amurka (misali, masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, matatun mai, ma'adinai, masana'antar kula da najasa na birni) ana buƙatar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙazamin ƙazamin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci ( '''WET''' ). Mutanen da ke da sha'awar lura da ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin lab ba kuma za su iya amfani da alamun ilimin halitta don samun cikakken karatun ingancin ruwa. Misali ɗaya shine shirin sa ido na ruwa na IOWATER na [[Iowa]], wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin alamar EPT. <ref>IOWATER (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). Iowa City, IA (2005). [http://www.iowater.net/Publications/BMIKey2Edvmay05.pdf "Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207114055/http://www.iowater.net/Publications/BMIKey2Edvmay05.pdf |date=2013-12-07 }}</ref> Bivalve molluscs ana amfani da su sosai azaman masu nunin halitta don lura da lafiyar mahallin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai daɗi da mahallin marine. Matsayin yawan jama'a ko tsarin su, ilimin halittar jiki, hali ko matakin gurɓatawa tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin. Suna da amfani musamman tun lokacin da suke da ƙarfi don su zama wakilai na yanayin da aka zana su ko sanya su. Wani aiki na yau da kullun shine US Mussel Watch Program, amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya. Hanyar Ƙimar Ƙididdiga ta Kudancin Afirka (SASS) ita ce tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa na halitta bisa ga kasancewar benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). An tace kayan aikin kula da ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wacce aka gyara ta musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, watau ISO/IEC 17025 yarjejeniya. <ref>Dickens CWS and Graham PM. 2002. [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/methods/dickens%20and%20graham.pdf The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328153218/https://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/methods/dickens%20and%20graham.pdf |date=2016-03-28 }} "African Journal of Aquatic Science", 27:1–10.</ref> Hanyar SASS5 da Sashen Harkokin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da shi a matsayin daidaitacciyar hanya don Kimar Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin na ƙasa da kuma Database na Kogin Kogin. == Ka'idoji da rahotanni. == A cikin tsarin ma'auni, hukumomi suna yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha / kimiyya bisa yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan. A cikin yanayin jikunan ruwa na halitta, hukumomi kuma suna yin kiyasin ma'ana na kyawawan yanayi. Jikunan ruwa na halitta za su bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli na yanki, wanda abin da ke tattare da tsarin ruwa yana tasiri da abubuwan da ke kewaye da yanayin yanayin ƙasa, sediments, da nau'in dutse, yanayin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, da yanayi. Masana kimiyyar muhalli da masu ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na ruwa suna aiki don fassara ma'auni da yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ingancin ruwa na yanki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen gano tushe da makomar gurɓatattun abubuwa. Lauyoyin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi suna aiki don ayyana doka tare da niyyar cewa ana kiyaye ruwa a ingantaccen ingancin amfani da shi. Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a. A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa batu ne mai rikitarwa, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa wani matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin]] ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki. Ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci (misali [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], [[hakar ma'adinai]], gine-gine, sufuri ) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa daga wuraren [[Gona|noma]], zubar da ruwa a birane da fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba. === Ƙasashen Duniya. === * Hukumar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta buga jagororin ingancin ruwan sha (GDWQ) a cikin 2011. * The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) buga{{When|date=June 2016}} ƙa'ida na ingancin ruwa a cikin sashin ICS 13.060, wanda ya fito daga samfurin ruwa, ruwan sha, ruwa na masana'antu, najasa, da gwajin ruwa don sinadarai, jiki ko kayan halitta. ICS 91.140.60, yana rufe ka'idodin tsarin samar da ruwa. === Ƙididdigar ƙasa don ruwan yanayi da ruwan sha === ==== Tarayyar Turai ==== Tsarin ruwa na [[Tarayyar Turai]] an tsara shi da farko cikin umarni guda uku: * Umarni kan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane (91/271/EEC) na ranar 21, ga Mayu 1991, game da fitar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu ; * Umarnin Ruwan Sha (98/83/EC) na 3 Nuwamba 1998 game da ingancin ruwan sha; * Dokar Tsarin Ruwa (2000/60/EC) na 23 Oktoba 2000 game da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa . ==== Indiya. ==== * Matsayin Majalisar Binciken Likitanci na Indiya (ICMR) don Ruwan Sha. ==== Afirka ta Kudu. ==== An haɗa jagororin ingancin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga yuwuwar nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin ingancin Ruwa na 1996. <ref>Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996). [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/index.html "Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102555/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/index.html |date=2017-06-27 }}</ref> Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241, Ƙayyadaddun Ruwan Sha. <ref>Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678 .</ref> ==== Ƙasar Ingila. ==== A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) 2000." <ref>National Archives, London, UK. [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/3184/contents/made "The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."] 2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08.</ref> ==== Amurka. ==== A cikin Amurka, Hukumomin Jiha sun ayyana Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa don ƙungiyoyin ruwa daban-daban, waɗanda ake buƙata don amfanin ruwan (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane ikon mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci) su gabatar da jeri na rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Waɗannan rahotannin ana san su da rahoton 303(d) da 305(b) waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don tanadin CWA nasu, kuma an ƙaddamar da su, kuma sun amince da su, EPA. Ana kammala waɗannan rahotanni ta ikon hukuma, yawanci hukumar kula da muhalli ta jiha . EPA ta ba da shawarar kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗe-haɗe" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gurɓatattun ruwa da kuma matsayin duk wuraren ruwa a jihar. Rahoton ''Ingantattun Ingantattun Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisa'' babban rahoto ne kan ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da adadin mil na koguna da koguna da jimillar yanayin su. CWA na buƙatar jihohi su ɗauki ƙa'idodi don kowane yuwuwar amfani da aka keɓance da suka sanya wa ruwansu. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tabki sun gaza cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da aka keɓance shi, an sanya shi cikin jerin gurɓatattun ruwa. Da zarar wata jiha ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai kafa Jimlar Matsakaicin Loads na yau da kullun (TMDLs) don masu gurɓatawar ruwa da ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Waɗannan TMDLs sun kafa ragi da ake buƙata don cikakken goyan bayan abubuwan da aka keɓance. <ref>More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's [https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/surf-your-watershed "Surf Your Watershed"] website.</ref> Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha . == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} # United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 92–500 ("Clean Water Act"). "Definitions." Section 502(19), 33 U.S.C. § 1362. # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Definitions." "EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." ''Code of Federal Regulations,'' 40 CFR 122.2. # '''^''' "Definitions." CWA sec. 502(12); 33 U.S.C. § 1362. # '''^''' "Thermal discharges." CWA sec. 316, 33 U.S.C. § 1326. # '''^''' "Identification of areas with insufficient controls; maximum daily load; certain effluent limitations revision." CWA sec. 303(d), 33 U.S.C. § 1313(d). # '''^''' EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." ''Code of Federal Regulations,'' 40 CFR 133. # '''^''' United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 93–523; 42 U.S.C. § 300f ''et seq.'' 1974-12-16. # '''^''' EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations." ''Code of Federal Regulations,'' 40 CFR Part 141. # '''^''' "Effluent limitations." CWA sec. 301(b), 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b); "Effluent limitation guidelines." CWA sec. 304(b), 33 U.S.C. § 1314(b) # '''^''' "National standards of performance." CWA sec. 306(a), 33 U.S.C. § 1316(a). # '''^''' EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." ''Code of Federal Regulations,'' 40 CFR Part 133. # '''^''' "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." CWA sec. 402, 33 U.S.C. § 1342. # '''^''' United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 92–500, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 ''et seq.,'' as amended. # '''^''' United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 94–580. Approved October 21, 1976. 42 U.S.C. § 6901 ''et seq.,'' as amended. # '''^''' United States. Safe Drinking Water Act, <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 93–523. Approved December 16, 1974. 42 U.S.C. § 300f ''et seq.,'' as amended. # '''^''' United States. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 75–717. Approved June 25, 1938. 21 U.S.C. § 301 ''et seq.,'' as amended. pol25dd1oex17a50om44gr6qtzlqbsh Abdu Gusau Polytechnic 0 31046 882435 824747 2026-07-13T16:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abdu Gusau in 1976.jpg|thumb|hoton Abdu Gusau da wasu]] '''Abdu Gusau Polytechnic''' is a State government polytechnic located in [[Talata-Mafara|Talata Mafara]], [[Zamfara|Zamfara State]], Nigeria. == Tarihi == [[File:Sokoto State Nigeria.png|thumb]] An kuma kafa makarantar ne a shekara ta 1992, bayan tsohon gwamnan jihar Sokoto Yahaya Abdulkarim ya rattaba hannu a kan kudirin dokar kafa makarantar ‘Talata Mafara Polythecnic’. . Gwamnatin jihar Sokoto ta sauya sunan Polytechnic zuwa 'Abdu Gusau Polytechnic' a watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1995. Anyi hakan ne domin karrama Marigayi Injiniya Abdu Gusau wanda ya rasu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1994, bisa la'akari da irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban jihar. Jihar Zamfara ta Najeriya an kafa ta ne da wata doka ta Tarayya a shekarar 1996, kuma hakan ya sa aka mayar da polytechnic zuwa wani sabon wurin dindindin a Talata Mafara. Gwamnatin jihar Sokoto ba ta da alhaki a kanta, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba a samu wata hukuma ta jihar Zamfara dake Sokoto..<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/|title=HISTORY|website=agpmafara.edu.ng|date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Background of the Polytechnic |url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/ |website=Abdu Gusau Polytechnic Talata Mafara |date=23 May 2020 |accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=NIPC |title=Nigerian States, Zamfara state |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/zamfara-state/ |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |date=9 January 2019 |publisher=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |accessdate=5 September 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210846/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/zamfara-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alapiki |first1=Henry E. |title=State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy |journal=African Studies Review |date=2005 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1353/arw.2006.0003 |jstor=20065139|s2cid=146571948 }}</ref> == Na yanzu. == Polytechnic a yau, cibiya ce mai cikakken ci gaba tare da sassan 19, da ɗalibai guda 2524, <ref>https://agpmafara.edu.ng/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> suna ba da shirye-shirye a fannonin karatu da yawa. Cibiyar a halin yanzu tana ba da ND's (National Diploma) a cikin darussa kamar; Mass Communication, Banking & Finance, Civil Law, Building Engineering, Electric Engineering and HND's (Higher National Diploma) a office management technology, business, bio chemistry, computer science and statistics. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Makarantu]] [[Category:Makaranta]] [[Category:Makaranta masu zaman kansu]] [[Category:Makarantun Gwamnati]] [[Category:Makarantun Najeriya]] [[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ilimi]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Rukuni:Makarantun Fasaha a Nijeriya]] spbdqq8c4rr32q7zhgjj6hd2i6censf Julia Neuberger 0 32418 882808 480253 2026-07-14T09:14:56Z Zahrah0 14848 882808 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger''', DBE (née '''Schwab''' ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.<ref>"Meet the directors". ''[[UCLH]]''. Retrieved 7 February2020.</ref><ref>"Rabbi Julia Neuberger". [[West London Synagogue]]. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Neuberger.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke [[Landan|London]] a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab.<ref>ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/neuberger-julia-babette-sarah-1950<sup>[</sup></ref> Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]]. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta.<ref>"The Schwab and Westheimer Trusts homepage". Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga [[Turkiyya]] saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na [[Ibrananci]] na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi.<ref>Weiss, Ruth. "Interview with Rabbi Julia Neuberger, the first female rabbi in Great Britain who had her own synagogue" (January 9, 1987) [audio recording]. Personenarchiv Ruth Weiss, ID: TPA.43 165. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).</ref> Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck . == Sana'a == === Matsayin addini === Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin ''Pause for Thought'' a gidan rediyon BBC 2.<ref>Sampson, Katie (1 October 1997). "I work for: Julia Neuberger". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref> === Ayyukan jama'a === Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref>"Curtain Rises On New Chancellor". ''[[Ulster University]]''. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> ''Wanene Wanene ya'' lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, ''The Moral State We're In'', nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani (  ), an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, ''The State We're In'' . === Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa === [[File:Women of the 89th United States Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 (18.1%). An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado [[Gordon Brown]] ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp Appointment as "Volunteering Tsar", on 10 Downing Street website 29 June 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194808/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp|date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/mar/10/voluntarysector.socialcare|title=Report of Neuberger's forthcoming speech on Volunteering, in ''The Guardian'', 10 March 2008.|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081229164218/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-29|title=Report on Volunteering, March 2008 (PDF)}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma . == Rigima == [[Fayil:Congresswomen of the 89th Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger a cikin mutane ]] A shekarar 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School.<ref>Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". ''cain.ulster.ac.uk''.</ref> Jaridar ''Irish News'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu.<ref name="irish-news-criticses-neuberger">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:3m7LOJlY_9wJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Fsid%3D217635%26tser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ie "Catholic schools are sectarian says chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 17 April 2007</ref> <ref name="university-ulster-washes-hands">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:a9grEWA9qjAJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Ftser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben%26sid%3D218329+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ie "UU 'washes hands' of chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 19 April 2007</ref> Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar ''Irish News'' ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”<ref>Moriarty, Gerry (26 April 1997). "Rabbi says report was misleading". ''[[Irish Times]]''. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>UU Chancellor defends comments on single denomination schools Archived 3 September 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]], The IE Professional #120b, 23 September 1997</ref> == Aikin tallafi == A cikin Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, <ref name="BMJ Article">{{Cite journal|url-status=30–4}}</ref> da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-liverpool-care-pathway-for-dying-patients Independent report: Review of Liverpool Care Pathway for dying patients] – Department of Health, 15 July 2013.</ref> karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP. An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006<ref>"Attend VIPs – Attend". ''www.attend.org.uk''</ref> kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011. An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.<ref>"VHI Press Releases". ''www.vhi.ie''.</ref> [[File:Isabella Duchess of Manchester by Andrea Soldi, 1738.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.<ref>"Vice Presidents". ''Jewish Leadership Council''. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</ref> == Rayuwa == Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan 17 Satumba 1973.<ref>Anthony Neuberger profile from Warwick Business School Archived 3 October 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger . A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta.<ref>"Baroness Neuberger applies for German passport".</ref> Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."<ref>Neuberger, Julia (15 November 2016). "I'm a rabbi, and I'm applying for a German passport. Here's why – Julia Neuberger" – via www.theguardian.com.</ref> == Lakabi da karramawa == * Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure) * Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977) * Rabbi Julia Neuberger (1977-2003) * Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE (2003-2004) * Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE (2004-) == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''Labarin Yahudanci'' (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988. * ''Kwanaki na Hukunci'' (Edited hudu a jere), 1987. * ''Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban'', 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White). * ''Ƙarshen Labura'', 1991. * ''Meke Faruwa Da Mata?'', 1991. * ''Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya'', 1992. * ''Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci'' (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993. * ''Kan Kasancewa Bayahude'', 1995. * ''Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa'', 1999, bugu na 2 2004. * ''Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau'', (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002. * ''Halin Halin da Muke Ciki'', 2005. * ''Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai'', 2008. * ''Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci'', 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/baroness-neuberger/3690 Baroness Neuberger] bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/neuberger.shtml 2004 Hira] da Joan Bakewell don ''Imani'' ( Radiyon BBC 3 ) * [http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094745/http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger |date=2011-07-15 }} akan PMLiVE.com {{Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)}}{{Reform Judaism in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata a siyasa]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1950]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ido5wz3j0jdylvm0bkvwwlmf24lr2js 882809 882808 2026-07-14T09:15:49Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Sana'a */ 882809 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger''', DBE (née '''Schwab''' ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.<ref>"Meet the directors". ''[[UCLH]]''. Retrieved 7 February2020.</ref><ref>"Rabbi Julia Neuberger". [[West London Synagogue]]. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Neuberger.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke [[Landan|London]] a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab.<ref>ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/neuberger-julia-babette-sarah-1950<sup>[</sup></ref> Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]]. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta.<ref>"The Schwab and Westheimer Trusts homepage". Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga [[Turkiyya]] saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na [[Ibrananci]] na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi.<ref>Weiss, Ruth. "Interview with Rabbi Julia Neuberger, the first female rabbi in Great Britain who had her own synagogue" (January 9, 1987) [audio recording]. Personenarchiv Ruth Weiss, ID: TPA.43 165. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).</ref> Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck . == Sana'a == === Matsayin addini === Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin ''Pause for Thought'' a gidan rediyon BBC 2.<ref>Sampson, Katie (1 October 1997). "I work for: Julia Neuberger". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref> === Ayyukan jama'a === Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref>"Curtain Rises On New Chancellor". ''[[Ulster University]]''. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> ''Wanene Wanene ya'' lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, ''The Moral State We're In'', nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani (  ), an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, ''The State We're In'' . === Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa === [[File:Women of the 89th United States Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 (18.1%). An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado [[Gordon Brown]] ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp Appointment as "Volunteering Tsar", on 10 Downing Street website 29 June 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194808/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp|date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/mar/10/voluntarysector.socialcare|title=Report of Neuberger's forthcoming speech on Volunteering, in ''The Guardian'', 10 March 2008.|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081229164218/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-29|title=Report on Volunteering, March 2008 (PDF)}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma . == Rigima == [[Fayil:Congresswomen of the 89th Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger a cikin mutane ]] A shekarar 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School.<ref>Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". ''cain.ulster.ac.uk''.</ref> Jaridar ''Irish News'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu.<ref name="irish-news-criticses-neuberger">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:3m7LOJlY_9wJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Fsid%3D217635%26tser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ie "Catholic schools are sectarian says chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 17 April 2007</ref> <ref name="university-ulster-washes-hands">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:a9grEWA9qjAJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Ftser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben%26sid%3D218329+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ie "UU 'washes hands' of chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 19 April 2007</ref> Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar ''Irish News'' ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”<ref>Moriarty, Gerry (26 April 1997). "Rabbi says report was misleading". ''[[Irish Times]]''. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>UU Chancellor defends comments on single denomination schools Archived 3 September 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]], The IE Professional #120b, 23 September 1997</ref> == Aikin tallafi == A cikin watan Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, <ref name="BMJ Article">{{Cite journal|url-status=30–4}}</ref> da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-liverpool-care-pathway-for-dying-patients Independent report: Review of Liverpool Care Pathway for dying patients] – Department of Health, 15 July 2013.</ref> karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP. An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006<ref>"Attend VIPs – Attend". ''www.attend.org.uk''</ref> kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011. An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.<ref>"VHI Press Releases". ''www.vhi.ie''.</ref> [[File:Isabella Duchess of Manchester by Andrea Soldi, 1738.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.<ref>"Vice Presidents". ''Jewish Leadership Council''. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</ref> == Rayuwa == Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan 17 Satumba 1973.<ref>Anthony Neuberger profile from Warwick Business School Archived 3 October 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger . A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta.<ref>"Baroness Neuberger applies for German passport".</ref> Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."<ref>Neuberger, Julia (15 November 2016). "I'm a rabbi, and I'm applying for a German passport. Here's why – Julia Neuberger" – via www.theguardian.com.</ref> == Lakabi da karramawa == * Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure) * Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977) * Rabbi Julia Neuberger (1977-2003) * Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE (2003-2004) * Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE (2004-) == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''Labarin Yahudanci'' (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988. * ''Kwanaki na Hukunci'' (Edited hudu a jere), 1987. * ''Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban'', 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White). * ''Ƙarshen Labura'', 1991. * ''Meke Faruwa Da Mata?'', 1991. * ''Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya'', 1992. * ''Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci'' (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993. * ''Kan Kasancewa Bayahude'', 1995. * ''Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa'', 1999, bugu na 2 2004. * ''Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau'', (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002. * ''Halin Halin da Muke Ciki'', 2005. * ''Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai'', 2008. * ''Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci'', 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/baroness-neuberger/3690 Baroness Neuberger] bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/neuberger.shtml 2004 Hira] da Joan Bakewell don ''Imani'' ( Radiyon BBC 3 ) * [http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094745/http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger |date=2011-07-15 }} akan PMLiVE.com {{Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)}}{{Reform Judaism in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata a siyasa]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1950]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ogmtu6g6x9nohtppp989e3r69fx4rvz 882810 882809 2026-07-14T09:16:25Z Zahrah0 14848 882810 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger''', DBE (née '''Schwab''' ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.<ref>"Meet the directors". ''[[UCLH]]''. Retrieved 7 February2020.</ref><ref>"Rabbi Julia Neuberger". [[West London Synagogue]]. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Neuberger.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke [[Landan|London]] a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab.<ref>ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/neuberger-julia-babette-sarah-1950<sup>[</sup></ref> Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]]. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta.<ref>"The Schwab and Westheimer Trusts homepage". Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga [[Turkiyya]] saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na [[Ibrananci]] na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi.<ref>Weiss, Ruth. "Interview with Rabbi Julia Neuberger, the first female rabbi in Great Britain who had her own synagogue" (January 9, 1987) [audio recording]. Personenarchiv Ruth Weiss, ID: TPA.43 165. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).</ref> Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck . == Sana'a == === Matsayin addini === Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin ''Pause for Thought'' a gidan rediyon BBC 2.<ref>Sampson, Katie (1 October 1997). "I work for: Julia Neuberger". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref> === Ayyukan jama'a === Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref>"Curtain Rises On New Chancellor". ''[[Ulster University]]''. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> ''Wanene Wanene ya'' lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, ''The Moral State We're In'', nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani (  ), an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, ''The State We're In'' . === Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa === [[File:Women of the 89th United States Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 (18.1%). An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado [[Gordon Brown]] ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp Appointment as "Volunteering Tsar", on 10 Downing Street website 29 June 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194808/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp|date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/mar/10/voluntarysector.socialcare|title=Report of Neuberger's forthcoming speech on Volunteering, in ''The Guardian'', 10 March 2008.|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081229164218/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-29|title=Report on Volunteering, March 2008 (PDF)}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma . == Rigima == [[Fayil:Congresswomen of the 89th Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger a cikin mutane ]] A shekarar alif 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School.<ref>Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". ''cain.ulster.ac.uk''.</ref> Jaridar ''Irish News'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu.<ref name="irish-news-criticses-neuberger">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:3m7LOJlY_9wJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Fsid%3D217635%26tser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ie "Catholic schools are sectarian says chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 17 April 2007</ref> <ref name="university-ulster-washes-hands">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:a9grEWA9qjAJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Ftser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben%26sid%3D218329+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ie "UU 'washes hands' of chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 19 April 2007</ref> Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar ''Irish News'' ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”<ref>Moriarty, Gerry (26 April 1997). "Rabbi says report was misleading". ''[[Irish Times]]''. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>UU Chancellor defends comments on single denomination schools Archived 3 September 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]], The IE Professional #120b, 23 September 1997</ref> == Aikin tallafi == A cikin watan Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, <ref name="BMJ Article">{{Cite journal|url-status=30–4}}</ref> da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-liverpool-care-pathway-for-dying-patients Independent report: Review of Liverpool Care Pathway for dying patients] – Department of Health, 15 July 2013.</ref> karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP. An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006<ref>"Attend VIPs – Attend". ''www.attend.org.uk''</ref> kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011. An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.<ref>"VHI Press Releases". ''www.vhi.ie''.</ref> [[File:Isabella Duchess of Manchester by Andrea Soldi, 1738.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.<ref>"Vice Presidents". ''Jewish Leadership Council''. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</ref> == Rayuwa == Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan 17 Satumba 1973.<ref>Anthony Neuberger profile from Warwick Business School Archived 3 October 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger . A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta.<ref>"Baroness Neuberger applies for German passport".</ref> Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."<ref>Neuberger, Julia (15 November 2016). "I'm a rabbi, and I'm applying for a German passport. Here's why – Julia Neuberger" – via www.theguardian.com.</ref> == Lakabi da karramawa == * Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure) * Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977) * Rabbi Julia Neuberger (1977-2003) * Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE (2003-2004) * Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE (2004-) == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''Labarin Yahudanci'' (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988. * ''Kwanaki na Hukunci'' (Edited hudu a jere), 1987. * ''Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban'', 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White). * ''Ƙarshen Labura'', 1991. * ''Meke Faruwa Da Mata?'', 1991. * ''Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya'', 1992. * ''Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci'' (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993. * ''Kan Kasancewa Bayahude'', 1995. * ''Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa'', 1999, bugu na 2 2004. * ''Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau'', (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002. * ''Halin Halin da Muke Ciki'', 2005. * ''Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai'', 2008. * ''Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci'', 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/baroness-neuberger/3690 Baroness Neuberger] bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/neuberger.shtml 2004 Hira] da Joan Bakewell don ''Imani'' ( Radiyon BBC 3 ) * [http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094745/http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger |date=2011-07-15 }} akan PMLiVE.com {{Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)}}{{Reform Judaism in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata a siyasa]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1950]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iph04qhfa8ycyo0r5v00vfi5xf4h19g 882811 882810 2026-07-14T09:17:07Z Zahrah0 14848 882811 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger''', DBE (née '''Schwab''' ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.<ref>"Meet the directors". ''[[UCLH]]''. Retrieved 7 February2020.</ref><ref>"Rabbi Julia Neuberger". [[West London Synagogue]]. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Neuberger.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke [[Landan|London]] a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab.<ref>ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/neuberger-julia-babette-sarah-1950<sup>[</sup></ref> Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]]. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta.<ref>"The Schwab and Westheimer Trusts homepage". Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga [[Turkiyya]] saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na [[Ibrananci]] na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi.<ref>Weiss, Ruth. "Interview with Rabbi Julia Neuberger, the first female rabbi in Great Britain who had her own synagogue" (January 9, 1987) [audio recording]. Personenarchiv Ruth Weiss, ID: TPA.43 165. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).</ref> Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck . == Sana'a == === Matsayin addini === Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin ''Pause for Thought'' a gidan rediyon BBC 2.<ref>Sampson, Katie (1 October 1997). "I work for: Julia Neuberger". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref> === Ayyukan jama'a === Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref>"Curtain Rises On New Chancellor". ''[[Ulster University]]''. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> ''Wanene Wanene ya'' lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, ''The Moral State We're In'', nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani (  ), an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, ''The State We're In'' . === Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa === [[File:Women of the 89th United States Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 (18.1%). An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado [[Gordon Brown]] ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp Appointment as "Volunteering Tsar", on 10 Downing Street website 29 June 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194808/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp|date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/mar/10/voluntarysector.socialcare|title=Report of Neuberger's forthcoming speech on Volunteering, in ''The Guardian'', 10 March 2008.|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081229164218/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-29|title=Report on Volunteering, March 2008 (PDF)}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma . == Rigima == [[Fayil:Congresswomen of the 89th Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger a cikin mutane ]] A shekarar alif 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School.<ref>Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". ''cain.ulster.ac.uk''.</ref> Jaridar ''Irish News'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu.<ref name="irish-news-criticses-neuberger">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:3m7LOJlY_9wJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Fsid%3D217635%26tser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ie "Catholic schools are sectarian says chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 17 April 2007</ref> <ref name="university-ulster-washes-hands">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:a9grEWA9qjAJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Ftser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben%26sid%3D218329+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ie "UU 'washes hands' of chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 19 April 2007</ref> Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar ''Irish News'' ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”<ref>Moriarty, Gerry (26 April 1997). "Rabbi says report was misleading". ''[[Irish Times]]''. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>UU Chancellor defends comments on single denomination schools Archived 3 September 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]], The IE Professional #120b, 23 September 1997</ref> == Aikin tallafi == A cikin watan Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, <ref name="BMJ Article">{{Cite journal|url-status=30–4}}</ref> da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-liverpool-care-pathway-for-dying-patients Independent report: Review of Liverpool Care Pathway for dying patients] – Department of Health, 15 July 2013.</ref> karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP. An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006<ref>"Attend VIPs – Attend". ''www.attend.org.uk''</ref> kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011. An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.<ref>"VHI Press Releases". ''www.vhi.ie''.</ref> [[File:Isabella Duchess of Manchester by Andrea Soldi, 1738.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.<ref>"Vice Presidents". ''Jewish Leadership Council''. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</ref> == Rayuwa == Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan a ranar 17 Satumba 1973.<ref>Anthony Neuberger profile from Warwick Business School Archived 3 October 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger . A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta.<ref>"Baroness Neuberger applies for German passport".</ref> Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."<ref>Neuberger, Julia (15 November 2016). "I'm a rabbi, and I'm applying for a German passport. Here's why – Julia Neuberger" – via www.theguardian.com.</ref> == Lakabi da karramawa == * Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure) * Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977) * Rabbi Julia Neuberger (1977-2003) * Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE (2003-2004) * Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE (2004-) == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''Labarin Yahudanci'' (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988. * ''Kwanaki na Hukunci'' (Edited hudu a jere), 1987. * ''Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban'', 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White). * ''Ƙarshen Labura'', 1991. * ''Meke Faruwa Da Mata?'', 1991. * ''Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya'', 1992. * ''Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci'' (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993. * ''Kan Kasancewa Bayahude'', 1995. * ''Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa'', 1999, bugu na 2 2004. * ''Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau'', (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002. * ''Halin Halin da Muke Ciki'', 2005. * ''Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai'', 2008. * ''Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci'', 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/baroness-neuberger/3690 Baroness Neuberger] bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/neuberger.shtml 2004 Hira] da Joan Bakewell don ''Imani'' ( Radiyon BBC 3 ) * [http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094745/http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger |date=2011-07-15 }} akan PMLiVE.com {{Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)}}{{Reform Judaism in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata a siyasa]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1950]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6l123nefbjm7fk894xoi0wg5zdy5kl0 882812 882811 2026-07-14T09:17:53Z Zahrah0 14848 882812 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger''', DBE (née '''Schwab''' ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.<ref>"Meet the directors". ''[[UCLH]]''. Retrieved 7 February2020.</ref><ref>"Rabbi Julia Neuberger". [[West London Synagogue]]. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Neuberger.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke [[Landan|London]] a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab.<ref>ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/neuberger-julia-babette-sarah-1950<sup>[</sup></ref> Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]]. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta.<ref>"The Schwab and Westheimer Trusts homepage". Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga [[Turkiyya]] saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na [[Ibrananci]] na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi.<ref>Weiss, Ruth. "Interview with Rabbi Julia Neuberger, the first female rabbi in Great Britain who had her own synagogue" (January 9, 1987) [audio recording]. Personenarchiv Ruth Weiss, ID: TPA.43 165. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).</ref> Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck . == Sana'a == === Matsayin addini === Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin ''Pause for Thought'' a gidan rediyon BBC 2.<ref>Sampson, Katie (1 October 1997). "I work for: Julia Neuberger". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref> === Ayyukan jama'a === Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref>"Curtain Rises On New Chancellor". ''[[Ulster University]]''. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> ''Wanene Wanene ya'' lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, ''The Moral State We're In'', nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani (  ), an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, ''The State We're In'' . === Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa === [[File:Women of the 89th United States Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 (18.1%). An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado [[Gordon Brown]] ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp Appointment as "Volunteering Tsar", on 10 Downing Street website 29 June 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194808/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page12225.asp|date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/mar/10/voluntarysector.socialcare|title=Report of Neuberger's forthcoming speech on Volunteering, in ''The Guardian'', 10 March 2008.|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081229164218/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-29|title=Report on Volunteering, March 2008 (PDF)}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma . == Rigima == [[Fayil:Congresswomen of the 89th Congress.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger a cikin mutane ]] A shekarar alif 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School.<ref>Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". ''cain.ulster.ac.uk''.</ref> Jaridar ''Irish News'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu.<ref name="irish-news-criticses-neuberger">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:3m7LOJlY_9wJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Fsid%3D217635%26tser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ie "Catholic schools are sectarian says chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 17 April 2007</ref> <ref name="university-ulster-washes-hands">[http://google.com/search?q=cache:a9grEWA9qjAJ:www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp%3Ftser1%3Dser%26par%3Dben%26sid%3D218329+site:irishnews.com&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ie "UU 'washes hands' of chancellor"], Anna-Marie McFaul, ''[[Irish News]]'', 19 April 2007</ref> Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar ''Irish News'' ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”<ref>Moriarty, Gerry (26 April 1997). "Rabbi says report was misleading". ''[[Irish Times]]''. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>UU Chancellor defends comments on single denomination schools Archived 3 September 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]], The IE Professional #120b, 23 September 1997</ref> == Aikin tallafi == A cikin watan Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, <ref name="BMJ Article">{{Cite journal|url-status=30–4}}</ref> da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-liverpool-care-pathway-for-dying-patients Independent report: Review of Liverpool Care Pathway for dying patients] – Department of Health, 15 July 2013.</ref> karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP. An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006<ref>"Attend VIPs – Attend". ''www.attend.org.uk''</ref> kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011. An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.<ref>"VHI Press Releases". ''www.vhi.ie''.</ref> [[File:Isabella Duchess of Manchester by Andrea Soldi, 1738.jpg|thumb|Julia Neuberger]] Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.<ref>"Vice Presidents". ''Jewish Leadership Council''. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</ref> == Rayuwa == Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba shekarar alif 1973.<ref>Anthony Neuberger profile from Warwick Business School Archived 3 October 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger . A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta.<ref>"Baroness Neuberger applies for German passport".</ref> Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."<ref>Neuberger, Julia (15 November 2016). "I'm a rabbi, and I'm applying for a German passport. Here's why – Julia Neuberger" – via www.theguardian.com.</ref> == Lakabi da karramawa == * Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure) * Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977) * Rabbi Julia Neuberger (1977-2003) * Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE (2003-2004) * Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE (2004-) == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''Labarin Yahudanci'' (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988. * ''Kwanaki na Hukunci'' (Edited hudu a jere), 1987. * ''Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban'', 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White). * ''Ƙarshen Labura'', 1991. * ''Meke Faruwa Da Mata?'', 1991. * ''Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya'', 1992. * ''Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci'' (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993. * ''Kan Kasancewa Bayahude'', 1995. * ''Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa'', 1999, bugu na 2 2004. * ''Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau'', (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002. * ''Halin Halin da Muke Ciki'', 2005. * ''Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai'', 2008. * ''Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci'', 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/baroness-neuberger/3690 Baroness Neuberger] bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/neuberger.shtml 2004 Hira] da Joan Bakewell don ''Imani'' ( Radiyon BBC 3 ) * [http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094745/http://www.pmlive.com/find_an_article/allarticles/categories/pr_and_med_ed/2010/november/features/video_interview_with_baroness_julia_neuberger |date=2011-07-15 }} akan PMLiVE.com {{Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)}}{{Reform Judaism in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata a siyasa]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1950]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5wj6h6hg8es3nn4nl5iey74wgqbmzk7 Kungiyar Asiri 0 32943 882496 827964 2026-07-13T20:26:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Asiri''' ƙungiya ce ko hadaka wadda ayyukanta, abubuwan da suka faru, ayyuka na ciki, ko membobinta ke ɓoye sirrinta. Al'umma na ta yin yunƙurin ɓoye wanzuwarta. Kalmar yawanci tana cire ƙungiyoyin ɓoye, kamar hukumomin leƙen asiri ko tashe- tashen hankula na yaƙi, waɗanda ke ɓoye ayyukansu da membobinsu amma suna kiyaye gaban jama'a. == Ma'anoni == Ana jayayya game da ainihin cancantar yiwa ƙungiyar lakabin ƙungiyar asiri, amma ma'anar gabaɗaya sun dogara ne akan matakin da ƙungiyar ta dage akan sirri, kuma yana iya haɗawa da riƙewa da watsa ilimin sirri, ƙin kasancewa memba ko ilimin ƙungiyar, samar da alaka ta sirri tsakanin mambobin kungiyar, da yin amfani da ibadodi ko al'adu na sirri da ke karfafa 'ya'yan kungiyar . A tarihin ɗan adam da tarihi, ƙungiyoyin asiri sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ra'ayi na Männerbund, duka-maza "warrior-band" ko "jarumin al'umma" na al'adun zamani (duba H. Schurtz, ''Alterklassen und Männerbünde'', [[Berlin]], 1902). ; A. Van Gennep, ''The Rites of Passage'', [[Chicago]], 1960). An gabatar da wani abin da ake kira "bishiyar iyali na ƙungiyoyin asiri", kodayake ba ta cika ba. <ref>Stevens (1899), p. vii.</ref> Alan Axelrod, marubucin ''International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders'', ya bayyana wata ƙungiya ta sirri a matsayin ƙungiya cewa: * keɓantacce * yayi ikirarin mallakar sirri na musamman * yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fifita membobinsa. Masanin tarihi Richard B. Spence <ref>Spence, Richard B. ''The Real History of Secret Societies'' (2019), [[The Great Courses]]</ref> na Jami'ar Idaho ya ba da irin wannan ma'anar ta uku: * Kasancewar kungiyar ba a asirce ba ne, amma wasu akida ko ayyuka suna boye ga jama'a kuma suna bukatar rantsuwar sirri da aminci don koyo. * Ƙungiyar ta yi alƙawarin matsayi mafi girma ko ilimi ga membobin. * Kasancewar ƙungiyar ta wata hanya tana takurawa, kamar ta launin fata, jima'i, addini, ko gayyata kawai. Spence kuma ya ba da shawarar wani yanki na "Elite Secret Societies" (wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masu samun kuɗi ko kuma masu tasiri a cikin al'umma), kuma ya lura cewa ƙungiyoyin asiri suna da yawa idan ba duniya ba game da bangaranci, fadace-fadace da kuma da'awar asalin tsofaffi fiye da yadda za a iya dogara da su a rubuce. . Ma'anar Spence ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin da ake tunanin al'ada a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri ( Freemasons da Rosicrucians ) da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba a kayyade su a al'ada ba kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin laifuka ( Mafia ), kungiyoyin addini ( Order of Assassins da Thelema ) da ƙungiyoyin siyasa ( Bolsheviks da Black Dragon ). Al'umma ). David V. Barrett, marubucin ''Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: Daga Tsohon ilimin sirri zuwa na Zamani da Clandestine'', ya yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don bayyana abin da ya cancanci ƙungiyar asiri. Ya siffanta ta da cewa duk wata kungiya ce da ta mallaki wadannan siffofi: * Ya na da "a tsanaki da ci gaban koyarwa". * Koyarwar tana "samuwa ga mutane da aka zaɓa kawai". * Koyarwa tana kaiwa ga "boyayyun (da 'na musamman') gaskiya". * Gaskiya suna kawo "fa'idodin sirri fiye da abin da ake iya kaiwa har ma da fahimtar wanda ba a sani ba." Barrett ya ci gaba da cewa "wani wata sifa da aka saba da ita ga mafi yawansu ita ce ayyukan al'adu wadanda ba 'yan kungiyar ba ne ba a ba su izinin kiyaye su ba, ko ma sanin wanzuwarsu." Ma'anar Barrett zai kawar da ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ake kira ƙungiyoyin asiri; Koyarwar da aka yi maki yawanci ba ta cikin ƴan uwan kwaleji na Amurka, Carbonari, ko Ƙarni na 19 Ban San Komai ba .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2009}} Masanin tarihi Jasper Ridley yayi jayayya cewa Freemasonry shine, "Ƙungiyar asiri mafi ƙarfi a duniya." Ƙungiyar " Opus Dei " ( Latin Latin don "Aikin Allah") an kwatanta shi a matsayin "tsarin al'umma" na Cocin Katolika . Masu suka irin su Jesuit Wladimir Ledóchowski wani lokaci suna nufin Opus Dei a matsayin Katolika (ko Kirista ko "farar fata") na Freemasonry . Sauran masu sukar suna yiwa Opus Dei lakabin "Mafia Mai Tsarki" <ref name="Pilapil 1971 211–221">{{Cite journal |url-status=211–221}}</ref> ko "Santa Mafia" kamar yadda ƙungiyar ke da alaƙa da ayyuka daban-daban da ake tambaya ciki har da tsananin " [[Wanke Kwakwalwa|kwakwalwa]] " na membobinta don cin gajiyar ƙarfin aiki da kuma kai tsaye. shigar da membobin cikin manyan laifuka kamar fataucin jarirai a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a karkashin mulkin kama- karya Francisco Franco . == Sarauta == === Siyasa === Domin wasu kungiyoyin asiri suna da manufar siyasa, sun sabawa doka a kasashe da dama. Italiya ( Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya, Sashe na 2, Articles 13-28 ) da [[Poland]], alal misali, sun haramta jam'iyyun siyasa na asiri da kungiyoyin siyasa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. === Kwalejoji da jami'o'i === Yawancin kungiyoyin dalibai da aka kafa a cibiyoyin jami'o'i a Amurka an dauki su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri. Wataƙila ɗayan shahararrun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sirri shine Kwanyar Kai da Kasusuwa a Jami'ar Yale . Tasirin ƙungiyoyin sirri na karatun digiri na biyu a kwalejoji kamar Harvard College, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar Emory, Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Virginia, Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'ar New York, da Kwalejin Wellesley sun kasance. an yarda da shi a bainar jama'a, idan ba a san su ba kuma ba tare da bin doka ba, tun daga karni na 19. Jami'o'in Biritaniya, suma, suna da dogon tarihi na ƙungiyoyin sirri ko ƙungiyoyin sirri, irin su The Pitt Club a Jami'ar Cambridge, <ref name="bully" /> Bullingdon Club a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], da 16' Club a St David's Kwalejin . Wata ƙungiyar asiri ta Biritaniya ita ce Cambridge Apostles waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin maƙala da al'umma ta muhawara a cikin 1820. Ba duk Jami'o'in Biritaniya ba ne ke karɓar ƙungiyoyin Asiri ba. the night climbers of Cambridge da climbers ofOxford suna buƙatar duka masu tunani da ƙwaƙwalwa. A Faransa, Vandermonde ita ce ƙungiyar asiri ta Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers . Fitattun misalai a Kanada sun haɗa da Episkopon a Kwalejin Trinity na Jami'ar [[Toronto]], da Society of Thoth a Jami'ar British Columbia .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2015}} An hana ƙungiyoyin sirri a cikin ƴan kwalejoji. Cibiyar Soja ta Virginia tana da ka'idoji waɗanda babu wani ɗan takara da zai iya shiga ƙungiyar asiri, kuma an dakatar da ƙungiyoyin asiri a Kwalejin Oberlin daga 1847 zuwa yanzu, kuma a Jami'ar Princeton tun farkon karni na 20. . Confraternities a Najeriya ƙungiyoyin asiri ne kamar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a cikin manyan makarantu. Ba a dai san takamaiman adadin mutanen da suka mutu na ayyukan haɗin gwiwa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin a cikin 2002 shine cewa an kashe mutane 250 a cikin kashe-kashen da ke da alaka da kungiyoyin asiri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, <ref name="irin">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=33251 "NIGERIA: Focus on the menace of student cults"], ''[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]'', 1 August 2002</ref> yayin da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Exam Ethics Project ta kiyasta cewa an kashe ɗalibai da malamai 115 tsakanin 1993 da 2003. <ref name="cults">[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11849078 "Cults of violence"], ''[[The Economist]]'', 31 July 2008</ref> Ana tsammanin kungiyar Mandatory Monday Association is thought tayi aiki daga cikin jami'o'in Australiya iri-iri ciki har da Kwalejin Sojan Tsaro ta Australiya . Ƙungiyar tana da surori da yawa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kawai a ranar Litinin don tattauna kasuwanci da aiwatar da ayyukan al'ada. Ƙungiyoyin sirri guda ɗaya da aka soke sannan kuma aka halatta ita ce ta The Philomaths, a zamanin yau wata ƙungiya ce ta halal ta ilimi da aka kafa akan tsauraran zaɓi na membobinta. === Yanar Gizo-gizo === Yayin da ake hasashen wanzuwar su tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyoyin sirri na yanar Gizo sun fara sanin jama'a a cikin 2012 lokacin da ƙungiyar asirin da aka fi sani da Cicada 3301 ta fara daukar ma'aikata daga jama'a ta hanyar wasanin gwada ilimi na tushen yanar Gizo Burin al'umma ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma an yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a cikin cryptography . == A wurare == === Asiya === ; China * Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising) * Red Spear Society * Tiandihui, ** Society of the Heaven and the Earth (Tong organization) ** ** * * Yellow Sand Society * White lotus ==== Philippines ==== • La Liga Filipina • KKK ; Japan * Black Dragon Society * Double Leaf society * Gen'yosha * Green Dragon (oda) * Kenkokukai * Sakurakai ; Singapore {{Fraternities and sororities}} === Afirka === ; Najeriya * Abakuá * Ekpe * Nze na Ozo * Ogboni ; Afirka ta Kudu * Afrikaner Broederbond ; Afirka ta Yamma ** Crocodile Society ** Leopard Society ** Poro, a secret men's society ** Sande society, the female counterpart to the Poro society ** Simo (society * * * * ; Zimbabwe * Nyau === Turai === ; Jamus * Illuminati * Oder of newTemplars * Ordo Templi Orientis ; Ireland * Irish Republican Brotherhood * The Defenders ; Italiya * propaganda due ; Serbia * Balack hand ; Ƙasar Ingila * Bullingdon Club * Hermetic Order na Golden Dawn * club16' * 5 Titin Hertford ; Pan-Turai * Freemasonry * Rosicrucianism === Amirka ta Arewa === * Collegiate secret societies in North America ; Amurka * Bohemian club * ** International Debutante Ball ** Knights of the Golden Circle ** Order of the Star Spangled Banner ** Skull and Bones * * === Kudancin Amurka === ; Brazil * Shindo Renmei == Adawa == Yawancin Cocin Kirista sun hana membobinsu shiga ƙungiyoyin asiri. Misali, sakin layi na 41 na Dokokin Gabaɗaya da ke ƙunshe cikin ''Ladabi'' na Haɗin Methodist Allegheny Wesleyan yana koyarwa: {{Blockquote|Ƙari ga haka, ta hanyar ƙauracewa zama memba a ƙungiyoyin asiri. Ba za mu ƙyale ministocinmu da membobinmu su shiga ko yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyin asiri ba, kamar yadda, a cikin hukuncin The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference), bai dace da aikinmu ga Allah mu riƙe irin wannan dangantakar ba.<br /> “Yesu ya amsa masa ya ce, “Na yi wa duniya magana a sarari, na taɓa koyarwa a cikin majami’a da Haikali inda Yahudawa suke taruwa a asirce, ban ce kome ba kuma.” (Yohanna 18:20). “Saboda haka idan suka ce muku, ga shi yana jeji, kada ku fita: ga shi yana cikin asirce, kada ku gaskata shi.” (Mat. 24:26). “Amma fiye da kowane abu, ’yan’uwana, kada ku rantse, ko da sama, ko da ƙasa, ko da kowace irin rantsuwa: amma ku bar ihrku ya zama i, a’a, a’a, domin kada ku fāɗi cikin hukunci.” (Yaƙ. 5) : 12) <br /> Hakanan duba Lev. 5:4, 5; Isa. 29:15; Matt. 5:34–36; Yohanna 3:19, 20; 2 Kor. 4:1, 2; 6:14–18; Af. 5:11, 12; 1 Yohanna 4:2, 3<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|year=2014|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|language=en|pages=20–21}}</ref>}} == Ci gaba da karatu == * Harwood, W. S. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118819 "Secret Societies in America,"] ''The North American Review,'' Vol. 164, No. 486, May 1897. * Jeffers, H. Paul. ''Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society.'' (Citadel Press, 2005). * Jeffers, H. Paul. ''The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Freemasons-America-Inside-Secret-Society/dp/0806527846/ excerpt] * Stephen Klimczuk, Gerald Warner (2009). ''Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies'', New York: Sterling Publishing Company. * [http://www.iisg.nl/collections/secretsocieties/index.php Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: ɗan gajeren tarihi] - Takardun Freemasons, Jesuits, Illuminati, Carbonari, Burschenschaften da sauran kungiyoyi * Stevens, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-K3AAAAIAAJ&dq=fraternities The cyclopædia of fraternities (2nd ed.] [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-K3AAAAIAAJ&dq=fraternities )] . Binciken kwanan wata game da batun. * [http://www.fraternalsecrets.org Ƙungiyoyin Asirin a Ostiraliya da Ingilishi Freemasonry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024233024/https://www.fraternalsecrets.org/ |date=2020-10-24 }} == Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Kungiyar asiri]] oqpw022asvpr0s8o18oihgcobtkg20c Nwanneka Okwelogu 0 33561 882795 720648 2026-07-14T08:44:43Z Usman saadu 46863 882795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nwanneka Mariauchenna "Nikki" Okwelogu''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Mayun 1995) ƴar wasan tsere ce ta [[Najeriya]] wanda ke gasa a wasan shot up da discus thrower a kan abubuwan da suka faru. Ita ce ta lashe lambar zinare ta Discus a shekarar [[Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka a Wasan Athletics|2016 a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka]]. An haife ta a Amurka, ta kafa tarihin Ivy League a cikin jefa kwallaye yayin da take Jami'ar Harvard. == Sana'a/aiki == An haife ta a Fresno, California iyayenta 'yan Najeriya ne, Nikki ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Clovis West inda ta yi gasa a duka wasannin shot up da discus thrower. <ref>[http://preclassic.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event_id=142&do=news&news_id=154192 State track meet: Clovis West discus star Nikki Okwelogu's legacy of success]. RunnerSpace. Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> Ta ci gaba da zuwa Jami'ar Harvard daga shekara ta 2013 kuma ta yi takara a ƙungiyar su ta Harvard Crimson. A cikin shekararta ta farko a can ta karya record ɗin Ivy League a cikin discus tare da thrower 53.31 m Kakar shekarar 2014 ta ga nasarar farko ta kasa tare da cin nasarar wasan shot up a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle- tsalle ta Najeriya. <ref name="Crim">[http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/track/2015-16/bios/Womens/okwelogu_nikki?view=bio Nikki Okwelogu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621053749/https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/track/2015-16/bios/Womens/okwelogu_nikki%3Fview%3Dbio |date=2019-06-21 }}. Harvard Crimson. Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> Ta fara wasanta na farko a duniya a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 2014 ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014 a wasan 'yan wasa-worletics ta yi gasa a duka a wasan shot up da tryus kuma sun kasance a matsayin shot up. <ref name="IAAFBio">[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/nwanneka-okwelogu-263405 Nwanneka Okwelogu]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> Kambun da ta samu na farko ya biyo baya jim kadan bayan gasar [[Gasar Wasannin Motsa Jiki ta Afirka ta 2014|cin kofin nahiyar Afirka]] a shekarar 2014, inda ta kasance ta hudu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida amma cikin kwanciyar hankali ta dauki lambar azurfar discus thrower a bayan [[Chinwe Okoro]]. Tana da shekara sha tara, ita ce mafi karancin shekaru a cikin wadancan gasa. <ref>[http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/track/2014-15/releases/201408142rtrxz Okwelogu Brings Home Silver Medal at the 2014 African Athletics Championships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621053803/https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/track/2014-15/releases/201408142rtrxz |date=2019-06-21 }}. Harvard Crimson (2014-08-14). Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> Ta kuma shiga gasar Commonwealth ta 2014 a wancan lokacin bazara, wanda ta ƙare a cikin na tara a gasar. <ref name="CWG">[http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1014606/nwanneka_okwelogu.html Nwanneka Okwelogu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031054546/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1014606/nwanneka_okwelogu.html |date=2018-10-31 }}. Glasgow2014. Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> Ta inganta mafi kyawunta a cikin kakar 2015, ta ƙara fiye da mita daya a wasan shot up da aka yi tare da wasan discus thrower 17.32 m Okwelogu ta samu lambar yabo ta zinare a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka ta 2016, a tarihinta na 56.75. == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |rowspan=5|2014 |rowspan=2|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States |11th |[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |14.77 m |- |6th (q) |[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]] |49.07 m |- |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[New Delhi]], India |9th |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |15.13 m |- |rowspan=2|[[2014 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Marrakech]], Morocco |4th |[[2014 African Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |15.14 m |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2014 African Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]] |51.66 m |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=2|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Durban]], South Africa |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |17.07 m |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]] |56.75 m |- |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]] |29th (q) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |16.67 m |} == Lakabi na ƙasa == * Gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta Najeriya ** An buga: 2014 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{World Athletics|263405}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 0t2u3wongpsse0ag2ty86k77m0o2hxs Africa Centre 0 35338 882564 501672 2026-07-13T23:45:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Africa Centre | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Africa_Centre_logo.JPG|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Formation | class="infobox-data note" |2004<span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;18&nbsp;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2004</span>)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Type | class="infobox-data" |[[NGO]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Legal status | class="infobox-data" |Active |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Purpose | class="infobox-data" |The Africa Centre is an international arts and culture centre and platform for exploring contemporary Pan-African artistic practice and knowledge creation as a catalyst for social change.<ref name="Introduction"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="187">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723004641/http://www.africacentre.net/about "A Short Story: An Introduction To Who We Are And Why We Came To Be"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="188">Africa Centre. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="189">Archived from [http://africacentre.net/about the original] on 23 July 2011.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data" |Longstreet, [[Cape Town]], South Africa. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Location | class="infobox-data label" |<div class="plainlist"> * Cape Town, South Africa. </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style=" display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:0.1em 0;">Official language </div> | class="infobox-data" |English |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style=" display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:0.1em 0;">Director</div> | class="infobox-data" |Tanner Methvin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style=" display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:0.1em 0;">Main organ</div> | class="infobox-data" |Board of directors |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.africacentre.net www.africacentre.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035915/http://www.africacentre.net/ |date=2013-07-03 }}</span> |} [[Category:Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge]] [[Fayil:Africa (satellite image).jpg|thumb|Yankin afurka gaba dayanta]] Cibiyar '''Afirka''', a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], an tsara shi , a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wanda zata dinka kula da Afrika na tsakiyamanufar gungiyan ita ce samar da wani dandamali na fasaha, na Pan-African da al'adun gargajiya don yin aiki a matsayin mai haifar da canji na zamantakewa. Duk ayyukan dake gudana, acikin, sauƙaƙewa ko tallafawa suna da wata manufa ta zamantakewa. Waɗannan ayyukan suna samun tallafi daga nau'ikan masu fasaha na Pan-African . == Tarihi == An samar da Cibiyar Afirka a cikin 2004 a matsayin Kamfanin Sashi na 21 mara riba ta Tanner Methvin, Ralph Freese da Adrian Enthoven a [[Cape Town]], Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan rukunin ya zama ainihin kwamitin gudanarwa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin, duk da haka, a cikin 2003, tare da ƙirƙirar tsarin manufofin raya ƙasa, nazarin tsare-tsare na sararin samaniya, nazarin yuwuwar da tsarin kuɗi da aka ƙirƙira don tantance yiwuwar kwatance da yuwuwar tallafi ga himma. A wannan lokacin an yi hasashen cewa Cibiyar Afirka za ta kasance a cikin wani katafaren gini a Afirka ta Kudu a wani bangare na bunkasa gidaje mai suna Bankin Kudu. Wannan ci gaban an yi niyya ne don ƙirƙirar samfurin rayuwa mai ɗorewa wanda ya haɗa haɗaɗɗen samun kudin shiga, gaurayawan amfani kuma an ƙirƙira shi bisa ƙa'idodin muhalli masu tsauri. Yayin da ake ci gaba da shirin ginin, Hukumar ta nada wani gungun masu fasaha na gani da wasan kwaikwayo, masana da masu kula da su don tantance manufofin falsafa na Cibiyar. Mambobin wannan kungiya sune: * Adegboyega Adefope – Architect,. * Bongiwe Dhlomo-Mautloa - mai zane-zane kuma mai kulawa, * Ntone Edjabe - dan gwagwarmayar al'adu, * Stanley Hermans - mai zane-zane kuma mai kulawa, * Faustin Linyekula - mawaƙa, * Dominique Malaquais - masanin tarihin gine-gine, * Olu Oguibe - mai fasaha, masanin tarihi kuma mai kula da fasaha, * [[:it:Edgar Pieterse|shi: Edgar Pieterse]] - masanin kimiyyar siyasa, kuma * AbdouMaliq Simone - masanin zamantakewa. A cikin watanni 18, mambobin kungiyar sun gudanar da taron [[wiktionary:colloquium|tattaunawa]] da bita da yawa a Afirka, Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Waɗannan tarurrukan sun haifar da jerin takaddun matsayi waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tsarin mahallin, masu sauraro masu yiwuwa da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin Cibiyar Afirka, tsarin gine-ginenta da shirye-shiryen da ake sa ran za a haɓaka cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Abin da ya fito daga aikin ƙungiyar tunani da Hukumar shine niyyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar da za ta iya ƙirƙira, jagoranci, ƙalubalanci da wuce gaskiyar ta na yanki; don jawo sabbin masu sauraro zuwa sabbin abubuwan da suka sake maimaita yadda muke fahimta da gano al'ummarmu da kanmu. Manufar ita ce samar da wani wuri da aka keɓe don bikin, ƙirƙira da aiwatar da fasahar fasaha da fasaha ta Afirka ta zamani. Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne sanin cewa wannan muryar ita ce ƴaƴan zance, jayayya da jayayya. Don haka Cibiyar Afirka na da nufin nuna wannan nau'in ainihi, zama mai himma da mai da martani kuma koyaushe mai tsokana. Cibiyar Afirka tana ƙoƙarin zama gidan ra'ayi na avant-garde, ta dinka hanyoyin musanyawa da muhawara; Amincewar kwakwalwa tare da ikon gudanar da aiki, haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi, tallafawa, tsarawa da haɓaka tarin albarkatu. Yana so ya zama ɗan ƙasa mai ban sha'awa wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan zamantakewa da kuma ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma yana da damar yin amfani da fasaha da al'adu don haɓaka cikakkiyar kwarewar ɗan adam Yayin da hangen nesan ya ci gaba ya bayyana a fili cewa gina gine-ginen da ya dace don gina ayyukansa duka biyu ne marasa amfani kuma ba su da kyau. Burin Cibiyar Afirka na yin aiki tare da kuma a cikin yanayin Pan-African ya sa ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyi da abun ciki a birni ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu ba zai yiwu ba. A shekara ta (2007) Cibiyar Afirka ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta sake neman gina Cibiyar ta zahiri ba, a maimakon haka za ta samar da tsarin da bai dace ba don ƙirƙirar ayyuka, da bayyana a duk faɗin Afirka da ƙasashen waje. == Ayyuka == === Mai zane a Mazauni === Mai zane a cikin shirin zama na haɗin gwiwa ne tare da mazauna a Ostiraliya, [[Brazil]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Finland]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], Afirka ta Kudu, [[Turkiyya]] da Amurka ta Amurka inda Cibiyar Afirka ke gudanar da bincike a fadin Afirka don neman masu fasaha 13 (a baya 10). shekara, a fadin fannonin ilimi, don shiga ɗaya daga cikin wuraren zama na haɗin gwiwa. An ƙaddamar da shirin don tallafawa masu fasaha daga Afirka waɗanda ke da ban sha'awa, sababbin abubuwa, masu dacewa da kuma sha'awar gaske tare da al'amuran zamantakewa da nau'o'in fasaha. === Wakar Badilisha === [[File:D'bi1.jpeg|right|thumb| Musanya Waqoqin Badilisha 2010]] Badilisha Poetry X-Change, dandali ne da aka sadaukar domin baje kolin wakoki daga Afirka da na kasashen waje. Ita ce kawai dandamalin faifan bidiyo a duniya da aka keɓe ga mawaƙan Pan-African. Aikin Badilisha ya fara ne da abubuwan da suka faru kai tsaye a cikin 2006 da ke gudanar da bukukuwan wakoki 1-2 a kowace shekara. An kaddamar da gidan rediyon waqoqin Badilisha a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2010 tare da gabatar da sabbin muryoyi da nau’o’in waqoqi ta hanyar fasfo din mawaka na mako-mako na mawakan Afrika da na kasashen waje. A halin yanzu akwai mawaka fiye da 100 da aka gabatar. "(Niyyarta) ita ce ta gabatar da wane da abin da Afirka za ta ce wa kanta da sauran kasashen duniya." === Cutar da Garin === [[File:Africa_Centre_project2.jpg|right|thumb| Cutar da Garin 2011]] Cutar da Birni bikin fasaha ne na jama'a da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na [[Cape Town]] . Mako guda a kowace shekara, "Cutar da Birni" (ITC) tana mayar da Cape Town zuwa wani babban gidan tarihi mai nuna tsokana, manyan ayyukan fasahar jama'a na duniya da na gida waɗanda ke da alaƙa a cikin yanayin birni. Cutar da birni yawanci tana ɗaukar nau'ikan zane-zane iri uku: ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, ayyukan da aka ba da izini, da sa hannun masu sauraro. Waɗannan ayyukan ana ba da su kyauta ga jama'a a cikin birni na gama gari. Haɓaka hangen nesa na birni shine haɓaka fasahar jama'a waɗanda ke fama da lamuran zamantakewa masu mahimmanci ga Afirka ta Kudu da kuma yanayin ɗan adam, waɗanda ke isa ga duk wanda ke zaune da aiki a cikin Birni. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 2008 ya sami kwarewa fiye da mutane 50,000, ya haɗa da 814 masu fasaha na gida da na duniya, kuma ya nuna nau'o'in 81 daban-daban. === Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Pan-Afrika === Wannan aikin yana ƙoƙarin yin da'awar menene kiɗan Afirka kuma zai iya zama. Tashar '''Sararin Samaniya ta Pan-African''' (PASS) ta haɗa da tsoma baki na tsawon kwanaki 30 na kiɗa na shekara-shekara ta hanyar gidan rediyo mai kyauta da kuma wuraren da ba a zata ba a babban birnin Cape Town. Manufar da ke tattare da aikin ita ce rungumar zuriyar da ke tsara kide-kide a ciki da wajen Afirka da kuma kalubalantar ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da kida daga wannan nahiyar. Wannan aikin ba game da haɗawa da tushen Afirka ba; shi ne game da binciko yanayin duniyar Afirka a cikin karni na 21 ta hanyar kiɗa. === Sarari don Ƙirƙirar Bincike da Ilimi na Pan-Afrika (SPARCK) === Wannan aikin wani shiri ne na Pan-African na gwaje-gwajen wuraren zama na horo da yawa, tarurrukan bita, taron tattaunawa, nune-nune, wallafe-wallafe da wasan kwaikwayon da suka ta'allaka kan sabbin hanyoyin da za'a bi da su zuwa sararin birni. Aikin ya shafi birane da dama a Afirka da ma bayan haka: [[Lubumbashi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ; [[Aba|Aba, Nigeria]] ; [[Touba|Touba, Senegal]] ; [[Karachi|Karachi, Pakistan]] ; [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai, UAE]], da [[Guangzhou|Guangzhou, China]] . Yin aiki azaman aikin shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara a cikin 2008, tsarin jigon sa na shekaru uku yana buɗe burin musanyawa tsakanin mahalarta da masu sauraron su. Taken aikin shine "Net/Ayyuka: Al'adu na Yanki a Samar da Duniyar Afirka." Wannan jigon yana game da birane da fasaha na yarjejeniyar. Mafarinsa shine abin dubawa: birane a Afirka a yau sune ginshiƙan canji, motsi, tunani da hangen nesa na gaba. Duk da wahalhalu masu yawa, ba ko kaɗan daga cikin manyan rugujewar ababen more rayuwa ba, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri suna amfani da filayen birane a duk faɗin nahiyar a matsayin hanyoyin ginawa da sabunta tattalin arziki, al'adu da kawunansu. Ta hanyar hadaddun matsuguni na ƙaura, kasuwanci da al'adun ƙetare masu alaƙa, suna tasowa tare da haɓaka ƙarfi a matsayin dandamali na ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin jama'a, ƙaƙƙarfan cudanya da 'yan Afirka tare da, ta ciki da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. SPARCK ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ayyukan fasaha daban-daban yana bincika, muhawara, da bayyana sabbin hanyoyin fahimtar wannan jigon. <ref>[http://www.sparck.org SPARCK] website.</ref> === Spier Contemporary === An samar da Spier Contemporary sau biyu, duka a matsayin nuni da kuma gasa a 2008 da 2010. An yi la'akari da shi don samar da dandamali ga masu fasahar gani da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu a kowane nau'i na matsakaici, daga mafi al'ada, irin su zane-zane da sassaka, zuwa zane-zane da sabbin kayan aikin watsa labaru, don nuna ayyukansu, ba tare da damuwa da iyakokin fasaha ba., sarari da shiga. Masu zane-zane a Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban kuma suna ganin duniya daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna tsara ainihin asalin ƙasa da yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na musamman. The Spier Contemporary ya samar da wani dandali na binciko bambance-bambancen Afirka ta Kudu, yana baiwa masu sauraro damar fahimtar sarkar sa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar Afirka ta Kudu game da bambanci. Babban makasudin wannan zamani na Spier shine: Ƙirƙirar babban baje kolin kasa, wanda da gaske ke nuna bambance-bambancen al'ummomin fasahar gani da wasan kwaikwayo da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu; Haɓaka sabbin masu sauraro da kasuwanni don masu fasaha, waɗanda galibi ba sa samun damar samun masu siye 30,000+; Samun dama ga sababbin masu sauraro da haɓaka jin daɗin su na nau'ikan zane-zane; da Ba da horo da haɓakawa ga masu fasaha na gani da wasan kwaikwayo da masu kulawa. Baje kolin na 2008 na farko ya sami gabatarwa sama da 2,500 masu fasaha daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar, ya baje kolin masu fasaha 95 a Cape Town da Johannesburg kuma ya karɓi baƙi 25,000. Nunin na 2010 ya sami gabatarwa sama da 2,700 masu fasaha, da masu fasaha 101, sun jawo hankalin mutane sama da 20,000 a Cape Town. Hotunan zane-zane da aka zaba a matsayin wani bangare na gasar a shekarar 2010 sun zagaya birane hudu a Afirka ta Kudu tare da jawo hankalin mutane 23,000. === Masu Magana === Talking Heads wani dandali ne mai nau'i-nau'i, na raba ilimi wanda aka yi niyya don ganowa, nunawa da fallasa shugabannin tunanin Afirka. Yana bayyana ra'ayoyi, hangen nesa da bayyanar masana, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane da na musamman waɗanda ke zaune a Afirka. Aikin yana da girma dabam dabam, amma sassa biyu na farko sune Talking Heads Live da Media. An tsara abubuwan da suka faru na Live don ba wa mahalarta damar samun damar tattaunawa na minti 20 (mambobi masu sauraro biyu da ƙwararren ƙwararren kowane tebur) tare da masana daban-daban guda hudu. Kowane taron ya ƙunshi masana 40 – 50 waɗanda suka fito daga masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya, masu hasashen tattalin arziki, masu fafutuka a nan gaba, zuwa masu fafutukar jima'i da masana kimiyyar nukiliya, ainihin maraice na Wikipedia na shugabannin tunanin Afirka. Bangaren Mai jarida yana ɗaukar fa'idodin abubuwan da suka faru kai tsaye zuwa ga ɗimbin masu sauraro ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙaramin takardu na tursasawa mahalarta daga abubuwan raye-raye na Shugabancin Magana. Ana yin fim ɗin ne da kuma gyara waɗannan ƙananan takardun ta yadda za a kawo bayanai da ƙwarewar da ake samu daga shugabannin tunanin Afirka zuwa ga ɗimbin jama'a. == Magana == {{Reflist|30em}},, == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.africacentre.net}} d0fvwi4x5807txy1hsfeor7jsfgbo7d Yao Gomado 0 38661 882488 729260 2026-07-13T20:18:37Z Usman saadu 46863 882488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q113578035}} '''Yao Gomado,''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti aka, [[Fayil:YAO GOMADO.jpg|thumb|Yao Gomado]] an tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic. Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Augustine|title=Akan parliamentary candidates woo electorate|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816001135/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gomado kuma ya fito daga Dodo-Dompa, a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yao Gomado ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1978 wanda ya ba shi damar samun matakinsa na yau da kullun da na gaba. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun Ayyukan Injiniyan Lantarki a shekara ta 1982, Cibiyar C&G London, Sashe na Biyu Electricals (Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki) a cikin 1983, Injiniyan Lantarki na Ruwa na Na biyu (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) a cikin 1987, Injiniyan Ruwa na Uku (Shipboard Marine Engineering). Mai aiki) a cikin 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) a cikin 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) a cikin 2013, Matsayin Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa (Dynamic Matsayi Maintenance) a cikin 2013 Certificate 2013, Gudanar da Mahimmanci, 2013. Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Mai binciken Jirgin ruwa) a cikin 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) a cikin 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) a cikin 2016, Memba na Kamfanin (Ma'aikacin Injiniya) a cikin 2017, Shipboard Inudit. (ISM-ISPS-MLC) a cikin 2018 a Kwalejin Maritime na Yanki da Difloma na Digiri (Sarfafa Dabarun) a cikin 2019 a Mar Yanki Jami'ar itime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == Aiki == Gomado ya yi aiki a kamfanin Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana a matsayin mataimakin injiniyan lantarki a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Ya yi aiki tare da Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd a Singapore a matsayin Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine na PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD a Malaysia. Yao Gomado ya kuma yi aiki tare da Paccship Management PTE a Singapore a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine. A ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Rayuwar siyasa == Gomado ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na majalisar NDC na mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gomado ya lashe zaben Ghana na 2020 a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da kuri'u 19,317 (58.69%) inda ya doke Alhaji Rashid Bawa na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,300 (40.41%) ya koma majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Oti Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=10|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ing. Yao Gomado positive of winning Akan NDC primary {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://ghheadlines.com/index.php/index.php/agency/3news/20190729/129726856/ing-yao-gomado-positive-of-winning-akan-ndc-primary|access-date=2022-08-23|website=ghheadlines.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gomado ya ki yin amfani da gwamnatin da ta baiwa Toyota V8 ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ luxury of using V8 to provide water for my people - NDC MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|access-date=2022-08-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake jinginar da bashin albashinsa na shekara hudu don samun grader gyaran hanya a mazabarsa ta AKAN. Gomado ya kuma bayar da tabbacin kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta harkar ilimi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ Luxury Of Using V8 To Provide Water For My People - NDC MP - My News Ghana|url=https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205312/https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Express News Ghana|url=https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=expressnewsghana.com|archive-date=2023-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160441/https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Gomado memba ne na kwamitin shari'a, Kuma memba ne na kwamitin muhalli, kimiya da fasaha na majalisar wakilai ta takwas (8) ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomado Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware wajen yaren Ewe da Turanci.<ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == References == <references /> g25l9902dq9upjpxjayynsvj2aytnnd 882489 882488 2026-07-13T20:19:34Z Usman saadu 46863 882489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q113578035}} '''Yao Gomado,''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti aka, [[Fayil:YAO GOMADO.jpg|thumb|Yao Gomado]] an tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic. Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Augustine|title=Akan parliamentary candidates woo electorate|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816001135/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gomado kuma ya fito daga Dodo-Dompa, a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yao Gomado ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1978 wanda ya ba shi damar samun matakinsa na yau da kullun da na gaba. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun Ayyukan Injiniyan Lantarki a shekara ta 1982, Cibiyar C&G London, Sashe na Biyu Electricals (Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki) a cikin shekara ta 1983, Injiniyan Lantarki na Ruwa na Na biyu (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) a cikin 1987, Injiniyan Ruwa na Uku (Shipboard Marine Engineering). Mai aiki) a cikin shekara ta 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) a cikin 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) a cikin 2013, Matsayin Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa (Dynamic Matsayi Maintenance) a cikin 2013 Certificate 2013, Gudanar da Mahimmanci, 2013. Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Mai binciken Jirgin ruwa) a cikin 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) a cikin 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) a cikin 2016, Memba na Kamfanin (Ma'aikacin Injiniya) a cikin 2017, Shipboard Inudit. (ISM-ISPS-MLC) a cikin 2018 a Kwalejin Maritime na Yanki da Difloma na Digiri (Sarfafa Dabarun) a cikin 2019 a Mar Yanki Jami'ar itime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == Aiki == Gomado ya yi aiki a kamfanin Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana a matsayin mataimakin injiniyan lantarki a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Ya yi aiki tare da Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd a Singapore a matsayin Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine na PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD a Malaysia. Yao Gomado ya kuma yi aiki tare da Paccship Management PTE a Singapore a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine. A ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Rayuwar siyasa == Gomado ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na majalisar NDC na mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gomado ya lashe zaben Ghana na 2020 a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da kuri'u 19,317 (58.69%) inda ya doke Alhaji Rashid Bawa na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,300 (40.41%) ya koma majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Oti Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=10|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ing. Yao Gomado positive of winning Akan NDC primary {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://ghheadlines.com/index.php/index.php/agency/3news/20190729/129726856/ing-yao-gomado-positive-of-winning-akan-ndc-primary|access-date=2022-08-23|website=ghheadlines.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gomado ya ki yin amfani da gwamnatin da ta baiwa Toyota V8 ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ luxury of using V8 to provide water for my people - NDC MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|access-date=2022-08-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake jinginar da bashin albashinsa na shekara hudu don samun grader gyaran hanya a mazabarsa ta AKAN. Gomado ya kuma bayar da tabbacin kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta harkar ilimi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ Luxury Of Using V8 To Provide Water For My People - NDC MP - My News Ghana|url=https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205312/https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Express News Ghana|url=https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=expressnewsghana.com|archive-date=2023-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160441/https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Gomado memba ne na kwamitin shari'a, Kuma memba ne na kwamitin muhalli, kimiya da fasaha na majalisar wakilai ta takwas (8) ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomado Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware wajen yaren Ewe da Turanci.<ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == References == <references /> itl0alyxk8w1i1d78own40k1abazq97 882491 882489 2026-07-13T20:21:19Z Usman saadu 46863 882491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q113578035}} '''Yao Gomado,''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti aka, [[Fayil:YAO GOMADO.jpg|thumb|Yao Gomado]] an tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic. Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Augustine|title=Akan parliamentary candidates woo electorate|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816001135/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gomado kuma ya fito daga Dodo-Dompa, a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yao Gomado ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1978 wanda ya ba shi damar samun matakinsa na yau da kullun da na gaba. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun Ayyukan Injiniyan Lantarki a shekara ta 1982, Cibiyar C&G London, Sashe na Biyu Electricals (Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki) a cikin shekara ta 1983, Injiniyan Lantarki na Ruwa na Na biyu (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) a cikin 1987, Injiniyan Ruwa na Uku (Shipboard Marine Engineering). Mai aiki) a cikin shekara ta 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Matsayin Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa (Dynamic Matsayi Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013 Certificate 2013, Gudanar da Mahimmanci, a shekara ta 2013. Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Mai binciken Jirgin ruwa) a cikin 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) a cikin 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) a cikin 2016, Memba na Kamfanin (Ma'aikacin Injiniya) a cikin 2017, Shipboard Inudit. (ISM-ISPS-MLC) a cikin 2018 a Kwalejin Maritime na Yanki da Difloma na Digiri (Sarfafa Dabarun) a cikin 2019 a Mar Yanki Jami'ar itime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == Aiki == Gomado ya yi aiki a kamfanin Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana a matsayin mataimakin injiniyan lantarki a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Ya yi aiki tare da Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd a Singapore a matsayin Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine na PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD a Malaysia. Yao Gomado ya kuma yi aiki tare da Paccship Management PTE a Singapore a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine. A ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Rayuwar siyasa == Gomado ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na majalisar NDC na mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gomado ya lashe zaben Ghana na 2020 a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da kuri'u 19,317 (58.69%) inda ya doke Alhaji Rashid Bawa na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,300 (40.41%) ya koma majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Oti Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=10|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ing. Yao Gomado positive of winning Akan NDC primary {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://ghheadlines.com/index.php/index.php/agency/3news/20190729/129726856/ing-yao-gomado-positive-of-winning-akan-ndc-primary|access-date=2022-08-23|website=ghheadlines.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gomado ya ki yin amfani da gwamnatin da ta baiwa Toyota V8 ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ luxury of using V8 to provide water for my people - NDC MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|access-date=2022-08-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake jinginar da bashin albashinsa na shekara hudu don samun grader gyaran hanya a mazabarsa ta AKAN. Gomado ya kuma bayar da tabbacin kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta harkar ilimi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ Luxury Of Using V8 To Provide Water For My People - NDC MP - My News Ghana|url=https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205312/https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Express News Ghana|url=https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=expressnewsghana.com|archive-date=2023-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160441/https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Gomado memba ne na kwamitin shari'a, Kuma memba ne na kwamitin muhalli, kimiya da fasaha na majalisar wakilai ta takwas (8) ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomado Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware wajen yaren Ewe da Turanci.<ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == References == <references /> 0z8vg8uiqwhiy7059dtvw0300a7gkmw 882493 882491 2026-07-13T20:22:45Z Usman saadu 46863 882493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q113578035}} '''Yao Gomado,''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti aka, [[Fayil:YAO GOMADO.jpg|thumb|Yao Gomado]] an tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic. Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Augustine|title=Akan parliamentary candidates woo electorate|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816001135/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gomado kuma ya fito daga Dodo-Dompa, a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yao Gomado ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1978 wanda ya ba shi damar samun matakinsa na yau da kullun da na gaba. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun Ayyukan Injiniyan Lantarki a shekara ta 1982, Cibiyar C&G London, Sashe na Biyu Electricals (Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki) a cikin shekara ta 1983, Injiniyan Lantarki na Ruwa na Na biyu (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) a cikin 1987, Injiniyan Ruwa na Uku (Shipboard Marine Engineering). Mai aiki) a cikin shekara ta 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Matsayin Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa (Dynamic Matsayi Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013 Certificate 2013, Gudanar da Mahimmanci, a shekara ta 2013. Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Mai binciken Jirgin ruwa) a cikin shekara ta 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) a cikin shekara ta 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) a cikin shekara ta 2016, Memba na Kamfanin (Ma'aikacin Injiniya) a cikin 2017, Shipboard Inudit. (ISM-ISPS-MLC) a cikin 2018 a Kwalejin Maritime na Yanki da Difloma na Digiri (Sarfafa Dabarun) a cikin 2019 a Mar Yanki Jami'ar itime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == Aiki == Gomado ya yi aiki a kamfanin Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana a matsayin mataimakin injiniyan lantarki a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Ya yi aiki tare da Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd a Singapore a matsayin Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine na PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD a Malaysia. Yao Gomado ya kuma yi aiki tare da Paccship Management PTE a Singapore a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine. A ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Rayuwar siyasa == Gomado ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na majalisar NDC na mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gomado ya lashe zaben Ghana na 2020 a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da kuri'u 19,317 (58.69%) inda ya doke Alhaji Rashid Bawa na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,300 (40.41%) ya koma majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Oti Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=10|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ing. Yao Gomado positive of winning Akan NDC primary {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://ghheadlines.com/index.php/index.php/agency/3news/20190729/129726856/ing-yao-gomado-positive-of-winning-akan-ndc-primary|access-date=2022-08-23|website=ghheadlines.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gomado ya ki yin amfani da gwamnatin da ta baiwa Toyota V8 ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ luxury of using V8 to provide water for my people - NDC MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|access-date=2022-08-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake jinginar da bashin albashinsa na shekara hudu don samun grader gyaran hanya a mazabarsa ta AKAN. Gomado ya kuma bayar da tabbacin kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta harkar ilimi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ Luxury Of Using V8 To Provide Water For My People - NDC MP - My News Ghana|url=https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205312/https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Express News Ghana|url=https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=expressnewsghana.com|archive-date=2023-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160441/https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Gomado memba ne na kwamitin shari'a, Kuma memba ne na kwamitin muhalli, kimiya da fasaha na majalisar wakilai ta takwas (8) ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomado Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware wajen yaren Ewe da Turanci.<ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == References == <references /> dmtoslgixme0msy8tkog0kg8uokz0qs 882495 882493 2026-07-13T20:26:08Z Usman saadu 46863 882495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q113578035}} '''Yao Gomado,''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti aka, [[Fayil:YAO GOMADO.jpg|thumb|Yao Gomado]] an tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic. Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Augustine|title=Akan parliamentary candidates woo electorate|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816001135/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.19277085|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-16|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gomado kuma ya fito daga Dodo-Dompa, a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yao Gomado ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1978 wanda ya ba shi damar samun matakinsa na yau da kullun da na gaba. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun Ayyukan Injiniyan Lantarki a shekara ta 1982, Cibiyar C&G London, Sashe na Biyu Electricals (Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki) a cikin shekara ta 1983, Injiniyan Lantarki na Ruwa na Na biyu (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) a cikin 1987, Injiniyan Ruwa na Uku (Shipboard Marine Engineering). Mai aiki) a cikin shekara ta 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013, Matsayin Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa (Dynamic Matsayi Maintenance) a cikin shekara ta 2013 Certificate 2013, Gudanar da Mahimmanci, a shekara ta 2013. Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Mai binciken Jirgin ruwa) a cikin shekara ta 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) a cikin shekara ta 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) a cikin shekara ta 2016, Memba na Kamfanin (Ma'aikacin Injiniya) a cikin shekarar 2017, Shipboard Inudit. (ISM-ISPS-MLC) a cikin shekarar2018 a Kwalejin Maritime na Yanki da Difloma na Digiri (Sarfafa Dabarun) a cikin shekara ta 2019 a Mar Yanki Jami'ar itime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == Aiki == Gomado ya yi aiki a kamfanin Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana a matsayin mataimakin injiniyan lantarki a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Ya yi aiki tare da Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd a Singapore a matsayin Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine na PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD a Malaysia. Yao Gomado ya kuma yi aiki tare da Paccship Management PTE a Singapore a matsayin Injiniyan Lantarki na Marine. A ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Rayuwar siyasa == Gomado ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na majalisar NDC na mazabar AKAN a yankin Oti na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gomado ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekarar 2020 a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da kuri'u 19,317 (58.69%) inda ya doke Alhaji Rashid Bawa na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,300 (40.41%) ya koma majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Oti Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=10|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Akan Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194115/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/akan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Oti Region Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329001225/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/oti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://ghanamps.com/mp/yao-gomado/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ing. Yao Gomado positive of winning Akan NDC primary {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://ghheadlines.com/index.php/index.php/agency/3news/20190729/129726856/ing-yao-gomado-positive-of-winning-akan-ndc-primary|access-date=2022-08-23|website=ghheadlines.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gomado ya ki yin amfani da gwamnatin da ta baiwa Toyota V8 ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ luxury of using V8 to provide water for my people - NDC MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|access-date=2022-08-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake jinginar da bashin albashinsa na shekara hudu don samun grader gyaran hanya a mazabarsa ta AKAN. Gomado ya kuma bayar da tabbacin kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta harkar ilimi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235251/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-rejected-luxury-of-using-V8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-NDC-MP-1455817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=I ‘rejected’ Luxury Of Using V8 To Provide Water For My People - NDC MP - My News Ghana|url=https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205312/https://mynewsghana.com/i-rejected-luxury-of-using-v8-to-provide-water-for-my-people-ndc-mp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Express News Ghana|url=https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-23|website=expressnewsghana.com|archive-date=2023-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160441/https://expressnewsghana.com/2021/11/22/mp-for-akan-promise-to-improve-falling-standard-of-education-in-constituency/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Gomado memba ne na kwamitin shari'a, Kuma memba ne na kwamitin muhalli, kimiya da fasaha na majalisar wakilai ta takwas (8) ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomado Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044035/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware wajen yaren Ewe da Turanci.<ref>https://gh.linkedin.com/in/engr-yao-gomado-361230a7</ref> == References == <references /> 829unbw0yx9crsd5ww542eb7jnuw8lo Naguib Sawiris 0 38928 882579 327546 2026-07-14T00:02:47Z Usman saadu 46863 882579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba 2021. A watan Satumban 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qqwbyo6wsfwu7t7dwl2cigr2rytrg08 882580 882579 2026-07-14T00:03:48Z Usman saadu 46863 882580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin shekara ta 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin shekara ta 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba 2021. A watan Satumban 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rpq9t0jbuou39i4z0v1al33ahzh10s3 882581 882580 2026-07-14T00:05:08Z Usman saadu 46863 882581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin shekara ta 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin shekara ta 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta shekara ta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin shekarar 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon shekarar 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba 2021. A watan Satumban 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g7033g7d69vvi84ddegeejzldquf0hi 882583 882581 2026-07-14T00:06:22Z Usman saadu 46863 882583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin shekara ta 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin shekara ta 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta shekara ta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin shekarar 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon shekarar 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba shekara ta 2021. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pb5ksk4ngs8iq17z3jbbc7avnsfvfru 882584 882583 2026-07-14T00:07:36Z Usman saadu 46863 882584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin shekara ta 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin shekara ta 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta shekara ta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin shekarar 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon shekarar 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba shekara ta 2021. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun shekara ta 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k3maerl6ovdn3m4fl7iv4z1f43rheae 882591 882584 2026-07-14T00:21:23Z Usman saadu 46863 882591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Naguib Onsi Sawiris</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نجيب اُنسى ساويرس</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naguib.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Naguib Sawiris, 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;68)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Cairo]], Egypt<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeal2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="125">Neal, Mark (16 May 2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_tQBEAAAQBAJ&q=naguib+sawiris+%22born+in+cairo%22&pg=PT111 ''A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252755-4|<bdi>978-0-19-252755-4</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[ETH Zurich]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[CEO]] [[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.]], [[Gemini Global Development Egypt (Gemini Egypt Holding)]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouse | class="infobox-data" |Ghada Gamil Sawiris |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |4 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parent | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Onsi Sawiris]] (father) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Relatives | class="infobox-data" |[[Nassef Sawiris]] and [[Samih Sawiris]] (brothers) |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Ghandour-Sawiris.png|alt= Ghandour-Sawiris|thumb]] '''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (ko '''Sawires:''' ; {{Lang-ar|نجيب اُنسى ساويرس}}  [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] ; Coptic  [sæˈwɪɾos] ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne, hamshakin attajirin kasar [[Masar]] wato [[Misra|Egypt]]. Sawiris shine shugaban kamfanin iyaye na Weather Investments, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Holding da Orascom Investment Holding SAE. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1954, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]], ga ɗan kasuwa Onsi Sawiris (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Orascom) da Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib shine babban ɗan'uwa uku. ’Yan uwansa, [[Nassef]] da [[Samih]], su ma hamshakan attajirai ne. Naguib ya sami Diploma. daga Makarantar Bishara ta Jamus da ke [[Giza]], da kuma Diploma na Injiniya tare da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da fasaha daga ETH Zurich . == Sana'a == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Orascom, kasuwancin iyali a cikin shekara ta 1979, Sawiris ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da haɓaka kamfani zuwa abin da yake a yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Masarawa da rarrabuwar kawuna da babban ma'aikata masu zaman kansu na ƙasar. Sawiris ya gina layin dogo, fasahar bayanai, da sassan sadarwa na [[Orascom]]. Gudanarwa ya yanke shawarar raba Orascom zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban na aiki a cikin ƙarshen 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development da Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). An kafa Orascom Telecom Holding a cikin shekara ta 1997, sannan Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, a cikin shekara ta 2011, har zuwa kwanan nan sake suna zuwa Orascom Investment Holding SAE (OIH), wanda shine Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba<ref>https://www.orascomih.com/en/about/#members</ref> A watan Agusta shekara ta 2012, an nada Sawiris shugaban La Mancha Holding. A cikin shekarar 2014, Sawiris ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 4 lokacin da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin sadarwarsa ga kamfanin Rasha Vimplecom . A farkon shekarar 2015, Sawiris ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a tashar talabijin ta Turai ta Euronews . Ya kasance a matsayin babban mai hannun jari har zuwa fara aiwatar da siyar da hannun jarinsa ga Alpac Capital a cikin Disamba shekara ta 2021. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2015, ya yi tayin siyan tsibiri da ke kusa da Girka ko Italiya don taimakawa dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga rikicin Syria. Sai dai ya yarda cewa shirin na iya fuskantar kalubale ta fuskar hukunce-hukunce da ka’idojin kwastam. A cikin Disamba shekara ta 2016, Sawiris ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na Orascom Telecom Media & Technology. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2016, Gemini Global Development ya mallaki dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5 na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi aikin haɗaɗɗen amfani da Silver Sands a Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina a cikin Cyrus, da kuma aikin zama na alfarma goma sha takwas a Islamabad, Pakistan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sawiris yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. Yana zaune a Alkahira. Yana jin Larabci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Faransanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} {{As of|2021}} Sawiris was listed in ''Forbes'' magazine as the 8th richest person in Africa, with a personal wealth of $3.2 billion. Sawiris Kiristan 'yan Koftik ne . A watan Mayun shekara ta 2022, dansa Onsi ya yi aure a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Alkahira, kuma liyafar ta kasance a cikin wani babban taron a ƙarƙashin dala. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504032225/http://www.otelecom.com/about/manageView.aspx?TopManageId=97 Bayanan martaba a Orascom gidan yanar gizon telecom] * Naguib Sawiris [https://orascomih.com/en/about/#members About - Orascom Investment Holding] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a5dsutk72kk4l4coh81db2ha8jd1aod Chris Williamson (mai tsalle-tsalle) 0 39281 882682 511479 2026-07-14T06:36:50Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Chris Williamson.png|thumb|Chris Williamson]] '''Chris Williamson''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, 1972) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kanada kuma zakaran Paralympic. Mahaifinsa, Peter, ya kasance mai gudun skater ga Kanada a wasannin Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 1968, kuma daga baya ya horar da taurari kamar Mike Ireland da Clara Hughes.<ref name="Safe journey in paralympic skiing">{{cite news|last=Girard|first=Daniel|title=Safe journey in paralympic skiing is a matter of faith|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2009/12/15/safe_journey_in_paralympic_skiing_is_a_matter_of_faith.html|accessdate=8 September 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=Dec 15, 2009}}</ref> [[Fayil:Chris Williamson 3.JPG|thumb|Chris Williamson]] Williamson ya fafata a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi na 2010, a Vancouver, Canada. Ya zama na 4 a cikin Giant Slalom, na 6 a cikin Slalom, na 4 a cikin Super haɗe, naƙasasshe, da na 6 a cikin Super-G, mai nakasa gani. Jagoran da ya gani a Vancouver 2010, da Sochi 2014, shine Nick Brush. == Kyaututtuka da karramawa. == A cikin 2014, an shigar da Williamson cikin Babban Fame na Nakasa na Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Hall of Fame Inductees|url=https://www.cfpdp.com/previous-hall-of-fame-inductees/|website=Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons|accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] em5e5ypvvnygbp5mfsq3vght0gczkgc Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban 0 39667 882674 754986 2026-07-14T06:14:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/internal-auditors-must-be-the-eye-of-the-public-mp/mr-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205165157/https://www.thepublisheronline.com/internal-auditors-must-be-the-eye-of-the-public-mp/mr-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta yamma a shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Alexander-Kodwo-Kom-Abban-2263|access-date=2022-12-05|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abban a ranar 6 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1973 kuma ya fito ne daga Gomoa Dawurampong a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana. Ya sami digirinsa na Jagora a fannin Shari'a a Banki da Dokar Kuɗi daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston a 2008.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Abban, Alexander Kodwo Kom|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/abban-alexander-kodwo-kom/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da lasisin likita daga Majalisar Likita da Haƙori. Ya kuma yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittar Dan Adam a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, Digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da tiyata daga wannan jami’a. Ya kara samun digirinsa na biyu a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga Makarantar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Hamburg. Ya kuma samu takardar shedar Jamusanci daga Cibiyar Goethe da ke Accra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Health|date=2022|title=Hon Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban|url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/hon-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/|url-status=dead|access-date=5 December 2022|website=MoH|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924111854/https://www.moh.gov.gh/hon-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/}}</ref> == Aiki == Abban ya kasance mashawarcin shari'a daga 2013 zuwa 2014 a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Ghana. Ya kasance malami a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Ghana daga 2009 zuwa 2010. Ya kasance malami na wucin gadi a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana daga 2010 zuwa 2015.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kasance ma'aikacin House daga 2009 zuwa 2012 a Kiwon Lafiyar Ghana. Sabis da Jami'in Lafiya a wannan cibiyar daga 2012 zuwa 2016.<ref name=":1" /> == Siyasa == Abban mamba ne a New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance tsohon dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta yamma a yankin tsakiyar Ghana.<ref name=":2" /> === Zaben 2016 === A yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2016, Abban ya lashe zaben kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Gomoa ta Yamma. Ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 22,741 inda ya samu kashi 49.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Samuel Fletcher ya samu kuri'u 21,004 da ya samu kashi 45.8% na kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokoki na PPP Charles Yawson ya samu kuri'u 2,086 da ya samu kashi 4.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Dan takarar majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar CPP Stephen Afriyie ya samu kuri'u 0 da ya zama kashi 0.0% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Gomoa West Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/gomoa_west/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205161445/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/gomoa_west/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Abban ya kasance mamba a kwamitin tabbatar da gwamnati sannan kuma mamba a kwamitin lafiya.<ref name=":1" /> === Minista === Shi ne tsohon mataimakin ministan lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Amend Section 37 of the GHS, Teaching Hospitals Act to ensure effective functioning-Kodwo Abban appeals|url=https://newslinegh.com/2019/03/21/amend-section-37-of-the-ghs-teaching-hospitals-act-to-ensure-effective-functioning-kodwo-abban-appeals/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Newslinegh.com|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601165426/https://newslinegh.com/2019/03/21/amend-section-37-of-the-ghs-teaching-hospitals-act-to-ensure-effective-functioning-kodwo-abban-appeals/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Communications|title=New Deputy Ministerial Appointments|url=https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/press-releases/1557-new-deputy-ministerial-appointments|access-date=2022-12-05|website=presidency.gov.gh|language=en-gb|archive-date=2024-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055017/https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/press-releases/1557-new-deputy-ministerial-appointments|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuma tsohon mataimakin ministan sadarwa ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deputy Communications Minister, Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban|url=https://businessdayghana.com/national-cyber-security-centre-develops-cii-to-ensure-cyber-resilience/deputy-communications-minister-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Business Day Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205170953/https://businessdayghana.com/national-cyber-security-centre-develops-cii-to-ensure-cyber-resilience/deputy-communications-minister-alexander-kodwo-kom-abban/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-06|title=BREAKING NEWS: President Sacks Deputy Minister|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/breaking-news-president-sacks-deputy-minister/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-02|title=Asset Declaration: Bawumia, Ofori-Atta, Osafo-Maafo, Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu, and 88 others did not fully comply - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/asset-declaration-bawumia-ofori-atta-osafo-maafo-kyei-mensah-bonsu-and-88-others-did-not-fully-comply/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === Abban ya sha kaye a zaben mazabar Gomoa ta Yamma a zaben Ghana na 2020 a hannun dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Richard Gyan Mensah. Ya fadi ne da kuri'u 25,235 wanda ya samu kashi 44.9% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Richard ya samu kuri'u 29,822 wanda ya samu kashi 53.0% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokokin GUM Edmond Panyin Echill ya samu kuri'u 716 wanda ya samu kashi 1.3% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada, sai kuma 'yan majalisar PPP. Dan takara Charles Yawson ya samu kuri'u 481 wanda ya zama kashi 0.9% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Gomoa West|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=90|access-date=2022-12-05|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Gomoa West Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/gomoa_west/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2024-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170758/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/gomoa_west/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi Kirista ne (Katolika). Yana auren Misis Anastasia Antoinette Abban, kuma ma’auratan suna da ’ya’ya huɗu. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] <references /> [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Mutanan Ghana]] [[Category:Maza]] dl1zwfv97yzkc3z62np4loppkp7ubio Premium Times 0 40075 882799 533332 2026-07-14T08:52:27Z Usman saadu 46863 882799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Premium Times''''' jarida ce ta yanar gizo a Najeriya da [[Abuja|ke Abuja]] a babban birnin tarayya. An ƙaddamar da ita a cikin shekarar 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/about |title=About Us |website=Premium Times |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> Jaridar sananna ce akan bincike da ma samar da rahotanni. == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == A shekarar 2013, an zaɓi jaridar ''Premium Times'' a matsayin ''Website/blog of the year'' a lambar yabo ta [[Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards|Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://olorisupergal.com/2013/10/31/here-are-the-nominees-for-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards-2013/ |title=Here are the Nominees for Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2013 |date=31 October 2013 |website=Olori Supergal |access-date=11 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419134117/https://olorisupergal.com/2013/10/31/here-are-the-nominees-for-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2017, 'yan jarida na ''Premium Times'' sun samu kyautar [[the Pulitzer Prize]], biyo bayan haɗin gwiwar su da ƙasa da ƙasa wurin bincike akan [[Panama Papers|Takardun Panama]], wanda ya nuna cin hanci da rashawa a wuraren haraji na teku da mutane da yawa ke amfani da su.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Digit|first1=Control|title=‘Fake News’ reporters win Pulitzer awards|url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/fake-news-reporters-win-pulitzer-awards/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152215/http://www.businessdayonline.com/fake-news-reporters-win-pulitzer-awards/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2018|access-date=24 May 2018|agency=Business Day Newspaper|publisher=Business Day Newspaper|date=April 11, 2017}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2017, ƙungiyar (Global Investigative Journalism Network) ta sanar da cewa jaridar ''Premium Times'' ta samu lambar yabo ta (Global Shining Light Award) saboda aikin binciken kisan gilla da aka yi a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]] da kuma yadda aka kitsa kisan kiyashin Onitsha da magoya bayan Biafra su kayi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=GIJN|first1=Staff|title=Investigative Stories from Iraq, Nigeria Win Global Shining Light Award|url=https://gijn.org/2017/11/18/investigative-stories-from-iraq-nigeria-win-global-shining-light-award/|website=Global Investigative Journalism Network|publisher=Global Investigative Journalism Network|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==  * [[Jaridun Nigeria|Jerin Jaridun Najeriya]] * [[Mujalla]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jaridu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jaridar da ake wallafa labarai a kullum a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jarida mai wallafa labaran ta a yanar gizo]] mt7ld1spwzwiuffgg0moy8y40r57gkl Kayan aiki 0 40533 882476 768287 2026-07-13T19:45:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Samuel Bond''' (Maris 6, 1939 - Mayu 13, 2025) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Amurka daga [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Wani memba na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na Amurka daga 1987 zuwa 2011, biyo bayan wa'adin da ba a jere ba a matsayin gwamnan Missouri daga 1973 zuwa 1977 da 1981 zuwa 1985, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin Mai binciken Jihar Missouri daga 1971 zuwa 1973. Zaben farko da ya yi a matsayin gwamna ya kawo karshen shekaru 28 na Democrat a wannan ofishin. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a shekarar 1986, Bond ya kayar da dan jam'iyyar Democrat Harriett Woods da kashi 53-47%. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 1992, 1998, da 2004. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai nemi sake zabensa ba a karo na biyar a shekara ta 2010, kuma dan jam'iyyar Republican Roy Blunt ne ya gaje shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2011.<ref name="bond2010">{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2009 |title=Sen. Kit Bond of Mo. announces retirement |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/01/08/Sen-Kit-Bond-of-Mo-announces-retirement/UPI-17941231455897 |access-date=November 17, 2009 |publisher=United Press International}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Majalisar Dattijai, Bond ya zama abokin tarayya a Thompson Coburn . == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi, da aikin lauya == Wani dan Missouri na ƙarni na shida, an haifi Bond a [[St. Louis]] a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1939, ɗan Elizabeth (née Green) da Arthur D. Bond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy of Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/bond.htm |access-date=November 17, 2009 |website=rootsweb.com |publisher=Robert Battle}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya kasance kyaftin din kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Missouri Tigers ta 1924 kuma [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]]. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, A.P. Green, ya kafa A.P, masana'antar yumbu da kuma babban ma'aikaci na shekaru da yawa a garin Bond Mexico, Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Rudi |date=2025-05-13 |title=Kit Bond, former Missouri governor, U.S. Senator, dead at 86 • Missouri Independent |url=https://missouriindependent.com/2025/05/13/kit-bond-former-missouri-governor-u-s-senator-dead-at-86/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Missouri Independent |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa kuma mai suna na A. P. Green Chapel a Jami'ar Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Germain |first=Kate |date=2008-07-02 |title=A.P. Green Chapel |url=https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/a-p-green-chapel/article_a994e43c-43c4-55f2-93bb-5fb9578b74fa.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Columbia Missourian |language=en}}</ref> Bond ya kammala karatu daga Deerfield Academy a 1956 sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Princeton kuma ya kammala karatu a 1960 tare da A.B. daga Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy of Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/bond.htm |access-date=November 17, 2009 |website=rootsweb.com |publisher=Robert Battle}}</ref> Ya kammala babban rubutun shafi 162 a wannan shekarar mai taken "Missouri Farm Organizations and the Problems of Agriculture". Yayinda yake dalibi a Princeton, Bond ya kasance memba na Quadrangle Club . <ref name="Quadrangle Club">{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2011 |title=Quadrangle Club |url=http://thetrad.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/frank-deford-princeton-eating-clubs.html |access-date=March 19, 2013}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu na farko a cikin aji daga Jami'ar Virginia School of Law a 1963 tare da J.D. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Rudi |date=2025-05-13 |title=Kit Bond, former Missouri governor, U.S. Senator, dead at 86 • Missouri Independent |url=https://missouriindependent.com/2025/05/13/kit-bond-former-missouri-governor-u-s-senator-dead-at-86/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Missouri Independent |language=en-US}}</ref> == Farkon aikin siyasa == Bond ya koma garinsu na Mexico, Missouri a cikin fall of 1967, kuma ya gudu zuwa Majalisa a 1968 a Gundumar majalisa ta 9 ta Missouri, yankin karkara na arewa maso gabashin jihar. Ya kayar da Anthony Schroeder a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican, kashi 56% zuwa 44%, inda ya lashe 19 daga cikin yankuna 23 na gundumar. A cikin babban zaben watan Nuwamba, Bond ya kusa kayar da dan majalisa na Democrat na Amurka Bill Hungate, 48% zuwa 52%. Bond ya lashe takwas daga cikin yankuna 23 na gundumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy of Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/bond.htm |access-date=November 17, 2009 |website=rootsweb.com |publisher=Robert Battle}}</ref> Daga cikin yakin neman zabe biyar na Hungate, wannan zaben 1968 a kan Bond shine mafi munin aikinsa.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 1998 |title=Sen. Christopher "Kit" Bond |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mo-sen-bond/ |accessdate=May 13, 2025 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1972, an zabi Bond a matsayin gwamnan [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] da kashi 55% zuwa 45%, wanda ya sa shi, yana da shekaru 33, gwamnan mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Missouri. Bond shine dan jam'iyyar Republican na farko a cikin shekaru 28 da ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Missouri. [[Fayil:Senator_Kit_Bond_joins_President_George_H._W._Bush_in_the_White_House_conference_room.jpg|thumb|300x300px|5Bond tare da Shugaba George H.W. Bush]] Bond ya kasance mai goyon bayan fadada cinikayya kyauta ga kasashe masu tasowa, kuma ya yi imani da ba da ikon shugaban kasa ga dangantakar kasuwanci mai sauri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Kit Bond on the Issues |url=https://ontheissues.org/Senate/Kit_Bond.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=ontheissues.org}}</ref> Ya jefa kuri'a don Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) <ref name=":4" /> da Yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta Tsakiya (CAFTA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy of Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/bond.htm |access-date=November 17, 2009 |website=rootsweb.com |publisher=Robert Battle}}</ref> kuma ya yi imani da daidaita dangantakar kasuwanci ta dindindin tare da [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 1998 |title=Sen. Christopher "Kit" Bond |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mo-sen-bond/ |accessdate=May 13, 2025 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ɗan Bond Sam ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 2003 daga Jami'ar Princeton, bayan haka ya zama jami'in a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka kuma ya yi yawon shakatawa da yawa a Iraki.<ref name="sampu" /> Sam daga baya ya shiga aiki a harkokin kasuwanci. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 36dabsicb30gnxj22zdpvv6zsf09met Barikanchi Pidgin 0 40962 882283 873579 2026-07-13T12:04:29Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Barikanchi Pidgin''', '''Barikanci''', ko '''Bastard Hausa''' Pidgin yare ne na [[harshen Hausa]] da ake magana da shi a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="Fiamingo2000">{{cite book|author=Cristiana Fiamingo|title=L'Africa subsahariana: ambiente, storia, strutture di potere, lingue, popoli, religioni, cronologia, glossario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXOphJdFS7UC&pg=PA77|accessdate=17 September 2011|year=2000|publisher=Edizioni Pendragon|isbn=978-88-8342-034-4|pages=77–}}</ref> [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|Rundunar sojin Najeriya]] na amfani da Barikanci wajen tabbatar da ƙyaƙƙyawar alaƙa tsakanin jami’an sojan da ke da bambancin [[harshe]]. A rundunar sojin [[Najeriya]], yawancin mambobin sun fito ne daga yankin arewacin ƙasar. Wannan ya sa [[harshen Hausa]] ya zama harshen da ya share fagen pidgin [[Hausa]], wanda aka fi sani da H''ausar bariki''.<ref name="Pidginization and Creolization of Languages">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA518 |title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1971 |pages=518– |id=GGKEY:07X8JT2JN9L |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> Harshen ya samo asali ne a [[barikin Sojojin]] [[Burtaniya]] da ke arewacin [[Najeriya]] a farkon ƙarni na (20) kuma anyi amfani da shi a matsayin yare a tsakanin 'ƴan [[Najeriya]] masu bambancin [[harshe]]. Kasancewarsa yaren soja, galibi ya sa ana magana da shi a barikin soja. Barikanci an samo shi ne daga kalmar bariki, ma'ana bariki.<ref name="Osaji1979">{{cite book |author=Bede Osaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpVkAAAAMAAJ |title=Language survey in Nigeria |publisher=Centre international de recherche sur le bilinguisme |year=1979 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Harshen Hausa|Gibanawa]], wani pidgin na Hausa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Hausa]] brrmja24tjendheqhk8xx7yg7eqcfgz Abdou Samake 0 42371 882413 618261 2026-07-13T16:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye cropped.jpg|thumb|Abdoulaye sameke]] '''Abdoulaye Samaké''' an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Oktobar a shekarar 1996), ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Mali]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga kulob ɗin Valor FC a gasar Premier ta [[Kanada]]. == Ƙuruciya == An haifi Samake a [[Bamako|birnin Bamako na kasar Mali]] kuma ya koma kasar [[Canada]] yana ɗan shekara shida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik.com/abdoulaye-samake-jouer-avec-le-mali-un-reve-absolu|title=Abdoulaye Samaké : « Jouer avec le Mali, un rêve absolu »|date=September 7, 2021|trans-title=Abdoulaye Samake: "Playing with Mali, an absolute dream"|language=fr|work=Afrik|first=Mamadou|last=Bâ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reference14sport.blogspot.com/2020/03/abdou-samake-pacific-fc-apresle-milieu.html|title=Mercato : Abdou Samaké signe avec le club canadien de Pacific FC|trans-title=Mercato: Abdou Samake signs with Canadian club Pacific FC|date=March 9, 2020|language=fr|first=Bréhima|last=Diakité|work=Reference 14 Sport}}</ref>Da farko ya koma Montreal, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Ottawa, inda ya girma. Samake ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa tare da Gloucester Hornets, kafin ya shiga Ottawa South United. Bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Impact na Montreal. == Aikin koleji == A cikin watan Fabrairun 2016, ya himmatu don shiga Jami'ar Michigan kuma ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza a cikin bazara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/high-school-soccer-article/boys-commitments:-college-variance_aid38838|title=Boys Commitments: College variance - Abdou Samake|first=Travis|last=Clark|date=February 9, 2016|work=Top Drawer Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wolverines Ink Five to 2016 Class |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2016/5/20/Wolverines_Ink_Five_to_2016_Class.aspx |publisher=[[Michigan Wolverines]]|date=20 May 2016}}</ref>Ya rasa duk kakar wasan sa a shekarar 2016 saboda rauni. Ya fara wasan sa na farko a ranar 25 ga Agustan 2017 akan William &amp;amp; Mary Tribe . Ya kasance zaɓi na Ilimin Duk-Big Ten na sau uku daga 2017 zuwa 2019 da zaɓi na Jami'ar Michigan Athletic Academic Achievement na lokaci biyu a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin babban lokacinsa, an ba shi suna zuwa Babban Babban Taro na Babban Taron Gasar Wasannin Goma kuma an nada shi Babban Mutumin Club na shekara na Michigan. Ya sami damar kammala karatun semester a farkon Janairun 2020, ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Adabi, Kimiyya da shirin Arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.umich.edu/people/faces-umsi/faces-umsi-abdou-samake|title=Faces of UMSI: Abdou Samake|work=[[University of Michigan School of Information]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.felkrem.com/934-2/|title=Abdou Samake sets a milestone in finishing his undergrad journey|work=Felkrem|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-date=2022-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211222353/https://www.felkrem.com/934-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == A cikin watan Yulin 2015, Samake ya sanya hannu tare da Impact's Reserve gefen, FC Montreal, a cikin USL .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvasports.ca/2015/07/30/le-fc-montreal-recrute-chez-lacademie-1|title=Le FC Montréal recrute chez l'Académie|trans-title=FC Montreal recruits at the academy|language=fr|work=[[TVA Sports]]|date=July 30, 2015|access-date=March 1, 2023|archive-date=December 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211222357/https://www.tvasports.ca/2015/07/30/le-fc-montreal-recrute-chez-lacademie-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfmontreal.com/nouvelles/le-fc-montreal-signe-huit-joueurs-de-lacademie|title=Le FC Montréal signe huit joueurs de l'Académie|language=fr|date=July 30, 2015|trans-title=FC Montreal signs eight players from the Academy|work=[[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2016, ya taka leda tare da Chicago Wuta U23 a cikin Premier Development League .<ref name=16pdl>{{cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/12725335?subseason=278141|title=Abdoulaye Samake 2016 PDL Stats|work=[[USL League Two]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagofirefc.com/video/chicago-fire-u-23s-handle-kokomo-mantis-3-0-in-usl-pdl-play-5575142583001#chicago-fire-u-23s-handle-kokomo-mantis-3-0-in-usl-pdl-play-5575142583001|title=Chicago Fire U-23s Handle Kokomo Mantis 3-0 in USL PDL Play|date=June 21, 2016|work=[[Chicago Fire FC]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018, ya taka leda a gasar Premier tare da Chicago FC United (wanda ya maye gurbin Wuta U23).<ref name=17pdl>{{cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/18180244?subseason=376352|title=Abdoulaye Samake 2017 PDL Stats|work=[[USL League Two]]}}</ref><ref name=18pdl>{{cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/25251358?subseason=482928|title=Abdoulaye Samake 2018 PDL Stats|work=[[USL League Two]]}}</ref> A cikin watan Fabrairun 2020, ya rattaba hannu tare da Pacific FC akan Premier League na Kanada . A cikin shekarar 2021, ya lashe kambin CPL tare da Pacific, kodayake bai buga wasan karshe na gasar ba saboda raunin da ya samu a wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik.com/abdoulaye-samake-champion-du-canada-une-grande-fierte-de-gagner-ce-trophee|title=Abdoulaye Samaké, Champion du Canada : « Une grande fierté de gagner ce trophée »|language=fr|trans-title=Abdoulaye Samake, Canadian Champion: “I am very proud to win this trophy”|date=December 9, 2021|first=Mamadou|last=Bâ|work=Afrik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pacificfc.canpl.ca/article/samake-returning-for-2022-season|title=Samake Returning for 2022 Season!|date=February 11, 2022|work=[[Pacific FC]]|first=Jack|last=Longo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canpl.ca/article/cpl50-47-abdou-samake-pacific-fc|title=CPL50 – 47. Abdou Samake (Pacific FC)|date=December 8, 2021|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]|first=Charlie|last=O'Connor-Clarke}}</ref>A cikin Fabrairun 2022, ya sake sanya hannu tare da kulob din na wani kakar. A cikin watan Agustan 2022, an nada shi cikin Kungiyar CPL na Makon. Bayan kakar 2022, ya bar kulob din. A cikin Disambar 2022, ya shiga Valor FC don kakar 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canpl.ca/article/valour-fc-sign-canadian-defender-abdou-samake|title=Valour FC sign Canadian defender Abdou Samake|date=December 12, 2022|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northerntribune.ca/valour-fc-abdou-samake-2023/|title=Valour Adds Defender Abdou Samake|date=December 12, 2022|work=Northern Tribune|first=John|last=Jacques}}</ref> == Kididdigar sana'a == {{Updated|October 23, 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|abdoulaye-samake/484078}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kididdigar kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Wasan wasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin cikin gida ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | FC Montreal | 2015 | USL | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | Wuta ta Chicago U23 | 2016 | Premier League Development | 6 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 6 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | Chicago FC United | 2017 | rowspan="2" | Premier League Development | 10 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 12 | 1 |- | 2018 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 20 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 22 ! 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Pacific FC | 2020 | rowspan="3" | Gasar Premier ta Kanada | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 3 | 0 |- | 2021 | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 28 | 0 |- | 2022 | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 46 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 4 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 54 ! 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 72 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 6 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 82 ! 0 |} == Girmamawa == === Kulob === '''Pacific FC''' * Premier League : 2021 == Manazarta == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|abdoulaye-samake/484078}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] qljzuewv6og8bple7e8t9m14xtegjhh Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambiya ta ƙasa da shekaru 20 0 43244 882684 878268 2026-07-14T06:41:51Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Gambiya ta kasa da shekaru 20 ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa''' ce ta 'yan [[ƙasa]] da shekaru 20 ta Gambiya kuma hukumar kula da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta [[Gambiya]] ce ke kula da ita. Tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar matasa da ƙungiyar ciyarwar taƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Gambiya . Ana yi masu lakabin ''Matasan kunami'' . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Gambia coach M'Boge hopes for one last dance for the Young Scorpions|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u20-africa-cup-of-nations/2021/news/gambia-coach-m-boge-hopes-for-one-last-dance-for-the-young-scorpions|access-date=2021-03-14|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=Young Scorpions Mentally and Physically Preparing for WAFU, Says Marr|url=https://www.chronicle.gm/young-scorpions-mentally-and-physically-preparing-for-wafu-says-marr/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Chronicle Gambia|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228123718/https://www.chronicle.gm/young-scorpions-mentally-and-physically-preparing-for-wafu-says-marr/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Scorpions (U20) Archives - Page 7 of 25|url=https://gambiaff.org/category/scorpions/young-scorpions/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=THE GFF {{!}} Official Website|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Ghana v Gambia – Black Satellites to confirm, Young Scorpions for a surprise|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u20-africa-cup-of-nations/2021/news/ghana-v-gambia-black-satellites-to-confirm-young-scorpions-for-a-surprise|access-date=2021-03-14|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}</ref> == Filin wasa na gida. == Filin wasa na [[Independence Arch|Independence]] filin wasa ne mai amfani da yawa a Bakau, [[Gambiya]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], ko da yake ana kuma amfani da shi wajen wasannin kaɗe-kaƙe, na siyasa, baje kolin kasuwanci da bukukuwan ƙasa. Filin wasan yana dauke da mutane 30,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gambia National Stadium|url=http://www.gambiafa.com/the-gfa/gambia-national-stadium.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923092048/http://gambiafa.com/the-gfa/gambia-national-stadium.html|archive-date=2013-09-23|access-date=2013-08-27}}</ref> == Girmamawa. == * '''Gasar Matasan Afirka :''' ** Masu lambar yabo ta '''Bronze (2):''' 2007, 2021. * '''WAFU Zone A Gasar U-20 :''' ** '''Masu nasara (2):''' 2018, 2020. ** '''Masu lambar yabo ta Bronze (1):''' 2019. == Duba kuma. == * Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia. * Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Gambia. == Manazarta. == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * Gidan yanar gizon [https://gambiaff.org/ GFF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818022210/https://gambiaff.org/ |date=2024-08-18 }} na hukuma * [https://gambiaff.org/category/scorpions/junior-scorpions/ GFF- Matasan kunama] dxxhr7pkbdfzhh93bwy3ttsds1h3882 Leslie Wenzler 0 45425 882471 711486 2026-07-13T19:38:00Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Leslie Justin Wenzler''' (an Haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1962), tsohuwar ɗan wasan [[kurket]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu. ==Rayuwar farko== An haife shi a [[Johannesburg]], Wenzler ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan kurket na aji na farko na Orange Free State da Griqualand West a [[Bloemfontein]] a cikin shekarar 1981/1982 SAB Bowl .<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14865/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class Matches played by Leslie Wenzler |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=2019-02-28 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya yi wasansa na farko a cikin jerin wasan kurket na kwana ɗaya a cikin wannan kakar, a kan Lardin Yamma a Datsun Shield, tare da Wenzler ya buga wasa na biyu a gasar da Natal .<ref name="LAM">{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14865/List_A_Matches.html |title=List A Matches played by Leslie Wenzler |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=2019-02-28 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya buga aji na farko don Northern Transvaal B a cikin 1982/1983 SAB Bowl, <ref name="FCM" /> kafin ya tafi Ingila don buga wasan cricket na kananan hukumomi don Cheshire a shekarar 1984, ya buga wasanni biyu a Gasar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Kananan Hukumomi]], tare da wasanni biyu a cikin MCCA . ganima. Komawa Afirka ta Kudu, ya ci gaba da buga wasan kurket na aji na farko don Orange Free State (da bangaren B) da Arewacin Transvaal B har zuwa lokacin 1991/1992. <ref name="FCM" /> A cikin Lissafi A wasan kurket, Wenzler ya bayyana a wasanni biyu na [[Orange Free State and Griqualand West Combined XI|Jihar Orange Free da Griqualand West Combined XI]] a cikin Nissan Shield na 1986/1987, kafin ya buga wasan ƙarshe a cikin waccan tsarin na Jihar Orange Free a cikin 1987/1988 Nissan Shield. <ref name="LAM" /> Wasa jimlar 21 matakin farko, Wenzler ya ci 592 gudu a matsakaicin 18.50, tare da babban maki na 37. <ref name="PRO">{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14865/14865.html |title=Player profile: Leslie Wenzler |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=2019-02-28 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tare da matsakaicin taki na hannun dama, Wenzler ya ɗauki wickets 4 a 109.00 kowane . <ref name="PRO" /> A wasanni biyar na Jerin A, ya zira kwallaye 38 a raga, tare da babban maki na 17. <ref name="PRO" /> A cikin shekarar 2002, Wenzler ya kasance memba mai kafa ƙungiyar Kocin wasan kurket na Lardin Yamma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wpcca.co.za/files/about-wpcca/history.html |title=Some WPCCA history |publisher=www.wpcca.co.za |accessdate=2019-02-28 |archive-date=2019-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192136/http://www.wpcca.co.za/files/about-wpcca/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Leslie Wenzler at ESPNcricinfo [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] cmikvi89ldpwf50s45od75pwp99c6ry Ifeanyi Ossai 0 50688 882326 860754 2026-07-13T13:53:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ifeanyi Ossai | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = File:Ifeanyiossai.jpg | term_start = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | birth_date = 13 November 1973 | birth_place = [[Udenu]], [[Enugu]] | spouse = Adaeze Ossai | party = [[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|All Progressives Congress]] | official website = | predecessor = [[Cecilia Ezeilo]] | office = [[List of Governors of Enugu State|Deputy Governor of Enugu State]] | governor = [[Peter Mbah]] }} '''Ifeanyi Ossai''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1973) dar siyasar Najeriya ne, lauya kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Enugu tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ugwueze |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-03-23 |title=Enugu Governor-elect, Mbah, Deputy, Ossai visit Gov. Ugwuanyi |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/03/23/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-ossai-visit-gov-ugwuanyi/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=Untold Story Of Enugu Deputy Gov Ifeanyi Ossai |url=https://leadership.ng/untold-story-of-enugu-deputy-gov-ifeanyi-ossai/ |access-date= |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2023-03-24 |title=Enugu Governor-elect Mbah, Deputy Governor-elect Ossai visit Ugwuanyi |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-governor-elect-ossai-visit-ugwuanyi/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ossai dar asalin yankin karamar hukuma ce ta [[Udenu]] kuma memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor |url=https://enugustate.gov.ng/the-deputy-governor/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ENUGU STATE GOVERNMENT |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qqmd7p9xjcr22rl0btlbje1rcjvhpz0 882329 882326 2026-07-13T14:05:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 882329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ifeanyi Ossai | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = File:Ifeanyiossai.jpg | term_start = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | birth_date = 13 November 1973 | birth_place = [[Udenu]], [[Enugu]] | spouse = Adaeze Ossai | party = [[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|All Progressives Congress]] | official website = | predecessor = [[Cecilia Ezeilo]] | office = [[List of Governors of Enugu State|Deputy Governor of Enugu State]] | governor = [[Peter Mbah]] }} '''Ifeanyi Ossai''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1973) dan siyasar Najeriya ne, lauya kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Enugu tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ugwueze |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-03-23 |title=Enugu Governor-elect, Mbah, Deputy, Ossai visit Gov. Ugwuanyi |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/03/23/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-ossai-visit-gov-ugwuanyi/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=Untold Story Of Enugu Deputy Gov Ifeanyi Ossai |url=https://leadership.ng/untold-story-of-enugu-deputy-gov-ifeanyi-ossai/ |access-date= |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2023-03-24 |title=Enugu Governor-elect Mbah, Deputy Governor-elect Ossai visit Ugwuanyi |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-governor-elect-ossai-visit-ugwuanyi/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ossai dar asalin yankin karamar hukuma ce ta [[Udenu]] kuma memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor |url=https://enugustate.gov.ng/the-deputy-governor/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ENUGU STATE GOVERNMENT |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8wb5q3r176esak6uk94ly4zvwyvwdlz Agenda 2063 0 51154 882592 824810 2026-07-14T00:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Agenda 2063''' wani tsari ne na shirye-shiryen da aka gabatar kuma a halin yanzu ana aiwatar da shi ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]. An karbe shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a taron 24 na Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnatocin Tarayyar Afirka a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213181702/https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-12-13|title=Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. {{!}} African Union|date=2019-12-13|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> An fara kiran irin wannan ajanda ne daga Majalisar Tarayya ta 21 a ranar 26 ga Mayun shekarar 2013, shekaru 50 bayan kafuwar Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka, a matsayin shirin shekaru 50 masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/peace/agenda2063.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132137/https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/peace/agenda2063.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-12-12|title=Agenda 2063 {{!}} Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, OSAA|date=2019-12-12|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> Manufofin da aka bayyana na Agenda sune ci gaban tattalin arziki (gami da kawar da talauci a cikin ƙarni ɗaya), haɗin kai na siyasa (musamman ta hanyar kafa tarayya ko haɗin kai na Afirka), inganta dimokuradiyya da adalci, kafa tsaro da zaman lafiya a duk nahiyar Afirka,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/50anniv_declaration_2013.pdf|title=50th Anniversary Solemn Declaration|last=|first=|date=2017-01-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113110706/http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/50anniv_declaration_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-13|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> karfafa asalin al'adu ta hanyar "farfadowar Afirka" da manufofin Afirka, [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], da kuma 'yancin siyasa daga ikon kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/agenda2063/goals|title=Goals & Priority Areas of Agenda 2063 {{!}} African Union|website=au.int|access-date=2020-02-24}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shugaba [[Alassane Ouattara]] na Côte d'Ivoire ne ya gabatar da ''rahoton nahiyar na farko game da aiwatar da Agenda 2063'' a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu shekarar 2020, wanda ke nuna farkon sake zagayowar rahoto na shekaru biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/02/10/african-union-au-summit-first-continental-report-on-implementation-of-agenda-2063-unveiled/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224140034/https://www.africanews.com/2020/02/10/african-union-au-summit-first-continental-report-on-implementation-of-agenda-2063-unveiled/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-02-24|title=African Union (AU) Summit: First continental report on implementation of Agenda 2063 unveiled {{!}} Africanews|date=2020-02-24|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> Yana auna ci gaba a kan saitin manufofi da aka ayyana don Shirin Aiwatar da Shekaru Goma na farko kuma an ƙaddamar da shi tare da allon layi na kan layi wanda ke nuna ci gaba a kowane yanki na Agenda da yankuna na ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka masu mahimmanci == Agenda ya haɗa da manyan ayyukan 15, waɗanda aka gano a matsayin mabuɗin don ba da damar da hanzarta ci gaba a duk fannoni na ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/agenda2063/flagship-projects|title=Flagship Projects of Agenda 2063 {{!}} African Union|website=au.int|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=2023-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210810/https://au.int/agenda2063/flagship-projects|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne: # Cibiyar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu da ke haɗa dukkan manyan biranen Afirka da cibiyoyin kasuwanci # Shirya dabarun canza tattalin arzikin Afirka daga mai samar da albarkatun kasa zuwa wanda ke amfani da albarkatunsa # Kafa [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|Yankin Kasuwanci na Afirka]] # Gabatar da [[Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka]], da kuma cire duk bukatun biza ga masu riƙe da shi a cikin Afirka # Ƙarshen duk yaƙe-yaƙe, rikice-rikicen basasa, tashin hankali na jinsi, da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali ta 2020 # Gina madatsar ruwa ta Inga ta uku # Kafa [[Kasuwar Sufurin Jiragen Sama Na Afirka Guda Daya|Kasuwar Sufurin Jirgin Sama ta Afirka]] # Kafa taron tattalin arzikin Afirka na shekara-shekara # Kafa wasu cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, wanda aka tsara a matsayin Bankin Zuba Jari na Afirka, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Afirka, Asusun Kuɗi na Afirka, da [[Babban Bankin Afirka]] # Cibiyar sadarwar bayanai ta dijital ta Afirka # Ci gaban dabarun Afirka na yau da kullun don amfani da fasahar sararin samaniya # Kafa jami'ar Afirka mai budewa, dijital, mai ilmantarwa ta nesa # Haɗin kai kan tsaro na yanar gizo # Tushen Babban Gidan Tarihi na Afirka, adana al'adun al'adun Afirka da inganta pan-Africanism # Tarin wani Encyclopaedia Africana a matsayin mai iko a kan tarihin Afirka da rayuwar Afirka. === Aiwatarwa === Yankin Kasuwanci na Afirka (ACFTA) an kafa shi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka karɓa a watan Maris na 2018 kuma zai fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-project/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta|title=African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD|website=www.nepad.org|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> An kafa Bankin Zuba Jari na Afirka da Asusun Kudi na Afirka, tare da hedkwatar da za a gina a Tripoli, Libya da [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]], bi da bi. An shirya Masar don karbar bakuncin Hukumar sararin samaniya ta Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1550551/egypt-to-host-african-space-agency/|title=A new space agency signals Africa’s focus on harnessing geospatial data|last=Kazeem|first=Yomi|website=Quartz Africa|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> An kirkiro Pan African Virtual da E-University (PAVEU) a matsayin hannun dijital na Jami'ar Pan-African kuma tana ba da saiti na farko na darussan uku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paveu.africa-union.org/about-us/|title=About Us – PAVEU|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224145955/http://paveu.africa-union.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan suna riƙe da rashin kuɗi, kamar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu, hukumar sararin samaniya, da Dam din Inga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-projects|title=Flagship Projects {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD|website=www.nepad.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [https://www.nepad.org/agenda-dashboard Agenda 2063 ci gaba dashboard]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a shafin yanar gizon NEPAD [[Category:Afrika]] 7f513bnvhbsj6zx9gz7dzjz8hcgnppo Mohamed Hanipa Maidin 0 53294 882839 574195 2026-07-14T10:06:02Z Usman saadu 46863 882839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Hanipa bin Maidin''' ( Jawi : محمد حنيفة بن ميدين) dan [[Dan siyasa|siyasan]] Malaysia ne wanda ya zama mataimakin minista a ma'aikatar firaministan mai kula da harkokin shari'a a gwamnatin Pakatan Harapan (PH) a zamanin tsohon Firayim Minista [[Mahathir Mohamad]] da tsohon minista Liew. Vui Keong daga watan Yuli shekara ta 2018 zuwa rugujewar gwamnatin PH a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020 da kuma dan majalisa (MP) na Sepang daga watan Mayu shekara ta 2013 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2022. Dan jam'iyyar National Trust Party (AMANAH) ne, jam'iyyar hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar adawa ta PH . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/profile-ahli.html?uweb=dr&id=3637|title=AHLI PARLIMEN Laman Utama : Profile Ahli Dewan|work=Parlimen Malaysia|language=ms |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref> kuma ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS). Shi da sauran shugabannin PAS masu ci gaba da ake kira G18 an kori su a 2015 PAS Muktamar . Wannan ya sa suka kaddamar da Gerakan Harapan Baru (GHB), wanda ya karbi ragamar Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Malaysia, bayan yunkurinsu na kafa sabuwar jam'iyya mai suna Parti Progresif Islam (PPI) ta ki amincewa da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida .<ref name="BHPlus">{{cite news|url=http://www.bhplus.com.my/node/78646|title=GHB ambil alih Parti Pekerja Malaysia|date=31 August 2015|work=[[Berita Harian]]|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075426/http://www.bhplus.com.my/node/78646|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NST">{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/98717|title=GHB to form new Islamic party under existing political vehicle|author=Adrian Lai|date=31 August 2015|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Daga baya aka maida GHB a matsayin AMANAH inda Mohamad Sabu ya zama shugabanta na daya.<ref name="AstroAwani">{{cite news|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/parti-amanah-negara-jadi-wadah-politik-ghb-71693|title=Parti Amanah Negara jadi wadah politik GHB|author=Khairunnisa Kasnoon|date=31 August 2015|work=[[Astro Awani]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="TheStar">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/08/31/GHB-Amanah-PAS/|title=GHB announces setting up of Parti Amanah Negara|author=Rahmah Ghazali|date=31 August 2015|work=[[The Star Online]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Hanipa [[barrister]] ce ta sana'a. Ya auri Rohani Rohmat. == Sakamakon zabe == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar Malesiya''' ! Shekara ! Mazaba ! colspan="2" | ! Kuri'u ! Pct ! colspan="2" | Abokan hamayya ! Kuri'u ! Pct ! An jefa kuri'u ! Galibi ! Hallara |- | 1995 | P139 Kota Tinggi, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 3,007 | 7.56% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | '''Syed Hamid Albar''' ( <nowiki><b id="mwYw">UMNO</b></nowiki> ) | align="right" | '''36,776''' | '''92.44%''' | 41,577 | 33,769 | 78.83% |- | 1999 | P131 Parit Sulong, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 13,603 | 30.32% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | '''Ruhanie Ahmad''' ( <nowiki><b id="mweA">UMNO</b></nowiki> ) | align="right" | '''31,260''' | '''69.68%''' | 46,006 | 17,657 | 73.95% |- | 2004 | P150 Batu Pahat, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 9,880 | 20.22% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Junaidy Abd Wahab ( [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Malay ta United|'''UMNO''']] ) | align="right" | '''38,982''' | '''79.78%''' | 50,234 | 29,102 | 73.43% |- | 2008 | P95 Tanjong Karang, Selangor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 12,253 | 42.18% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Noh Omar ( [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Malay ta United|'''UMNO''']] ) | align="right" | '''16,073''' | '''55.32%''' | 29,052 | 3,820 | 79.83% |- | rowspan="3" | 2013 | rowspan="7" | P113 Sepang, Selangor | rowspan="3" {{Party shading/PAS}} | | rowspan="3" | '''Mohamed Hanipa Maidin''' ( <nowiki><b id="mwsg">PAS</b></nowiki> ) | rowspan="3" align="right" | '''36,800''' | rowspan="3" | '''49.91%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Mohd Zin Mohamed ( UMNO ) | align="right" | 35,658 | 48.36% | rowspan="3" | 75,135 | rowspan="3" | 1 142 | rowspan="3" | 89.06% |- | {{Party shading/Independent}} | | Suhaimi Mohd Ghazali ( IND ) | align="right" | 962 | 1.30% |- | {{Party shading/Independent}} | | Hanapiah Mohammed ( IND ) | align="right" | 315 | 0.43% |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | | rowspan="2" | '''Mohamed Hanipa Maidin''' ( <nowiki><b id="mw0g">AMANAH</b></nowiki> ) | rowspan="2" align="right" | '''46,740''' | rowspan="2" | '''51.56%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Marsum Paing ( [[kungiyar kasa ta Malay ta United|UMNO]] ) | align="right" | 28,035 | 30.92% | rowspan="2" | 92,087 | rowspan="2" | 18,705 | rowspan="2" | 88.11% |- | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Sabirin Marsono ( PAS ) | align="right" | 15,882 | 17.52% |} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2v2pta6w6k8idwq1ml3dhd602z8t6eb 882840 882839 2026-07-14T10:07:35Z Usman saadu 46863 882840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Hanipa bin Maidin''' ( Jawi : محمد حنيفة بن ميدين) dan [[Dan siyasa|siyasan]] Malaysia ne wanda ya zama mataimakin minista a ma'aikatar firaministan mai kula da harkokin shari'a a gwamnatin Pakatan Harapan (PH) a zamanin tsohon Firayim Minista [[Mahathir Mohamad]] da tsohon minista Liew. Vui Keong daga watan Yuli shekara ta 2018 zuwa rugujewar gwamnatin PH a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020 da kuma dan majalisa (MP) na Sepang daga watan Mayu shekara ta 2013 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2022. Dan jam'iyyar National Trust Party (AMANAH) ne, jam'iyyar hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar adawa ta PH . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/profile-ahli.html?uweb=dr&id=3637|title=AHLI PARLIMEN Laman Utama : Profile Ahli Dewan|work=Parlimen Malaysia|language=ms |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref> kuma ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS). Shi da sauran shugabannin PAS masu ci gaba da ake kira G18 an kori su a Shekara ta 2015 PAS Muktamar . Wannan ya sa suka kaddamar da Gerakan Harapan Baru (GHB), wanda ya karbi ragamar Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Malaysia, bayan yunkurinsu na kafa sabuwar jam'iyya mai suna Parti Progresif Islam (PPI) ta ki amincewa da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida .<ref name="BHPlus">{{cite news|url=http://www.bhplus.com.my/node/78646|title=GHB ambil alih Parti Pekerja Malaysia|date=31 August 2015|work=[[Berita Harian]]|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075426/http://www.bhplus.com.my/node/78646|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NST">{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/98717|title=GHB to form new Islamic party under existing political vehicle|author=Adrian Lai|date=31 August 2015|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Daga baya aka maida GHB a matsayin AMANAH inda Mohamad Sabu ya zama shugabanta na daya.<ref name="AstroAwani">{{cite news|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/parti-amanah-negara-jadi-wadah-politik-ghb-71693|title=Parti Amanah Negara jadi wadah politik GHB|author=Khairunnisa Kasnoon|date=31 August 2015|work=[[Astro Awani]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="TheStar">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/08/31/GHB-Amanah-PAS/|title=GHB announces setting up of Parti Amanah Negara|author=Rahmah Ghazali|date=31 August 2015|work=[[The Star Online]]|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Hanipa [[barrister]] ce ta sana'a. Ya auri Rohani Rohmat. == Sakamakon zabe == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar Malesiya''' ! Shekara ! Mazaba ! colspan="2" | ! Kuri'u ! Pct ! colspan="2" | Abokan hamayya ! Kuri'u ! Pct ! An jefa kuri'u ! Galibi ! Hallara |- | 1995 | P139 Kota Tinggi, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 3,007 | 7.56% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | '''Syed Hamid Albar''' ( <nowiki><b id="mwYw">UMNO</b></nowiki> ) | align="right" | '''36,776''' | '''92.44%''' | 41,577 | 33,769 | 78.83% |- | 1999 | P131 Parit Sulong, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 13,603 | 30.32% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | '''Ruhanie Ahmad''' ( <nowiki><b id="mweA">UMNO</b></nowiki> ) | align="right" | '''31,260''' | '''69.68%''' | 46,006 | 17,657 | 73.95% |- | 2004 | P150 Batu Pahat, Johor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 9,880 | 20.22% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Junaidy Abd Wahab ( [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Malay ta United|'''UMNO''']] ) | align="right" | '''38,982''' | '''79.78%''' | 50,234 | 29,102 | 73.43% |- | 2008 | P95 Tanjong Karang, Selangor | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin ( PAS ) | align="right" | 12,253 | 42.18% | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Noh Omar ( [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Malay ta United|'''UMNO''']] ) | align="right" | '''16,073''' | '''55.32%''' | 29,052 | 3,820 | 79.83% |- | rowspan="3" | 2013 | rowspan="7" | P113 Sepang, Selangor | rowspan="3" {{Party shading/PAS}} | | rowspan="3" | '''Mohamed Hanipa Maidin''' ( <nowiki><b id="mwsg">PAS</b></nowiki> ) | rowspan="3" align="right" | '''36,800''' | rowspan="3" | '''49.91%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Mohd Zin Mohamed ( UMNO ) | align="right" | 35,658 | 48.36% | rowspan="3" | 75,135 | rowspan="3" | 1 142 | rowspan="3" | 89.06% |- | {{Party shading/Independent}} | | Suhaimi Mohd Ghazali ( IND ) | align="right" | 962 | 1.30% |- | {{Party shading/Independent}} | | Hanapiah Mohammed ( IND ) | align="right" | 315 | 0.43% |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | | rowspan="2" | '''Mohamed Hanipa Maidin''' ( <nowiki><b id="mw0g">AMANAH</b></nowiki> ) | rowspan="2" align="right" | '''46,740''' | rowspan="2" | '''51.56%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | Marsum Paing ( [[kungiyar kasa ta Malay ta United|UMNO]] ) | align="right" | 28,035 | 30.92% | rowspan="2" | 92,087 | rowspan="2" | 18,705 | rowspan="2" | 88.11% |- | {{Party shading/PAS}} | | Sabirin Marsono ( PAS ) | align="right" | 15,882 | 17.52% |} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] kpqyrs0w9865qrc2af039juvvumpass Adasa Cookey 0 54110 882533 878520 2026-07-13T21:50:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Adasa Cookey|image=AdasaCookey.jpg|Background=non_performing_personnel|Birth_name=Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam|birth_date={{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]|Occupations=[[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]]|Years_active=2010–present|website=www.adasacookey.com|module={{Infobox person | embed = yes | education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] }}}}'''Adasa Cookey''' (an haife ta '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''') ita ce Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], Mai daukar hoto, Daraktan kasuwanci, mai launi, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai. Yana aiki kuma yana jagorantar Squareball Media Productions Limited inda shi ne kuma babban jami'in kamfanin, wanda kuma lakabin rikodin ne wanda ke da gidaje [[1da Banton]] & Eli Jae . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adasa a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1981, a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]]. Ya yi yarantakarsa a Port Harcourt, inda ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Bereton da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers]] kuma ya sami digiri na farko a Fasaha a Gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Adasa ya bar aikin wakilin kula da abokan ciniki a cikin 2010 don canza sha'awarsa a cikin gyaran bidiyo da kai tsaye. Ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na masu fasahar kiɗa kamar [[Davido]], Burna Boy, [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, da [[Don Jazzy]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021) |url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2020 |title=[Video] SIMI – "Duduke" (Dir. By Adasa Cookey |url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Hotunan bidiyo da aka zaɓa == * Burna Boy - Kamar Jam'iyyar (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9}}</ref> * D'Prince - Goody Bag (2013) * Ketchup- Nuna Ni Yuh Rozay (2013) * [[Mavin Records|Mavins]] All Stars - Adaobi (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/}}</ref> * DJ Xclusive ft [[Davido]] - Wo Le (2015) * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/}}</ref> * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Shirye (2016) * Ric Hassani - Kai kaɗai (2017) * Ginin dafa abinci na [[Orezi]] (2017) * Idahams-Toast (2017) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Selense (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Ayo (2019) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Duduke (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz |url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking - Jericho (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho |url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Jin (2020) * Runtown ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Body Riddim (Video) (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes & Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] - By You (2019) * Praiz - Madu (2020) * [[Niniola]] - Mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (2020) * Wande Coal ft. Wale - Har ila yau (Remix) (2020) * Wande Coal - Har ila yau (2020) * Idahams-Biliyan Dollar (2019) * Idahams-Ada (2020) * Idahams-Zan Shigar da Idoyata (2020) * Stonebwoy ft. [[Zlatan]]- Mai sukar (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Stonebwoy's new video for 'Critical' featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE |url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Project !Ceremony !Category !Result |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |"himself" | rowspan="1" |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|City People Entertainment]] |''Best Music Video Director of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage & Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |''Video of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |"Himself" | rowspan="1" |GALAXY AWARDS |''Video Director of the Year'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2019 | rowspan="1" |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" |AFRIMA Award |''Best African Video'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners |url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2017 | rowspan="1" |Orezi, "Cooking Pot" | rowspan="1" |AFRIMA Award |''Best African Video of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2017 |title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners |url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |[[Adekunle Gold]], "Pick Up the Call" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Cinematography'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Editor'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List |url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Director'' | {{Nom}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|adasacookey.com}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bdw3shmjqumtmx3r05idgfuc7iyb0tz Tarihin Jonathan Overpeck 0 59961 882538 864428 2026-07-13T22:15:01Z Merjoor 14653 882538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jonathan Taylor Overpeck''' Masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na kasar Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, yayi aiki a matsayin Samuel A.Graham Dean na Makarantar Muhalli da dorewa ta Jami'ar Michigan. Overpeck ya rubuta littattafai sama da 220 na kimiyya. Acikin 2007, ya kasance marubucin jagora mai gudanarwa akan rahoto ga [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|kungiyar kungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Canjin Yanayi,]] wanda aka bada yautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Overpeck ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin geology daga Kwalejin Hamilton. == Sana'a == Kafin shiga Jami'ar Michigan, Overpeck ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazari ta Duniya. Ya zama Samuel A. Graham Dean na Makarantar Muhalli da Dorewa ta Jami'ar Michigan a ciki A alif, 2017. Ya kasance mai himma a jami'a, birni da jiha kokarin [[Rage canjin yanayi|rage sauyin yanayi]]. Alif 2015, an zabi Overpeck ɗan'uwan Tarayyar Geophysical na Amurka. == Bugawar da aka zaba == * Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, KR Briffa, J.-C. Duplessy, F. Joos, V. Masson-Delmotte, D. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, WR Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba da D. . Zhang (2007). "Paleoclimate." ''Canjin Yanayi 2007: Jiki&nbsp;Tushen Kimiyya'' . Gudunmawar kungiya ta I zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Huɗu na Kungiyar, Sulomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, KB Averyt, M. Tignor da HL Miller (eds).)]. Jami'ar Cambridge Press,&nbsp;Cambridge, United Kingdom da kuma New York, NY, Amurka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://seas.umich.edu/research/faculty/jonathan-t-overpeck-phd Faculty profile page] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 29wtrele8yet8xb2zpudhbj8jhdc0k5 Lawrence Omole 0 61140 882744 324548 2026-07-14T07:37:45Z BnHamid 12586 882744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokta Lawrence Omole''' (Oktoba 11, 1915 &#x2013; Nuwamba 14, 2008) fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]], wanda a tsawon shekaru ya ba da gudunmawa mai yawa ga yunkurin bunƙasa masana'antu a ƙasar. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin hamshaƙan masu sayar da koko daga yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Ya kuma kasance shugaban al'umma, wanda ya ba da lokaci da kuzari wajen samar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma daban-daban a [[Ilesa|Ilesha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/03/lawrence-omole-the-industrialist-who-loved-both-christians-and-muslims/|title = Lawrence Omole: The Industrialist Who Loved Both Christians and Muslims|date = 21 March 2015}}</ref> A shekarun 1960, ya kafa kungiyar tsare-tsare ta Ijesa, kungiyar da ke da sha'awar bunkasa masana'antu a kasar Ijesa. A cikin shekarar 1978, ƙoƙarin wani haɗin gwiwa, ya haifar da kafa Kamfanin Breweries na Duniya, [[Ilesa ta Gabas|Ilesha]]. Ana kallon masana'antar giya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na tsarin hadin gwiwa tare da aiwatar da aikin masana'antu a ƙasar. == Rayuwa == Mahaifin Omole, Abdul-Raheem Omole ya yi aiki a cikin [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|layin dogo]] kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci daga bisani ya zama manomi. Daga shekarun 1928 zuwa 1935, Omole ya yi aiki a gonar mahaifinsa a [[Ijesha|Ilesha]]. Bayan haka, ya bar [[noma]] kuma an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin magatakardar kayan amfanin gona ga wasu masu siyan kayan amfanin gona. A cikin shekarar 1945, ya zama mai siyar da kayayyaki tare da Kamfanin United African Company. Ya samu riba a shekarar 1947 lokacin da ya tara koko akan tashin farashin sa, sannan ya siya motarsa ta farko, duk da haka, UAC ta hana shi faɗaɗawa wanda ba ya so ya faɗaɗa fiye da wasu iyakoki. Daga baya ya bar UAC kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar samar da kayayyaki na yanki. A shekarar 1951, ya kafa kamfanin sufuri da ke rufe hanyoyin [[Ilesa ta Yamma|Ilesha]]-[[Ibadan]]-[[Lagos]]. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa na siyan kayan amfanin gona kuma ya haɗu da kamfanin sufurin sa da kamfaninsa na samar da kayayyaki ya kafa Omole & Sons Limited a shekarar 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/03/lawrence-omole-the-industrialist-who-loved-both-christians-and-muslims/|title = Lawrence Omole: The Industrialist Who Loved Both Christians and Muslims|date = 21 March 2015}}</ref> Lawrence Omole ya kuma gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da kamfanin siyar da motoci, da sabis na gidaje. Ko da yake an haife shi cikin talauci, Omole ya iya canza dukiyarsa a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ya rasu ne bayan ya yi ibadar safiya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * :Omole, L. (1991). My life and times: Reflections : an autobiography. Yaba, Lagos: MIJ Professional Publishers. * Tom Forest, The Advance of Africa Capital:The Growth of Private Nigerian Enterprise, University of Virginia Press (August 1994) [[Category:Haihuwan 1915]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2008]] fhqhbx83x8d60pl498ldkhhu6518g0l Akinola Alada 0 64453 882614 852700 2026-07-14T03:19:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rev Stephen Akinola delivering a sermon.jpg|thumb|akinola]] '''Akinola Alada''' farfesa ne a najeriya a bangaren ilimin halittar mutum daga [[jami'ar Ibadan]], kuma tsohun Shugaban harkokin dalibai na cibiyar<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dean Students' Affairs Division {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN|url=https://ui.edu.ng/content/dean-students-affairs-division|access-date=2023-12-01|website=ui.edu.ng}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Akinola Alada an haifeshi a kasar [[Najeriya|Najeria]], ya kammala digiri na farrlo a bangaren ilimin jikin mutum da kuma ilimin halittar mutum daga jami'ar kairo a shekarar 1985<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Professor Abdul Rasak Akinola Alada|url=https://enetsud.org/members/professor-abdul-rasak-akinola-alada/|access-date=2023-12-02|website=ENetSuD|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ya kammaladigiri na biyu a shekarar 1985 kuma ya samu karin girma zuwa matakin farfesa a ilimin halittar mutum [[Endocrinology]] da [[metabolism]] a cikin 2005 a Jami'ar Ibadan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akin Alada|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Team {{!}} Open Journal of Medical Research (ISSN: 2734-2093)|url=https://www.openjournalsnigeria.org.ng/journals/index.php/ojmr/about/editorialTeam|access-date=2023-12-01|website=www.openjournalsnigeria.org.ng|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210154759/https://www.openjournalsnigeria.org.ng/journals/index.php/ojmr/about/editorialTeam|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Shine sugaban sashen ilimin halittar dan adam daga 2001 zuwa 2003 kuma an sake nada shi a 2010 zuwa 2012. A halin yanzu shi ne sashin kula da harkokin dalibai na jami'ar Ibadan, kuma mamba a kungiyar physiological Association of Nigeria kuma Babban Editan Jaridar Nigerian Journal of Physological Sciences. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Guidelines {{!}} Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njps/about/submissions|access-date=2023-12-01|website=www.ajol.info}}</ref> A 2023, an tantance shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ilorin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Voice|first=Muslim|date=2022-09-08|title=UNILORIN Names Prof. Wahab Egbewole as New VC {{!}} The Muslim Voice, Nigeria|url=https://muslimvoice.com.ng/2022/09/08/unilorin-names-prof-wahab-egbewole-as-new-vc/|access-date=2023-12-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227015153/https://muslimvoice.com.ng/2022/09/08/unilorin-names-prof-wahab-egbewole-as-new-vc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Egbewole, 12 Others Shortlisted for Unilorin VC - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/02/prof-egbewole-12-others-shortlisted-for-unilorin-vc|access-date=2023-12-01|website=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Abdul Rasak Akinola Alada|url=https://enetsud.org/members/professor-abdul-rasak-akinola-alada/|access-date=2023-12-01|website=ENetSuD|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == * Tasirin halittu na Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) cire <ref>{{Cite journal|last=A Olajide|first=Olumayokun|last2=F Ajayi|first2=Franklin|last3=I Ekhelar|first3=Ambrose|last4=Awe|first4=Olubusayo|last5=Modupe|first5=Makinde|last6=Akinola|first6=Alada|date=1999|title=Biological effects of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/76496232/_28sici_291099-1573_28199906_2913_3A4_3C344_3A_3Aaid-ptr436_3E3.0.co_3B2-e20211216-5842-1tzwv86.pdf|journal=Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives|volume=13|issue=4|pages=344–345}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Tasirin Hematological <ref>{{Cite journal|last=ARA|first=Alada|date=2000|title=The Haematological Effect of Telfaria Occidental Diet Preparation|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajbr/article/view/141008/130742|journal=African journal of biomedical Research|volume=3|issue=3|pages=185–186}}</ref> * Tasirin tsantsar leaf mai ruwa na ''tridax procumben s'' akan hawan jini e da bugun zuciya a cikin beraye <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens on blood pressure and heart rate in rats‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> * Abubuwan kariya na zuciya na curcumin-nisin tushen poly lactic acid nanoparticle akan [[Ciwon zuciya|ciwon zuciya na zuciya]] a cikin aladun Guinea <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪Cardioprotective effects of curcumin-nisin based poly lactic acid nanoparticle on myocardial infarction in guinea pigs‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:qxL8FJ1GzNcC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> * Ingancin nau'ikan nau'ikan baki daban-daban suna kurkura kan [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayoyin cuta]] na baka l lodin manya masu lafiya <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪Efficacy of different brands of mouth rinses on oral bacterial load count in healthy adults‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:Y0pCki6q_DkC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> * Nazarin kwatankwacin aikin ɗalibai a preclinica l Physiology wanda aka tantance ta zaɓin zaɓi da gajerun tambayoyin muƙala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪A comparative study of students' performance in preclinical physiology assessed by multiple choice and short essay questions.‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> * Nazarin kan abubuwan hana kumburin kumburin Entada abyssinica <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪Studies on the anti-inflammatory properties of Entada abyssinica‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:Tyk-4Ss8FVUC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> * Tashoshi na Potassiu m da prostacyclin suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan vasorelaxant na Tridax procumben s ɗanyen leaf mai tsantsa a cikin [[Ɓera|manyan]] jijiyoyin jijiyoyi na bera HM Salahdeen <ref>{{Cite web|title=‪Potassium channels and prostacyclin contribute to vasorelaxant activities of Tridax procumbens crude aqueous leaf extract in rat superior mesenteric arteries‬|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YsaLGVIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=YsaLGVIAAAAJ:maZDTaKrznsC|access-date=2023-12-01|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Manuel Alvarez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhoEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Akinola+Alada%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA24|title=The Advances in Semen Evaluation|last2=McGowan|first2=Michael Robert|last3=Nagy|first3=Szabolcs|last4=Rodriguez-Martinez|first4=Heriberto|date=2022-04-05|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|isbn=978-2-88974-845-7|language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Akinola Alada ɗan'uwa ne na al'ummar Physiological Society of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], ɗan'uwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] al'umma na hadin gwiwa kwararru, American Physiological Society, physiological Society London, kuma [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] Society of Pharmacology .<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * https://ui.edu.ng/content/dean-students-affairs-division * https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Akinola-R-Alada-Lab [[Category:Mutanen najeriya]] [[Category:Kiwon lafiya]] a9c3yj1sll1q4cvlj9ayxuhlam7hzbm Wim de Villiers 0 64807 882858 746090 2026-07-14T10:43:44Z Mymoonseen 46868 882858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Willem “Wim” Johan Simon de Villiers''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959) likitane a Afirka ta Kudu kuma shugaba na 12 kuma mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Stellenbosch.<ref name="dailymaverick">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/wimdevilliers/ |title=Wim De Villiers |work=[[Daily Maverick]] |access-date=4 December 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204073347/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/wimdevilliers/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ya gaji Russel Botman bayan ya mutu kwatsam sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 2014.<ref name="mg" /> A baya De Villiers ya kasance shugaban tsangayar kimiyyar lafiya a Jami'ar Cape Town.<ref name="mg">{{cite web |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-12-01-wim-de-villiers-named-new-stellenbosch-university-vice-chancellor/ |title=Wim de Villiers named new Stellenbosch University VC |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |access-date=28 October 2019 |date=1 December 2014 |first=Victoria |last=John |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028083028/https://mg.co.za/article/2014-12-01-wim-de-villiers-named-new-stellenbosch-university-vice-chancellor |archive-date=28 October 2019 |url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="dailymaverick" /> Shi memba ne na kwamitin Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="Raad">{{cite web | title=Council Members | website=ASSAf.org.za | date=1 December 2021 | url=https://www.assaf.org.za/index.php/about-assaf/council-members | access-date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan ya sami digiri a bangaren likitanci, De Villiers ya koma Ingila, inda ya sami digiri na uku a fannin rigakafi daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a shekarar 1995. Daga nan ya koma ƙasar Amurka inda ya yi aikin likitan gastroenterologist. Ya kuma riƙe manyan muƙamai da dama a Jami'ar Kentucky, ciki har da shugaban ilimin gastroenterology.<ref name="mg" /> Ya kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin kula da lafiya daga Jami'ar Harvard.<ref name="mg" /> == Rigima == === Manufar Harshe a Jami'ar Stellenbosch === Wim de Villiers ya kafa ƙungiyar gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2015 don warware matsalar harshe a madadin jami'a. Ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta yanke shawarar cewa za a sauƙaƙe duk koyarwa a Jami'ar Stellenbosch cikin Turanci kuma za a ba da tallafin ilimi mai mahimmanci a cikin wasu harsunan Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga buƙatun ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Mushtak |date=2016-01-01 |title=Stellenbosch and the Afrikaans racial baggage |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/20481/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207182043/https://newafricanmagazine.com/20481/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, jami'a ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu huɗu don soke Afirkaans a matsayin harshen koyarwa. De Villiers yana goyon bayan faɗaɗa amfani da Ingilishi zuwa fiye da 50% don jawo hankalin ƙarin ɗalibai da malamai na duniya.<ref name="mg" /> A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2017, ''Netwerk24'' ta ruwaito cewa an gabatar da takardun kotu ga babbar kotun Cape Town da ke zargin De Villiers da gangan ya yaudari majalisar jami'ar Stellenbosch a yakin da ya yi na cire Afrikaans a matsayin harshen koyarwa a jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malan |first=Pieter |title=De Villiers en kie ‘mislei Maties-raad’ |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/de-villiers-en-kie-mislei-maties-raad-20170806 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Netwerk24 |language=af-ZA}}</ref> === Edwin Cameron === A watan Oktoban a shekarar 2019, Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan zargin De Villiers na yunkurin bai wa alkali Edwin Cameron cin hanci ta hanyar bai wa Cameron muƙamin kansila don musanya wani hukunci a Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu don goyon bayan manufofin Jami'ar Stellenbosch na soke Afrikaans kamar yadda ya saba harshen koyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DA demands independent investigation into allegations against Stellenbosch University Rector |url=https://www.da.org.za/2019/10/da-demands-independent-investigation-into-allegations-against-stellenbosch-university-rector |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Democratic Alliance |language=en}}</ref> De Villiers ya musanta cewa zai iya yin tasiri a zaɓen Edwin Cameron a matsayin shugaban gwamnati. Wani bincike ya wanke De Villiers daga kowane laifi. == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] hhgpw1m3ambcm1sil6ksh7oxkuwdjsj Afro-Arabs 0 65711 882578 799800 2026-07-14T00:01:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:His Highness Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum.png|thumbnail|Afro-Arabs]] [[File:Afro-eurasia globe-INALCO.svg|thumbnail|Afro-Arabs]] [[Fayil:Tippu Tib.png|thumb|Afro-Arabs]] '''Afro-Arabs''' ko '''Larabawa na Afirka''' [[Larabawa]] ne na cikakku ko wani bangare na zuriyar Afirka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye a Yemen, [[Afrikawan Saudiyya|Saudi Arabia]], Oman, Qatar, da Siriya, Iraki, Falasdinu, da Jordan . Kalmar na iya nufin ƙungiyoyin Larabawa daban-daban a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The multiple roots of Emiratiness: the cosmopolitan history of Emirati society|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/the-multiple-roots-of-emiratiness/|access-date=2020-08-18|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref> == Dubawa == [[File:Arab_resident_of_the_Belgian_Congo.jpg|thumb| Afro-Arab mutumin Kongo (ca. 1942).]] Kudancin Larabawa da Afirka sun kasance suna tuntuɓar tun lokacin hanyoyin musayar obsidian na karni na bakwai BC. An ƙarfafa waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ta haɓakar daular Masar na ƙarni na huɗu BC. Masu bincike sun nuna yiwuwar matsugunin mutane daga Larabawa a cikin kahon Afirka tun farkon karni na 3 da 2 BC.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Richards|first1=Martin |last2=Rengo|first2=Chiara|last3=Cruciani|first3=Fulvio|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Scozzari|first6=Rosaria|last7=Macaulay|first7=Vincent|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|title=Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=April 2003|volume=72|issue=4|pages=1058–1064|doi=10.1086/374384|pmid=12629598|pmc=1180338}}</ref> Al'adun Tihama na Afro-Arabiya, wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Afirka, ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na biyu BC. Ana samun wannan rukunin al'adu a Afirka, a cikin ƙasashe irin su [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea|Eritriya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Somaliya]] da [[Sudan]], da kuma a makwabtan [[Yemen]] da filayen gabar tekun Saudiyya. A cikin karni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Larabawa na Kudu sun sami iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci [[Red Sea|na Bahar Maliya]] kuma suka kafa daular farko ta Yemen, Saba, a kusan 800 BC. Sakamakon tasirin Saba, a hankali an shigar da Eritrea da arewacin Habasha cikin wani yanki na tasirin Larabawa. A shekara ta 600 BC, an kafa daular [[D'mt|Daamat]] ta Habesha -Sabean a Eritiriya da kuma yankin Tigray na Habasha. Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa watakila wannan ya samo asali ne daga kananan kabilun Larabawa daban-daban, ciki har da Sabeans. An sami rubutun Sabean da yawa a Eritrea, har ma da sunan ''Saba'' sunan mace ne da ya zama ruwan dare a Eritiriya, da kuma a cikin Tigray. Bayan ƙarni da yawa na keɓewa, Masarautar Aksum ta tashi a cikin 100 AD. Wannan mulkin ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 800 kuma ya mamaye kudancin Larabawa na wani lokaci na wannan lokacin. An samo tukwane mai amfani da Aksumite da yawa a cikin adibas daga ƙarni na 5 da na 6 a yankin Hadramaut na Yemen, wanda ke nuni da cewa akwai yuwuwar an sami ƙaura mai yawa a wannan lokacin. [[Fayil:Tippu Tib.png|thumb|Afro-Arabs]] Kudancin Larabawa jihar abokin ciniki ce ta masarautar Aksumite a cikin ƙarni na shida. Rubutun Himyarite sun rubuta wani hari da wani babban Janar na Aksumite mai suna Abraha (Tigrinya: Aብርሃ) ya yi wa Makka a shekara ta 570 AD. <ref>Iwona Gajda: Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l’époque monothéiste. </ref> Farkon abin da ya faru a dangantakar Afro da Larabawa ta Musulunci, wanda aka fi sani da Hijira ta Farko, (Larabci: الهجرة إلى الحبشة, al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša), wani lamari ne a farkon tarihin Musulunci, inda [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabban Annabi Muhammad na farko.]] (Sahabbai) sun gudu daga zaluncin kabilar [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] da ke mulki a Makka. Sun nemi mafaka a Masarautar Kirista ta Aksum, a Eritriya na yanzu da kuma arewacin Habasha (wanda ake kira Habesha land/Abyssinia, tsohon suna wanda ake muhawara a kan asalinsa), <ref>E. A. Wallis Budge (Aug 1, 2014). </ref> A cikin 613 ko 615 AD, Sarkin Aksumite wanda ya yi mulki. An karbe su ana kiran su Ashama ibn Abjar ko kuma Negus (Larabci: نجاشي, najašī). Masana tarihi na zamani kuma sun danganta shi da Sarki Armah da Ella Tsaham. <ref>M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek (1988). </ref> Daga baya wasu daga cikin sahabbai suka dawo Makka suka yi hijira zuwa Madina tare da Muhammad, wasu kuma suka zauna a kasar Habesha har suka zo Madina a shekara ta 628. Masallacin da suka kafa ana kiransa da " Masjid aṣ-Saḥābah ". Yana cikin birnin Massawa na Eritrea, kuma tun farkon karni na 7 miladiyya, an yi imanin shi ne masallaci na farko a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>"Liste des premières mosquées au monde prophètique, rashidun et omeyyade selon les écris historique et les traces archéologiques".</ref> Sahabbai da dama sun zauna a can bayan Musulunci ya kafu a yankin Larabawa kuma zuriyar wadannan sahabbai suna zaune a yankin. Daga karni na 7 zuwa gaba an kafa al'ummomin musulmi a gabar tekun Eritriya da [[Somaliya]], daga baya kuma suka bazu cikin kasa. Kasuwancin bayi na Larabawa, wanda ya fara a zamanin jahiliyya amma ya kai tsayin daka tsakanin 650 AD zuwa 1900 AD, ya kwashe miliyoyin mutanen Afirka daga kwarin Nilu, yankin kahon Afirka, da gabar tekun gabashin Afirka ta tekun Red Sea zuwa Larabawa. An kwashe ƙarin miliyoyi a cikin [[Sahara]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara. A kusan karni na farko AD, 'yan kasuwa na Farisa sun kafa garuruwan kasuwanci a kan abin da ake kira gabar tekun Swahili a yanzu, <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=etal|url-status=866–873}}</ref> wanda, tsakanin ƙarni na goma da goma sha biyu, ya zama mafi Larabawa. Turawan [[Portugal]] sun ci wadannan cibiyoyin kasuwanci bayan gano [[Cape Road|hanyar Cape Road]] . Daga shekarun 1700 zuwa farkon 1800, sojojin musulmi na daular Omani sun sake kwace wadannan garuruwan kasuwa, musamman a tsibirin Pemba da Zanzibar. A cikin wadannan yankuna, Larabawa daga Yemen da [[Oman]] sun zauna tare da al'ummar "Afrika" na gida, ta haka ne suka yada addinin Islama da kuma kafa al'ummomin Afro-Arab. [[Harshen Swahili|Harshen Swahili na]] [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar da Kongo]] ya samo asali ne ta hanyar waɗannan cudanya tsakanin Larabawa da ƴan asalin [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] . A Arewacin Afirka, Larabawa a tarihi suna da kusanci da ƴan asalin nahiyar Afirka; A cikin kasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, zuriyar mutane daga gabar tekun Swahili suna yin kade-kade da raye-raye na Liwa da Fann at-Tanbura, kuma Afro-Arabs ne ke buga mizmar a Tihamah da [[Hijaz|Hejaz]]. Bugu da kari, Stambali na [[Tunisiya]] <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=373–410}}</ref> da kidan Gnawa na [[Moroko|Maroko]] dukkansu kida ne da raye-raye wadanda a bangare guda suka samo asali daga salon wakokin [[Afirka ta Yamma]] . [[Afrikawan Saudiyya|'Yan Afro-Saudi]] suna da kashi 10% ko kuma kusan 1,880,000 na mutanen [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] 18,880,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-26 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-26 |archive-date=2024-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116200016/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sanannen Afro-Arabs == * Etab, Mawakin Saudiyya * [[Anwar Sadat]], dan siyasar Masar * Ali Al-Habsi, dan kwallon Omani * Mohamed Al-Deayea, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Saudiyya * Shikabala, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Masar * Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi, hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Saudiyya dan asalin Habasha da Yemen * Khalid Eisa, dan kwallon kasar Emirate * Tippu-Tip, Afro-Omani mai ciniki kuma mai bincike * Chahine van Bohemen, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland-Maroko == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427012626/http://arabslavetrade.com/ Kasuwancin Bawan Larabawa] Afo da Larabawa da cinikin bayi na Larabawa * [http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=BlackWestAsians "Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka a (Larabawa) Yammacin Asiya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709215045/http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=BlackWestAsians |date=2022-07-09 }} - maƙalar [http://www.ColorQ.org ColorQ.org] da aka ambata * Farfesa Helmi Sharawy, [http://www.ipoaa.com/arab_culture_african_culture.htm Al'adun Larabawa da Al'adun Afirka:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724052552/http://www.ipoaa.com/arab_culture_african_culture.htm |date=2021-07-24 }} Archived alaƙar da ba ta dace ba </link> , takarda da aka ciro daga littafin ''The Tattaunawa tsakanin al'adun Larabawa da sauran al'adu'<nowiki/>'', Arab League, Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO), Tunis, 1999. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030154919/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Decisions/com/28CoM_1987a.pdf ƙudiri kan Haɗin gwiwar Afro-Arab] na Majalisar Ministocin Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, 23, Fabrairu 23-28, 1987. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081002094307/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity_to_union/pdfs/arab/aulasrepmay05.pdf Taron Bayar da Shawarwari na Sakatare-Janar na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan Haɗin gwiwar Afro-Arab], Addis Ababa: 10-12 Mayu 2005. * Maho M. Sebiane, " Le statut socio-economique de la pratique musicale aux Emirat arabes unis : la traditional du leiwah à Dubai », Chroniques yéménites, 14, 2007. [http://cy.revues.org/docannexe1500.html]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/afro-arabian-origins-of-the-early-yemenites-and-their-conquest-and-settlement-of-spain-dana-marniche/ Asalin Afro-Arabiyawa na farkon Yamanawa da cin galaba da matsugunin su na Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711143355/http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/afro-arabian-origins-of-the-early-yemenites-and-their-conquest-and-settlement-of-spain-dana-marniche/ |date=2022-07-11 }} [[Category:Baƙaƙen fata]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Larabawa]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0wv3xvxa6dasw3edf7mnipgud8t65p Atep Rizal 0 68071 882837 645068 2026-07-14T10:04:31Z Badak Jawa 27519 Badak Jawa moved page [[Da Rizal]] to [[Atep Rizal]] 645068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atep Ahmad Rizal''' (an haife shi 5 ga Watan Yuni shekarar 1985 a Cianjur, West [[Java]] ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Atep''', ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Indonesiya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na kulob ɗin Liga 3 Persika 1951 . == Aikin kulob == === Persija Jakarta === A cikin shekarar 2004, Persija [[Jakarta]] ta sanya hannu kan Atep bayan kyakkyawan yanayi mai kyau tare da Persiba Bantul . Bai dau lokaci mai tsawo ba ya samu gurbi a cikin tawagar farko. Nasarar ban mamaki da ya samu tare da Persija sun buɗe damammaki masu yawa don aikinsa na duniya. A cikin shekarar 2005, an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Indonesiya a gasar cin kofin AFF kuma ya ci sau daya. Kyakkyawan aikin da ya yi a Persija ya jawo hankalin kungiyoyi da yawa don sa hannu a kansa, ciki har da Persib Bandung wanda ke tattaunawa don kawo shi a kakar shekarar 2008. Ya zauna a Persija har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2007 . === Babban Bandung === A cikin shekarar morning 2008, a ƙarshe Persib Bandung ya sami nasarar sanya hannu kan Atep, bayan ya kasa samunsa a kakar wasa ta baya. Duk da zuwan nasa ya samu kyakkyawar tarba daga Bobotoh, bai samu damar taka leda a farkon kakar wasa ta bana ba don haka mutane da yawa sun yi hasashen zai tafi a kakar wasanni ta bana a lokacin hutun gasar. Amma ya tsira kuma ƙarshensa ya fara samun damar yin wasa duk da cewa kawai a matsayin mai kunnawa. A ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2009, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a hannun Pelita Jaya . A kakar shekarar 2014 Atep ya zama gwarzon Persib bayan ya zura kwallo mai ban mamaki a kan Arema Cronus wanda ya kai Persib zuwa wasan karshe da Persipura. An dage fara gasar kakar wasanni ta gaba, wanda ya share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin AFC kafin fara gasar. A can ne Atep ya zura kwallo a raga a duk wasan da suka buga. Atep ya bar Persib a karshen shekarar 2018 Liga 1, bayan ya buga wa kulob din wasa na tsawon shekaru 10. === Mitra Kukar === Bayan an sake shi daga Persib a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2018, Atep ya shiga gefen Mitra Kukar da aka sake komawa kwanan nan. === PSKC, Muba Babel === A cikin shekarar 2020, Atep ya sanya hannu kan PSKC Cimahi . Bayan an ayyana kakar shekara ta 2020 babu komai, ya koma Muba Babel United a shekara mai zuwa kuma ya fara buga gasar lig a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba a wasan waje da Sriwijaya . == Salon wasa == An san Atep saboda iyawar sa na dribbling da tasirinsa a filin wasa wanda ya sanya shi kyaftin na Persib a lokuta da yawa kafin ya wuce kyaftin din [[Nasiru Supardi|Supardi Nasir]] a shekarar 2018. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama ga Bobotoh ko magoya bayan Persib, tare da laƙabi "Lord Atep". Lokacin da ya zira kwallo, Bobotoh ya yi tura-up a matsayin alamar godiya. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == === Manufar kasa da kasa === {| class="wikitable" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | rowspan="2" | 13 Janairu 2007 | rowspan="2" | Filin wasa na Kasa na Singapore, Kalang, Singapore | rowspan="2" |</img> Laos | align="center" | '''1-1''' | align="center" | 3–1 | rowspan="2" | Gasar AFF ta 2007 |- | 2. | align="center" | '''3-1''' | align="center" | 3–1 |- |} == Girmamawa == '''Farashin U-21''' * Kofin Soeratin * Gasar Zakarun U-20 ta PSSI: Mai tsere 2003 '''Babban Bandung''' * Indonesia Super League : 2014 * Shugabancin Piala : 2015 == Filmography == * Hari Ini Pasti Menang (2013) == Manazartaa == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{In lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502183628/http://www.persib.net/squad/atep/ Profil Atep] * Atep on [https://id.soccerway.com/players/atep-atep/48343/ soccerway]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Indonesia squad 2007 AFC Asian Cup}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] q2bo5rlwjpcfxqej5hyay65gd7js1md Amandla (fim) 0 70134 882463 455732 2026-07-13T19:09:46Z Usman saadu 46863 882463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Amandla''''' fim ne na shekarar 2022 wanda Nerina De Jager ta ba da Umarni kuma ta rubuta. Taurarin shirin sun haɗa da Lemogang Tsipa, Thabo Rametsi da Israel Matseke-Zulu. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2022, akan [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/amandla-review-lemogang-tsipa/|title=Amandla (2022) Review: Unleashes the True Meaning of Power|website=Leisure Byte|date=21 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dmtalkies.com/amandla-summary-ending-explained-2022-film-nerina-de-jager/|title='Amandla' Ending, Explained: What Happens To Impi & Nkosana?|website=Digital Mafia Talkies|date=22 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecinemaholic.com/where-was-amandla-filmed-is-it-a-true-story/|title=Where was Amandla Filmed? Is it a True Story?|website=The Cinemaholic|date=22 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Lemogang Tsipa a matsayin Impi * Thabo Rametsi a matsayin Nkosana * Israel Matseke-Zulu a matsayin Shaka (a matsayin Israel Makoe) * Charlie Bouguenon a matsayin Drill Sajan * Jaco Muller a matsayin Klein * Jacques Pepler a matsayin Rookie 1 * Liza Van Deventer a matsayin Elizabeth * Marnitz van Deventer a matsayin Pieter * Lucky Koza a matsayin jami'in Lekgalagadi * Rowlen Ethelbert von Gericke a matsayin Simon * Paballo Koza a matsayin Phakiso == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb title|5343008}} [[Category:Fim]] hrrpyz7m8wvvx1nw7x3k9x4ww9txx1t Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa na Mozambik don Kyauta ga Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Duniya 0 71068 882504 826212 2026-07-13T20:44:05Z Usman saadu 46863 882504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] ta gabatar da fim don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-announces-rules-92nd-oscars |title=Academy announces rules for 92nd Oscars |work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffewing/2019/04/24/academy-announces-rule-changes-for-92nd-oscars/#7b9d85ac3d5b |title=Academy Announces Rule Changes For 92nd Oscars |work=Forbes |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> a karo na farko a cikin shekara ta 2017.<ref name="Mozambique">{{cite web|title=Comboio de Sal e Açúcar é o candidato moçambicano aos Óscares|url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/09/28/culturaipsilon/noticia/comboio-de-sal-e-acucar-e-o-candidato-mocambicano-aos-oscares-1787026|publisher=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|access-date=29 September 2017|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="Mozambique1st">{{cite web |url=https://filmpt.com/comboio-de-sal-e-acucar-e-o-candidato-de-mocambique-aos-oscares/ |title="Comboio de Sal e Açucar" é o candidato de Moçambique aos Óscares |work=filmpt |date=29 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929140929/https://filmpt.com/comboio-de-sal-e-acucar-e-o-candidato-de-mocambique-aos-oscares/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana da kyautar a kowace shekara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Kimiyya ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa fim mai tsawo wanda aka samar a waje da Amurka wanda ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da ba ta [[Turanci]] ba. a kirkireshi ba har sai da aka ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin tashekarar 1956, inda aka kirkirar lambar yabo ta Academy of Merit, wacce aka fi sani da Kyautar Fim ta Harshen Ƙasashen Waje, don fina-finai da ba na Turanci ba, kuma ana ba da ita kowace shekara tun daga lokacin.<ref name="HistPg2">{{cite web|title=History of the Academy Awards - Page 2 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history02.html |access-date=21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622191328/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history02.html |archive-date=22 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka gabatar == Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Motion ta gayyaci masana'antun fina-finai na ƙasashe daban-daban don gabatar da fim mafi kyau don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje tun a shekarar 1956. Kwamitin Kyautar Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje yana kula da tsari kuma yana nazarin duk fina-finai da aka gabatar. wannan, suna jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kuri'un sirri don tantance wadanda aka zaɓa guda biyar don kyautar. Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin fina-finai da Mozambique ta gabatar don sake dubawa ta Kwalejin don kyautar ta shekara da kuma bikin bayar da kyautar Kwalejin. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;" width="98%" !Shekara <small> (Taron) </small> <br /> !Taken fim da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gabatarwa !Taken asali !Harshe (s) !Daraktan !Sakamakon |- ! align="center" |2017<br /><small> (na 90th) </small> |''[[The Train of Salt and Sugar|Jirgin Gishiri da Shukari]]'' |''Jirgin Gishiri da Shuga'' |[[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] |{{Sortname|Licínio|Azevedo}}| {{notnom}} |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin wadanda suka lashe kyautar Kwalejin da kuma wadanda aka zaba don fina-finai mafi kyawun harshe na waje * Jerin fina-finai na harsunan kasashen waje da suka lashe kyautar Kwalejin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080707023727/http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase/ Bayanan Bayanan Kwalejin Kwalejin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080622050250/http://www.oscars.org/impc_site2/index.html Bayanan Bayanan Bayanai na Hotuna] elsjpzf7bpgk99qbdmzd2yyjijcbzjo Phone Swap 0 71387 882806 796219 2026-07-14T09:08:08Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359150275|Phone Swap]]" 882806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Wayar Salula''''' fim ne na barkwanci da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya [[Sinima a Najeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda [[Kemi Adesoye]] ta rubuta, [[Kunle Afolayan]] ne ya shirya kuma ya shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Joke Silva]], Chika Okpala, [[Lydia Forson]] da Afeez Oyetoro, kuma ya mayar da hankali kan jerin abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da wasu mutane biyu masu adawa da juna suka yi musayar waya ba bisa ka'ida ba. An tsara fim ɗin ne bayan wani rahoto daga wata hukumar talla don ƙirƙirar fim wanda zai kai shekaru 15 zuwa 45. <ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Wakeup call … Kunle Afolayan's Phone Swap |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202312/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Daily Independent Newspaper |publisher=Daily Independent, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya sami zaɓe 4 a [[8th Africa Movie Academy Awards|kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka ta 8]] wanda ya haɗa da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi Kyawun Fina-finan Najeriya]] kuma ya lashe kyautar Nasara a Tsarin Samarwa. <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}</ref> == Labari == An ba wa Mary Oyenokwe, mai fafutukar tsara kayan kwalliya da kuma ɗan kasuwa mai girman kai, Akin Cole, wayoyin da ba su dace ba bayan sun yi karo a filin jirgin sama. Bayan rabuwarsu, Akin ta sami saƙo a wayar Mary daga shugabanta Alexis wanda ke cewa "Ji daɗin jirginka zuwa Owerri". Tunanin cewa saƙon ya fito ne daga Alex, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da shi - mataimakiyar Akin mai aminci amma mara ƙwarewa - ya sake yin booking na tikitin zuwa Owerri. Mary, wacce mahaifinta ya kira ta don ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a wani taron iyali, ta sayi tikitin zuwa Abuja ba da gangan ba amma ta fahimci kuskurenta bayan da mai hidimar jirgin ya sanar da ita cewa jirgin yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Abuja. Hakazalika, Akin ya gano cewa ya hau jirgin da bai dace ba amma ya riga ya tashi. Mary ta isa Abuja ta kira lambar wayarta a wayar Akin; duka biyun ba su da tausayi da farko amma sun yarda su yi aiki tare, kuma Akin ya ba da shawarar ta zauna da mahaifiyarsa Kike [[Freethought|mai son rai]], muddin Mary ta kai wa shugaban kamfaninsa katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar wayarsa da ke ɗauke da fayiloli masu mahimmanci a wani wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci. Da yake ta yi imanin cewa Mary ita ce budurwar ɗanta, Kike mai cike da farin ciki nan da nan ta fara jin daɗinta, kuma duk ƙoƙarin Mary na bayyana abin da ya faru ya faɗi a kunne. Ma'auratan sun yi soyayya da salon zamani, kuma Kike ta gayyaci Mary zuwa wani taro da abokai washegari. A halin yanzu a Owerri, bayan wata takaddama da 'yar uwar Mary Cynthia, wacce ke kan aikin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], an kai Akin gidan mahaifin Mary mai tsohon tarihi da cunkoso a gundumar ''hoi polloi'' ta garin inda Cynthia ta gabatar da Akin ga mahaifinsu, tana mai tunanin cewa shi ne saurayin 'yar uwarta. Akin tana fama da rashin daidaito da salon rayuwarsu mai sauƙi, wanda hakan ya yi kama da nishaɗin iyalin, amma bayan da Mary ta nemi ya yi magana da 'yar uwarta a madadinta, Cynthia ta yarda ta canza salon rayuwa da kuma sarrafa fushinta don 'ya'yanta. A taron da aka yi niyyar Mary ta shiga tsakani, Cynthia ta nemi gafarar surukanta (Ta yi wa mijinta rauni a azzakari yayin wata muhawara), kuma suka karɓi gafararta. Da ta fahimci cewa ba ta da suturar da ta dace da wani biki na jama'a, Mary ta ari siket ɗin da take dinki, amma ta lura da mai shi - abokin cinikin Alexis - a wurin bikin Kike. Duk da cewa abokin cinikin bai ji daɗi ba, ta amince da aikin Mary kuma ta yi tayin ba da shawarar ƙarin abokan ciniki. Akin da Mary suna kira akai-akai, suna narke sanyin da ya gabata. A rana ta biyu ta hutu inda mahalarta ba sa ɓata lokaci suna bayyana raininsu ga Akin, Mary ta fuskanci tsohuwar budurwar Akin 'yar [[Ghana]] Gina, wacce ta yi imanin cewa Mary ta sace Akin daga gare ta. A lokaci guda, tsohon saurayin Mary Tony ya isa gidan mahaifin Cynthia ba zato ba tsammani, a shirye yake ya fuskanci Akin. Maza biyu sun yi faɗa a daidai lokacin da Mary da Gina ke yin faɗa a Abuja, kodayake masu kallo sun raba matan biyu. Cynthia ta gane Tony a matsayin mutumin da ya ɓoye ainihin matsayin aurensa daga 'yar uwarta, kuma 'yan'uwansu tagwaye - Alpha da Omega - sun kore shi, suna yi masa gargaɗi kada ya sake dawowa. Wata Mary da ta shiga cikin damuwa ta fara neman sabon shugaban Akin wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Kike; ta mallaki hannun jarin kamfanin ne don jawo hankalin ɗanta bayan da [[Shaye-shaye|shan giyar da]] take yi ya lalata dangantakarsu. Akin bai ji daɗin hakan ba, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nemi afuwa game da abin da ya gabata. Mary, wacce yanzu ta fara kamfanin kayan kwalliya nata Mary O, ta kira Alexis mai tsauri don ta mika takardar murabus ɗinta. A filin jirgin sama, Akin da Mary sun haɗu a Legas, suka yi musayar wayoyinsu. Ya taimaka mata ta ɗauki kayanta, kuma suka shiga motarsa yayin da ake biyan kuɗi. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==   == Tsari == Mary Oyenokwe, wadda ke fafutukar zama shahararriyar mai zanen kaya, da Akin Cole, wani attajiri mai girman kai, sun karɓi wayoyin da ba nasu ba bayan sun yi karo da juna a filin jirgin sama. Bayan sun rabu, Akin ya ga saƙo a wayar Mary daga shugabarta Alexis mai cewa: “Ka ji daɗin tafiyarka zuwa Owerri.” Saboda ya yi zaton saƙon daga Alex ne — mataimakinsa mai aminci amma marar ƙwarewa — sai ya sake yin tikitin tafiya zuwa Owerri.A gefe guda, Mary wadda mahaifinta ya kira domin ta shiga tsakani a wani taron iyali, ta sayi tikitin zuwa Abuja bisa kuskure. Ta gane kuskuren ne bayan ma’aikaciyar jirgin ta sanar da ita cewa jirgin yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Abuja. Haka kuma, Akin ya gano cewa shi ma ya hau jirgin da ba daidai ba, amma tuni jirgin ya tashi sama. Mary ta isa Abuja ta kira lambar wayarta a wayar Akin; duka biyun ba su da tausayi da farko amma sun yarda su yi aiki tare, kuma Akin ya ba da shawarar ta zauna da mahaifiyarsa Kike mai son rai, muddin Mary ta kai wa shugaban kamfaninsa katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar wayarsa da ke ɗauke da fayiloli masu mahimmanci a wani wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci. Da yake ta yi imanin cewa Mary ita ce budurwar ɗanta, Kike mai cike da farin ciki nan da nan ta fara jin daɗinta, kuma duk ƙoƙarin Mary na bayyana abin da ya faru ya faɗi a kunne. Ma'auratan sun yi soyayya da salon zamani, kuma Kike ta gayyaci Mary zuwa wani taro da abokai washegari. A halin yanzu a Owerri, bayan wata takaddama da 'yar uwar Mary Cynthia, wacce ke kan aikin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], an kai Akin gidan mahaifin Mary mai tsohon tarihi da cunkoso a gundumar ''hoi polloi'' ta garin inda Cynthia ta gabatar da Akin ga mahaifinsu, tana mai tunanin cewa shi ne saurayin 'yar uwarta. Akin tana fama da rashin daidaito da salon rayuwarsu mai sauƙi, wanda hakan ya yi kama da nishaɗin iyalin, amma bayan da Mary ta nemi ya yi magana da 'yar uwarta a madadinta, Cynthia ta yarda ta canza salon rayuwa da kuma sarrafa fushinta don 'ya'yanta. A taron da aka yi niyyar Mary ta shiga tsakani, Cynthia ta nemi gafarar surukanta (Ta yi wa mijinta rauni a azzakari yayin wata muhawara), kuma suka karɓi gafararta. Da Mary ta gane cewa ba ta da kayan da suka dace da wani taron zamantakewa, sai ta aro siket ɗin da take kan ɗinkawa. Amma a wajen bikin Kike ta hango ainihin mai siket ɗin — wata kwastoma ta Alexis. Ko da yake kwastomar ta nuna rashin jin daɗi da farko, daga baya ta yaba da aikin Mary tare da yi mata alkawarin ba ta shawarar samun ƙarin kwastomomi.Akin da Mary suka fara yawan kiran juna, wanda ya sa sanyi da rashin jituwa da ke tsakaninsu ya fara raguwa. A rana ta biyu ta taron hutu, inda mahalarta ba su ɓata lokaci ba wajen nuna ƙyamar su ga Akin, Mary ta haɗu kai tsaye da Gina, tsohuwar budurwar Akin daga Ghana wadda ba ta da ladabi. Gina ta yi zargin cewa Mary ta ƙwace mata Akin.A lokaci guda kuma, tsohon saurayin Mary mai suna Tony ya iso gidan mahaifin Cynthia ba zato ba tsammani, yana shirye ya tunkari Akin. Mutanen biyu suka shiga faɗa, yayin da a Abuja Mary da Gina su ma suka yi artabu, sai dai mutanen da ke wurin suka raba matan biyu.Daga nan Cynthia ta gane cewa Tony shi ne mutumin da ya ɓoye ainihin matsayinsa na aure daga ‘yar uwarta. Sai tagwayen ‘yan uwanta maza — Alpha da Omega — suka kore shi daga gidan tare da gargadin kada ya sake dawowa. Maryamu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta tafi neman sabon shugaban Akin wanda aka bayyana shi ne Kike; ta sami hannun jarin kamfanin don samun hankalin ɗanta bayan [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]] ya lalata dangantakarsu. Akin bai gamsu da wannan ba, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nemi gafara saboda abin da ya gabata. Mary, wacce yanzu ta fara lakabin tufafinta Mary O, ta kira mai tsananin Alexis don ya ba da murabus dinta. A filin jirgin sama, Akin da Mary a ƙarshe sun hadu a Legas, sun musanya wayoyinsu. Ya taimaka mata ta dauki jakarta, kuma dukansu biyu sun shiga motarsa yayin da ake karɓar kuɗi. == Samarwa == == Ci gaba == An ƙirƙiro ''Wayar Salula'' ne bayan wani rahoto daga wata hukumar talla, waɗanda ke karɓar shawarwari a madadin [[Samsung]] don ƙirƙirar fim wanda zai kai shekaru 15 zuwa 45, kuma an ɗauki hotonsa a Legas kuma an yi shi tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry . Hakanan ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Meelk Properties, [[Kamfanin Jirgin sama na IRS|IRS Airlines]], Seven-up Bottling Company, Honeywell Flour Mill da wasu da yawa. Matakin rubutun fim ɗin ya ɗauki shekaru biyu, yayin da matakan samarwa da bayan samarwa suka ɗauki makonni shida da watanni uku bi da bi. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami yabo sosai kuma ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. <ref name="Phone Swap excels in Box Office">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap excels in Box Office |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/phone-swap-excels-in-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041938/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/phone-swap-excels-in-box-office/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Vanguard Newspaper |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> An gabatar da rubutun goma daga mutane da kamfanoni daban-daban, amma rubutun Afolayan daga ƙarshe ya lashe gasar. <ref name="Punch" /> Duk da cewa daga baya Samsung ta fice daga aikin, Kunle Afolayan ya ci gaba da neman kuɗi daga wasu manyan masu tallafawa saboda yana sha'awar kammala aikin. <ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria"/> Afolayan ya yi imanin cewa duk da cewa fim ɗin ba "mai fasaha" kamar ''[[Figurine|The Figurine]]'' ba ne, yana kuma da damar yin kyau a ofishin akwatin saboda fim ne na kasuwanci. <ref name="Punch">{{Cite web |last=Augoye, Jayne |date=13 March 2012 |title=Swapping Sam Loco with Zebrudaya for comedy sake |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041622/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Punch Newspaper |publisher=Punch NG}}</ref> Duk da haka, Afolayan ya yanke shawarar kauce wa barkwanci mai ban dariya, wanda ya zama al'ada ga nau'in barkwanci a Nollywood. <ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a wurin nuna fim ɗin a Legas cewa zaɓin nau'in barkwanci ya yi daidai da ƙoƙarin da ake yi na rarraba kamfanin shirya fina-finansa; fina-finai biyu da suka gabata daga Golden Effects Studios sun kasance masu ban sha'awa, don haka ''Phone Swap'' ya nuna cewa kamfaninsa ba ya gudana a kan "tafiyar hanya ɗaya". <ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}</ref> Kemi Adesoye da Afolayan sun fito da ra'ayin labarin fim ɗin; inda matakin rubutun ya ɗauki jimillar shekaru biyu. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria" /> <ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Kunle Afolayan ya lura cewa masu zuba jari sun yi jinkirin mayar da martani ga shirin kasuwancinsa. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria"/> Duk da haka, daga ƙarshe fim ɗin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga kamfanonin sadarwa kamar [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry . An kuma nemi wasu kamfanoni su shiga cikin samarwa kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun yi aikin sanya kayayyaki. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni sun haɗa da: Meelk Properties, [[Kamfanin Jirgin sama na IRS|IRS Airlines]], Seven-up Bottling Company, Berrys' Couture, Honeywell Flour Mill da Maclean . <ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen tallafawa kasafin kuɗin fim ɗin da kashi talatin <ref name="Dailytimes"/> <ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola"/> zuwa arba'in cikin ɗari. <ref name="Gaurdian"/> == Jerin ƴan wasa == Akin, jarumin namiji, an fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin,]] amma daga baya an cire shi daga ''[[Mr. and Mrs. (2012 film)|fim ɗin]]'' lokacin da aka gano cewa kwanan nan an haɗa shi da jarumar da aka sanya wa suna [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Etim]], fim ɗin da shi ma ake shiryawa a lokacin kuma an sake shi a watan Maris na 2012. Daga nan aka kira [[Jim Iyke]] don ya taka rawar amma bai samu damar yin fim ɗin ''[[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last Flight to Abuja]]'' ba, don haka daga ƙarshe Wale Ojo ya zama sabon jarumin. <ref name="Punch"/> <ref name="Dailytimes"/> <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}</ref> An zaɓi jarumin mahaifin Mary a matsayin [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]], wanda ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2011 sakamakon ciwon asma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadi Ogbonna |last2=Idonor, Daniel |last3=Akoni, Olasunkanmi |date=8 August 2011 |title=Sam Loco Efe: How he died, his unfulfilled dream |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/sam-loco-efe-how-he-died-his-unfulfilled-dream/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420131145/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/sam-loco-efe-how-he-died-his-unfulfilled-dream |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Vanguard Newspapers |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> kafin a fara ɗaukar fim ɗin. Chika Okpala, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Zebrudaya a cikin ''The New Masquerade'', an sanya hannu don maye gurbin jarumin da ya mutu, wanda aka girmama ta hanyar sadaukar da fim ɗin ga tunawa da shi a cikin fim ɗin da aka buɗe. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria"/> <ref name="Punch" /> <ref name="Dailytimes" /> Ada Ameh da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], waɗanda suka fito daga [[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] da [[Akwa Ibom]] bi da bi, an buƙaci su koyi yaren [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] na [[Owerri]] na tsawon watanni shida kafin fara ɗaukar hoto na farko don ya dace da haruffan Cynthia da Mary, domin dukkansu an nuna su a matsayin 'yan asalin Owerri. <ref name="Okon,Augusta*"/> Etim a cikin wata hira da [[Leadership (Najeriya)|jaridar Leadership Newspaper]] ya ce: "Ba ni da ƙwarewa sosai idan ana maganar Yaren Igbo, amma har zuwa lokacin ''da na yi amfani da Waya'', ban taɓa buƙatar yin magana da Igbo kamar yadda ɗan asalin ƙasar zai yi ba. Zan yarda cewa ya kasance ƙalubale, domin dole ne in koyi wani yare na musamman. Ina matukar farin ciki da gogewar. Igbo harshe ne mai ban sha'awa kuma na ji daɗinsa sosai a lokacin da nake koyonsa." <ref name="Dailytimes"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rufus, Jumoke |date=14 February 2014 |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim: 'The Superwoman' Redefining Nollywood |url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/345278/nse-ikpe-etim-superwoman-redefining-nollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023702/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/345278/nse-ikpe-etim-superwoman-redefining-nollywood |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Leadership Newspaper |publisher=Leadership}}</ref> Darakta, Afolayan, ya samu babbar takaddama da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]], game da shirya fim ɗin Hafeez Oyetoro. Bayan ya ga gyaran fim ɗin na farko, [[Mike Adenuga]] ya nemi a cire Oyetoro daga jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma hotunansa sun sake ɗaukar hoto da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya faru ne saboda a lokacin Oyetoro jakadan kamfanin Etisalat Nigeria ne, babban mai fafatawa a kasuwar sadarwa ta Najeriya. Duk da haka, Afolayan ya ƙi, yana da yakinin cewa barin Oyetoro zai "kashe" fim ɗin. Sakamakon haka, [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ta janye jarinta daga fim ɗin kuma kwangilar jakadan Afolayan da kamfanin ba ta sabunta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yishau, Olukorede |date=29 November 2014 |title=October 1 and other tales |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/october-1-and-other-tales/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204191356/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/october-1-and-other-tales/ |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=The Nation}}</ref> == Yin fim == An fara ɗaukar fim ɗin a [[Badagry]] <ref name="Rice, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Rice, Andrew |date=26 February 2012 |title=A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035031/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a watan Agusta, kafin a koma [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=13 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121746/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> an ɗauki fim ɗin tsawon makonni shida kuma bayan an kammala shi ya ɗauki watanni uku. A cewar Afolayan, ɓangaren da ya fi ƙalubale na ɗaukar fim ɗin shine gina cikin jirgin da kuma wurin da filin jirgin sama yake, wanda aka ɗauki tsawon awanni ashirin da huɗu ba tare da hutu ba; <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria"/> <ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola"/> Pat Nebo da tawagarsa sun sake ƙirƙirar ɗakin jirgin a cikin situdiyo. <ref name="Rice, Andrew" /> == Kiɗa da waƙoƙin sauti ==   A watan Afrilun shekarar 2012, Golden Effects Pictures ta fitar da Asalin ''Sautin Waya'' don saukar da shi ta hanyar dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=17 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap – Official Soundtracks |url=http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232800/http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Too Exclusive |publisher=tooXclusive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaydee |date=18 April 2014 |title=Truth - Truth Fate OST- Movie Phone Swap |url=http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321001121/http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=MP3 Naija |publisher=mp3naija.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=17 April 2012 |title=[AUDIO] SoundTrack of the award winning PhoneSwap movie |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022131/http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Gidi Lounge}}</ref> Sautin ''Waya'' ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi uku na asali waɗanda Truth ta tsara, [[Adekunle "Nodash" Adejuyigbe]] da Oyinkansola, waɗanda Truth da Oyinkansola suka rera da kuma wata waƙa ta gargajiya da [[Sunny Ade|King Sunny Adé]] ta fitar a baya. Tsarin da kuma kida na kiɗan an yi shi ne ta hanyar Truth kuma an yi amfani da kida na gargajiya na Najeriya da ganguna don nuna fina-finan. Waƙoƙin sun haɗa da waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi masu tasowa da sauri da kuma kida na gargajiya, amma an rage su zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi tare da kida mai jinkiri a wasu wurare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233631/http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin " ''Fate'' " waƙa ce ta farko ta hukuma daga mai shirya waƙar, Truth. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=From The Phone Swap Original Soundtrack, Listen to Truth – Fate Has A Plan |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215319/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo |date=23 April 2012 |title=Truth Presents: Fate Has a Plan [Phone Swap Soundtrack] |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215234/http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=OG, Demola |date=20 April 2012 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215412/http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Not Just OK |publisher=NotJustOk.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233228/http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Kaaf |publisher=Kaaf.com}}</ref> == Jerin waƙoƙi ==   == Saki == An fitar da tirelar farko ta hukuma ta ''Phone Swap'' a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=On the Must Watch List! The First Official Trailer for Kunle Afolayan's New Film "Phone Swap" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425035935/http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases "Phone Swap" Trailer |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425052955/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nollywood by Mindspace}}</ref> kuma tirelar ta biyu an fitar da ita a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan releases the second official trailer for his movie "Phone Swap". |url=http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225175647/http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=1976AD |publisher=1976AD.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dauda, Bola |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases Official Trailer 2 of Phone Swap |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064924/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nigeria Films |publisher=NigeriaFilms.com}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗin a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria"/> kafin a fara nuna shi a zauren EXPO, Eko Hotels and Suites, Lagos a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2012. <ref name="9aijabooksandmovies"/> An fitar da shi a Nationwide a ranar 30 ga Maris, 2012, <ref name="Dailytimes"/> an fitar da shi [[Ghana|a Ghana]] a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2012, daga baya kuma an fitar da shi a ƙasashen waje a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Nollywood movie Phone Swap to premiere in London on November 10 |url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031432/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Watch Newspaper |publisher=Nigerian Watch}}</ref> <ref name="Phone Swap">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap |url=http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226050119/http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Film Dates}}</ref> An kuma fitar da shi a kasuwannin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar [[Japan]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap Release info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Internet Movie Data Base}}</ref> Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=German Premiere of Awarded Nollywood-Comedy "Phone Swap" by Kunle Afolayan, Thursday, 8 May 2014, 20h00, Hackesche Höfe Kino |url=http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064339/http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Africa Venir |publisher=AfricaVenir International}}</ref> [[Indiya]], [[Brazil]] da Athens. <ref name="thenet1">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=NET EXCLUSIVE: Kunle Afolayan opens up on his new film and relocation plans |url=https://thenet.ng/net-exclusive-kunle-afolayan-opens-up-on-his-new-film-and-relocation-plans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622081057/http://thenet.ng/2014/05/net-exclusive-kunle-afolayan-opens-up-on-his-new-film-and-relocation-plans/ |archive-date=22 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=The Nigerian Entertainment Today Magazine |publisher=The Net}}</ref> Duk da cewa an fitar da fim ɗin a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2012, <ref name="Phone Swap" /> an sake fitar da shi daga 16 zuwa 24 ga Maris, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2013 |title=OHBoX Presents African Cinema Experience (ACE) |url=http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040829/http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=OHTV |publisher=OHtvBox}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya kuma sake fitowa a Najeriya a lokacin bukukuwan Ramadan daga 18 zuwa 21 ga Agusta, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonge, Osagie |date=15 August 2012 |title=Watch Phone Swap this Ramadan holiday |url=https://thenet.ng/watch-phone-swap-this-ramadan-holiday/ |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=The Nigerian Entertainment Today |publisher=The Net}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == == Karɓar girmamawa mai mahimmanci == Fim ɗin ya samu yabo mai kyau sosai. [[Sabunta Nollywood|Nollywood Reinvented]] ta yaba da fim ɗin, barkwanci mai ban dariya da kuma soyayya. Duk da cewa ta lura cewa fim ɗin ya nuna wani yanayi na rashin gaskiya, amma ya ba da maki 68% kuma ta kammala da cewa: "Abu ɗaya mai kyau game da fim ɗin shine haɗin kai da yake haifarwa tsakanin masu kallo da 'ma'auratan', masu kallo da kuma jaruman, jaruman da juna ba wai kawai Mary da Akin ba. A ƙarshen fim ɗin ba wai kawai kuna jin kamar kun kalli wani fim ba ne. Yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa wanda fina-finai kaɗan ne kawai za su iya haifarwa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fina-finan da za su sa ku sake dawowa akai-akai." <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Phone Swap - Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417180638/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Augusta Okon na ''littattafai da fina-finai na 9aija'' ya kuma yaba da fim ɗin, amfani da harshe, tsara shiri, gyarawa da kuma waƙoƙin sauti amma ya yi magana game da tallace-tallacen da aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin. Ya bai wa fim ɗin maki 4 cikin 5, sannan ya kammala da cewa: "Swap ɗin waya fim ne mai ban dariya na farko a Nollywood, wanda ke tafiya a kan tekuna na ƙarfi da fasaha, tare da ƙwarewarsa da ke bugawa a sararin samaniya da kuma nuna gaskiya ɗaya… Ya sake ɗaga matsayin fim a Nollywood!". <ref name="Okon,Augusta*"/> Kemi Filani ta yaba da zane-zane, gyara, haɓaka haruffa, rubutun da kayan aikin fim ɗin; ta kammala da cewa: "Swap ɗin waya cike yake da dariya da ƙarfi kuma yana nuna yadda mutane da ba za su iya daidaitawa da yanayi da ba zato ba tsammani. Fim ɗin da zan iya ba da shawara tabbas." <ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> NollywoodForever ta ba shi ƙimar Watch Definitely kuma ta kammala da cewa "... Abin dariya ne, abin dariya ne, abin ɗumama zuciya ne da ƙari." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap {{!}} Nigerian Movie {{!}} Nollywood Forever Movie Reviews<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710032539/http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |archive-date=2013-07-10 |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref> Dami Elebe na ''Connect Nigeria'' ta yaba da shirya fim ɗin da kuma rubutunsa kuma ta ce "Ba tare da wata shakka ba, wannan shine fim ɗin da kuke alfahari da nunawa. Fim ne mai kyau kuma ba za mu iya jira wani haɗin gwiwa daga gare su (manyan jaruman) a nan gaba ba". <ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}</ref> Andrew Rice na [[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]] ya yi tsokaci: "Kunle Afolayan yana son ya tsoratar da ku, yana son ya burge ku, yana son ya sa ku dariya, amma mafi mahimmanci, yana so ku dakatar da rashin yarda da ku - a cikin makircinsa, eh, wanda galibi ya fi girma, amma kuma game da abin da zai yiwu a Afirka." Shari Bollers na Afridiziak ya ce "An ƙirƙiri dukkan haruffan ne don ba wa masu kallo damar yin mu'amala da su da kuma yin dariya da su. Tare da sauya harsuna biyu na asali da Ingilishi, yana da sauƙin bi. Fim ne wanda ya haɗa da kowa kuma ya faranta mana rai da barkwanci. Ko 'yan Najeriya ne ko a'a, za ku ga wannan fim ɗin yana da ban dariya." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollers, Shari |date=4 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap directed by Kunle Afolayan, OHTV screening at the BFI |url=http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214248/http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Afridiziak}}</ref> Caitlin Pearson na ''The Africa Channel'' ta ce: "Abin da ya sa shirin ''Wayar Salula'' ya burge mutane shi ne yadda jaruman fim ɗin suka nuna bajinta, da kuma yadda ake nuna fina-finan da suka ba mu damar kallon fina-finan Najeriya fiye da yadda duk wani fim ɗin Nollywood mai ban tsoro zai iya yi. <ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}</ref> Francis McKay na Flick Hunter ya bayar da taurari 3 cikin 4 kuma ya kammala da cewa: "Kunle Afolayan ya shirya fim mai kyau wanda ya ƙunshi labari mai kyau da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda 'yan wasa biyu masu hazaka suka jagoranta. Fim ɗin ya wakilci Najeriya sosai...". <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay, Francis |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220131/http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Kemi Filani ta yi tsokaci game da kyakkyawan hoton mata a cikin fim ɗin: "Ina son yadda aka nuna mata. Don sauyi, matan Najeriya sun kasance masu ƙarfi, wayo da kyau. Duk da cewa matan da ke cikin wannan fim ɗin suna da lahani, kamar kowane ɗan adam, an kuma nuna su a matsayin masu kyau da kyau." <ref name="Filani, Kemi*"/> Dami Elebe ta yaba da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na manyan jaruman biyu a cikin fim ɗin: "Nse Ikpe-Etim ta taka rawarta a cikin wannan fim ɗin da daidaito, cikakkiyar lafazi da kuma ajin. Wale Ojo ba shine gwarzon jarumi na Nollywood ba. Ba shine saurayi mai zafi da muke son kawai mu kalli ba, amma mutum ne mai kyau da muke son ji. Ya haɗu da rawar da yake takawa daidai kuma ya nuna cewa ba abin mamaki bane a fim ɗaya amma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai daɗe a Nollywood." <ref name="connectNigeria"/> Caitlin Pearson ta yi tsokaci game da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo ta Wale Ojo ta hanyar cewa: "Tabbas Ojo yana burge da iyawarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wajen ɗaukar wannan rawar, kuma ya sami damar daidaita halayen halin Akin da tausayi". Ta kuma yaba wa halin Hafiz Oyetoro ta hanyar cewa "wasan kwaikwayo mafi ban dariya da nishadantarwa shine na Hafiz Oyetoro wanda ke taka rawar mataimakin Akin Alex. Halin Alex yana cikin daidaito tsakanin mai biyayya da mai ɓoyewa wanda shine abin jin daɗi a kallo." <ref name="The africa Channel"/> == Ofishin tikitoci == ''Wayar Salula'' ta yi nasara sosai a ofishin tallan fim. Fim ɗin ya sami kuɗi ₦3,720,000 a ƙarshen makon farko na wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Half of a Yellow Sun sets new box office record |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/half-yellow-sun-sets-new-box-office-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050950/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/half-yellow-sun-sets-new-box-office-record/ |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> Ya yi kan gaba a jadawalin a makon farko na fitowarsa a Najeriya ta hanyar samun ₦20,713,503, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=OC Box Office News – Phone Swap Leads the Pack in First Half |url=http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003622/http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=You Fly Magazine |publisher=You Fly Magazine Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Nigerian Box Office: Obi Emelonye's 'Last Flight To Abuja' Dominating The Charts |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233507/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[Indiewire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act - IndieWire}}</ref> ya doke fina-finai kamar ''Wrath of the Titans'' da ''John carter'' . An ce wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan lokutan da aka nuna wa ''Wayar Salula'' tare da aƙalla lokutan nunawa 6 a rana don wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma ruwaito cewa fim ɗin ya sami nunin fina-finai na sirri da dama ga ƙungiyoyi da kamfanoni. <ref name="Phone Swap excels in Box Office"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap beats Wraths of the Titans, John carter and Other Hollywood Films in Box Office |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054415/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=360Nobs |publisher=360Nobs.com}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, fim ɗin ya sami shiga [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|gasar cin kofin fina-finai ta Afirka]] kafin fitowarsa ta gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap excels in Box Office |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/phone-swap-excels-in-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180253/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/phone-swap-excels-in-box-office/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=Vanguard Newspaper |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a [[8th Africa Movie Academy Awards|kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka ta 8,]] ciki har da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi Kyawun Fina-finan Najeriya]] . Daga ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar Nasara a Tsarin Shiryawa. Ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a [[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|kyaututtukan Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai na Nollywood na 2012]] tare da zaɓe goma kuma ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai; Nse Ikpe Etim kuma ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai na Jarumi a fim ɗin Turanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jasanya, Olamide |date=12 November 2012 |title=Who won what at the Best of Nollywood Awards 2012 |url=https://thenet.ng/who-won-what-at-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080441/http://thenet.ng/2012/11/who-won-what-at-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2012/ |archive-date=29 April 2014 |access-date=26 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |publisher=The Net NG}}</ref> ''Wayar Salula ta'' kuma sami mafi yawan zaɓe da mafi yawan nasarori a [[Lambar Yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na shekara ta 2013|kyaututtukan fina-finan Nollywood na 2013]] tare da jimillar zaɓe goma sha biyu kuma ya lashe kyaututtukan Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai, Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai a Matsayin Tallafi ga Hafeez Oyetoro, Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai a Matsayin Tallafi ga Ada Ameh, Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai, Mafi Kyawun Fina-finai na Asali da kuma Fim ɗin Ofishin Akwati na Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaymi |date=13 October 2013 |title=NMA2013: Full list of winners at the Nollywood Movies Awards |url=http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054408/http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Star}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners: Nollywood Movies Awards 2013 |url=http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234039/http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Premium Nigerian Movies}}</ref> An zaɓe shi don kyaututtuka takwas a kyaututtukan fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy na 2013, inda Kunle Afolayan ya lashe rukunin Mafi Kyawun Darakta. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Complete list of Awards !Award !Date of ceremony !Category !Recipients and nominees !Result |- | rowspan="4" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Film Academy]] <br /><br /> ([[8th Africa Movie Academy Awards]])<ref name="AMAA"/> | rowspan="4" |22 April 2012 |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Best Nigerian Film]] |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Nom}} |- |Achievement in Production Design |Pat Nebo | {{Won}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] |Hafeez Oyetoro | {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] |Wale Ojo | {{Nom}} |- |Abuja International Film Festival <br /><br /> (2012 Golden Jury Awards)<ref name="IMDB">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref><ref name="The Net">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2012 |title=Nigeria leads the pack again at the Abuja International Film Festival |url=https://thenet.ng/nigeria-leads-the-pack-again-at-the-abuja-international-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424211321/http://thenet.ng/2012/09/nigeria-leads-the-pack-again-at-the-abuja-international-film-festival/ |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |publisher=The NET}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |September 2012 |Best Film | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Won}} |- |Abuja International Film Festival <br /><br /> (2012 Festival Prize)<ref name="IMDB" /><ref name="The Net" /> |Outstanding Film Directing | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="10" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|BON Magazine]] <br /><br /> ([[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Best of Nollywood Awards]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=BON WINNERS |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035529/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> | rowspan="10" |11 November 2012 |Best Lead Actress in an English film |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] | {{Won}} |- |Best supporting Actor in an English film |Hafeez Oyetoro | {{Nom}} |- |Best Lead Actor in an English film |Wale Ojo | {{Nom}} |- |Director of the Year | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Nom}} |- |Movie of the Year | {{Nom}} |- |Screenplay of the Year |[[Kemi Adesoye]] | {{Nom}} |- |Cinematography of the Year |Yinka Edward | {{Nom}} |- |Movie with Best Sound |Biodun Oni, Eilam Hoffman | {{Nom}} |- |Best Edited Movie |Yemi Jolaoso | {{Nom}} |- |Best Production Set |Pat Nebo | {{Won}} |- |MultiChoice <br /><br /> ([[2013 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221942/https://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> |9 March 2013 |Best Movie (comedy) | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Nom}} |- |NollywoodWeek Paris <br /><br /> (2013 NollywoodWeek Paris Awards)<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Edition 2013 |url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005638/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=NollywoodWeek Paris}}</ref> |June 2013 |Public Choice Award | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="12" |[[Fina-finan Nollywood|Nollywood Movies Network]] <br /><br /> ([[Lambar Yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na shekara ta 2013|2013 Nollywood Movies Awards]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMA 2013 Winners |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060437/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> | rowspan="12" |12 October 2013 |Best Movie | {{Won}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Wale Ojo | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Supporting Role |Hafeez Oyetoro | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Supporting Role |Ada Ameh | {{Won}} |- |Best Director |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Nom}} |- |Best Editing |Yemi Jolaoso | {{Nom}} |- |Best Cinematography |Yinka Edward | {{Won}} |- |Best Original Screenplay |[[Kemi Adesoye]] | {{Won}} |- |Best Costume Design |Titi Aluko | {{Nom}} |- |Best set Design |Pat Nebo | {{Nom}} |- |Best Sound Track |Truth | {{Nom}} |- |Top Box office Movie | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Golden Icons Magazine]] <br /><br /> (2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayex Money |date=20 August 2013 |title=Full Lists Of Nominees For The 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |url=http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035225/http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=NG Trends}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole, Mistah |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015609/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=360 Nobs |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> | rowspan="8" |19 October 2013 |Best Motion Picture | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director | {{Won}} |- |Best Cinematography |Yinka Edward, Alfred Chia | {{Nom}} |- |Best Comedy |Kunle Afolayan | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] | {{Nom}} |- |Most Promising Actor (Best New Actor) |Wale Ojo | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay |[[Kemi Adesoye]] | {{Nom}} |- |Producer of the Year |[[Kunle Afolayan]] | {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == A watan Agusta na 2012, an sanar da cewa OHTV ta sami haƙƙin TV na ''Musanya Waya'' . Tun daga lokacin an sake shi a dandamalin VOD ; gami da OHTV, Ibaka TV, da [https://watch.demandafrica.com/details/phone-swap-movie Demand Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830203848/https://watch.demandafrica.com/details/phone-swap-movie |date=2019-08-30 }} Archived . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson, Tambay A. |date=12 August 2012 |title=UK & USA Rights To Nigerian Kunle Afolayan's Rom-Com 'Phone Swap' Acquired By OHTV |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122207/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=IndieWire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Ibaka TV |url=http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423084022/http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> An fitar da fim ɗin a DVD a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2014. <ref name="news24">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kunle Afolayan set to release Phone Swap in DVD |url=http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222130914/http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=News 24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Phone Swap, Tango with Me now on DVD |url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/phone-swap-tango-with-me-now-on-dvd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122836/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/phone-swap-tango-with-me-now-on-dvd/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=The Punch NG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2014 |title=G-Media releases 'Phone Swap,' 'Tango with Me' on DVD |url=https://thenet.ng/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-with-me-on-dvd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201195331/http://thenet.ng/2014/12/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-with-me-on-dvd/ |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=The NET NG}}</ref> Afolayan ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa jinkirin fitowar DVD ya faru ne sakamakon shirye-shiryen samun ingantaccen tsarin rarraba DVD ɗin don rage keta haƙƙin mallaka na fim ɗin zuwa mafi ƙarancin mataki. <ref name="thenet1"/> G-Media ne ke rarraba DVD ɗin, <ref name="leadership">{{Cite web |last=Nda-Isaiah, Solomon |date=19 December 2014 |title=G-Media Releases Phone Swap, Tango With Me On DVD |url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/396306/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-dvd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222123550/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/396306/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-dvd |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Leadership Newspaper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title='Phone Swap', 'Tango with Me' goes on DVD |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223145606/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Online}}</ref> kuma yana ɗauke da abubuwan kari kamar "hotunan bayan fage" da "Yin ...". <ref name="news24" /> An kuma fitar da wani fakitin DVD na musamman, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da " ''Tarin Kunle Afolayan'' ", wanda ya ƙunshi sauran fina-finai biyu da suka gabata waɗanda Kunle Afolayan ya jagoranta. <ref name="leadership" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2012|Jerin Fina-finan Najeriya na 2012]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.phoneswapmovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|2198109|Phone Swap}} * Phone Swap at Nollywood Reinvented * [https://watch.demandafrica.com/details/phone-swap-movie Phone Swap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830203848/https://watch.demandafrica.com/details/phone-swap-movie |date=2019-08-30 }} Archived 2019-08-30 at the Wayback Machine on [https://watch.demandafrica.com/ Demand Africa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s51iziuanmdnbq9pebvf52lxvb0hd8k Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic 0 71786 882787 645260 2026-07-14T08:28:03Z Usman saadu 46863 882787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Alluitsup-paa-heliport-destinations.svg|thumb|heiport ]] [[Fayil:Alluitsup-Paa-population-dynamics.png|thumb|jadawalin hauhawa da canji na alluitsup]] Proto-Afroasiatic ('''PAA'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Proto-Hamito-Semitic''', '''Proto-Semito-Hamitic''', da Proto-Afrasian, shine harshen da aka sake ginawa wanda duk harsunan Afroasiatic na zamani suka fito. Kodayake kimantawa sun bambanta sosai, masana sun yi imanin cewa an yi magana da shi a matsayin yare ɗaya a cikin shekaru 12,000 zuwa 18,000 da suka gabata (12 zuwa 18 [[Shekara|kya]]), wato, tsakanin 16,000 da 10,000 [[Kafin Kristi|BC]]. Kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya game da wurin asalin Afroasiatic, asalin asalin masu magana da Proto-Afroasiatic. {{Sfn|Güldemann|2018}} Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana cikin yankin [[Arewa maso gabashin Afirka]] <ref>Ratcliffe 2012</ref> {{Sfn|Ratcliffe|2012}}sake ginawa Proto-Afroasiatic yana da matsala kuma bai ci gaba zuwa matakin da aka samu a cikin ilimin harshe na Indo-Turai ba. Yawancin lokaci da aka raba rassan, tare da nisa mai yawa tsakanin shaidu na rassan asali (karni na 3 BC don Masar da Semitic, ƙarni na 19 da 20 ga yawancin yarukan Chadic, Cushitic, da Omotic) yana nufin cewa ƙayyade takaddun sauti har yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Baya ga takardun gargajiya da aka tsara, akwai kuma wani ra'ayi daban-daban wanda ya zama sananne tsakanin Masana kimiyyar Masar; babu wata yarjejeniya game da wasula na PAA, kasancewar sautin, ko tsarin syllable. A lokaci guda, malamai ba su yarda da ko kuma har zuwa wane irin Harsunan Semitic na gargajiya ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wakilci mai aminci na yanayin PAA. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tambayar ko Tushen ƙamus a cikin harshe sun kasance mafi yawan biradical ko triradical, wato, ko suna da asali biyu ko uku. Har ila yau, yana taka rawa a cikin tambayar matakin da Proto-Afroasiatic ke da tushen-da-tsarin morphology, kamar yadda aka fi nunawa a cikin rassan Semitic, Masar, da Cushitic. Duk da haka akwai wasu abubuwa na yarjejeniya da sake gina ƙamus. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa sunayen Proto-Afroasiatic suna da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, aƙalla lambobi biyu kuma mai yiwuwa uku na ilimin lissafin (ɗaya, jam'i, kuma mai yiwuwa biyu), da kuma tsarin shari'a tare da aƙalla lokuta biyu. Proto-Afroasiatic na iya kasancewa da alamar suna ko Ergative-absolutive alignment. An kuma sake gina prefix na deverbal ''*mV-'' a ko'ina. Duk da yake akwai rashin jituwa game da siffofin wakilan PAA, akwai yarjejeniya cewa akwai masu zaman kansu da "ƙuntata" (marasa damuwa, ƙuntataccen) siffofi. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya cewa yaduwar n = namiji da jam'i, t = mace ya koma PAA, da kuma game da kasancewar wakilin tambaya ''*mV'', wanda watakila bai bambanta animacy ba. Akwai wasu yarjejeniyoyi cewa kalmar PAA tana da nau'o'i biyu ko yiwuwar guda uku, kodayake akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da waɗannan nau'ikan suka kasance da kuma irin lokutan, fannoni, ko yanayin da suka bayyana. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa akwai yiwuwar saiti biyu na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (prefixes da suffixes) da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, muhimmancin gemination na magana da reduplication da kasancewar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga guda uku, musamman na -*s-, ana sake gina su. Ba za a iya sake gina tsarin lambobi ba, kodayake an ba da shawarar lambobi masu yawa na PAA da saiti masu alaƙa daga 1 zuwa 9. == Yin soyayya == Babu wata yarjejeniya game {{Sfn|Meyer|Wolff|2019}} lokacin da aka yi magana da Proto-Afroasiatic. Cikakken kwanan wata na lokacin da Proto-Afroasiatic zai iya kasancewa shine {{Circa|4000 BCE}} , bayan haka an tabbatar da harshen Masar da Semitic. {{Sfn|Gragg|2019}}, a duk yiwuwar waɗannan harsuna sun fara rarrabuwa sosai kafin wannan iyaka mai wuya. Kimanin {{Sfn|Meyer|Wolff|2019}} masana suka bayar game da lokacin da aka yi magana da Proto-Afroasiatic ya bambanta sosai, daga shekara ta 18,000 KZ zuwa 8,000 KZ. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}W{{Sfn|Nichols|2003}} kimantawa a ƙarshen ƙaramin wannan kewayon har yanzu yana sa Afroasiatic ya zama tsohuwar iyalin harshe da aka tabbatar. {{Sfn|Güldemann|2018}} yake bambance-bambance da shawarwari game da fitowar farko, Tom Güldemann ya yi jayayya cewa ana iya buƙatar ƙaramin lokaci don bambancin fiye da yadda ake ɗauka, saboda yana yiwuwa harshe ya sake fasalin saurin saboda hulɗar yanki, tare da juyin halitta na Chadic (kuma mai yiwuwa kuma Omotic) yana aiki a matsayin misalai masu dacewa.<ref>Huehnergard 2023</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> == Matsalolin sake ginawa == {{Sfn|Winand|2023}}{{Sfn|Frajzyngier|Shay|2020}} halin yanzu, babu wani sake fasalin da aka yarda da shi na ilimin Afroasiatic, harshe, haɗin kai, ko phonology. Sabo{{Sfn|Sanker|2023}} yawan lokaci tun lokacin da Afroasiatic ya rabu zuwa rassa, akwai iyakoki ga abin da malaman zasu iya sake ginawa. {{Sfn|Ratcliffe|2012}}Cognates sukan ɓace daga harsuna masu alaƙa a tsawon lokaci. {{Sfn|Sanker|2023}}{{Sfn|Huehnergard|2023}} halin yanzu babu yawancin mutanen da aka yarda da su na Afroasiatic, <ref>Huehnergard 2023</ref> kuma yana da wahala a sami ka'idojin rubutu masu kyau daga ƙananan misalai. [2] M{{Sfn|Gragg|2019}} gamsarwa cognates a cikin Afroasiatic sau da yawa suna da iri ɗaya ko kuma irin wannan ma'anar amma sautin daban-daban, gaskiyar da ba a bayyana ta ba. {{Sfn|Ratcliffe|2012}} {{Sfn|Sanker|2023}} ƙari, ba koyaushe yake bayyane ba waɗanne kalmomi ne cognates, kamar yadda wasu cognates da aka gabatar na iya zama kamanceceniya. Bugu {{Sfn|Sanker|2023}} ƙari, aƙalla wasu cognates suna iya canzawa ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda canjin analog, yana mai da su da wuya a gane su. Kamar yadda kalmomi {{Sfn|Ratcliffe|2012}} canza ma'ana a tsawon lokaci, tambayar waɗanne kalmomi na iya nufin abu ɗaya sau da yawa yana da wuyar amsawa. {{Sfn|Ratcliffe|2012}} sakamakon haka, Robert Ratcliffe ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Afroasiatic bazai sake gina shi ba kamar yadda Proto-Indo-Turai ya kasance.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> Ya{{Sfn|Winand|2023}} sake ginawa na yanzu yana da cikas saboda gaskiyar cewa an tabbatar da rassan Masar da Semitic na Afroasiatic tun daga farkon 3000 KZ, yayin da harsunan Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, da Omotic rassan an tabbatar da su ne kawai daga baya, wani lokacin a karni na 20. Tsawon tar{{Sfn|Allati|2012}} ilimin harsunan Semitic i{{Sfn|Güldemann|2018}} aka kwatanta da sauran rassa wani cikas ne a sake gina Proto-Afroasiatic; sau da yawa ana tsara siffofin Semitic zuwa harshe na asali, duk da ƙarancin yarensu da rashin rubutu a wasu rassa. {{Sfn|Stauder|2023}} cognates, siffofin da aka raba suna ɓacewa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda za'a iya nunawa a cikin Afroasiatic ta hanyar kwatanta [[Harshen Misira|Tsohon Masarawa]] (2600-2000 KZ) da Coptic (bayan 200 AZ). [1] Duk {{Sfn|Frajzyngier|Shay|2012}} haka yana yiwuwa a adana siffofin da ke kusa da PAA a cikin harsunan da aka rubuta daga baya, yayin da harsunan leken da aka rubuta a baya na iya samun siffofin da suka bambanta da PAA. Don samar {{Sfn|Porkhomovsky|2020}} ingantaccen sake fasalin Afroasiatic, zai zama dole a fara sake fasalin siffofin reshe, [1] aikin da ya tabbatar da wahala. {{Sfn|Huehnergard|2023}} zuwa 2023, akwai kawai farkon yarjejeniya game da sake gina Proto-Semitic, kuma babu sake gina kowane ɗayan rassan. {{Sfn|Winand|2023}} yanzu {{Sfn|Güldemann|2018}} sake gina Afroasiatic sau da yawa ya dogara da kwatanta kalmomi ko fasalulluka a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya, wanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ba su gamsar da malamai da yawa ba. == Urheimat == == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {{Sfn|Huehnergard|2023}}{{Sfn|Winand|2023}} halin yanzu babu wata yarjejeniya game da sautin sautin Afroasiatic ko a kan takardun su a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya. Yawancin sake ginawa sun yar{{Sfn|Frajzyngier|Shay|2012}} cewa PAA tana da jerin abubuwa uku (plosives, fricatives, da affricates) kuma cewa masu ci gaba duk ba su da murya. {{Sfn|Hayward|2000}} ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa an shirya abubuwan da ke hanawa a cikin triads na ƙayyadaddun murya, murya, da kuma "mai ƙarfi" (watakila Glotalized), kuma PAA ya haɗa da ƙayyadadden pharyngeal da laryngeal. Akwai rashin jituwa game {{Sfn|Frajzyngier|Shay|2012}} ko akwai sassan Labialized velar.<ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012, p. 10.</ref> <ref>Hayward 2000</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref>Orel & Stolbova 1995</ref> <ref>Ehret 1995</ref> ==Wasula== Abubuwan ƙamus na PAA da aka sake ginawa suna nuna wasula da aka sake ginawa daban-daban, a cewar Levin 2003 Abu Diakonoff et al. 1987[d] Orel da Stolbova 1995 Ehret 1995[e] 'jini' *dṃ *dam- *dîm-/*dam- 'gina' *bVn *ben- *-bĭn- 'tashi' *pi̭r *pir- *-pîr- 'tudu/ tudu' *tṷl *tul- *-tul- Ƙoƙarin sake gina tsarin muryar Proto-Afroasiatic ya bambanta <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> Duk da yake babu yarjejeniya, da yawa ga amfani da canje-canje na wasali da aka sani da apophony (ko "ablaut") a cikin tsarin "tushen-da-tsari" da aka samu a cikin harsunan Afroasiatic daban-daban.<ref>Gragg 2019, p. 41</ref> <ref>Allati 2012</ref> Baya ga apophony, wasu harsunan AA na zamani suna nuna canjin wasali da ake kira umlaut.<ref>Wolff 2022</ref> labial ko labialized consonants.<ref> Orel & Stolbova 1995</ref> Ehret ya gabatar da tsarin wasali guda biyar mai tsawo da gajere *a, *e, *o, *i, da *u, yana mai cewa sake gina shi yana samun goyon bayan wasulan Chadic da Kushitic.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> Vladimir Orel da Olga Stolbova a maimakon haka sun ba da shawarar tsarin wasali shida tare da * a, * e, * o, *i, * ([y]), da * u; sun ci gaba da cewa, wasulan tsakiya *e da *o ba za su iya kasancewa tare a tushe guda<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> Ɗaukar wata hanya ta dabam, Ronny syllabic baƙaƙe (*l, *m, *n, *r) da ƙaramin wasali ko baƙaƙe masu kama da ƙarami (*w, *y, *ʔ, *ḥ, *ʕ, *h, *ʔʷ, *ḥʷ, *ʕʷ, *hʷ) don samar da haruffa; (*a da *ə), kamar yadda bayanan Berber da Chadic suka goyi bayan, sannan kuma inganta ƙarin wasulan.<ref>Meyer & Wolff 2019</ref> ==Sautuna da lafazi== Wasu malaman sun ƙaddamar da cewa Proto-Afroasiatic harshe ne na tonal, tare da tonality daga baya ya ɓace a wasu rassan. Igor Diakonoff ya yi jayayya da wanzuwar sautin bisa ga sake gina wasu kalmomin da ba su da alaƙa da juna.<ref>Diakonoff 1988</ref> Christopher Ehret a maimakon haka ya ɗauki gaskiyar cewa rassa uku na AA suna da sauti a matsayin wurin farawa; ya sanya tsarin sautin sautin aƙalla na sautin tonal guda biyu, sautin faɗuwa, sautin tashi, da yuwuwar sautin na uku, sautin matakin <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref>Wilson 2020, pp. 23–</ref> <ref>Diakonoff 1988</ref> Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa Proto-AA yana da lafazi mai faɗi kuma wasu rassan daga baya sun haɓaka sautin.<ref>Meyer & Wolff 2019</ref> Irin waxannan malamai sun yi nuni da cewa sautunan da aka ɓullo da su don rama batattu ko ragi, kuma lura da cewa wasu sautunan sau da yawa ana danganta su da wasu baƙaƙe na ƙarshe.<ref>Meyer & Wolff 2019</ref> Zygmunt Frajzyngier da Erin Shay sun lura cewa a cikin harsunan tonal na AA, sautin yawanci yana da nahawu maimakon aikin lexical, kuma suna jayayya cewa don haka babu wani tushe don sake gina shi a matsayin sifa na lexical a cikin PAA, kamar yadda Diakonoff ya yi; sun sami ƙarin ra'ayi na Ehret<ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> <ref>Diakonoff 1988</ref> <ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> <ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> ==Morphosyntax== Tushen biradical da triradical Matsayin da tushen fi'ili na Proto-AA ya kasance asalin triradical (yana da baƙaƙe guda uku) ko biradical (da samun baƙaƙe biyu)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> Daga cikin rassan zamani, yawancin tushen Semitic sune triradical, yayin da mafi yawan tushen Chadic, Omotic, da Cushitic tushen biradical ne.<ref>Hayward 2000</ref> “Ka’idar gargajiya” ta yi jayayya da asali na triradicalism a cikin iyali, kamar yadda yake a cikin Semitic<ref>.Winand 2023</ref> A cikin wannan ka'idar, kusan dukkanin tushen biradical suna faruwa ne sakamakon asarar baki na uku.[<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> ] Tun a tsakiyar zamanai, duk da haka, masu ilimin nahawu sun lura cewa wasu tushen triradical a cikin Larabci sun bambanta da baƙaƙe ɗaya kawai kuma suna da ma'anoni masu alaƙa[<ref>Zaborski 2011A cewar masu goyon bayan asali na triradicalism irin su Gideon Goldenberg,</ref> waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun zama gama gari a cikin harshe kuma ba su dace da lamarin ba. Ya kwatanta kamanceniyar sauti tsakanin kalmomi masu ma'ana iri ɗaya a cikin Ingilishi kamar su haske, kyalkyali, kyalkyali, gyalkyali, da farin ciki<ref>Goldenberg 2005</ref> Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa tushen PAA yana iya kasancewa mafi yawan biradical, wanda aka ƙara na uku mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.<ref>Meyer & Wolff 2019, p. </ref> Christopher Ehret ya bayar da hujjar cewa baƙaƙe na uku sun kasance affixes na ƙirƙira, yana ba da shawarar adadin kalmomin da suka kai talatin da bakwai daban-daban waɗanda daga baya suka zama burbushi a matsayin baƙaƙe na uku.<ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> sun soki wannan ka'idar, irin su Andrzej Zaborski da Alan Kaye, a matsayin kari da yawa da ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba, ko da yake Zygmont Frajzyngier da Erin Shay sun lura cewa wasu harsunan Chadi suna da adadin da ya kai goma sha biyu.<ref>Zaborski 2011</ref> ==Tsarin kalma== Har yanzu ba a kafa tsarin kalmomin Proto-Afroasiatic <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#CITEREFHetzron2009</ref> ] Igor Diakonoff ya ba da shawarar cewa PAA tana da tsari na kalmomi na fi'ili-subject-object (VSO word order), ma'ana cewa fi'ili zai zo farko a mafi yawan jimloli.<ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> ] Hakanan Carsten Peust yana goyan bayan tsarin kalmomi na VSO, kamar yadda ake samun wannan a cikin tsoffin rassa biyu da aka tabbatar, Misira da Semitic.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> ] Duk da haka, Ronny Meyer da H. Ekkecfard Wolff suna jayayya cewa wannan shawara ba ta yi daidai da shawarar Diakonoff ba chewa PAA harshe ne mai banƙyama-cinyewa, wanda batun da abu ba su da inganci.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.offwiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ] Zygmont Frajzyngier da Erin S har subn ci gaba da lura cewa, idan Proto-Afroasiatic yana da tsarin kalma na VSO, to dole ne a sami bayani game da dalilin da ya sa rassansa biyu, Omotic da Cushitic, suna nuna tsari-abu-abu-kalma tsari (SOV word order).<ref> Frajzyngier & Shay 2012, p. </ref> nau'ikan malamai biyu suna jayayya cewa wannan yanki yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike<ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref> Güldemann 2018, p. </ref> <ref>Schuh 2017</ref> <ref>Souag 2023</ref> ==Lamba== Harsunan Afroasiatic a yau sun bambanta a fili guda ɗaya da jam'i.<ref>Meyer & Wolff 2019</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sifofin farko na Proto-Afroasiatic da Joseph Greenberg ya gabatar shine kasancewar "internal-ga plurals" (wani nau'i na jam'i mai fashe): n wanda aka sanya shi a cikin nau'in wasali * a tsakanin bak'i biyu na tushen tushe, mai yiwuwa ya maye gurbin wani wasali ta hanyar apophony.<ref>Gragg 2019, p</ref> Duk da haka, Paul Newman ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da jam'i ta hanyar canza wasali suka yawaita a Chadic, ba za a iya sake gina su zuwa Proto-Chadic ko Prboto-Afroasiatic ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref>ouag ya bayar da hujjar cewa yayin da wsu nau'i na canza wasalin jam'i na iya komawa zuwa ga Proto-Afroasiatic, dagshegmba yawa daga cikin samfuran da aka samu hsa cikin rassan ba sa iya yin hakan.,<ref>Souag 2023</ref> c.<ref>Ratcliffe 1996, p. 297</ref> ] A maimakon haka Robert Ratcliffe ya yi jayayya cewa wannan tsarin sake maimaitawa ya samo asali ne bayan PAA, a matsayin hanyar da za ta ba da damar sunaye na biradical su saka "internal-a," tsarin da ya zama gama gari ga wasu tushen wasu harsuna; a matsayin madadin hasashe, mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i na jam'i.<ref>Ratcliffe 1996, p. 309-310</ref> Harsunan Afroasiatic kuma suna amfani da affixes da yawa - kaɗan daga cikinsu, duk da haka, suna nan a cikin fiye da ƴan rassan, wanda ke sa su yi wahalar sake gina su.<ref>Wilson 2020</ref> e).<ref>Souag 2023</ref> Waɗannan ƙarshen sun yi kama da juna sosai, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> kuma saboda shaidar dual a cikin rassa biyu na farko da aka tabbatar na Afroasiatic shi ma yawanci ana sake gina shi don yaren proto.[,<ref>Diakonoff 1988, p. 63-64</ref> 90] Asarar s.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> ==Tsarin shari'a== Ƙarshen shari'ar Proto-Afroasiatic da aka sake ginawa Harka Na Daya[91] Jam'i<ref>Huehnergard 2004</ref> Mai suna *-u-*ū Zargi / Tabbataccen *-a -*ī Genitive *-i Wuri/mai ƙarewa (an gardama) *-shine - Akwai yarjejeniya da yawa cewa Proto-Afroasiatic yana da juzu'i.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#CITEREFG%C3%BCldemann2018</ref> ] Da farko Hans-Jürgen Sasse ya gabatar da shi a kan sake gina tsarin shari'ar Proto-Cushitic a cikin 1984, <ref>Hayward 2000, p. 88</ref> Proto-Afroasiatic yawanci ana sake gina shi tare da tsarin shari'a mai kama da Proto-Semitic.<ref>Huehnergard 2004, p. 140</ref> Wannan yana ba da ƙarshen zaɓe *-u, zargi ko cikakkiya *-a, da genitive *-i.<ref>Bubenik 2023, p. 225</ref> . na wannan tsarin[<ref>Stauder 2023, p. 73-74</ref> Wasu shaidun na zaɓi -u na iya kasancewa nga reshen Ogsbmotic.<ref>Gragg 2019 hanyar shaidar Semitic</ref> a cikin dual da jam'i, kawai nadi da na maɗaukaki sun bambanta <ref>Gragg 2019</ref> David Wilson, a daya bangaren, ya yi nuni da cewa, ba a cika samun karshen shari’ar ba a kowane bangare na Afroasiatic kuma hakan ya hana sake gina su don yare.<ref>Diakonoff 1988, pp. 64–</ref> Tsohon Akkadian da Palaeosyrian suna da ƙarin ƙarin shari'o'i biya, na wuri a cikin -um da kuma ƙarar ƙarshe a -iš.<ref>Bubenik 2023</ref> suna tafka muhawara kan shin hwadannan shari’o’i ne na shari’a ko kuma bayyani a baya<ref>.Bubenik 2023</ref> Ƙarshen -iš sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da js na Masar kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi don sake gina yanayin wurin Proto-Afroasiatic.[<ref>Bubenik 2023, pp. 225–226</ref> <ref>Bubenik 2023 kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai iya sake gina shari'ar comitative-dative a *-dV ko *-Vd, shari'ar ablative-comparative a *-kV, shari'ar "directive"</ref> *-l, da kuma shari'ar ablative a *-p.<ref>Diakonoff 1988</ref> ==Sunaye da sifa da aka samo== *mV-prefi <ref>Stauder 2023, p. 243.</ref> MV- prefix shine mafi yadu da aka tabbatar a cikin AA wanda ake amfani da shi don < samun Wilson 2020<ref>Wilson 2020</ref> <ref>Ga PAA, an sake ginaMeyer & Wolff 2019 </ref>siffarta iri-iri kamar *ma-, *ma(i)-, *mV-, da *-m-.<ref>Takács 2008</ref> A cikin yarukan ‘ya’ya, an tabbatar da ita da ma’anoni da ayyuka iri-iri, kamar samar da sunaye na dillanci, sunayen wuri, sunayen kayan aiki, da ma’anoni<ref>Frajzyngier & Shay 2012</ref> <ref>Lipiński 2001, pp. 216–217</ref> Erin Shay ya yi jayayya cewa *mV- shine kawai prefix a cikin AA phylum wanda ke komawa a fili ga yaren proto maimakon yuwuwgar kasancewa siffa ta yanki.,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language#</ref> <ref>Stauder 2023</ref> Mahimman ma'ana da asalin wannan prefix a cikin PAA ana muhawara. Akwai doguwar al'ada ta kwatanta prefix da karin magana mai tambaya *mā 'wane'<ref>Takács 2008</ref> Carsten Peust ya ba da shawarar asalin PAA gama gari don prefix a cikin samar da sunayen wuri da kayan aiki, amma ya ba da shawarar cewa *mV- prefix da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sunaye da ɓangarori hakika ci gaban PAA ne na bayan-PAA, wanda aka samo daga suna * mā 'wanda'.<ref>Peust 2012, p. 341-342</ref> Christopher Ehret, a halin da ake ciki, ya ba da shawarar cewa prefix ɗin ba ya wanzu a cikin PAA kwata-kwata, amma daga baya< i gaba ne daga sunan mai tambaa >. Gábor Takács da Andrzej Zaborski duk sun ƙi haɗin kai ga *mā gaba ɗaya; Takacs a maimakon haka yana ba da shawarar cewa haɗin kai da ƙa'idodin Masarawa m yana buƙatar ƙarin la'akari, yayin da Zaborskhi ya yi jayayya game da alaƙa da kalma *VmV- 'zama'.<ref>khhsshf>Ehret 1995</ref> <ref>Ehret 1995</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n3qehssxsilgoylsc2atxq43fwan9en Michelle Bello 0 71812 882826 879216 2026-07-14T09:39:07Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358459540|Michelle Bello]]" 882826 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>   '''Michelle Bello''' (an haife ta '''Michelle Aisha Bello'''; 30 Satumba 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaata. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugaba na kamfanin nishaɗi da wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, Blu Star Entertainment Limited . An haifi Bello a Landan, Ingila. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ƙarami cikin yara biyu, an haifi Bello a watan Satumbar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello . Bello dan asalin[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne, Faransanci, Afirka [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]]. Ta yi shekaru da farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana halartar makarantar jariri da makarantar firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level. Yayinda take girma a Ingila ce ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta sake dubanta ba. == Ayyuka == Bello ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sadarwa (ƙwarewa a cikin Visual Media) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. Yayinda take can, ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma a lokacin shirin karatu a kasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi gajerun fim dinta na farko na 16mm mai suna Sheltered . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekara ta 2005, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zama mai shirya fim / darektan fim. A shekara ta 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mai gabatar da talabijin da mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa a cikin shirin MNet TV mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta samar da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna Greenland ga sanannen mai zane da mai daukar hoto T.Y. Bello . Michelle ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko da ake kira Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim din ya zama nasara nan take a Amurka kamar yadda daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-fukkukan baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. Zaben sun kasance lambar yabo ta Heineken Red Star don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma lambar yabo ta Target Filmmaker don 'Mafi kyawun Fim'. A gaban gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. tare da taurari na Nollywood da masu aikin masana'antu a cikin halarta. Bayan haka, Bello ya koma Amurka kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Sadarwa, ƙwarewa a Gudanar da Fim, a Jami'ar Regent a Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar don bunkasa sana'arta kuma ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin horo tare da sanannen ICM Talent Agency a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta sadu da fitattun masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da yawa yayin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke ci gaba da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . Ilimin ta, haɗe da abubuwan da ta samu a masana'antar a cikin gida da kuma duniya, ya sa Bello ta sami kayan aiki don samarwa da kuma jagorantar fim dinta na biyu Flower Girl, wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairun 2013 zuwa sake dubawa. Fim din ya buga lamba daya a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma yana da irin wannan martani. Bayan watanni da yawa, an fara gabatar da Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Hollywood Black a Los Angeles a watan Oktoba 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya haye zuwa bude kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin manyan sarkar fina-finai guda uku ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya. Flower Girl daga baya ta lashe kyautar 'Fim din Afirka mafi kyau' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Black a farkon Nuwamba 2013. Fim din ya sake haye Tekun Atlantika don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairun 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tashar fim din ta gaba kuma an sake ta a cikin fim din a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Fim din New Nollywood da aka fi so' a wannan watan. Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa don 'Best Lighting' a Africa Movie Academy Awards 2013, da kuma 'Best Film' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2013. Michelle was awarded the prestigious and much coveted Trailblazer Award at the recent Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards 2014, which took place in Lagos, Nigeria. The judges who had voted stated that the award was being given to her “for her commitment and demonstrated talent, her versatility and potential for cutting-edge approaches to African cinema”. This award came with a brand new Hyundai sports car. Flower Girl itself was nominated for four AMVCA awards including Best Film and Best Supporting Actor and went on to win Best Writer in a Comedy and Best Supporting Actress Awards. Michelle is currently developing her third feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauran ayyukan === A karkashin laima na Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke lissafa masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da yawa na Najeriya a cikin masana'antar. An ƙaddamar da fitowar farko a watan Satumbar 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun goyi bayan su ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya] da Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, ƙwarewar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makaranta, yin iyo da ƙungiyoyin masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma ba da lokaci ga ɓangaren kiɗa na kanta kuma ta koyi yin wasa da saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello dan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama ƙaramin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a Afirka a 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aiki mai kyau ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]]. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka / Faransanci, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara ce ta zane-zane ta Najeriya, tana inganta wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya da ake kira Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts . Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take samun nishaɗi. == Fim din == * Sheltered (2005), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Small Boy (2009), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Flower Girl (2013), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa == Talabijin == * Lokaci tare da Mo - Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en}}</ref> * Sesame Street Najeriya - Season 1 (2010) Daraktan == Bidiyo na kiɗa == * Greenland (2007) Mai gabatarwa == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Tsarin - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Sauti - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun sauti don Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Edita - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim din Nollywood da aka fi so - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Rubutun (Comedy) - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka - Black International Film Festival U.K 2013 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mata na Afirka da aka fi so na Duniya Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Haske - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Actor 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na Black Film na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Heineken Red Star don Innovation a Fim) * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Mai Fim na Target don Mafi Fim mai ban sha'awa) * Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 - An zabi shi don Nasarar Haske * Flower Girl: An zaba shi a hukumance don a nuna shi a 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Flower Girl (fim)|Yarinyar Fure]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.blustarentertainment.com Blu Star Entertainment Limited] * [[imdbtitle:1855348|IMDB]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ej5nx3bug72pqzl85swylc76hvb1ujf 882827 882826 2026-07-14T09:40:16Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>   '''Michelle Bello''' (an haife ta '''Michelle Aisha Bello'''; 30 Satumba 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaata. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugaba na kamfanin nishaɗi da wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, Blu Star Entertainment Limited . An haifi Bello a Landan, Ingila. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ƙarami cikin yara biyu, an haifi Bello a watan Satumbar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello . Bello dan asalin[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne, Faransanci, Afirka [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]]. Ta yi shekaru da farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana halartar makarantar jariri da makarantar firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level. Yayinda take girma a Ingila ce ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta sake dubanta ba. == Ayyuka == Bello ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sadarwa (ƙwarewa a cikin Visual Media) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. Yayinda take can, ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma a lokacin shirin karatu a kasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi gajerun fim dinta na farko na 16mm mai suna Sheltered . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekara ta 2005, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zama mai shirya fim / darektan fim. A shekara ta 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mai gabatar da talabijin da mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa a cikin shirin MNet TV mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta samar da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna Greenland ga sanannen mai zane da mai daukar hoto T.Y. Bello . Michelle ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko da ake kira Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim din ya zama nasara nan take a Amurka kamar yadda daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-fukkukan baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. Zaben sun kasance lambar yabo ta Heineken Red Star don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma lambar yabo ta Target Filmmaker don 'Mafi kyawun Fim'. A gaban gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. tare da taurari na Nollywood da masu aikin masana'antu a cikin halarta. Bayan haka, Bello ya koma Amurka kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Sadarwa, ƙwarewa a Gudanar da Fim, a Jami'ar Regent a Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar don bunkasa sana'arta kuma ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin horo tare da sanannen ICM Talent Agency a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta sadu da fitattun masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da yawa yayin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke ci gaba da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . Ilimin ta, haɗe da abubuwan da ta samu a masana'antar a cikin gida da kuma duniya, ya sa Bello ta sami kayan aiki don samarwa da kuma jagorantar fim dinta na biyu Flower Girl, wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairun 2013 zuwa sake dubawa. Fim din ya buga lamba daya a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma yana da irin wannan martani. Bayan watanni da yawa, an fara gabatar da Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Hollywood Black a Los Angeles a watan Oktoba 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya haye zuwa bude kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin manyan sarkar fina-finai guda uku ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya. Flower Girl daga baya ta lashe kyautar 'Fim din Afirka mafi kyau' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Black a farkon Nuwamba 2013. Fim din ya sake haye Tekun Atlantika don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairun 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tashar fim din ta gaba kuma an sake ta a cikin fim din a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Fim din New Nollywood da aka fi so' a wannan watan. Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa don 'Best Lighting' a Africa Movie Academy Awards 2013, da kuma 'Best Film' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2013. Michelle was awarded the prestigious and much coveted Trailblazer Award at the recent Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards 2014, which took place in Lagos, Nigeria. The judges who had voted stated that the award was being given to her “for her commitment and demonstrated talent, her versatility and potential for cutting-edge approaches to African cinema”. This award came with a brand new Hyundai sports car. Flower Girl itself was nominated for four AMVCA awards including Best Film and Best Supporting Actor and went on to win Best Writer in a Comedy and Best Supporting Actress Awards. Michelle is currently developing her third feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauran ayyukan === A karkashin laima na Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke lissafa masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da yawa na Najeriya a cikin masana'antar. An ƙaddamar da fitowar farko a watan Satumbar 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun goyi bayan su ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya] da Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, ƙwarewar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makaranta, yin iyo da ƙungiyoyin masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma ba da lokaci ga ɓangaren kiɗa na kanta kuma ta koyi yin wasa da saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello dan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama ƙaramin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a Afirka a 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aiki mai kyau ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]]. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka / Faransanci, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara ce ta zane-zane ta Najeriya, tana inganta wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya da ake kira Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts . Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take samun nishaɗi. == Fim din == * Sheltered (2005), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Small Boy (2009), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Flower Girl (2013), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa == Talabijin == * Lokaci tare da Mo - Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en}}</ref> * Sesame Street Najeriya - Season 1 (2010) Daraktan == Bidiyo na kiɗa == * Greenland (2007) Mai gabatarwa == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Tsarin - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Sauti - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun sauti don Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Edita - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim din Nollywood da aka fi so - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Rubutun (Comedy) - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka - Black International Film Festival U.K 2013 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mata na Afirka da aka fi so na Duniya Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Haske - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Actor 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na Black Film na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Heineken Red Star don Innovation a Fim) * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Mai Fim na Target don Mafi Fim mai ban sha'awa) * Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 - An zabi shi don Nasarar Haske * Flower Girl: An zaba shi a hukumance don a nuna shi a 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Flower Girl (fim)|Yarinyar Fure]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.blustarentertainment.com Blu Star Entertainment Limited] * [[imdbtitle:1855348|IMDB]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eocmbm5fu8mm1ylfpmqgiahg63v4vcc 882830 882827 2026-07-14T09:45:16Z Maiakwai4u 37986 882830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>   '''Michelle Bello''' (waca aka fi sani da '''Michelle Aisha Bello'''; An haifi ta a garin Landan, kasar Ingilaan, a 30 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaata. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugaba na kamfanin nishaɗi da wallafe-wallafen a nan Najeriya, Blu Star Entertainment Limited. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ƙarami cikin yara biyu, an haifi Bello a watan Satumbar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello . Bello dan asalin[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne, Faransanci, Afirka [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]]. Ta yi shekaru da farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana halartar makarantar jariri da makarantar firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level. Yayinda take girma a Ingila ce ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta sake dubanta ba. == Ayyuka == Bello ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sadarwa (ƙwarewa a cikin Visual Media) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. Yayinda take can, ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma a lokacin shirin karatu a kasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi gajerun fim dinta na farko na 16mm mai suna Sheltered . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekara ta 2005, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zama mai shirya fim / darektan fim. A shekara ta 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mai gabatar da talabijin da mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa a cikin shirin MNet TV mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta samar da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna Greenland ga sanannen mai zane da mai daukar hoto T.Y. Bello . Michelle ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko da ake kira Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim din ya zama nasara nan take a Amurka kamar yadda daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-fukkukan baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. Zaben sun kasance lambar yabo ta Heineken Red Star don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma lambar yabo ta Target Filmmaker don 'Mafi kyawun Fim'. A gaban gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. tare da taurari na Nollywood da masu aikin masana'antu a cikin halarta. Bayan haka, Bello ya koma Amurka kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Sadarwa, ƙwarewa a Gudanar da Fim, a Jami'ar Regent a Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar don bunkasa sana'arta kuma ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin horo tare da sanannen ICM Talent Agency a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta sadu da fitattun masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da yawa yayin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke ci gaba da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . Ilimin ta, haɗe da abubuwan da ta samu a masana'antar a cikin gida da kuma duniya, ya sa Bello ta sami kayan aiki don samarwa da kuma jagorantar fim dinta na biyu Flower Girl, wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairun 2013 zuwa sake dubawa. Fim din ya buga lamba daya a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma yana da irin wannan martani. Bayan watanni da yawa, an fara gabatar da Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Hollywood Black a Los Angeles a watan Oktoba 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya haye zuwa bude kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin manyan sarkar fina-finai guda uku ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya. Flower Girl daga baya ta lashe kyautar 'Fim din Afirka mafi kyau' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Black a farkon Nuwamba 2013. Fim din ya sake haye Tekun Atlantika don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairun 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tashar fim din ta gaba kuma an sake ta a cikin fim din a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Fim din New Nollywood da aka fi so' a wannan watan. Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa don 'Best Lighting' a Africa Movie Academy Awards 2013, da kuma 'Best Film' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2013. Michelle was awarded the prestigious and much coveted Trailblazer Award at the recent Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards 2014, which took place in Lagos, Nigeria. The judges who had voted stated that the award was being given to her “for her commitment and demonstrated talent, her versatility and potential for cutting-edge approaches to African cinema”. This award came with a brand new Hyundai sports car. Flower Girl itself was nominated for four AMVCA awards including Best Film and Best Supporting Actor and went on to win Best Writer in a Comedy and Best Supporting Actress Awards. Michelle is currently developing her third feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauran ayyukan === A karkashin laima na Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke lissafa masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da yawa na Najeriya a cikin masana'antar. An ƙaddamar da fitowar farko a watan Satumbar 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun goyi bayan su ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya] da Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, ƙwarewar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makaranta, yin iyo da ƙungiyoyin masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma ba da lokaci ga ɓangaren kiɗa na kanta kuma ta koyi yin wasa da saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello dan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama ƙaramin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a Afirka a 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aiki mai kyau ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]]. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka / Faransanci, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara ce ta zane-zane ta Najeriya, tana inganta wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya da ake kira Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts . Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take samun nishaɗi. == Fim din == * Sheltered (2005), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Small Boy (2009), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Flower Girl (2013), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa == Talabijin == * Lokaci tare da Mo - Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en}}</ref> * Sesame Street Najeriya - Season 1 (2010) Daraktan == Bidiyo na kiɗa == * Greenland (2007) Mai gabatarwa == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Tsarin - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Sauti - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun sauti don Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Edita - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim din Nollywood da aka fi so - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Rubutun (Comedy) - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka - Black International Film Festival U.K 2013 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mata na Afirka da aka fi so na Duniya Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Haske - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Actor 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na Black Film na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Heineken Red Star don Innovation a Fim) * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Mai Fim na Target don Mafi Fim mai ban sha'awa) * Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 - An zabi shi don Nasarar Haske * Flower Girl: An zaba shi a hukumance don a nuna shi a 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Flower Girl (fim)|Yarinyar Fure]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.blustarentertainment.com Blu Star Entertainment Limited] * [[imdbtitle:1855348|IMDB]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gq5055l88p3yrbod00des6njk0t70jc Yalwan Damai 0 72119 882814 439195 2026-07-14T09:20:03Z Zahrah0 14848 882814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Yalwan Damai''' kauye ne wanda yake Karamar Hukumar Birnin Kudu a Jihar [[Jigawa]].<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> ==Manazarta== qe89u0l3enhzb6twppa07o3ia9aeobr Souléymane Sy Savané 0 73052 882484 470813 2026-07-13T20:11:27Z Usman saadu 46863 882484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souléymane Sy Savané at the 25th Spirit Awards.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Souleymane Sy Savané.jpg|thumb|hoton soulaymane]] '''Souléymane Sy Savané''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar [[Ivory Coast]] . An fi saninsa da ''Kawai'' da ya taka a [[fim]] din wasan [[kwaikwayo]] Goodbye Solo (2008). <ref>{{cite web|title='Goodbye Solo' most human film of the year|author=Warren, Steve|url=http://www.sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|access-date=2024-03-01|archive-date=2011-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816085600/http://sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Côte d'Ivoire, Sy Savané ya koma Paris kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jirgin sama na Air Afrique . Air Afrique ta ba shi biza don tafiya zuwa Amurka, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2000, Sy Savané ya zauna a New York, inda ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo kafin a jefa shi a Goodbye Solo . A shekara ta 2008, ya taka ''Kawai'' Solo a fim din mai zaman kansa na Ramin Bahrani mai suna Goodbye Solo . An zabi shi a shekara ta 2009 don Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta don Kyautar Maza mafi Kyau da Kyautar Fim Mai Zaman Kansu ta Gotham don Actor. Ya taka rawar sa ta farko a shekara ta 2009 lokacin da ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na [[Ian Bruce (playwright)|Ian Bruce]] na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifukan siyasa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Groundswell, wanda Scott Eliott ya jagoranta, a The New Group a Theatre Row a New York . <ref name="timeout">{{cite journal|last1=Snyder|first1=Diane|title=Souleymane Sy Savane: A rising African-born film star hits the stage|journal=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=May 12, 2009|url=http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329034924/http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archivedate=March 29, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Sy Savané ya kuma bayyana a fim din Machine Gun Preacher tare da Gerard Butler, wanda Marc Forster ya jagoranta. taka rawar Deng, ɗan tawayen Sudan. Tun lokacin Machine Gun Preacher, Sy Savané ya bayyana a cikin matsayi da yawa a talabijin, wanda ya haɗa da Master of None, The Detour, Madam Secretary, da Forever. A cikin 2019, Sy Savané ta fito a cikin Suicide by Sunlight, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda Nikyatu Jusu ya jagoranta kuma ya kasance Zaɓin Ofishin Bikin Fim na Sundance . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Killerman, tare da Liam Hemsworth, wanda Malik Bader ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin simintin fim din 2022 Paris is in Harlem . Daga bisani <ref>https://tribecafilm.com/films/our-father-the-devil-2022</ref> a iya ganinsa a karo na farko na Ellie Foumbi, Ubanmu, Iblis, tare da Babetida Sadjo. Fim din, wanda a halin yanzu yana da Rotten Tomatoes score na 100%, an shirya za a saki shi a Amurka a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2023. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hpijg8pla4xz81dcj5zp6zj134o6kbd 882485 882484 2026-07-13T20:13:54Z Usman saadu 46863 882485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souléymane Sy Savané at the 25th Spirit Awards.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Souleymane Sy Savané.jpg|thumb|hoton soulaymane]] '''Souléymane Sy Savané''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar [[Ivory Coast]] . An fi saninsa da ''Kawai'' da ya taka a [[fim]] din wasan [[kwaikwayo]] Goodbye Solo (2008). <ref>{{cite web|title='Goodbye Solo' most human film of the year|author=Warren, Steve|url=http://www.sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|access-date=2024-03-01|archive-date=2011-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816085600/http://sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Côte d'Ivoire, Sy Savané ya koma Paris kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jirgin sama na Air Afrique . Air Afrique ta ba shi biza don tafiya zuwa Amurka, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2000, Sy Savané ya zauna a New York, inda ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo kafin a jefa shi a Goodbye Solo . A shekara ta 2008, ya taka ''Kawai'' Solo a fim din mai zaman kansa na Ramin Bahrani mai suna Goodbye Solo . An zabi shi a shekara ta 2009 don Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta don Kyautar Maza mafi Kyau da Kyautar Fim Mai Zaman Kansu ta Gotham don Actor. Ya taka rawar sa ta farko a shekara ta 2009 lokacin da ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na [[Ian Bruce (playwright)|Ian Bruce]] na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifukan siyasa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Groundswell, wanda Scott Eliott ya jagoranta, a The New Group a Theatre Row a New York . <ref name="timeout">{{cite journal|last1=Snyder|first1=Diane|title=Souleymane Sy Savane: A rising African-born film star hits the stage|journal=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=May 12, 2009|url=http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329034924/http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archivedate=March 29, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Sy Savané ya kuma bayyana a fim din Machine Gun Preacher tare da Gerard Butler, wanda Marc Forster ya jagoranta. taka rawar Deng, ɗan tawayen Sudan. Tun lokacin Machine Gun Preacher, Sy Savané ya bayyana a cikin matsayi da yawa a talabijin, wanda ya haɗa da Master of None, The Detour, Madam Secretary, da Forever. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Sy Savané ta fito a cikin Suicide by Sunlight, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda Nikyatu Jusu ya jagoranta kuma ya kasance Zaɓin Ofishin Bikin Fim na Sundance . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Killerman, tare da Liam Hemsworth, wanda Malik Bader ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin simintin fim din 2022 Paris is in Harlem . Daga bisani <ref>https://tribecafilm.com/films/our-father-the-devil-2022</ref> a iya ganinsa a karo na farko na Ellie Foumbi, Ubanmu, Iblis, tare da Babetida Sadjo. Fim din, wanda a halin yanzu yana da Rotten Tomatoes score na 100%, an shirya za a saki shi a Amurka a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2023. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] omictnjrcs5k45or2g4lnun3yjhth44 882486 882485 2026-07-13T20:15:27Z Usman saadu 46863 882486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souléymane Sy Savané at the 25th Spirit Awards.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Souleymane Sy Savané.jpg|thumb|hoton soulaymane]] '''Souléymane Sy Savané''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar [[Ivory Coast]] . An fi saninsa da ''Kawai'' da ya taka a [[fim]] din wasan [[kwaikwayo]] Goodbye Solo (2008). <ref>{{cite web|title='Goodbye Solo' most human film of the year|author=Warren, Steve|url=http://www.sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|access-date=2024-03-01|archive-date=2011-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816085600/http://sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4052/Goodbye-Solo-most-human-film-of-the-year.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Côte d'Ivoire, Sy Savané ya koma Paris kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jirgin sama na Air Afrique . Air Afrique ta ba shi biza don tafiya zuwa Amurka, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2000, Sy Savané ya zauna a New York, inda ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo kafin a jefa shi a Goodbye Solo . A shekara ta 2008, ya taka ''Kawai'' Solo a fim din mai zaman kansa na Ramin Bahrani mai suna Goodbye Solo . An zabi shi a shekara ta 2009 don Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta don Kyautar Maza mafi Kyau da Kyautar Fim Mai Zaman Kansu ta Gotham don Actor. Ya taka rawar sa ta farko a shekara ta 2009 lokacin da ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na [[Ian Bruce (playwright)|Ian Bruce]] na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifukan siyasa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Groundswell, wanda Scott Eliott ya jagoranta, a The New Group a Theatre Row a New York . <ref name="timeout">{{cite journal|last1=Snyder|first1=Diane|title=Souleymane Sy Savane: A rising African-born film star hits the stage|journal=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=May 12, 2009|url=http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329034924/http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/74386/souleymane-sy-savane-in-groundswell-at-the-new-group-theater-row|archivedate=March 29, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Sy Savané ya kuma bayyana a fim din Machine Gun Preacher tare da Gerard Butler, wanda Marc Forster ya jagoranta. taka rawar Deng, ɗan tawayen Sudan. Tun lokacin Machine Gun Preacher, Sy Savané ya bayyana a cikin matsayi da yawa a talabijin, wanda ya haɗa da Master of None, The Detour, Madam Secretary, da Forever. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Sy Savané ta fito a cikin Suicide by Sunlight, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda Nikyatu Jusu ya jagoranta kuma ya kasance Zaɓin Ofishin Bikin Fim na Sundance . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Killerman, tare da Liam Hemsworth, wanda Malik Bader ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin simintin fim din 2022 Paris is in Harlem . Daga bisani <ref>https://tribecafilm.com/films/our-father-the-devil-2022</ref> a iya ganinsa a karo na farko na Ellie Foumbi, Ubanmu, Iblis, tare da Babetida Sadjo. Fim din, wanda a halin yanzu yana da Rotten Tomatoes score na 100%, an shirya za a saki shi a Amurka a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 2023. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lgmex7f33vrygytha4qc103ntst0xzk Melusi Yeni 0 74465 882549 503822 2026-07-13T23:26:27Z Usman saadu 46863 882549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin 2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Disamba 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9dj0z6yed2c9qnt49s8y9vaeyct3dol 882550 882549 2026-07-13T23:28:34Z Usman saadu 46863 882550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin 2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Disamba 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 14coi0xt1hz6dnzci707xzsgkny0n08 882551 882550 2026-07-13T23:29:56Z Usman saadu 46863 882551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A shekara ta1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin 2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Disamba 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xz8b1prl8h4cbaze77kicvq9xpheap 882552 882551 2026-07-13T23:31:41Z Usman saadu 46863 882552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A shekara ta1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin shekara ta 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin shekarar2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Disamba 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s54ax6f8m9rw076albbqvio9iwp06m9 882553 882552 2026-07-13T23:33:23Z Usman saadu 46863 882553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A shekara ta1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin shekara ta 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin shekarar 2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu shekar 2012 zuwa Disamba shekara ta 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ts07l5hk7tl3zelxycdd0anoxu3n6e7 882554 882553 2026-07-13T23:34:47Z Usman saadu 46863 882554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (42037574484).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944405040).jpg|thumb|Acikin taron manyan bakiMelusi Yeni]] '''Melusi Yeni''' (an haife shi 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977) [[ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne kuma mawaƙi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Is it love at last for Dini? |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-it-love-at-last-for-dini-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Tshisa'', ''Harkokin Gida'', ''Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa'' da ''Ƙarni'' .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faeza |title=After facing turbulent times, Melusi has picked up the pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/after-facing-turbulent-times-melusi-has-picked-up-the-pieces-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni is "back on his feet" |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143759/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/melusi-yeni/melusi-yeni-back-his-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Yeni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977 a KwaMashu, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi’s back at square one |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusis-back-at-square-one-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Second Chance At Life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/a-second-chance-at-life-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Melusi Yeni's bad luck |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yenis-bad-luck-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai da ya sha magani tsawon sati biyu a asibiti. Ya zama mutum miliyan na KZN da aka yi wa kaciya. Yana da yaro dan watanni 10 tare da Palesa Molemela, inda ya gurfana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Randburg saboda shari’ar kula da mahaifiyar jaririn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni a no show in court |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/melusi-yeni-a-no-show-in-court |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=news24 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Johannesburg don neman aiki a wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da Natal Youth Choir a matsayin mawaƙa. Sannan ya zagaya da wata babbar kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu mai suna "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". A shekara ta1997, ya yi aiki a cikin SABC3 sabulu opera ''Isidingo'', sa'an nan a cikin SABC2 sabulu opera ''Muvhango'' . A cikin shekara ta 2006, ya shiga kakar wasa ta uku a cikin shirin mai suna "Sisters Uku (Part 1)" na SABC1 serial ''Mtunzini.com'' tare da rawar "Zam". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Melusi Yeni: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5660 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (41854812805).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] A wannan shekarar, ya shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Tshisa don rawar "Bheki Shabalala". Nunin ya shahara sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa har tsawon shekara uku a jere har zuwa shekarar 2009. Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi wani bako bayyana a cikin farkon kashi biyu na serial. A cikin shekarar 2011, ya shiga tare da M-Net sabulu opera The Wild kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Isaac Tladi" har zuwa 2012. Bayan wannan rawar, ya shiga tare da SABC1 opera opera daga Fabrairu shekar 2012 zuwa Disamba shekara ta 2013 inda ya taka rawar "Phenyo Mazibuko". An kore shi daga shirin a shekarar 2013, inda ya yi ritaya daga talabijin na tsawon shekaru biyu. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chutshela |first=Zama |title=Melusi Yeni on life after being fired from 'Generations' – 'Everyday was a struggle' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusi-yeni-on-life-after-being-fired-from-generations-everyday-was-a-struggle-20190607 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=Generations’ hunky actor leaves the show |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-hunky-actor-leaves-the-show-20170728 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na uku da na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Harkokin Gida . A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya yi rawar farko na jagorar talabijin na "Mabutho Sokhulu" a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC1 Sokhulu & Abokan Hulɗa . Da wannan shahararsa, ya ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa shekarar 2016. A halin yanzu, ya taka rawar "Mthunzi" a cikin SABC1 mini-serial Shreds & Dreams a cikin shekarar 2011. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sokhulu & Partners, ya shiga cikin e.tv soap opera Rhythm City kuma ya taka rawar "Thabiso". A cikin shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin Imbewu: Seed tare da rawar "Manqoba Dlamini". [[Fayil:South Africa 1 millionth Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (40944395930).jpg|thumb|Melusi Yeni]] Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, ya bi sahun kungiyoyin jin kai da jin dadin jama'a mai suna "Brothers for Life" don yin hadin gwiwa a kan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar maza. A cikin shekarar 2017, ya kafa kamfanin shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kula da abubuwan da suka faru mai suna "Langa Libalele Enterprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdakane |first=Bongani |title=Melusi’s new lease on life |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/melusis-new-lease-on-life-20170927 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2012 | ''Zamani'' | Phenyo Mazibuko | jerin talabijan | |- | 1997 | ''Muvhango'' | Pat | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''City Ses'la'' | TT | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Harkokin Gida'' | Ntsepe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2005 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Dan sanda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Tsisa'' | Bheki Shabalala | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Mtunzini.com'' | Zam | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Garin Rhythm'' | Thabiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus'' | Tsaron Shugaban Kasa | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''4Wasa: Hanyoyin Jima'i Ga 'Yan Mata'' | Tsapiso | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Shreds da Mafarkai'' | Mthunzi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Sokhulu and Partners II'' | Mabutho Sokhulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2011 | ''Daji'' | Isaac Tladi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Ses'Top La'' | Kansa | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Masarautar: uKhakhayi'' | Sabelo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | Manqoba Dlamini | jerin talabijan | |- | 2022 | Isifiso | Siboniso | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9pko8oqnvfagjywkmjswoomwj6nt7tp Adama Boiro 0 76340 882531 405699 2026-07-13T21:34:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adama Boiro Boiro''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga Athletic Bilbao B . An haife shi a Senegal, shi ɗan ƙasar Spain ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=El Athletic Club se lleva a un jugador de Osasuna Promesas |url=https://osasuna1920.com/2024/01/el-athletic-club-se-lleva-a-un-jugador-de-osasuna-promesas.html}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a cikin garin [[Dakar]], Senegal, Boiro ya ƙaura tare da danginsa zuwa Spain yana da shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Adama Boiro es una fuerza de la naturaleza" |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/adama-boiro-es-una-fuerza-de-la-naturaleza-n/ |publisher=as.com |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226152647/https://as.com/futbol/primera/adama-boiro-es-una-fuerza-de-la-naturaleza-n/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Boiro ya fara aikinsa tare da ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya CA Osasuna B. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adama Boiro, la alternativa ofensiva |url=https://www.diariodenavarra.es/noticias/deportes/futbol/osasuna/2023/07/13/adama-boiro-alternativa-ofensiva-575441-1027.html |publisher=diariodenavarra.es}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 2021, ya yi muhawara don kulob din yayin cin nasara da ci 1-0 kan CD Laredo . A cikin shekara ta 2024, ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Athletic Bilbao B. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2024, ya yi karo da kulob yayin wasan 0-0 da UD Barbastro . == Salon wasa == Boiro galibi yana aiki azaman mai tsaron gida. An san shi da ƙarfinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAMA BOIRO, EL FICHAJE DE 2 MILLONES QUE EL ATHLETIC ANUNCIÓ EN EL DESCANSO DE LA COPA: "EL RIVAL ACABA HASTA LAS NARICES" |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/adama-boiro-lateral-izquierdo-pequeno-20240130184405-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] 7upf610yhg6insje9ucwog59lw29ci0 Ambaliyar ruwa 0 78917 882836 682827 2026-07-14T10:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Main_and_University,_Charlottesville,_during_flash_flood_(comparison).jpg|right|thumb|266x266px|Hanyar karkashin kasa a Charlottesville, Virginia, Amurka. a lokacin yanayi na al'ada (sama) da kuma bayan minti goma sha biyar na ruwan sama mai tsanani (ƙasa) ]] [[Fayil:Driving_through_flash_flood.jpg|thumb|Gudun ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa]] [[Fayil:GobiFlood.JPG|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa bayan tsawa a [[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi]], Mongolia]] ambaliyar ruwa ita ce ambaliyar ruwa mai sauri a yankuna masu ƙasƙanci: wankewa, koguna, Tafkuna masu bushewa da kuma raguwa. Yana iya haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi wanda ke da alaƙa da tsawa mai tsanani, guguwa, ko guguwa mai zafi, ko kuma ta hanyar narkewar ruwa daga kankara ko dusar ƙanƙara dake gudana a kan kankara ko filayen dusar ƙara. Ruwan ruwa na iya faruwa bayan rushewar kankara ko madatsar ruwa, ko tsarin mutum kamar madatsar ruwa da mutum ya yi, kamar yadda ya faru kafin Ruwan Johnstown na 1889.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17537029061582&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref> Ana rarrabe ambaliyar ruwa daga ambaliyar yau da kullun ta hanyar samun sa'o'i kasa da shida tsakanin ruwan sama da farawar ambaliyar.<ref>https://amp-dw-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.dw.com/ha/ambaliyar-ruwa-ta-halaka-mutane-188/a-68980418?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539813019433&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fha%2Fambaliyar-ruwa-ta-halaka-mutane-188%2Fa-68980418</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa babbar haɗari ce, tana haifar da karin mutuwar a Amurka a cikin matsakaicin shekara fiye da walƙiya, [[guguwa]], ko guguwa. [[Ruwan ƙasa|Ruwan]] sama na gaggawa na iya ajiye adadi mai yawa na turɓaya a kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma yana iya lalata shuke-shuke da ba su dace da yanayin ambaliyar sau da yawa ba. == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[Fayil:Minor_Flood.jpg|thumb|Hanyar ambaliyar ruwa a Arewacin Mexico, bayan tsawa mai tsawon sa'o'i 3-5 wanda ya faru a lokacin fari wanda ya kai kusan shekara 1]] Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa a wuraren da suka bushe waɗanda kwanan nan suka sami hazo, amma ana iya ganinsu a ko'ina daga tushen hazo, har ma da mil da yawa daga tushen. A yankunan da ke kan ko kusa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru bayan fashewa, lokacin da aka narke kankara ta hanyar zafi mai tsanani. An san ambaliyar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin filayen da ke kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Hakanan ambaliyar ruwa na gaggawa na iya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da guguwa da sauran Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi suka fitar, da kuma tasirin narkewar kwatsam na madatsar kankara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WeatherEye |year=2007 |title=Flash Flood! |url=http://weathereye.kgan.com/cadet/flood/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227073206/http://weathereye.kgan.com/cadet/flood/about.html |archive-date=2009-02-27 |access-date=2009-09-09 |publisher=Sinclair Acquisition IV, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="srh.noaa.gov" /> Ayyukan ɗan adam na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Lokacin da madatsun ruwa suka kasa, za'a iya sakin ruwa mai yawa kuma ya lalata duk abin da ke cikin hanyarsa.[2]<ref name="srh.noaa.gov">{{Cite web |last=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office [[Morristown, Tennessee]] |date=2006-03-07 |title=Definitions of flood and flash flood |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929072411/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php |archive-date=2006-09-29 |access-date=2009-09-09 |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Southern Region Headquarters}}</ref> == Hadari == [[Fayil:Canandaigua_flood_July_23,_2017_barn_flooded_4.jpg|left|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye wani karamin rami, ta mamaye barikin ruwa da kuma fashe sabbin bututun ruwa da aka shigar.]] Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Amurka yana ba da shawara "Ku juya, Kada ku yi ruwa" don ambaliyar ruwa; wato, yana ba da shawarar cewa mutane su fita daga yankin ambaliyar ruwan, maimakon ƙoƙarin haye shi. Mutane da yawa suna watsi da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Abin da ya sa ambaliyar ruwa ta fi haɗari shine yanayin su na kwatsam da ruwa mai saurin motsi. Mota ba da kariya kaɗan ko babu kariya daga kwashewa; yana iya sa mutane su da tabbaci kuma ba za su iya guje wa ambaliyar ruwa ba. Fiye da rabin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa mutane ne da aka kwashe a cikin motoci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye hanyoyin ambaliyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watches, Warnings & Advisories—Flash Flood Warning |url=http://forecasts.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=usa&wwa=Flash%20Flood%20Warning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111203614/http://forecasts.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=usa&wwa=Flash%20Flood%20Warning |archive-date=2008-01-11 |access-date=2007-06-25 |publisher=[[National Weather Service (United States)|National Weather Service]]}}</ref> Kadan kamar {{Convert|2|ft}} na ruwa ya isa ya kwashe mafi yawan motocin SUV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1992 |title=A Preparedness Guide to flash floods #1 weather-related killer in the United States |url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/ffbro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705105149/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/ffbro.htm |archive-date=2007-07-05 |access-date=2007-06-25 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Commerce]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[National Weather Service]], [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], [[American Red Cross]]}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta ruwaito a shekara ta 2005 cewa, ta amfani da matsakaicin shekaru 30, mutane da yawa suna mutuwa a kowace shekara a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, 127 a matsakaici, fiye da walƙiya (73), [[guguwa]] (65), ko guguwa (16). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turn Around Don't Drown |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tadd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129140316/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tadd/ |archive-date=2018-11-29 |access-date=2007-06-25}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ein_Avdat_Flood_1.JPG|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa da ke gudana a cikin wani kwari a cikin Negev, Isra'ila]] A cikin hamada, ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mai kisa musamman saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, guguwa a yankuna masu bushewa ba su da yawa, amma suna iya isar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Na biyu, waɗannan ruwan sama sau da yawa suna faɗuwa a kan ƙasa mai ƙarancin sha kuma sau da yawa ƙasa mai kama da yumɓu, wanda ke ƙara yawan [[Kwararar ruwa|runoff]] da koguna da sauran tashoshin ruwa ke da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Priscila Celebrini de Oliveira |last2=Paz |first2=Igor |year=2020 |title=Spatial Diagnosis of Rain Gauges' Distribution and Flood Impacts: Case Study in Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro—Brazil |journal=Water |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=1120 |doi=10.3390/w12041120 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan yankuna ba su da kayan aikin da yankuna masu laushi ke da shi don karkatar da ruwa daga gine-gine da hanyoyi, kamar magudanar guguwa, culverts, da wuraren riƙewa, ko dai saboda ƙarancin jama'a ko talauci, ko kuma saboda mazauna sun yi imanin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ba ta isa ta tabbatar da kudin ba. A zahiri, a wasu yankuna, hanyoyin hamada galibi suna ƙetare kogin da ya bushe ba tare da gadoji ba. Daga hangen nesa na direban, akwai yiwuwar yanayi mai kyau, lokacin da kogi ya zama ba zato ba tsammani a gaban ko kewaye da abin hawa a cikin sakanni. A ƙarshe, rashin ruwan sama na yau da kullun don tsabtace tashoshin ruwa na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin hamada don a kai su da adadi mai yawa, kamar duwatsu, rassa, da katako.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahns |first=R.H. |year=1949 |title=Desert floods |url=https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/990/1/Desert.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Engineering and Science |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=10–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430132128/https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/990/1/Desert.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> Ramin rami mai zurfi na iya zama haɗari musamman ga masu tafiya saboda guguwa da ke faruwa a kan wani mesa mil da ke nesa da su na iya cika su. Ambaliyar ta mamaye cikin kwarin; kwarin ya sa ya zama da wahala a hau sama da kuma fita daga hanyar don kauce wa ambaliyar. Misali, wani girgije a kudancin Utah a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2015 ya haifar da mutuwar ambaliyar ruwa guda 20, daga cikinsu mutuwar mutane bakwai sun faru a Gidan shakatawa na Sihiyona lokacin da ambaliyar ta kama masu tafiya a cikin rami.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=James A. |last2=Baeck |first2=Mary Lynn |last3=Yang |first3=Long |last4=Signell |first4=Julia |last5=Morin |first5=Efrat |last6=Goodrich |first6=David C. |date=December 2019 |title=The Paroxysmal Precipitation of the Desert: Flash Floods in the Southwestern United States |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=10218–10247 |bibcode=2019WRR....5510218S |doi=10.1029/2019WR025480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin ambaliyar ruwa == Ambaliyar ruwa tana haifar da mummunar tasiri a cikin gine-gine da yanayin halitta. Sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama bala'i kuma yana nuna bambancin da yawa, daga lalacewar gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa zuwa tasirin ciyayi, dabbobi da dabbobi. Sakamakon yana da wuyar bayyanawa a cikin birane.<ref name="Diakakis et al 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Diakakis M. |last2=Deligiannakis G. |last3=Antoniadis Z. |last4=Melaki M. |last5=Katsetsiadou K.N. |last6=Andreadakis E. |last7=Spyrou N.I. |last8=Gogou M. |name-list-style=amp |date=2020 |title=Proposal of a flash flood impact severity scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=590 |page=125452 |bibcode=2020JHyd..59025452D |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125452 |s2cid=225031085}}</ref> Masu bincike sun yi amfani da bayanan bayanai irin su Binciken Hadari da Gwajin Tabbatar (SHAVE) da kuma US National Weather Service (NWS) Guguwa Bayanai don haɗa tasirin ambaliyar ruwa tare da matakai na zahiri da ke cikin ambaliyar. Wannan ya kamata ya kara amincin samfuran hasashen tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calianno |first=Martin |last2=Ruin |first2=Isabelle |last3=Gourley |first3=Jonathan J. |date=January 2013 |title=Supplementing flash flood reports with impact classifications |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=477 |pages=1–16 |bibcode=2013JHyd..477....1C |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.036}}</ref> Binciken ambaliyar ruwa a Amurka tsakanin 2006 da 2012 ya nuna cewa raunin da mutuwar sun fi dacewa a cikin ƙananan yankunan karkara, cewa gajerun abubuwan da suka faru su ne mafi haɗari, cewa haɗarin sun fi girma bayan faɗuwar dare, kuma cewa babban ɓangaren raunin da mutuwa sun haɗa da motoci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Špitalar |first=Maruša |last2=Gourley |first2=Jonathan J. |last3=Lutoff |first3=Celine |last4=Kirstetter |first4=Pierre-Emmanuel |last5=Brilly |first5=Mitja |last6=Carr |first6=Nicholas |date=November 2014 |title=Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=863–870 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519..863S |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004}}</ref> An gabatar da sikelin tsananin tasiri a cikin 2020 yana ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar rarraba nau'ikan tasiri da tsananin taswirar girman su a cikin hanyar ci gaba a fadin ambaliyar. Dangane da abubuwan da abin ya shafa, ana rarraba tasirin ambaliyar zuwa kashi 4: (i) tasirin da aka gina a kan abubuwan da aka yi da mutum, (iii) tasirin da ke kan yanayin halitta (gami da ciyayi, noma, geomorphology, da gurɓataccen yanayi) da (iv) tasirin da ya shafi yawan mutane (rashin lafiya, raunin, mutuwar). An gabatar da sikelin a matsayin kayan aiki akan shirin rigakafi, kamar yadda taswirar da suka haifar ke ba da haske game da tasirin nan gaba, yana nuna wuraren da ke da tsanani.<ref name="Diakakis et al 2020"/> Ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da saurin rushewar ƙasa. Yawancin yaduwar Delta na Nilu na iya fitowa daga ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan hamada da ke shiga cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Labib |first=Tarik M. |date=September 1981 |title=Soil erosion and total denudation due to flash floods in the Egyptian eastern desert |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=191–202 |bibcode=1981JArEn...4..191L |doi=10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31560-X}}</ref> Koyaya, ambaliyar ruwa ta ɗan gajeren lokaci tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin rushewar dutse ko fadada tashar, suna da babban tasirin su daga lalacewa a kan ambaliyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marchi |first=Lorenzo |last2=Cavalli |first2=Marco |last3=Amponsah |first3=William |last4=Borga |first4=Marco |last5=Crema |first5=Stefano |date=November 2016 |title=Upper limits of flash flood stream power in Europe |journal=Geomorphology |volume=272 |pages=68–77 |bibcode=2016Geomo.272...68M |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.11.005}}</ref> Wasu tsire-tsire masu laushi, kamar wasu nau'ikan shinkafa, sun dace da jimrewar ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hattori |first=Yoko |last2=Nagai |first2=Keisuke |last3=Ashikari |first3=Motoyuki |date=February 2011 |title=Rice growth adapting to deepwater |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=100–105 |bibcode=2011COPB...14..100H |doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2010.09.008 |pmid=20934370}}</ref> Koyaya, tsire-tsire da ke bunƙasa a wuraren da suka bushe za su iya cutar da ambaliyar ruwa, saboda tsire-shuke na iya zama damuwa da yawan ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perata |first=Pierdomenico |last2=Armstrong |first2=William |last3=Voesenek |first3=Laurentius A. C. J. |date=April 2011 |title=Plants and flooding stress: Commentary |journal=New Phytologist |volume=190 |issue=2 |pages=269–273 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03702.x |pmid=21443603 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamang |first=Bishal |last2=Fukao |first2=Takeshi |date=17 December 2015 |title=Plant Adaptation to Multiple Stresses during Submergence and Following Desubmergence |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=30164–30180 |doi=10.3390/ijms161226226 |pmc=4691168 |pmid=26694376 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Coastal flood]] * [[Drowning]] * [[Flash Flood Guidance Systems]] * [[Flash flood warning]] * [[Flash flood watch]] * [[Freshet]] * [[Huayco]] * [[Lifesaving]] * [[Kalla kadal]] * [[Storm surge]] * [[Jökulhlaup]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Schmittner |first=Karl-Erich |last2=Pierre Giresse |date=August 1996 |title=Modelling and application of the geomorphic and environmental controls on flash flood flow |journal=Geomorphology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=337–47 |bibcode=1996Geomo..16..337S |doi=10.1016/0169-555X(96)00002-5}} == Haɗin waje == * Ruwan Fushi na Scotland a Hoton jama' ambaliyar Fochabers a Moray Satumba 9 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601205453/http://floodrisk.net/ Itacen yanke shawara don zaɓar hanyar rashin tabbas don ƙirar ruwa da ruwa], zaɓar nazarin rashin tabbas don samfurin ambaliyar ruwa. * [http://www.rankinstudio.com/flashfloods Babban hoton ambaliyar ruwa] a cikin busasshiyar tsakiyar yammacin da ke tafiya a cikin wanka mai bushe bayan ruwan sama mai yawa. * [http://floodsafety.com/media/maps/texas/index.htm Taswirar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412144803/http://floodsafety.com/media/maps/texas/index.htm |date=2023-04-12 }} tsakiyar Texas flash flood alley. * [http://www.apfm.info/projects/pilot/europe/Pilot_Guidance_on_Flash_Flood_Mgmt_Eastern_Europe.pdf Ayyukan bita Flash Flood Management] * [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php Ayyukan bita Flash Flood Forecasting] * [http://www.hrc-lab.org/ Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnj1q0l7r8rtu0viml8ympmfdnk3qeo 'Yancin Dan Adam a Birni 0 80518 882289 868731 2026-07-13T12:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:UCLG_address_to_the_Human_Rights_Council_(2015).jpg|thumb|387x387px| A cikin 2015, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta amince da rahoton A/HRC/30/49 "Gudunwar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam". A cikin hoton, Patrick Braouezec ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin UCLG game da Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam.]] '''Birnin Human Rights City''' birni ne da ke aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai wasu ma'anoni na birnin [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] da ake da su waɗanda suka fi ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma suna kallon birnin na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wani ƙusurwa. Wani yace City Rights birni ne da ke magana a kai a kai ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] da sauran ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Wata ma'anar ita ce birnin kare haƙƙin bil'adama 'birni ne wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idoji da ƙa'idojin ƴancin ɗan adam'.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Grigolo|first=Michele|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315628530|title=The Human Rights City|date=2019-04-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-62853-0|location=1 Edition. {{!}} New York : Routledge, 2019. {{!}} Series: Routledge advances in sociology|pages=5|doi=10.4324/9781315628530|s2cid=159156185}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar zamantakewa tana jaddada birnin 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin tsari wanda wakilai daban-daban suna ba da gudummawar zuwa mataki daban-daban: daga masu fafutuka, masana da malamai zuwa ƙungiyoyin duniya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'ai. Har ila yau, wannan ma'anar ba ta cancanci haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin kasa da kasa ba, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa wasu lokuta garuruwa suna bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sharuɗɗan nasu ta hanyoyin da ba su da wani tsari na yau da kullun ko kuma nan da nan a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma suna iya tsammanin rabon su daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗawa cikin su. dokokin kasa da kasa. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ma'anar ta fi ɗaukar mafi kyawun hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda biranen ke hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ba kawai a matsayin masu karɓa ba har ma da wakilan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masu sharhi sun lura da karuwar adadin irin waɗannan biranen tun 2000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grigolo |first=Michele |year=2011 |title=Incorporating Cities into the Eu Anti-Discrimination Policy: Between Race Discrimination and Migrant Rights |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1751–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2010.538422 |s2cid=143622759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Decentralization of Human Rights: The Rise of Human Rights Cities |url=https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2016/12/the_future_of_human_rights_in_an_urban_world_0.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/human-rights/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ba koyaushe suke bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma galibi ana kiransu garuruwan Hakkokin Dan Adam bisa la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A faɗin gaskiya, garuruwan kare hakkin ɗan adam sun fito a ƙarshen 1990s daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma ƙungiyoyin gundumomi. Suna nuna ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi don inganta mutunta ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin ƙaramar hukuma ko al'umma. Saboda mayar da hankalinsu kan yanayin gida, Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam suna jaddada [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu]] yayin da suke shafar rayuwar mazauna garuruwa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma damar su na more [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|yancin ɗan adam na farar hula da na siyasa]] . Har ila yau, ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana haɗe da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda aka taso a matakin gida, kamar Haƙƙin Birni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/right-city-and-participatory-democracy/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana birnin Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a matsayin “Wanda mazaunansa da hukumomin gida, ta hanyar koyo game da dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun (wanda kwamitin gudanarwa), ya shiga cikin ci gaba da koyo, tattaunawa, nazari na tsari da tunani mai zurfi a matakin al'umma, don bin tsarin musayar ra'ayi da kuma tsara tsarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, farar hula da al'adu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Learning and Human Rights Cities. Achievements Report |url=http://www.pdhre.org/achievements-HR-cities-mar-07.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> An bayyana biranen 'yancin ɗan adam a 2011, World Human Rights Cities Forum of Gwangju ( [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ) a matsayin "dukkan jama'ar gari da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin mahallin gida inda 'yancin ɗan adam ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mahimman dabi'u da jagoranci. ka'idoji." <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Gwangju%20Declaration%20on%20Human%20Rights%20Cities%20%282011%29.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta%20Europea%20Sencera_baixa_3.pdf}}</ref> da Tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |date=2011 |title=Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta-Agenda_ENG_0.pdf}}</ref> kuma sun ba da tsarin da ya dace don ayyuka daban-daban da suka jagoranci birane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. == Tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. == Shirin City Rights City sakamako ne na dogon lokaci na ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙungiyoyin jama'a don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka yana wakiltar wani bangare na gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Ana kuma iya ganin hakan a sakamakon karuwar matakan raba kan al'umma da 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida a fadin duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da yunkurin siyasa a tsakanin kananan hukumomi. === Asalin: Daga Haƙƙin Birni zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyan Haƙƙin Dan Adam. === Shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani ya girma kai tsaye daga tsarawa da farko game da da'awar haƙƙin a cikin birane. Yaɗuwar yanayin matsalolin birane da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun da rayuwar mutane ya haifar da irin martani iri ɗaya a wurare a duniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar lokaci guda tare da haɓaka da'awar sanannen ' yancin birni . " <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> A cewar David Harvey, " don kiran haƙƙin birni yana nufin 'da'awar wani nau'i na ikon tsara tsarin tafiyar da birane, a kan hanyoyin da aka yi da kuma sake gina garuruwanmu da kuma yin haka a cikin mahimmanci kuma hanyar radical." Ra'ayoyin da ke ƙarfafa wannan motsi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1970s, tare da rinjaye da yawa daga littafin Henri Lefebvre na 1968, ''Le Droit à la ville'' . Yunkurin ya fadada kuma ya sami ci gaba a duniya tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> Yaɗuwar rikice-rikicen kuɗi na duniya, daɗaɗɗen birane, da lalacewar muhalli sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan biranen duniya waɗanda ke magana dalla-dalla ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Austerity Urbanism: The Neoliberal Crisis of American Cities|last=Peck|first=Jamie|publisher=Rosa Luxemburg Foundation|year=2015|url=http://www.rosalux-nyc.org/austerity-urbanism/}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta People's Movement for Human Rights Learning (PDHRE) ce ta kaddamar da shirin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam", wanda a da aka fi sani da shekaru goma na jama'a don Ilimin 'Yancin Dan Adam, a sakamakon [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|taron 1993 na duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam]] a Vienna, Austria. Yunkurin yana da nufin tara mutane a cikin al'ummomi don "biyan tattaunawa a tsakanin al'umma da kaddamar da ayyuka don inganta rayuwa da tsaro na mata, maza da yara bisa ka'idoji da ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Human Rights Cities: Civic Engagement for Societal Development|last1=Marks|first1=Stephen P.|publisher=People’s Movement for Human Rights Learning & UN Habitat|year=2008|last2=Modrowski|last3=Lichem|first2=Kathleen A.|first3=Walther|url=http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306184553/http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> Wannan hanya ta bambanta da hanyar gargajiya ta yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da shi saboda ba da fifiko ga shaharar ilimi, haɗa kai, da al'adu a matsayin abin da ya dace da aiwatar da gwamnati. Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam sun girma a wani bangare saboda yunƙurin da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar UN Habitat ke yi na haɗa tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen birni. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, biranen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya na birane, da suka haɗa da rashin gidaje masu araha, cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma rashin isassun hidimomin jama'a.<ref name=":22" /> Biranen sun kalli taron kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsugunan Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Birane da Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by WACLAC at the International Conference on Financing for Development; Monterrey, Mexico; 18 March 2002 |url=https://www.un.org/ffd/statements/waclacE.htm |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin. Shulamith Koenig, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shulamith Koenig |url=http://www.pdhre.org/people/shulabio.html |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.pdhre.org}}</ref> wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam (PDHRE), ya yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da masu shirya 'yancin ɗan adam a wasu garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka keɓe, ciki har da Rosario Argentina, wanda ya zama birni na farko na 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. a cikin 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PDHRE: Human Rights Communities |url=http://pdhre.org/projects/development.html |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=pdhre.org}}</ref> da Birnin Washington, DC na farko da ke tushen Amurka.<ref name=":22" /> === Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Haɗin Kan Duniya. === [[Fayil:Korea-Gwangju_5392-06.JPG|thumb|336x336px| Birnin Gwangju ya kasance majagaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin biranen kare hakkin bil'adama a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da Asiya, kuma tun a shekarar 2011 ne aka shirya taron dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.]] 1998, zai yi tsammanin samun ci gaba ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam duka ta fuskar ƙarfafa hukumomi da kuma isar da sako na duniya. A matakin Turai, babban taron birnin Barcelona na kare hakkin bil adama ya tara hukumomin kananan hukumomi fiye da 400, tare da yin kira da a kara tabbatar da siyasa a matsayin masu taka rawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/right-to-the-city/european-charter |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights}}</ref> Wannan tsari zai ƙare bayan shekaru 2, a birnin Saint Denis na Faransa ta hanyar amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni (2000). A lokaci guda kuma, motsi na biranen kare hakkin bil'adama yana ci gaba da karuwa a Asiya, yayin da kungiyoyin fararen hula na yanki ke shirin kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Asiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Human Rights Charter |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Asian%20Human%20Rights%20Charter%20%281998%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> ( Gwangju, 1998). Dukkan yarjejeniyoyin biyu za su ba da haske game da rawar da 'yan wasan gida ke takawa wajen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa dimokraɗiyya na cikin gida da kuma matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan duniya. Bayan kafuwar Rosario a matsayin birni na farko na Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1997, wasu ƙananan hukumomi a Kudancin Amirka sun rungumi tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata ta hanyar ba da fifiko na musamman kan alakar ta tare da ra'ayin ' yancin birnin . A shekara ta 2001, mutum-mutumi na birnin Brazil ya ba da wani sabon tsari don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan zamantakewa na birni a matakin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-09 |title=The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary {{!}} Cities Alliance |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306210206/http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.citiesalliance.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] kuma yana daga cikin majagaba wajen bunkasa ra'ayin biranen 'yancin ɗan adam: a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ta inganta Yarjejeniya ta Birnin Mexico don Haƙƙin Birni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City |url=http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015458/http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin sa ido kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin gida ya amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki musamman bisa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Har ila yau, birnin [[Bogotá]] ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da aiwatar da manufar Bogotá Humana (2013-2016) wanda ya ɗauki wani muhimmin mahimmanci game da hakkin mutane marasa gida, mata da tsofaffi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-27 |title=El adiós de Gustavo Petro y la Bogotá Humana |url=https://www.elespectador.com/opinion/opinion/el-adios-de-gustavo-petro-y-la-bogota-humana-columna-607861 |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=ELESPECTADOR.COM |language=es-CO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-04 |title=Estos son los colegios de la Bogota Humana, Una política educativa que es hito mundial. |url=https://gustavopetroblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/04/estos-son-los-colegios-de-la-bogota-humana-una-politica-educativa-que-es-hito-mundial/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=Gustavo Petro Blog |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights Approach through the "Bogotá Humana" Development Plan {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184227/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, misalai da dama a duniya sun nuna zurfafa kan tunani da kuma abubuwan da biranen kare hakkin bil'adama ke yi. A Koriya ta Kudu, Gwangju ya fara aikin kafa tsarin kula da hakkin ɗan adam (2009) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=세계인권도시포럼 |title=세계인권도시포럼 |url=http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.whrcf.org |language=ko |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613190142/http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda birane kamar [[Seoul]] (2012) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In Seoul, a municipal government division works to mainstream the rights approach in local public action {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184328/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [[Busan]] suka bi da sauri. Gwangju ya kuma kasance babban mai shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya wanda ya tara daruruwan garuruwan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Human Rights Cities Forum (WHRCF) of Gwangju, South Korea {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184700/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |url-status=dead }}</ref> A duk faɗin Turai, birane irin su Barcelona, [[Madrid]], [[Graz]] ko Utrecht sun kafa hanyoyin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lura da alhakinsu ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Misalai na musamman game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan ƙananan hukumomi kamar shirin "City of Rights" na Barcelona (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesura de govern "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets" |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko Madrid's "Strategic Plan for Human Rights Cities" (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos de Madrid |url=https://diario.madrid.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/PlanDDHH_PDF.pdf |website=City Council of Madrid}}</ref> === Garuruwan kare hakkin Dan Adam a Arewacin Amurka. === A Arewacin Amurka, [[Montréal|Montreal]] ta kasance majagaba na yanki tare da kafa Yarjejeniya ta Hakki da Hakki na Montreal na gida (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal City Charter of Rights and Responsibilities |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/charte_mtl_fr/media/documents/charte_montrealaise_english.pdf |website=City of Monreal}}</ref> [[San Francisco]] ta aiwatar da manufofin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin gida na gida kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata tun 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing the UN convention on women's rights locally {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184216/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam a Amurka duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙalubale na musamman saboda rawar da Amurka take takawa a duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da yawancin manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Koyaya, a cikin 2000s, ƙarin masu fafutuka na Amurka suna aiki don wayar da kan duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka, gami da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, take [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki]], da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙin yara]] . A cikin 2014, mazauna Detroit waɗanda suka rasa samun ruwa mai tsafta sun kawo ƙararsu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta aika da Wakilin Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/SRWaterIndex.aspx |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> zuwa birnin kuma ta ba da sanarwar yin Allah wadai da ayyukan da suka hana mazauna ' [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|yancin samun ruwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=22 October 2014 |title=Detroit and the Evaporating Right to Running Water |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/detroit-and-the-evaporating-right-to-running-water/381731/ |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fitowar da wasu sun ƙarfafa ƙarin biranen Amurka, gami da Baltimore Maryland, Mountain View California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noack |first=Mark |date=20 July 2015 |title=Dispute over human rights measure in Mountain View |url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2015/07/19/dispute-over-human-rights-measure-in-mountain-view |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=www.mv-voice.com |language=en}}</ref> Columbia South Carolina, don yin la'akari da ƙirar birni na haƙƙin ɗan adam. '''''Atlanta's Human Rights City Initiatives''''' A [[Atlanta|Atlanta, masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi na gida na Georgia]] sun yi kira ga birnin da ya ayyana kansa a hukumance a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. A cikin Afrilu 2019, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gudanar [https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes da wani taro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517184518/https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes |date=2024-05-17 }} a Atlanta mai da hankali kan adalcin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, da batutuwan ƙaura da motsin ɗan adam. Sama da mahalarta 50, daga Atlanta da sauran sassa na ƙasar sun tattauna dabarun tushen tsarin yancin ɗan adam da yadda za su zama birni na kare hakkin ɗan adam a garuruwansu daban-daban. Taron na 2019, ya kuma ƙaddamar da [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=UPR_Cities_Project "Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Cities Project"] wanda ke ba da kayan aiki don taimakawa birane su shiga cikin tattaunawa game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na gida. Wannan yunƙurin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=Main_Page Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ƙasar Amurka], ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin al'umma da masu ba da shawara a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana ba da taimako da albarkatu ga sauran gundumomi masu burin samun matsayin Garuruwan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da bin [http://wiki.pghrights.mayfirst.org/images/6/6a/Human_Rights_City_Principles_October_2017.pdf ƙa'idodin City Rights] . Aikin yana da nufin ba da gudummawa ga "rahoton inuwa" na ƙasa don tsarin [https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/upr-home bita na lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UPR)] wanda ke nazarin tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida (NGOs) a Atlanta kamar [https://www.schr.org/who-we-are/ Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kudancin] sun ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren aikata laifuka ta hanyar yunkurin majalisa da kuma adawa da shirye-shirye kamar shirin horar da 'yan sanda na " Cop City " a Atlanta. Matakan adalci na tattalin arziki kamar [https://afsc.org/newsroom/atlantas-home-defenders Shirin Tsaro na Gida] don magance korar jama'a yayin bala'in A cikin Disamba 2022, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta ta zartar da wani kuduri na ayyana Atlanta a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" tare da yin kira ga manufofi don kare hakkin dan adam ( [https://atlantacityga.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=None&MeetingID=3671&MediaPosition=&ID=31546&CssClass= 22-R-4708] ). Duk da haka, masu suka da masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa har yanzu birnin ya gaza a fannoni kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, aikin 'yan sanda na nuna wariya, da kuma kare 'yancin walwala ga al'ummomin da aka ware ko da bayan kudurin hukuma. Ci gaba, masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, samar da isassun kudade don shirye-shirye, yunƙurin samar da mafi girman lissafin 'yan sanda da sa ido, da ba da fifiko ga samun dama da juriya a cikin tsare-tsaren birane da kayayyakin more rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Southern Center for Human Rights |date= |title=Southern Center for Human Rights Resources |url=https://www.schr.org/resources/ |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> '''''Dayton Human Rights City Movement.''''' Dayton, Ohio ta yi fama da ƙalubalen rashin adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da aikata laifuka. A cikin birnin Dayton, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Uniting Dayton for Human Rights ta fara a cikin 2022.<ref name=":6" /> Ƙungiyar Uniting Dayton don Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam sune Mary Tyler shugabar Mary E. Tyler Consulting, LLC. da kuma tsohon babban darektan [https://nccjgreaterdayton.org/ taron kasa don Al'umma & Adalci Greater Dayton] tare da haɗin gwiwar [https://daytonhrc.org/ Majalisar Hulɗa da Jama'a] da [https://udayton.edu/artssciences/ctr/hrc/index.php Jami'ar Dayton Human Rights Center.] Makasudin wannan yunkuri shi ne ya zama birni na kare hakkin bil'adama na hukuma wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam bisa ga [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya], ta hanyar amincewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙi na asali ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Dayton. == Birane da dokokin duniya. == Duk [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sun dogara ne a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya]], wadda aka amince da ita a cikin 1948. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zayyana yancin ɗan adam waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba waɗanda ke da kariya ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata, aji, yanayin jima'i, addini, ko wani abu na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin UDHR ba su da alaƙa da doka, amma an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada, kuma suna ba da izinin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure, waɗanda ƙasashe za su zaɓi su rattaba hannu da tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin sa ido, duk da haka, tana ba gwamnatocin ƙasa dama kuma suna iyakance rawar da jami'an gida ke takawa, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu wajen aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan yau da kullun na aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana kan wuyan hukumomi na gida da na yanki. Su ma wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun daure su. Hukumomin gida da na yanki galibi suna da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, samar da ruwa, muhalli, aikin sanda da kuma, a yawancin lokuta, haraji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |year=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref><ref> Mayer, Margit. 2012. "The 'Right to the City' in Urban Social Movements." pp.&nbsp;63–85 in ''Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City'', edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. New York: Routledge. </ref> Yadda birane ke aiwatar da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta daga birni zuwa birni. Wannan yana ba kowane birni damar haɓaka tsarin da ya keɓanta da ƙarfinsa, buƙatunsa, matsalolinsa, da damuwarsa. “Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam” da aka keɓe a hukumance suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar jagoranci da ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar al'umma, mazauna, da jami'an jama'a (ko waɗanda aka nada) suna aiki tare. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Karen |first=Dolan |date=March 2009 |title=Human Rights City Toolkit |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/human_rights_city_toolkit/ |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=Institute for Policy Studies}}</ref> Wasu garuruwa na iya ɗaukar yaren haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙa'idodi ba tare da ɗaukar sunan City Rights City a hukumance ba. Misali, Barcelona babbar birni ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai, kuma ta ƙirƙiri Ofishin Ban Wariya don aiwatar da manufar nuna wariyar launin fata ta EU a cikin iyakokinta a zaman wani ɓangare na zama birni na yancin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> San Francisco wani irin misalin ne, tun lokacin da 1998, ta amince da dokar birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW {{!}} Department on the Status of Women |url=http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=sfgov.org |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133118/http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana nuna ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Kawar da duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata . Misalin San Francisco ya taimaka wajen tsara aikin da masu fafutuka suka shirya wani kamfen na "Cities for CEDAW" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW |url=http://citiesforcedaw.org/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=citiesforcedaw.org |language=en-US}}</ref> don shawo kan biranen Amurka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar CEDAW duk da gazawar gwamnatin kasa don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. === Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam akan "rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin bil'adama" === A cikin shekaru da suka gabata, an tantance ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama ta hanyar kudurori da maganganun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ko Majalisar Turai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Respecting and fulfilling human rights at the local level |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/local-and-regional-authorities-speeches/-/asset_publisher/igylP6fCBzxu/content/respecting-and-fulfilling-human-rights-at-the-local-level?inheritRedirect=false&desktop=true |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Commissioner for Human Rights |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne amincewa da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara A/HRC/30/49 kan "Gudunwar da Kananan Hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin dan Adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} AdvisoryCommittee Local government and human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/AdvisoryCommittee/Pages/LocalGovernmentAndHR.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya yi la'akari da nauyin da ke wuyan kananan hukumomi bisa dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin bil'adama, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada damar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayar wajen inganta da kare hakkin bil'adama saboda alaka ta kut da kut da bukatu da buri na mazauna birnin. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar kananan hukumomi wajen tsara dabarun kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa, ya kuma yi kira da su tabbatar da ikon da ake bukata da albarkatun kudi domin kananan hukumomi su sami damar yin aiki da hakkin dan adam. An tsara shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyuka na shirye-shiryen kananan hukumomi daban-daban da kuma inganta sadarwar yanar gizo a matsayin hanyar da za ta ciyar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da wasu misalai da ayyuka mafi kyau irin su dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya na Gwangju ko Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. a cikin Garin. Rahoton na 2015, ya samu gagarumin bibiyar mazabar Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa da na kananan hukumomi da ke aiki don ci gaban kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A matsayinsa na wakilin duniya na kananan hukumomi da na yanki, kwamitin UCLG kan Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam misali ya gabatar da bayanai daban-daban ga Majalisar tare da raba shawarwarin Rahoton a tsakanin mazabar ta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Agenda on Local Governments and Human Rights: From Recognition to Partnership |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/united-nations-agenda-local-governments-and-human-rights-recognition-partnership |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da wani kuduri (A/HRC/RES/33/8) "Gane da rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam" da kuma "ba da kusanci ga mutane da kasancewa a ciyawa. -matakin tushen, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kananan hukumomi shi ne samar da ayyuka na jama'a wadanda suka dace da bukatun gida da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su dangane da tabbatar da hakkin dan adam a matakin kananan hukumomi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - Session 33: Resolutions, decisions and President's statements |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session33/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, wannan Majalisar ta shirya taron tattaunawa kan Rahoton da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na aiwatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - HRC: Panel discussion on role of local government, 4 September 2017 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/PanelRoleLocalGovernment.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. == [[Fayil:Meeting_of_cities_for_human_rights_and_the_right_to_the_city_(Madrid).jpg|thumb|334x334px| A cikin 2017 ne birnin Madrid ya gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na biranen kare hakkin dan adam da hakkin mallakar birnin]] Ayyukan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da masu tsara manufofi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taimaka wajen yada ra'ayoyi game da yadda gwamnatocin birni zasu inganta aiwatar da hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2004, UNESCO ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coalition of Cities against Racism {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> don taimakawa shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi musayar ra'ayi da inganta manufofin yaki da [[wariyar launin fata]], [[Wariya|wariyar launin fata]], [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baki]] da kuma wariya . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Turai (ECCAR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECCAR |url=http://www.eccar.info/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR}}</ref> ta girma daga wannan ƙoƙarin, kuma a yanzu tana da fiye da gundumomi 104, a cikin membobinta kuma ta ɗauki tsarin aiki mai maki goma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Points Action Plan |url=http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170449/http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2005, Kwamitin UCLG akan Haɗin Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISDP {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar mafi girma da wakilin duniya na ƙananan hukumomi: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Hukumomi . Kwamitin yana wakilta da sauƙaƙe musayar tsakanin hukumomin gida na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan ajanda kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ( [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico City]] da Gwangju misali biyu daga cikin kujerun sa a cikin 2018). A matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na fiye da shekaru 10, na aiki don inganta ra'ayi da kuma amincewa da biranen 'yancin ɗan adam, kwamitin ya kasance mai kula da bin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin birni kuma ya ƙirƙira da haɓakawa. Ajandar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da shawarwarin siyasa mai karfi a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don amincewa da kananan hukumomi a matsayin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam, tare da shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya duk shekara. Wani misali mai dacewa dangane da ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ajandar biranen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine abin da ake kira "cibiyoyin bincike-aiki". A wannan yanayin, cibiyar bincike na gida gabaɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen zaburar da ƙananan hukumomi don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙananan hukumomi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights cities: Motivations, mechanisms and implications |url=http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |website=Kennis voor Krachtige Steden (KKS) |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223012115/http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-15 |title=Pittsburgh Human Rights City Alliance Website |url=https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=US Human Rights Network |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122145/https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misalai masu dacewa game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan Turai<ref>{{Cite web |title=York: Human Rights City - York Human Rights City |url=https://www.yorkhumanrights.org/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=York Human Rights City |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=Lund Can Become Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=http://rwi.lu.se/2016/09/lund-can-become-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ETC Graz: Human Rights City of Graz |url=http://www.etc-graz.at/typo3/index.php?id=1011 |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.etc-graz.at}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-03 |title=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) |url=https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Utrecht University |language=en}}</ref> da Arewacin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi dacewa kan yadda cibiyar bincike ta gida za ta iya haɓakawa da kuma zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a cikin inganta tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama shine Cibiyar Raoul Wallenberg . Ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Lund tun 1984, duk da haka, wayar da kan Cibiyar ta wuce matakin gida ko ma na ƙasa, saboda a yanzu tana aiwatar da ayyuka a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights |url=http://rwi.lu.se/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref> == Garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu. == Garuruwa masu zuwa an sanya su a matsayin Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam: === Afirka. === * Wales, Ghana. * Korogocho, Kenya. * Ta, Senegal. * [[Timbuktu]], Mali. * Musha, Rwanda. * Mogale, Afirka ta Kudu. === Asiya. === * Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu (2003) <ref name=":4"/> * [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] <ref name=":5"/> * Bucuy Municipality, Philippines. * [[Nagpur|Nagpur, India]] * [[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Taiwan]] * Wonosobo District, Indonesia. * Gundumar Bojonegoro, Indonesia. * [[Bandung|Bandung, Indonesia]] (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Bandung Human Rights City |url=http://fihrrst.org/declaration-of-bandung-human-rights-city |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=fihrrst.org}}</ref> === Turai. === * [[Nuremberg]], [[Jamus]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leitbild der Stadt Nürnberg |url=http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/menschenrechte/dokumente/menschenrechte/leitbild_stadt_nuernberg.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> * [[Graz|Graz, Ostiriya]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen in Graz! |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033731/http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Barcelona]], [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona Ciutat de Drets |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona, ciutat de drets {{!}} Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat {{!}} Ajuntament de Barcelona |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/ca/barcelona-ciutat-de-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=ajuntament.barcelona.cat |language=ca}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Jordi |title=Barcelona es vol situar com a referent de la defensa dels drets humans amb 10 accions |url=http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051919/http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |archive-date=2017-04-28 |access-date=2018-06-14 |language=es-ES}}</ref> * [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Plan-Estrategico-de-Derechos-Humanos-del-Ayuntamiento-de-Madrid?vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=bbffd3936f14a510VgnVCM2000001f4a900aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Plan de Derechos Humanos a través de un proceso de consulta y participación - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Actualidad/Noticias/Un-Plan-de-Derechos-Humanos-a-traves-de-un-proceso-de-consulta-y-participacion/?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=27093a90f9781510VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a12149fa40ec9410VgnVCM100000171f5a0aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-10 |title=Madrid, ciudad comprometida con los derechos humanos |url=http://blogs.publico.es/dominiopublico/18737/madrid-ciudad-comprometida-con-los-derechos-humanos/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Dominio público |language=es-ES}}</ref> * Terrassa, [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoció dels Drets Humans - Ajuntament de Terrassa |url=http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.terrassa.cat |language=ca-ES |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121453/http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bihac, Bosnia * [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]] (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna as a Human Rights City |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |website=City Council of Vienna |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231836/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Utrecht, Netherlands (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Human Rights in Utrecht |url=http://humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be |language=nl}}</ref> * York, UK (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Human Rights City Declaration - York Human Rights City |url=http://www.yorkhumanrights.org/human-rights-city-declaration/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=York Human Rights City (Pending removal for human rights breaches by council) |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Lund, Sweden (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Lund Becomes Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=https://rwi.lu.se/2018/09/lund-becomes-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-11-11 |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law}}</ref> === Amirka ta Arewa. === * [[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA, Amurika]] (2022). * [[Austin|Austin, TX, Amurika]] * [[Boston|Boston, MA, Amurika]] (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Boston: Human Rights City |url=http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Spare Change News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419023046/http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Carrboro, NC, Amurka (2009).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/Oct9162015|title=BearPaw Newswire (October 9 - 16, 2015)|last=BearPaw Legal Education & Resource Centre|date=2015-10-16|language=en}}</ref> * Chapel Hill, NC, Amurka (2009). * Dallas County, TX, Amurika. * Dayton, Ohio, Amurika. * Edina, MN, Amurka (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Edina |url=http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234853/http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Eugene, OR, Amurka (2011). * [[Edmonton|Edmonton, AB, Kanada]] (2003). * Greenville, NX, Amurika. * Jackson, MS, Amurka (2014). * Mountain View, CA, Amurka (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHILE TECH LEADERS MEET WITH TRUMP, CITY COUNCIL APPROVES HUMAN RIGHTS CITY RESOLUTION IN SILICON VALLEY |url=http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/161214-MV-HRC-press-release.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Pittsburgh, PA, Amurka (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-18 |title=City of Pittsburgh Human Rights Proclamation |url=https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=American Friends Service Committee |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709073935/https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Portage, MI, Amurika. * Port Townsend, WA, Amurika (2023). * Richmond, CA, Amurka (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-01 |title=Richmond becomes 'Human Rights City' |url=https://richmondconfidential.org/2009/12/01/richmond-becomes-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Richmond Confidential |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA, Amurika]] * [[Seattle|Seattle, WA, Amurika]] (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Seattle Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC, Amurka]] (2008). * [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB, Kanada]] (2003) An buɗe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Kanada don yancin ɗan adam a wannan birni a ranar 19, ga Satumba, 2014. === Kudancin Amurka. === * Rosario, Argentina (1997). * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montevideo reaffirms its commitment to turn the Right to the City into a guiding principle of its urban agenda {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/montevideo-reaffirms-its-commitment-turn-right-city-guiding-principle-its-urban |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> * Santa Cruz, Bolivia. * Porto Alegre, Brazil. * Temuco, Chile. == Duba kuma. == == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5cl6mistraq8r7nc0fs5vvnutu7rtiy 'Yancin Dan Adam a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa 0 80707 882297 868734 2026-07-13T12:47:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''Yancin Dan Adam a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]''' (UAE) an hana su sosai. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba ta da cibiyoyin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya kuma 'yan ƙasa ba su da damar canza gwamnatinsu ko kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Masu fafutuka da malamai da ke sukar gwamnati ana tsare su kuma ana ɗaure su, kuma galibi ana cin zarafin iyalansu ta hanyar kayan tsaro na jihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Dubai princess' 'hostage' video shines light on rights record |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/princess-latifa-hostage-videos-shine-light-united-arab-emirates-rights-n1258088 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Akwai rahotanni game da bacewar tilasta wa 'yan kasashen waje da' yan ƙasar Emirati, waɗanda aka sace, aka tsare su kuma aka azabtar da su a wuraren da ba a bayyana ba, kuma an hana su damar yin saurin shari'a da samun damar samun shawara yayin binciken da gwamnatin UAE ta yi.<ref name="aohr">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Forced Disappearances and Torture in the United Arab Emirates |url=http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Arab Organisation for Human Rights |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030038/http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hrw">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2012 |title=UAE: Enforced Disappearance and Torture |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/14/uae-enforced-disappearance-and-torture |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Hrw.org}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref name="hrw.org">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-13 |title=UAE: Investigate Allegations of Torture of Foreign Nationals |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/10/13/uae-investigate-allegations-torture-foreign-nationals |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta bayyana cewa dokokin Emirati suna kula da hukuncin kisa kuma suna nuna bambanci ga mata, baƙi da mutane LGBT.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnati ta takaita [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da' yancin yada labarai, kuma ana tantance kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida don hana zargi da gwamnati, jami'an gwamnati ko iyalan sarauta. A sakamakon haka, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kasance kusa da kasa na matakan kasa da kasa da yawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin' yan jarida. Duk da cewa an zabe ta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da haƙƙin aiki na kasa da kasa ba, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, da Yarjejeniya kan Kare Hakkin Duk Ma'aikatan Mutanen Daularsu. A watan Nuwamba 2020, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta sake fasalin tsarin shari'arta ga canje-canjen da suka hada da rage ƙuntatawa kan shan barasa, ba da izinin [[Ƙwarƙwaranci|zama tare]], kawar da ƙananan hukunci don kisan kai, da kuma cire hukuncin jiki a matsayin hanyar shari'a ta azabtarwa a cikin tsarin hukunci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=UAE announces relaxing of Islamic laws for personal freedoms |url=https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-honor-killings-travel-islam-bce74c423897dc77c7beb72e4f51a23a |website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari’a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> == Hukuncin kisa == Kodayake an ba da izini, ba a amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci cewa kwamitin alƙalai uku su yarda da yanke shawara na hukuncin kisa, wanda za'a iya sauya shi idan dangin wanda aka azabtar ya gafarta wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ko karɓar diyya ta kuɗi don laifin. Lokacin da iyali ta yarda da diyya ta kudi, kotun na iya ɗaure wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin aƙalla shekaru uku da matsakaicin shekaru bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/asia-middle-east-australia-and-oceania/united-arab-emirates-18000454 |access-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=handsoffcain}}</ref> Ana aiwatar da kisa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta hanyar ƙungiyar harbi.<ref name="urlTimeline of executions in UAE">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2017 |title=Timeline of executions in UAE |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/timeline-of-executions-in-uae-1.2129533 |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> Kafin 2020, dokar ta haɗa da dutse a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa saboda dokar Shari'a da aka sanya a cikin dokar hukunci; babu rahotanni game da hukuncin da aka taɓa amfani da shi.<ref name=":73"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=No death-by stoning in UAE |url=https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/06/19/no-death-by-stoning-in-uae/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=National Confederation of Human Rights Organisations |archive-date=2020-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014033052/https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/06/19/no-death-by-stoning-in-uae/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="urlUAE: Death by stoning/ flogging | Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=MDE25%2f005%2f2006&language=en |website=www.amnesty.org}}</ref><ref name="urlWoman Sentenced To Death By Stoning In Abu Dhabi – Emirates Woman">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Woman Sentenced To Death By Stoning In Abu Dhabi |url=https://emirateswoman.com/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi/}}</ref> == Dokar Shari'a == Dokar Shari'a ita ce babbar tushen doka ga dokar iyali ta Musulmi. Kotunan shari'a suna da iko na musamman don jin rikice-rikice na iyali, gami da batutuwan da suka shafi [[saki]], [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]], Kula da yara, cin zarafin yara da kula da Musulmai a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowais |first=Shireena Al |date=2023-02-01 |title=New family law for non-Muslim residents comes into effect today |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2023/02/01/new-family-law-for-non-muslim-expats-comes-into-effect-today/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> Duk sauran dokoki sun dogara ne akan dokar farar hula.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari’a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> An sabunta dokar azabtarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin 2020 don cire duk nau'ikan hukunci na doka da aka bayyana a cikin dokar Shari'a, ban da biyan kuɗin jini; waɗannan azabtarwa sun haɗa da bulala da dutse.<ref name="Article 28">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 28 "A felony is the crime that is punished by any of the following punishments: 1. Any of retribution punishments. 2. Capital punishment. 3. Life imprisonment. 4. Temporary imprisonment." |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> Sabuntawar ta yi gyare-gyare a Mataki na 1 don bayyana cewa "Tsarin Shari'a na Musulunci zai shafi fansa da laifukan kudi na jini. Sauran laifuka da hukunce-hukuncen su za a samar da su daidai da tanadin wannan Dokar da sauran ka'idojin hukunci masu amfani". <ref name=":7"/> Dukkanin sanannun hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da bulala an bayar da su kafin 2016, hukunce-hincen sun kasance ne don tuhume-tuhumen da ake zargi da yawa, gami da cin zarafin baki, cin zarafin jiki, cin zarafi na Musulmai; da kuma jima'i na waje; hukuncin ya kasance daga bulala 40-200.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=Dh500,000 expat verbal abuse case to be retried |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/dh500-000-expat-verbal-abuse-case-to-be-retried |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=The National |quote=In the UAE, only verbal abuse pertaining to the sexual honour of a person would be tried under Sharia. For guilt to be proven, the attack must have been made in public and one reliable witness must testify. If convicted, a person would be sentenced to 80 lashes and would never be accepted as a valid witness in a Sharia-based case.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teenager to be lashed for adultery |url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=281982 |website=Gulf Daily News |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714193225/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=281982 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=2 men to be lashed for hitting woman in Fujairah |url=http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/2-men-to-be-lashed-for-hitting-woman-in-fujairah-2015-03-26-1.585455 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates 247 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201248/http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/2-men-to-be-lashed-for-hitting-woman-in-fujairah-2015-03-26-1.585455 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Drunk worker rapes 2-year-old girl in Abu Dhabi |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/drunk-worker-rapes-2-year-old-girl-in-abu-dhabi-2014-01-22-1.535691 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates247.com |archive-date=2016-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030037/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/drunk-worker-rapes-2-year-old-girl-in-abu-dhabi-2014-01-22-1.535691 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2012 |title=Emirati man to be lashed, executed, for murder and drinking alcohol |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/emirati-man-to-be-lashed-executed-for-murder-and-drinking-alcohol-1.1028979 |website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Court jails pregnant Filipina in Fujairah |url=http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/court-jails-pregnant-filipina-in-fujairah-2013-10-09-1.524021 |website=Emirates 247 |quote=A Filipina housemaid will be lashed 100 times on charges of stealing her employer in Fujairah after he discovered her pregnancy from an illegitimate relationship. |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2016-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030037/http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/court-jails-pregnant-filipina-in-fujairah-2013-10-09-1.524021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2009 |title=Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/woman-denies-affair-after-hearing-she-faces-stoning |access-date=27 October 2015 |quote=Under the same law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Jandaly |first=Bassma |date=16 April 2006 |title=Estonian soldier to be lashed |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/estonian-soldier-to-be-lashed-1.233170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025134/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/estonian-soldier-to-be-lashed-1.233170 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Judicial corporal punishment by flogging |url=http://www.corpun.com/counaej.htm |website=World Corporal Punishment Research}}</ref> Hukuncin dutse na ƙarshe da aka sani ya fito ne daga 2014; duk shari'o'in sun kasance don zina, kodayake ba a taɓa amfani da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Woman Sentenced to Death by Stoning in UAE |url=http://emirateswoman.com/2014/05/05/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Emirateswoman.com |archive-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930135248/http://emirateswoman.com/2014/05/05/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Man faces stoning in UAE for incest |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-man-faces-stoning-in-uae-for-incest-1090813 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2009 |title=Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/woman-denies-affair-after-hearing-she-faces-stoning |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> === ridda === ridda wani laifi ne wanda za'a iya azabtar da shi ta hanyar mutuwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, amma babu sanannun shari'o'in ridda da ake gurfanar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Briefing: Persecution of Atheists and Apostates |url=http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230505/http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> === Dokar Iyali === Dokar Shari'a ta mutum ta tsara al'amuran kamar aure, kisan aure da kula da yara. Kotunan shari'a suna da iko na musamman don sauraron rikice-rikice na iyali, gami da batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, gado, kula da yara, cin zarafin yara da kula da yara.<ref name="uae-court">{{Cite web |title=The UAE Court System |url=http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/emergency_uae_court.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022020506/http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/emergency_uae_court.html |archive-date=22 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Consulate General of the United States Dubai, UAE}}</ref> Yin auren mata da yawa doka ce ga maza, kuma dole ne mata Musulmai su sami izini daga mai kula da namiji don yin aure da sake yin aure, kuma ba a yarda su auri wadanda ba Musulmai ba.<ref name="maleguardian2">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying |url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying#ixzz3F1sb6IYa |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Thenational.ae}}</ref> Kafin 2020, ana amfani da dokar Shari'a a wasu lokuta ga al'amuran matsayin mutum wadanda ba Musulmai ba, amma an canza dokar ta tarayya don amfani da dokar iyali ta farar hula ga wadanda ba Musulmi ba, a wannan lokacin an halatta zama tare kuma an yi tsarin shari'a ga yara da aka haifa a waje da aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Zainab |date=2022-12-27 |title=New UAE law for non-Muslims – 5 criteria for civil marriage |url=https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/ask-us/new-uae-law-for-non-muslims--5-criteria-for-civil-marriage-1.1672143291028 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulla |first=Nasreen |title=New UAE law: Dubai residents can now get marriage licences in 24 hours |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/new-uae-law-dubai-residents-can-now-get-marriage-licences-in-24-hours |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> == Laifukan da za a hukunta su == Rashin mutunci na dukkan addinai ba bisa ka'ida ba ne tun 2015, tare da azabtarwa na shekaru 5 a kurkuku, tarar dirhams dubu ɗari biyar zuwa miliyan 2, ko duka biyun; 'yan gudun hijira da ke da hannu a zagi Islama suna da alhakin korar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=UAE Public Prosecution warns residents against acts of blasphemy, religious intolerance |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/uae-public-prosecution-warns-residents-against-acts-of-blasphemy-religious-intolerance-1.83542947 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=UAE to deport expats abusing religions |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates 247 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525072642/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokar tarayya a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta haramta yin rantsuwa a cikin [[WhatsApp]] kuma ta hukunta yin rantsuwa da tarar $ 68,061 da ɗaurin kurkuku; baƙi ana hukunta su ta hanyar korarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=UAE Imposes over $68,000 Fine, Jail Term for Swearing on Whatsapp; Expatriates Face Deportation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/uae-imposes-over-68000-fine-jail-term-swearing-whatsapp-expatriates-face-deportation-636045 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=Man to face trial in UAE for swearing in WhatsApp message |url=http://7days.ae/man-to-face-trial-in-uae-for-swearing-in-whatsapp-message |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923094431/http://7days.ae/man-to-face-trial-in-uae-for-swearing-in-whatsapp-message |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=7days.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=British Expats Face Being Deported From UAE For Swearing on WhatsApp |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/british-expats-face-being-deported-from-uae-for-swearing-on-whatsapp-161318056.html#GTeWLi4 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015, an fitar da wani dan kasar Australia saboda rantsuwa a Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian woman deported from Abu Dhabi over Facebook post |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/australian-woman-deported-from-abu-dhabi-over-a-facebook-post |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910064235/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/australian-woman-deported-from-abu-dhabi-over-a-facebook-post |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian jailed over Facebook post deported from Abu Dhabi |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/70241468/australian-jailed-over-facebook-post-deported-from-abu-dhabi |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Expat deported after posting abusive message about parking on Facebook |url=http://7days.ae/expat-deported-after-posting-abusive-message-about-parking-on-facebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923100012/http://7days.ae/expat-deported-after-posting-abusive-message-about-parking-on-facebook |archive-date=23 September 2015 |website=7days.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian expat deported following Facebook post |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/australian-expat-deported-following-facebook-post-1.1550807 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> === Jima'i da jima'i na waje === Tun daga shekarar 2020, luwadi da jima'i na waje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ana iya hukunta su da akalla watanni 6 a kurkuku, amma ba a gurfanar da su "sai dai bisa ga korafi daga miji ko mai kula da doka", amma ana iya dakatar da hukuncin idan an dakatar da korafin.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=UAE: Sweeping Legal 'Reforms' Deepen Repression |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/05/uae-sweeping-legal-reforms-deepen-repression |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |quote="Under the 2021 law, if men and women have sex outside of marriage, the act carries a penalty of no less than six months imprisonment. Sodomy with an adult male is also criminalized under the law. In both cases, the offenses can only be prosecuted on the basis of a complaint by a husband or male guardian."}}</ref> Kafin wannan lokacin dokar Shari'a ta nuna cewa sodomy na iya zama laifi na kisa, amma babu wani shari'ar da aka rubuta da ta shafi hukuncin kisa. Babu sanannun kamawa ko gurfanar da aka sani don yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tun aƙalla 2015. <ref>[[US Department of State]] Country reports on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates; reports for years 2015–2020, prepared by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: </ref> == Rashin da aka tilasta da azabtarwa == A lokuta da yawa, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta azabtar da mutanen da ke tsare (musamman baƙi da masu adawa da siyasa).<ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref name="hrw.org"/>An san hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da yin amfani da azabtarwa a matsayin hanyar da za a tilasta musu ikirarin laifi.Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta tsere daga Arab Spring; duk da haka, an daure masu gwagwarmayar Emirati sama da 100 kuma an [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da su saboda suna neman sauye-sauye.<ref name="amnesty.org">{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates: "There is no freedom here": Silencing dissent in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE25/018/2014/en |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |title=Silencing dissent in the UAE |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/reports/there-is-no-freedom-here-silencing-dissent-in-the-united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Ruthless crackdown on dissent exposes 'ugly reality' beneath façade of glitz and glamour |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/uae-ruthless-crackdown-dissent-exposes-ugly-reality-beneath-fa-ade-glitz-and-glamour-2014-11-18 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ci gaba da aiwatar da bacewar tilasta.<ref name="aohr" /><ref name="hrw"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-27 |title=UAE: Torture and Forced Disappearances |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/27/uae-torture-and-forced-disappearances |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Enforced Disappearances Continue |url=http://www.ic4jhr.net/en/activites/statements/19-uae-enforced-disappearances-continue.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101711/http://www.ic4jhr.net/en/activites/statements/19-uae-enforced-disappearances-continue.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Ic4jhr.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2014 |title=Emirati victim of enforced disappearance seen in state security prison |url=http://www.echr.org.uk/?p=1214 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121158/http://www.echr.org.uk/?p=1214 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=[[Emirates Centre for Human Rights]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE must reveal whereabouts of 'disappeared' Libyans and Emiratis |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-must-reveal-whereabouts-disappeared-libyans-and-emiratis-human-rights-watch-788745470 |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Middleeasteye.net}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan kasashen waje da' yan ƙasar Emirati an kama su kuma gwamnati ta sace su, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta musanta cewa ana tsare waɗannan mutane (don ɓoye inda suke), ta sanya waɗannan mutane a waje da kariya ta doka.<ref name="aohr"/><ref name="amnesty" /><ref name="forced"/> A cewar Human Rights Watch, rahotanni na tilasta bacewar da azabtarwa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suna da matukar damuwa.<ref name="hrw" /> Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Larabawa ta sami shaidu daga masu tuhuma da yawa, saboda rahotonta game da " bacewar tilasta da azabtarwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa", wadanda suka ba da rahoton cewa an sace su, an azabtar da su kuma an yi musu fyade a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare.<ref name="aohr"/><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Survivors call for action to stop UAE torture |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/170704223048914.html |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="forced"/> Rahoton ya haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban 16 na azabtarwa ciki har da mummunan duka, barazanar wutan lantarki da ƙin samun damar samun kulawa. <ref name="aohr" /> <ref name="forced" /> A cikin 2013, an tsare masu gwagwarmayar Emirati 94 a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na sirri kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda zargin yunkurin hambarar da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearst |first=David |year=2013 |title=The UAE's bizarre, political trial of 94 activists |url=https://www.adaal.ae/ar/%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%8a/ |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811201210/https://www.adaal.ae/ar/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi magana game da sirrin shari'ar. An kama wani dan kasar Emirati, wanda mahaifinsa yana daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, saboda yin amfani da shi a shafin yanar gizo game da shari'ar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an yanke masa hukuncin watanni 10 a kurkuku. An kuma yi amfani da matakai masu tsauri a kan wadanda ba 'yan Emirates ba don tabbatar da ikirarin gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa cewa akwai "maƙarƙashiya ta kasa da kasa" inda' yan ƙasar Hadaddiyar Larabawa da baƙi ke aiki tare don lalata ƙasar. An kuma yi wa 'yan kasashen waje kamfen na korar su.<ref name="forced">{{Cite web |title=UAE's crackdown on democracy short-sighted |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114449/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Middleeastmonitor.com}}</ref> Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa na Masarawa da sauran 'yan kasashen waje waɗanda suka yi shekaru suna aiki a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ana ba su 'yan kwanaki kawai don barin ƙasar.<ref name="forced" /> 'Yan kasashen waje da aka tilasta su bace sun hada da 'Yan Libya biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=UAE: Reveal Whereabouts of 'Disappeared' Libyans |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/05/uae-reveal-whereabouts-disappeared-libyans |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> da Qatar biyu. <ref name="forced"/><ref name="qta">{{Cite web |title=Urgent Action: Enforced Disappearance of Qatari Nationals |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2014-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amnesty ta ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta sace mutanen Qatari wanda ya hana bayanai game da makomar maza daga iyalansu.<ref name="forced" /><ref name="qta" /> Daga cikin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare, aka ɗaure kuma aka kore su shine Iyad El-Baghdadi, sanannen mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma mutum na [[Twitter]].<ref name="forced" /> Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kama shi, suka tsare shi, suka daure sannan suka kore shi daga kasar. Duk da zama na rayuwarsa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Palasdinawa, El-Baghdadi ba shi da wata hanyar da za ta yi hamayya da wannan umarni.<ref name="forced" /> Ba za a iya dawo da shi zuwa Yankunan Palasdinawa ba, saboda haka an kore shi zuwa Malaysia.<ref name="forced" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, 'yan sanda na Dubai sun yi wa' yan Burtaniya uku duka da girgizar lantarki bayan sun kama su kan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2013 |title=Dubai drugs trial: Mother tells of 'torture horror' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22324220 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, [[David Cameron]], ya nuna "damuwa" game da lamarin kuma ya tayar da shi tare da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai Birtaniya a shekarar 2013. An gafarta wa maza uku kuma an sake su a watan Yulin 2013. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, an fitar da faifan bidiyo na [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya nuna Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan yana azabtar da wani mutum tare da bulala, kayan shanu na lantarki, da allunan katako tare da ƙusa masu tsayi, kuma yana gudu da shi akai-akai tare da mota.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2009 |title=ABC News Exclusive: Torture Tape Implicates UAE Royal Sheikh |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=7402099 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, Issa ya bayyana a kotu kuma ya bayyana rashin laifi. Shari'ar ta ƙare a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, lokacin da aka wanke Issa daga azabtar da Mohammed Shah Poor. Human Rights Watch ta soki shari'ar kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bincika zarge-zargen cin zarafin da ma'aikatan tsaro na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da sauran mutane masu iko suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title=Rights group questions UAE trial |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/01/2010110164651985697.html |access-date=11 January 2010 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta nuna damuwa game da hukuncin kuma ta ce duk mambobin al'ummar Emirati "dole ne su tsaya daidai a gaban doka" kuma sun yi kira da a sake dubawa game da shawarar don tabbatar da cewa an cika bukatun adalci a wannan shari'ar. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular sun ɓace kuma sun tsare mutanen da suka soki gwamnati ko abokanta. A watan Fabrairun 2015, Human Rights Watch ta rubuta wani lamari inda 'yan'uwa mata uku na Emirati, Asma, Mariam, da Al Yazzyah al-Suweidi, hukumomin Emirates suka ɓace da karfi. Sun sake su ba tare da caji ba bayan sun kwashe watanni uku a tsare-tsare. An kama 'yan'uwa mata uku bayan sun sanya maganganun da ke sukar gwamnati saboda kama ɗan'uwansu Dr. Issa al-Suweidi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, an kama masanin kimiyya na Emirati Nasser bin Ghaith bayan ya sanya wasu maganganu a kan kafofin sada zumunta inda ya soki Kisan kiyashi na masu zanga-zangar Rab'a a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a shekarar 2013. Har yanzu ba a san makomar Bin Ghaith ba a lokacin rubuce-rubuce. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na [[Amnesty International]] (2016) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an yi amfani da bacewar da aka tilasta wa' yan ƙasa da 'yan kasashen waje a Hadaddijin Larabawa. Kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta ce gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi watsi da mutane da yawa na tsawon watanni a asirce kuma ba a san su ba don yin tambayoyi. A cewar rahoton, Abdulrahman Bin Sobeih ya fuskanci tilasta bacewar watanni uku daga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Bugu da kari, Dokta Nasser Bin Ghaith, masanin kimiyya da tattalin arziki, hukumomi sun ɓace da karfi fiye da watanni 10. Bin Ghaith ya fuskanci azabtarwa da rashin kulawa yayin da yake fuskantar tuhume-tuhume da suka shafi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.<ref name="amnestyMENA">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 2016/2017 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref> Nuwamba 2017, jami'an tsaro na Abu Dhabi sun kama 'yan jarida biyu da ke rufe bude gidan kayan gargajiya na Louvre Abu Dhabi ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na Switzerland. An tsare 'yan jarida sama da awanni 50, ba tare da ikon sadarwa da duniya ba. A cewar RTS, an yi wa 'yan jarida tambayoyi har zuwa sa'o'i tara a lokaci guda, kuma an rufe su idanu yayin da aka tura su tsakanin wurare daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, an kwace kyamarar su, kwamfutoci, rumbun kwamfutarka da sauran kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2017 |title=dailystar |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2017/Nov-12/426102-swiss-broadcaster-says-two-journalists-arrested-in-abu-dhabi.ashx/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223111140/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2017/Nov-12/426102-swiss-broadcaster-says-two-journalists-arrested-in-abu-dhabi.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, wani yarima na Emirati Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum II, 'yar [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum]], kwamandoji ne suka kwace ta daga jirgin ruwa daga bakin [[tekun Indiya]], bayan ta tsere daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Wani shirin BBC ya ba da rahoton yadda yarima ta shirya tserewa daga fadarta. A cikin bidiyon da Latifa ta rubuta kafin tserewa, ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a baya. Koyaya, an kama ta a kan iyaka kuma an ɗaure ta na tsawon shekaru uku; an yi mata duka kuma an azabtar da ita. A watan Disamba, wata sanarwa da iyalinta suka fitar ta nuna cewa yarima tana da "tsaro" a gidanta. Tun daga farkon watan Maris, ba a san inda yarima take ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na 2020, hukuncin kotun iyali ta Burtaniya mai shafi 34 ya tabbatar da cewa Sheikha Shamsa bint Mohammed al-Maktoum da Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed al'Maktoum an sace su kuma an tsare su da karfi da mahaifin su da mai mulkin Dubai, [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=UAE: Free Dubai Ruler's Captive Daughters |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/06/uae-free-dubai-rulers-captive-daughters |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An tuhumi wasu 'yan sarauta na UAEs da cin zarafi da rashin kula da ma'aikata a kasashen waje. A cikin 2019, wata mace mai shekaru 42 ta Emirati, wacce hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suka kama a shekarar 2015, ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda rashin kulawa da ta samu yayin da take kurkuku a Hadaddiyar da Larabawa. Yayinda yake tara kudade ga 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya, an kama Alia Abdel Nour bisa zargin tallafawa ta'addanci. An tsare ta a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 10, an azabtar da ita sosai kuma an tsare ta kadai, ba tare da samun damar samun iska ba, bayan gida, matattara, bargo, abinci da magani. Duk da cewa an gano ta da ciwon daji - jim kadan bayan kama ta - ba ta sami wani magani ba. Hukumomin Emirati sun yi iƙirarin cewa Nour kanta ta ki amincewa da maganin, yayin da iyalinta suka yi iƙirin cewa an tilasta mata ta sanya hannu kan takardun da suka hana ta samun magani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=UAE: Cancer-Stricken Prisoner Ill-Treated |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/26/uae-cancer-stricken-prisoner-ill-treated |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=UN experts demand release of Alia Abdel Nour |url=http://icfuae.org.uk/news/un-experts-demand-release-alia-abdel-nour |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307035342/http://icfuae.org.uk/news/un-experts-demand-release-alia-abdel-nour |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019, Alia Abdel Nour ta mutu a kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan da aka yi mata mummunar kulawa da kuma hanawa daga kulawar lafiya daga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Larabawa. Tun lokacin da aka kama ta, an ɗaure hannayenta da ƙafafunta a kan gadonta na asibiti na dogon lokaci. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun yi watsi da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, 'yan majalisa na Turai, da masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi don su sake ta saboda rashin lafiyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=UAE: Cancer-Stricken Female Prisoner Dies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/06/uae-cancer-stricken-female-prisoner-dies |access-date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2019, 'yan sanda na [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun tsare Ali Issa Ahmad mai shekaru 26 saboda zargin yana sanye da T-shirt tare da tutar Qatar a ciki bayan wasan Qatar da Iraqi AFC Asian Cup a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]]. Ahmad ya koka cewa [[FIFA]] "ta kasa kare" haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hotuna na alamomi a jikin Ahmad daga azabtarwa da aka samu a lokacin tsare su BBC ta fitar da su. Wanda aka azabtar ya koka game da nuna bambancin launin fata da kuma soke shi da kuma hana shi abinci da ruwa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku. An yi rajistar korafe-korafe game da FIFA da kuma aikawa ga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta hanyar Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (FCO) da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cewar hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan sanda sun kai Ahmed asibiti don a bincika shi don alamun cin zarafi, wanda ya koka wa' yan sanda - kamar yadda ya saba a lokuta na hari a Hadaddiyar da Larabawa. Wani rahoto na likita ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu bai dace da labarin abubuwan da ya faru da ya ba 'yan sanda ba, kuma raunin da aka yi masa ya faru da kansa. Ofishin jakadancin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Burtaniya ya musanta zargin da ake yi masa na cewa an kama shi ne saboda sanya rigar Qatar, yana mai cewa "Ba a kama shi ba saboda sanya rigarsa ta kwallon kafa ta Qatar". An tuhumi Ahmed da ɓata lokacin 'yan sanda da kuma gabatar da rahoton karya, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC, an ga magoya baya suna sanye da rigar kwallon kafa ta Qatar kuma suna ɗaga tutar Qatar ba tare da wani misali na kamawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=British football fan arrested for misleading UAE police |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/british-football-fan-arrested-for-misleading-uae-police-1.822499 |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2020, an ruwaito cewa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kama ma'aikacin agaji na Turkiyya Mehmet Ali Ozturk, tun 2018. An ruwaito cewa, an tsare Ali Ozturk a kan dalilan da ba su da amfani kuma an azabtar da shi a cikin kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. An kama shi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], inda shi, tare da matarsa Emine Ozturk, ke shiga cikin bikin abinci na Dubai. "Ya rasa 25kg bayan azabtar da suka yi masa, daga denailing zuwa strappado. Za su yi waɗannan abubuwa lokacin da ya ki shiga cikin bidiyon da ke zargin Erdogan da wasu laifuka, "matarsa ta nakalto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UAE detains and tortures a Turkish citizen for helping Syrian refugees |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/the-uae-detains-and-tortures-a-turkish-citizen-for-helping-syrian-refugees-36879 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=TRT World}}</ref> A cikin 2017, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Yemen Huda Al-Sarari ya fallasa wani asibitin tsare sirri na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Yemen inda aka tsare dubban 'yan Masar kuma aka azabtar da su. An tilasta wa Al-Sarari zuwa gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huda Al-Sarari exposes UAE secret detention in Yemen |url=https://twitter.com/fact_mirrorr/status/1477167669895962624}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2020, rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ki amincewa da buƙatun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam don samar da bayanai game da mutumin Oman, Abdullah al-Shaamsi, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a watan Mayu 2020 a kan shari'ar rashin adalci. An kama Al-Shaamsi a shekarar 2018 yana da shekaru 19, yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Sojojin tsaro sun sanya shi cikin wani lokaci mai tsawo na tsare-tsare ba tare da sadarwa ba, tsare-tsaren kaɗaici da azabtarwa, ya bar shi da ciwon daji na koda da baƙin ciki. Duk da yanayin lafiyarsa, ana tsare shi a cikin kurkuku mai cike da mutane da ke da alaƙa da yanayin rashin tsabta da rashin samun isasshen kiwon lafiya, a lokacin rikicin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=UAE: Omani Sentenced to Life in Tainted Trial |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/09/uae-omani-sentenced-life-tainted-trial |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tun daga watan Oktoba 2020, hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bisa tushen addini sun ɓace da karfi aƙalla maza huɗu na Pakistan kuma sun fitar da akalla wasu shida. Rahotanni na hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ke da niyya ga mazaunan Shia, ko 'yan Lebanon, Iraqi, Afghan, Pakistan, ko kuma in ba haka ba, galibi suna fitowa a lokutan karuwar tashin hankali na yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=UAE: Arbitrary Targeting of Pakistani Shia Residents |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/22/uae-arbitrary-targeting-pakistani-shia-residents |access-date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da rahoto game da ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Ya nuna cewa yayin da ba a bayar da rahoton shari'o'in bacewar da kisan gillar ba bisa ka'ida ba ga kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 2020, akwai shari'o-kashen azabtarwa, tsare-tsare, cin zarafi, barazanar fyade, da duka. Ma'aikatar ta ba da rahoton yanayin kurkuku na Emirati, wanda ya kasance cike da mutane, yana da yanayin tsabta mara kyau kuma bai ba da sauƙin samun kulawa ba, a lokacin annobar COVID-19. An bayyana kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a matsayin masu azabtarwa sosai, inda aka nuna wariya ga fursunoni kuma aka yi musu cin zarafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wadanda aka tsare a mafi yawan lokuta ba a ba su cikakkun bayanai game da shari'arsu ba har tsawon watanni, yayin da mutane da yawa ke karɓar cajin da aka rubuta a Larabci ba tare da fassara ba kuma an tilasta su sanya hannu kan irin waɗannan takardu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Section 1'' - 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, wata wasika ta sirri da sanannen mai kare hakkin dan adam Ahmed Mansoor ya rubuta, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da mummunar yadda aka yi masa a tsare da kuma shari'ar rashin adalci, wani shafin yanar gizon labarai na Larabci da ke London ya buga shi. Duk da cewa sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da Sauran zalunci, Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko azabtarwa a cikin 2012, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta keta wajibai na aikin ta hanyar riƙe Mansoor a ware na akalla shekaru hudu, wanda ya kai ga azabtarwa ta jiki da ta hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=UAE: Prominent Jailed Activist in Danger |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/19/uae-prominent-jailed-activist-danger |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yanke wa wani mai fafutuka daga [[Siriya]], Abdul Rahman Al-Nahhas, hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Insan Watch, mai gabatar da kara na jama'a ya zargi dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da aikata ta'addanci saboda zarginsa da kasancewa memba a kungiyar ta'addancin yayin da yake da alaƙa da Kungiyar Al-Karama ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Switzerland. An kuma tuhumi Al-Nahhas da cin mutuncin jihar ta hanyar kusantar ofishin jakadancin Faransa da ke neman mafaka ta siyasa. An kama shi a ƙarshen 2019 kuma hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ɓace shi da karfi har zuwa farkon shari'arsa a watan Janairun 2021. A lokacin da aka tsare shi, an yi wa Al-Nahhas barazana, an azabtar da shi, kuma ba a yarda ya tuntubi iyalinsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=UAE jails Syria rights activist for 'insulting the prestige of the state' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210909-uae-jails-syria-rights-activist-for-insulting-the-prestige-of-the-state/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, lauyoyi sun gabatar da korafi ga mai gabatar da kara na Faransa a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a kan Manjo Janar Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi saboda tsare-tsare da azabtar da maza biyu na Burtaniya, Matthew Hedges da Ali Issa Ahmad. Al-Raisi ya kasance dan takara mai rikitarwa don shugabancin hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa da kasa ta [[Interpol]]. An shigar da korafin da aka yi masa ne a karkashin ka'idar ikon duniya, wanda ya ba hukumomin [[Faransa]] damar bincika da kuma kama 'yan kasashen waje saboda wasu laifuka koda kuwa sun faru a waje da Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torture Complaint Filed Against U.A.E. Candidate For Interpol Chief |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2021/10/01/torture-complaint-filed-against-uae-candidate-for-interpol-chief/?sh=644e63653345 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Ahmed Naser, babban dan sanda na UAE ya zama shugaban Interpol. An yi zargin cewa ya azabtar da mutane da yawa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a baya. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Emirati sun hukunta mai kare hakkin dan adam Ahmed Mansoor bayan ya wallafa wata wasika a kurkuku da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda aka wulakanta shi a tsare a watan Yulin 2021. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun tsare Mansoor ba tare da sadarwa ba kuma sun hana shi samun damar samun kulawa mai mahimmanci. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta keta haƙƙin Mansoor na shekaru da yawa tare da kamawa da tsare-tsare, barazanar mutuwa, hari na jiki, sa ido na gwamnati, da kuma rashin mutunci a tsare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=UAE: State Security Retaliates Against Ahmed Mansoor |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/07/uae-state-security-retaliates-against-ahmed-mansoor |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Wani dan kasuwa na Burtaniya, Ryan Cornelius yana riƙe da kansa ta hanyar da hukumomi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tun 2008. An kama shi daga filin jirgin saman Dubai kuma an tsare shi bayan wasu rikitarwa na kasuwanci tare da manyan 'yan Emiratis. A shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku bayan tuhumar zamba. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun yanke masa hukuncin karin shekaru 20, watanni biyu kafin ranar da aka sake shi a shekarar 2018. Cornelius ya kamu da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] a tsare. An yi masa cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da tambayoyi masu tsanani ba tare da wakilin shari'a ba da kuma ɗaurin zaman kansa na dogon lokaci. A watan Yunin 2022, jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun haskaka batun kuma sun yi kira ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ta saki Cornelius nan da nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=UN calls on UAE to release British man imprisoned in Dubai since 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/17/un-calls-on-uae-to-release-british-man-ryan-cornelius-imprisoned-in-dubai-since-2008 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An kafa Hukumar Tsaro ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (SSA) a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1947. Yana da iko na sama na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kan batutuwan tsaro na jihar, wanda yafi shiga cikin murkushe rashin amincewar jama'a a Hadaddiyar daular Larabawa. SSA ta ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da ɓacewar tilas, azabtarwa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba. A ranar cika shekaru 50 na SSA; Kungiyar Kare Hakkin MENA, Cibiyar Advocacy ta Emirates, da Human Rights Watch sun yi Allah wadai da take hakkin SSA, kuma sun yi kira ga Emirates da ta dakatar da mummunar cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma zalunci kan rashin amincewa da zaman lafiya ta hanyar zargin ta'addanci na ƙarya. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi kira ga hukumomin Emirati da su daidaita tsarin shari'a da ayyukan SSA tare da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya. Sun kuma bukaci Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ta dauki alhakin masu aikata laifin da kuma samar da magunguna ga wadanda abin ya shafa. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gmn1a97d87pp41ibo9cgdo8pr4f7d7v Kamfanin Ruwa na (Propel water) 0 81602 882700 668613 2026-07-14T06:53:22Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Water movement by the propellor 1.jpg|thumb|Hanyar wucewar ruwa]] [[Fayil:Water movement by the propellor 2.jpg|thumb|propell water]] [[Fayil:Penguin in Antarctica jumping out of the water.jpg|thumb]]   Propel Water alama ce ta Amurkawa na dandanon ruwan kwalba wanda aka siyar dashi azaman mai dauke da antioxidants da bitamin. Samfurin abin sha ne na Gatorade kuma PepsiCo ne ke tallata shi. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su. == Ruwa yakan kunshi, tare da ruwa, citric acid, sodium hexametaphosphate, dandano na halitta, potassium sorbate, ascorbic acid (bitamin C), sucralose, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, acesulfame potassium, niacinamide (bitamin B3), Calcium disodium EDTA, bitamin E acetate, calcium pantothenate (bitamin B5), da pyridoxine hydrochloride (bitamin B6).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site for PepsiCo Beverage Information&nbsp;— Product |url=http://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/Product?formula=93503%2A01%2A08-01&form=RTD&size=20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922221339/http://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/product?formula=93503*01*08-01&form=RTD&size=20 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |access-date=8 August 2015 |website=pepsicobeveragefacts.com}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Gatorade ya gabatar da Propel Fitness Water a cikin 2002. A cikin Janairu 2006, Gatorade ya gabatar da Propel Calcium. A lokacin rani na 2006, Gatorade ya gabatar da fakitin foda na Propel: busasshen foda na Propel, inda ake kara abubuwan da ke cikin fakitin foda zuwa kwalbar ruwa 500 ml (16.9 oz). Propel foda tare da alli kaddamar a Janairu 2010. A farkon 2009, Gatorade canza kwalban zane.  Marubucin ya yi ikirarin cewa kwalaben sun ƙunshi karancin filastik 20% fiye da waɗanda suka gabace su. A farkon 2011, Gatorade ya sanar da cewa yana dakatar da samar da Propel na yau da kullun (tare da tushe na sucrose da kayan zaki na wucin gadi), don jin daɗin nau'in zaki mai ɗanɗano, Propel Zero. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin 2023, PepsiCo ya kafa sabon fayil ɗin da ke haɗa nau'ikan wasanni da abubuwan sha na motsa jiki a ƙarƙashin laima na Gatorade. An haɗa Propel a cikin wannan laima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beer |first=Jeff |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Why PepsiCo's Gatorade is now a portfolio of brands with Muscle Milk, Propel, and more |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90847885/pepsico-gatorade-portfolio-brands-muscle-milk-propel-super-bowl |access-date=April 17, 2023 |website=[[Fast Company]]}}</ref> == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tcalxytmzg01qdmp6hzbieazun2vd9r Abdou Achouba 0 83950 882407 644553 2026-07-13T16:42:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdou Achouba,''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1950 a birnin Rabat) ɗan fim ne na kasar Morocco-Italiya, ɗan jarida, mai sukar fim kuma furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Achouba Abdou |url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=7129 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Africultures |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdou Achouba, un Marocain à Cannes |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/cinema/abdou-achouba-un-marocain-a-cannes-118592 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdou Achouba |url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/408922/abdou-achouba |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=en.unifrance.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orson Welles, l'amant de Mogador |url=https://telquel.ma/2020/06/03/%ef%bb%bforson-welles-lamant-de-mogador_1685413?fbrefresh=6 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Telquel.ma |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title=Cinéma: Un Marocain à la tête d'un studio européen mythique |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/963365-cinema-un-marocain-la-tete-d-un-studio-europeen-mythique |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}</ref> Ya jagoranci alƙalancin gajerun fina-finai a bikin fina-finai na Moroccan na ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=» 15e Festival National du Film de Tanger – Abdallah Saaf et Abdou Achouba présidents des jurys |url=http://www.marocpress.com/fr/aufaitmaroc/www.marocpress.com/fr/aufaitmaroc/article-81278.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Maroc Press |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=jurynat7 |url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf15/jurynat.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=www.ccm.ma |archive-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003060431/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf15/jurynat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=menara |title=Festival national du film dévoile la composition de son jury |url=http://www.menara.ma/fr/article/le-ccm-devoile-la-composition-des-jurys-des-competitions-de-la-15eme-edition-du-fnf |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=www.menara.ma |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117141521/https://www.menara.ma/fr/article/le-ccm-devoile-la-composition-des-jurys-des-competitions-de-la-15eme-edition-du-fnf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maroc: Festival national du film - Abdallah Saaf (long-métrage) et Abdou Achouba (court-métrage), présidents de jury |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201401201490.html}}</ref> A fannin karatunsa, ya karanci kimiyyar Siyasa, sannan daga baya ya karanci ɓangaren Sinima a cibiyar karantar harkar fim ta IDHEC da ke [[Faris|birnin Paris]] na kasar Faransa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&dq=abdou+achouba&pg=PA20|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|date=2000-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdou Achouba : un italiano vero|url=https://www.ccme.org.ma/images/revue_de_presse/2013/avril/VH_avril_2013_A.Achouba.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117141811/https://www.ccme.org.ma/images/revue_de_presse/2013/avril/VH_avril_2013_A.Achouba.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-17 }}</ref> == Harkar Fim == === Fina-finai === * ''Kane Ya Kane'' (1977, documentary)<ref name=":0" /> * ''Taghounja'' (1980)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brière|first=Jean-François|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIjQwhuOhwC&dq=abdou+achouba&pg=PA371|title=Dictionnaire des cinéastes africains de long métrage|date=2008-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-4250-6|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&dq=abdou+achouba&pg=PA472|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66252-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=abdou+achouba&pg=PA370|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}</ref> * ''Saadati Aissawa'' (1982, documentary)<ref name=":0" /> === Gajerun fina-finai === * ''Flip Paradise'' (1979) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb name|0009855}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Achouba, Abdou}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1bjjq8dfimhfymoz3mhzrzwwk6f48ql Hadrian 0 86813 882472 874829 2026-07-13T19:38:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hadrian (/ ˈheɪdriən/ HAY-dree-ən; Latin: Publius Aelius Hadrianus [(h) adriˈjaːnus]; 24 ga Janairu 76 - 10 ga Yuli 138) shi ne sarkin Roma daga 117 zuwa 138. An haifi Hadrian a Italiya, kusa da Seville na zamani. [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wurin zama na Italic a cikin Hispania Baetica; reshensa na Aelia gens, Aeli Hadriani, ya fito ne daga garin Hadria a gabashin Italiya. Ya kasance memba na daular Nerva-Antonine. A farkon aikinsa na siyasa, Hadrian ya auri Vibia Sabina, jikanyar sarki mai mulki, Trajan. Matar Trajan Pompeia Plotina ta inganta auren da Hadrian daga baya a matsayin sarki. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasa sarauta, Hadrian ya sa aka kashe wasu manyan [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatoci]] huɗu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, watakila saboda suna yin barazana ga tsaron mulkinsa; hakan ya sa majalisar dattawa ta kiyayya da shi har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya sami ƙarin rashin amincewa ta hanyar watsi da manufofin fadada Trajan da ribar yanki a Mesopotamiya, Assuriya, [[Armeniya]], da sassan Dacia. Hadrian ya gwammace ya saka hannun jari a ci gaban tabbatattu, iyakoki masu ƙarewa da haɗewar al'ummomin daular a matsayin batutuwa na Daular panhellenic, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Roma. Hadrian cikin kuzari ya bi manufofinsa na Imperial da bukatun kansa. Ya ziyarci kusan dukkanin lardunan daular, kuma ya ba da fifiko ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin harkokin masarautu da na larduna, musamman ayyukan gine-gine. An kuma san shi musamman don gina bangon Hadrian, wanda ke nuna iyakar arewacin Britaniya. A Roma kanta, ya sake gina Pantheon kuma ya gina babban Haikali na Venus da Roma. A Masar, watakila ya sake gina Serapeum na Iskandariya. A matsayinsa na mai sha'awar al'adun Girka, ya tallata [[Athens]] a matsayin babban birnin al'adu na Daular. Dangantakarsa mai tsanani da matasan Girka Antinous da kuma mutuwar marigayin ya sa Hadrian ya kafa wata al'ada mai yaduwa. A karshen zamanin Hadrian, ya murkushe tawayen Bar Kokhba; ya ga wannan tawaye a matsayin gazawar manufarsa ta panhellenic. Shekarun Hadrian na ƙarshe sun lalace da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. Aurensa ya kasance duka babu dadi da rashin haihuwa. A cikin 138 ya karɓi Antoninus Pius kuma ya zaɓe shi a matsayin magaji, bisa sharadin cewa Antoninus ya karbi Marcus Aurelius da Lucius Verus a matsayin magadansa. Hadrian ya mutu a wannan shekarar a Baiae, kuma Antoninus ya sa aka cire shi, duk da adawa daga Majalisar Dattawa. Daga baya masana tarihi sun ƙidaya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake kira "sarakuna masu kyau biyar" na Roma, kuma a matsayin "mai mulkin kama-karya". Nasa Majalisar Dattawa ta same shi mai nisa da mulki. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai ban mamaki kuma mai cin karo da juna, tare da iyawa ga babban karimci na mutum da tsananin rashin tausayi da son sani, girman kai, da buri.<ref>Ando, Clifford "Hadrian: The Restless Emperor by Anthony R. Birley", Phoenix, 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. JSTOR 1088268</ref> == Labarin rayuwar farko== Hadrian's Arch a tsakiyar Athens, Girka. Sha'awar Hadrian ga Girka ta tabbata a irin waɗannan ayyukan da aka ba da umarnin a lokacin mulkinsa. An haifi Publius Aelius Hadrianus a ranar 24 ga Janairu 76, a Italica (Santiponce na zamani, kusa da Seville), wani garin Romawa wanda mazaunan Italic suka kafa a lardin Hispania Baetica a lokacin Yaƙin Punic na Biyu a yunƙurin Scipio Africanus; Reshen Hadrian na gens Aelia ya fito ne daga Hadria (Atri na zamani), wani tsohon gari a yankin Picenum na Italiya, tushen sunan Hadrianus. Wani marubucin tarihin rayuwar Romawa ya yi iƙirari a maimakon cewa Hadrian an haife shi ne a Roma, amma wannan ra'ayi na wasu tsiraru ne na masana.[<ref>Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.). Lives of the Caesars. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4051-2755-4.</ref> <ref>Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica, Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408.</ref> <ref>Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica, Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408.</ref> Mahaifin Hadrian shine Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, dan majalisar dattijai mai daraja, wanda aka haifa kuma ya girma a Italiya. Mahaifiyar Hadrian ita ce Domitia Paulina, 'yar wani fitaccen gidan majalisar dattijai na Roma da ke Gades Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32.<ref>Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32.</ref> Kanensa tilo ita ce babbar yaya, Aelia Domitia Paulina. Ma'aikaciyar jinyarsa ita ce bawan Germana, mai yiwuwa asalin Jamusanci, wanda ya sadaukar da shi a duk rayuwarsa. Daga baya ta yi aure da shi kuma a ƙarshe ta wuce shi, kamar yadda aka nuna ta rubutun jana'izarta, wanda aka samo a Hadrian's Villa a Tivoli.[<ref>CIL VI 10909 ([Text http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1] on the Epigraphic Database Roma)</ref> <ref>Morwood 2013, pp. 5 & 43</ref> <ref>Opper 2008, p. 34.</ref> Babban dan uwan ​​Hadrian, Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, daga Barcino (Barcelona) zai zama abokin aikin Hadrian a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shekara ta 118. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar dattawa, mahaifin Hadrian zai shafe yawancin lokacinsa a Roma.<ref>On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibu</ref> Dangane da aikinsa na baya, babban dangin Hadrian shine Trajan, ɗan uwan ​​mahaifinsa na farko, wanda shi ma ɗan majalisar dattawa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Italica. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da su, a cikin kalmomin Aurelius Victor, advenae ("baƙi", mutane "daga waje"), duka Trajan da Hadrian sun kasance daga cikin jinsin Italic kuma suna cikin babban aji na al'ummar Romawa. Wani marubuci ya ba da shawarar la'akari da su wani ɓangare na "Daular Ulpio-Aelian" <ref>Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos". Gerión (21.1): 263–305. 2003</ref> Iyayen Hadrian sun mutu a shekara 86 yana da shekaru goma. Shi da 'yar uwarsa sun zama unguwannin Trajan da Publius Acilius Attianus (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban sarakunan Trajan).<ref>Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32</ref> Hadrian yana motsa jiki kuma yana jin daɗin farauta; Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 14, Trajan ya kira shi zuwa Roma kuma ya shirya ƙarin karatunsa a kan batutuwan da suka dace da wani matashin basaraken Romawa.<ref>Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32</ref> Sha'awar Hadrian ga adabi da al'adun Girka ya sa ake masa lakabi da Graeculus ("Greekling"), wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin wani nau'i na "ba'a"<ref>Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 24–</ref> ==Sabis na jama'a== Matsayin farko na Hadrian a Roma ya kasance memba na decemviri stlitibus judicandis, ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin vigintivate da yawa a matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na darajar karramawa ("Tabbas na girmamawa") wanda zai iya kaiwa ga babban ofishi da aikin majalisar dattijai. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin tribune na soja, na farko tare da Legio II Adiutrix a 95, sannan tare da Legio V Macedonica. A lokacin Hadrian na biyu a matsayin tribune, mai rauni kuma tsoho sarki Nerva ya ɗauki Trajan a matsayin magajinsa; An aika Hadrian don ya ba Trajan labarin - ko kuma tabbas yana ɗaya daga cikin manzanni da yawa da aka tuhume su da wannan.hukumar<ref>Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 37</ref> Sagan nan kuma aka mayar da Hadrian zuwa Legio XXII Primigenia da kuma ta uku.<ref>John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34958-3, p. 109</ref> Kotuna uku na Hadrian sun ba shi wani fa'idar aiki. Yawancin tsofaffin iyalai na majalisar dattijai za su iya yin hidima ɗaya, ko aƙalla biyu, kotunan soja a matsayin abin da ake bukata na babban ofishi<ref>Thorsten Opper, The Emperor Hadrian. British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39</ref> <ref>Jörg Fündling, Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta (= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-7749-3390-1, p. 351.</ref> Lokacin da Nerva ya rasu a shekara ta 98, an ce Hadrian ya gaggauta zuwa Trajan, domin ya sanar da shi gabanin wakilin hukuma da gwamna, surukin Hadrian kuma abokin hamayyarsa Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus ya aika.<ref>John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis, p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History – XI. Cambridge U. P.: 2000, ISBN 0-521-26335-2, p. 133.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 101, Hadrian ya dawo Roma; an zaɓe shi quaestor, sannan quaestor imperatoris Traiani, jami’in hulda tsakanin sarki da majalisar dattijai, wanda ya karanta wa sarki sanarwar da jawabai – wadanda watakila ya rubuta a madadin sarki. A matsayinsa na marubucin fatalwa na sarki, Hadrian ya maye gurbin Licinius Sura wanda ya rasu kwanan nan, abokin Trajan kuma mai sarauta.<ref>Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 54</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine ab actis senatus, yana kiyaye bayanan majalisar dattawa.<ref>Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Dacian na Farko, Hadrian ya ɗauki filin a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Trajan na sirri, amma an ba shi uzuri daga mukaminsa na soja don ɗaukar ofis a Roma a matsayin tribune na plebs, a cikin 105. Bayan yakin, tabbas an zabe shi praetor. 2<ref>The text of Historia Augusta (Vita Hadriani, 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Dacian na biyu, Hadrian ya sake kasancewa cikin sabis na sirri na Trajan. An sake shi don yin aiki a matsayin wakilin Legio I Minervia, sannan a matsayin gwamnan Lower Pannonia a cikin 107, wanda ke da alhakin "riƙe Sarmatians".<ref>Bowman, p. 133</ref> <ref> Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border.</ref> 107 da 108, Hadrian ya ci nasara kan mamayewa na Banat da Oltenia da Romawa ke sarrafawa ta Iazyges.[25][26][27] Ba a san takamaiman sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba. An yi imani da cewa Romawa sun ajiye Oltenia don musanya wani nau'i na rangwame, mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da biyan haraji na lokaci ɗaya.[26] Iazyges kuma sun mallaki Banat a wannan lokacin, wanda watakila yana cikin yarjejeniyar.[28] Yanzu a tsakiyar shekarunsa talatin, Hadrian ya yi tafiya zuwa Girka; an ba shi zama ɗan ƙasar Atina kuma an nada shi babban magajin garin Athens na ɗan lokaci kaɗan (a cikin 112).[29]. Mutanen Athens sun ba shi wani mutum-mutumi tare da rubutu a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dionysus (IG II2 3286) yana ba da cikakken bayani game da darajar karramawarsa har zuwa yanzu.[30][31] Bayan haka, ba a ƙara jin labarinsa ba har sai Trajan's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe. Yana yiwuwa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙasar Girka har sai da aka tuno da shi zuwa ga ɗan mulkin daular,[23] lokacin da ya shiga balaguron Trajan a kan Parthia a matsayin wakili.[32] Lokacin da aka aika da gwamnan [[Siriya]] don magance sabbin matsaloli a Dacia, an nada Hadrian wanda zai maye gurbinsa, tare da umarni mai zaman kansa[33]. Trajan ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma ya tafi da jirgin ruwa zuwa Roma, yayin da Hadrian ya ci gaba da zama a Siriya, babban kwamandan sojojin Roma na gabas.[34] Trajan ya isa birnin Selinus na bakin teku, a cikin Kilicia, kuma ya mutu a can ranar 8 ga Agusta 117; za a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Roma da suka fi sha'awar, shahararru kuma mafi kyawun sarakuna. ===Dangantaka da Trajan da iyalinsa=== Kusan lokacin da yake cikin quaestorship, a cikin 100 ko 101, Hadrian ya auri jikanyar Trajan mai shekaru sha bakwai ko sha takwas, Vibia Sabina. Trajan da kansa ya zama kamar bai cika sha’awar auren ba, kuma da kyakkyawan dalili, domin dangantakar ma’auratan za ta zama mara kyau.[35] Wataƙila ’yar Sarkin Trajan, Plotina ce ta shirya auren. Wannan mace mai matukar al'ada, mai tasiri ta raba yawancin dabi'u da bukatun Hadrian, ciki har da ra'ayin daular Romawa a matsayin gama gari tare da al'adun Hellenic.[36] Idan har za a nada Hadrian a matsayin magajin Trajan, Plotina da danginta za su iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin zamantakewa da tasirin siyasa bayan mutuwar Trajan.[37] Har ila yau Hadrian na iya dogaro da goyon bayan surukarsa, Salonia Matidia, wacce ita ce 'yar 'yar'uwar Trajan ƙaunatacciyar Ulpia Marciana.[38][39]. Lokacin da Ulpia Marciana ta mutu a shekara ta 112, Trajan ya sa aka cire ta, kuma ya sanya Salonia Matidia.watan Agusta.[40] Bust na Sarkin sarakuna Trajan; Saint-Raymond, Toulouse Dangantakar Hadrian ta sirri da Trajan ta kasance mai sarkakiya kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance mai wahala. Hadrian da alama ya nemi tasiri a kan Trajan, ko shawarar Trajan, ta hanyar noman abubuwan da aka fi so; wannan ya haifar da wata rigima da ba a fayyace ba, a daidai lokacin auren Hadrian da Sabina.[41][42] A ƙarshen mulkin Trajan, Hadrian ya kasa samun babban mukami, kasancewar kawai ƙwararren masani na 108; [43] wannan ya ba shi daidaito da sauran membobin majalisar dattawa, [44] amma ba wani bambanci na musamman da ya dace da wanda aka zaba. 45] Idan da Trajan ya so shi, da zai iya inganta tsaronsa zuwa matsayi na patrician da gatansa, wanda ya haɗa da damar da za a yi sauri don yin shawarwari ba tare da kwarewa a matsayin tribune ba; ya zabi kada ya yi[46]. Duk da yake Hadrian da alama an ba shi ofishin tribune na plebs a shekara ko fiye da yadda aka saba, dole ne ya bar Dacia, da Trajan, don ɗaukar alƙawarin; Wataƙila Trajan kawai ya so shi daga hanya.[47] Tarihi Augusta ya bayyana kyautar Trajan ga Hadrian na zoben lu'u-lu'u da Trajan da kansa ya samu daga Nerva, wanda "ya karfafa fatan [Hadrian] na samun nasara a kan karagar mulki".[48][49]. Yayin da Trajan ya himmatu wajen inganta ci gaban Hadrian, ya yi hakan da taka tsantsan.[50] ==Nasara== Rashin nada magaji na iya gayyato rudani, kokuwar mulki ta hanyar gasa na masu da'awar - yakin basasa. Da wuri da wuri za a iya ganin naɗin a matsayin watsi da kuma rage damar watsa wutar lantarki cikin tsari.[51] Yayin da Trajan yake mutuwa, matarsa, Plotina ta shayar da shi, kuma Prefect Attianus ya sa ido sosai, zai iya ɗaukar Hadrian a matsayin magaji bisa doka ta hanyar buri mai sauƙi na mutuwa, wanda aka bayyana a gaban shaidu;[52] , ba Trajan ne ya sanya hannu ba amma Plotina ne ya sanya hannu.[53] Cewa Hadrian har yanzu yana cikin Siriya wani ƙarin rashin bin doka ne, kamar yadda dokar riƙon Romawa ta buƙaci kasancewar bangarorin biyu a bikin karɓuwa. Jita-jita, shakku, da hasashe sun halarci riƙon da Hadrian ya gaje shi. An ba da shawarar cewa an kashe matashin bawa Trajan Phaedimus, wanda ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan Trajan, (ko ya kashe kansa) maimakon fuskantar tambayoyi masu banƙyama.[54] An raba tushen daɗaɗɗen kan halaccin ɗaukar Hadrian: Cassius Dio ya gan shi a matsayin na bogi kuma marubucin Tarihi Augusta na gaske ne[55]. Wani aureus da aka yi a farkon zamanin Hadrian yana wakiltar matsayin hukuma; ya gabatar da Hadrian a matsayin "Kaisar" na Trajan (wanda aka nada na gadon Trajan).[56]. ==Sarki (117)== ==Tabbatar da iko== Daular Rum a shekara ta 125, karkashin mulkin Hadrian A cewar Historia Augusta, Hadrian ya sanar da majalisar dattijai game da hawansa a cikin wata wasika a matsayin mai yi masa biyayya, yana mai bayanin cewa "rashin gaggawar da sojojin suka yi wajen nada shi sarki ne saboda imanin cewa jihar ba za ta kasance ba tare da sarki ba". [57] Sabon sarkin ya ba wa sojojin da ke biyayya ga rundunonin ne da kari na al'ada, kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da wannan yabo. An shirya tarurrukan jama'a iri-iri a madadin Hadrian, suna murnar "zaɓen Ubangiji" na dukan alloli, waɗanda al'ummarsu a yanzu sun haɗa da Trajan, waɗanda aka ƙasƙanta bisa roƙon Hadrian.[58] Hadrian ya kasance a gabas na ɗan lokaci, yana murkushe tawayen Yahudawa da ya barke a ƙarƙashin Trajan. Ya sauke gwamnan Yahudiya, fitaccen janar na Moorish Janar Lusius Quietes, ko kuma mai tsaron sa na taimakon Moorish;[59] [60] sannan ya ci gaba da magance tashe-tashen hankula a kan iyakar Danube. A Roma, tsohon majiɓincin Hadrian kuma shugaban praetorian na yanzu, Attianus, ya yi iƙirarin gano wani makirci da ya shafi Lusius Quietus da wasu manyan Sanatoci uku, Lucius Publilius Celsus, Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus da Gaius Avidius Nigrinus.[61] Babushari’ar jama’a ga mutanen hudu – an yi musu shari’a ba sa nan, aka yi farauta da kashe su.[61] Hadrian ya yi iƙirarin cewa, Attianus ya yi aiki da kan sa, kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta sanata da kuma matsayin ofishin jakadanci; sa’an nan ya yi masa ritaya, bai wuce 120 ba.[62] Hadrian ya tabbatar wa majalisar dattijai cewa daga yanzu za a mutunta tsohon hakkinsu na gurfanar da nasu. Dalilan wadannan hukunce-hukuncen kisa sun kasance a boye. Amincewa da Hadrian a hukumance a matsayin halalcin magaji na iya yin latti don ya hana sauran masu da’awa.[63] Manyan abokan hamayyar Hadrian su ne na kusa da Trajan, mafi gogaggen kuma manyan jami'an majalisar daular;[64] kowane daga cikinsu zai iya zama halastaccen dan takara ga ofishin daular (capaces imperii);[65] kuma kowane daga cikinsu zai iya tallafawa. Manufofin fadada Trajan, wanda Hadrian ya yi niyya ya canza.[66] Daya daga cikin adadinsu shi ne Aulus Cornelius Palma wanda a matsayinsa na tsohon mai ci Larabawa Nabatea zai rike hannun jari a Gabas[67]. Tarihi Augusta ya kwatanta Palma da wani dan majalisar dattijai na uku da aka kashe, Lucius Publilius Celsus (jakadi na biyu a shekara ta 113), a matsayin abokan gaban Hadrian, wadanda suka yi magana a gaban jama'a a kansa.[68] Na hudu shi ne Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, tsohon jakada, haziki, abokin Pliny ƙaramin kuma (a takaice) Gwamna na Dacia a farkon mulkin Hadrian. Wataƙila shi ne babban abokin hamayyar Hadrian ga kursiyin; Sanata mai matsayi mafi girma, kiwo, da haɗin kai; A cewar Tarihi Augusta, Hadrian ya yi la’akari da sanya Nigrinus magajinsa kafin ya yanke shawarar kawar da shi.[69][70] Dinari na Hadrian ya bayar a shekara ta 119 miladiyya don matsayinsa na uku. Rubutun: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS / LIBERALITAS AVG. CO[N]S III, P.P. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin shekara ta 125, Hadrian ya nada Quintus Marcius Turbo a matsayin shugaban masarauta.[71] Turbo abokinsa ne na kud-da-kud, babban jigo na odar doki, babban alkalin kotu kuma mai gabatar da kara.[72][73] Kamar yadda Hadrian kuma ya hana ’yan dawaki yin shari’a a kan ‘yan majalisar dattawa, [74] Majalisar dattijai tana da cikakken ikon shari’a kan mambobinta; Hakanan ya kasance babbar kotun daukaka kara, kuma an hana kai kara ga sarki game da hukuncinsa[75]. Idan wannan ƙoƙari ne na gyara barnar da Attianus ya yi, tare da ko ba tare da cikakken ilimin Hadrian ba, bai isa ba; Sunan Hadrian da alakarsa da Majalisar Dattawan sa sun yi tsami sosai, har tsawon mulkinsa[76]. Wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana yadda Hadrian ke yi na lokaci-lokaci zuwa ga hanyar sadarwar masu ba da labari, frumentarii, [77] don bincikar mutanen da ke da matsayi na zamantakewa, ciki har da sanatoci da abokansa[78]. ==Tafiya== An bayyana wannan mutum-mutumi na Hadrian a cikin tufafin Girkanci a cikin shekara ta 2008 don ƙirƙira a zamanin Victoria ta hanyar haɗa kai tare da shugaban Hadrian da wani jikin da ba a sani ba. Shekaru da dama, masana tarihi sun yi amfani da wannan mutum-mutumi a matsayin hujja na son Hadrian na al'adun Helenawa.[79] British Museum, London. Hadrian zai shafe fiye da rabin mulkinsa a wajen Italiya. Ganin cewa sarakunan da suka gabata, galibi, sun dogara da rahotannin wakilansu na daular da ke kewaye da Daular, Hadrian ya so ya ga abubuwa da kansa. Sarakunan da suka gabata sun bar Roma na dogon lokaci, amma galibi don zuwa yaƙi, suna dawowa da zarar an sasanta rikicin. tafiye-tafiye na kusa-kusa na Hadrian na iya wakiltar hutun ƙididdigewa tare da hadisai da ɗabi'u waɗanda daular ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Romawa zalla. Hadrian ya nemi ya haɗa larduna a cikin tsarin gama gari na jama'a masu wayewa da al'adun Helenanci gama gari ƙarƙashin kulawar Romawa.[80] Ya goyi bayan samar da garuruwan larduna (municipia), al'ummomin birane masu cin gashin kansu tare da al'adunsu da dokokinsu, maimakon sanya sabbin yankuna na Romawa tare da tsarin mulkin Romawa.[81]. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan niyya, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun niyya a bayyane yake a cikin batutuwan tsabar kuɗi na mulkin Hadrian daga baya,nuna wa sarki “dagawa” sunayen larduna daban-daban[82]. Daga baya Aelius Aristides zai rubuta cewa Hadrian "ya mika wa talakawansa hannun kariya, yana tayar da su a matsayin wanda ke taimakawa wadanda suka fadi a kan kafafunsu"[83]. Duk wannan bai yi daidai da ’yan gargajiya na Romawa ba. Sarki Nero mai son kansa ya yi balaguron daɗewa da kwanciyar hankali a ƙasar Girka kuma ’yan Romawa sun soki shi don ya yi watsi da muhimman hakkokinsa na sarki. A cikin lardunan gabas, da kuma a wasu wurare a yamma, Nero ya sami goyon bayan jama'a; iƙirarin dawowar sa ko sake haifuwar sa ta kusa bayyana nan da nan bayan mutuwarsa. Wataƙila Hadrian da sane ya yi amfani da waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa a lokacin tafiyarsa[84]. A cikin Tarihi Augusta, an kwatanta Hadrian a matsayin "kadan da yawa Girkanci", kuma mai girma ga sarkin Romawa.[85] ===Britaniya da Yamma (122)=== Babban labarin: bangon Hadrian Bangaren Hadrian, katangar iyakar Roman a arewacin Ingila. Milecastle yana cikin gaba. Kafin Hadrian ya isa Britaniya, lardin ya sha fama da babbar tawaye daga 119 zuwa 121.[86] Rubuce-rubucen sun ba da labarin wani balaguro na Britannica wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin sojoji, gami da tura wani runduna (vexillatio), wanda ya ƙunshi sojoji kusan 3,000. Fronto ya rubuta game da asarar sojoji a Biritaniya a lokacin.[87] Tatsuniyoyi na 119-120 sun tabbatar da cewa an aika Quintus Pompeius Falco don maido da tsari. A cikin 122 Hadrian ya ƙaddamar da ginin katanga "don raba Romawa da barasa" [88]. Tunanin cewa an gina katangar ne domin a fuskanci wata barazana ta hakika ko kuma sake farfado da ita, amma mai yiyuwa ne amma duk da haka hasashe ne[89]. Babban sha'awar dakatar da tsawaita daular na iya zama dalili mai kayyadewa. Rage farashin tsaro yana iya taka rawa, saboda bangon ya hana kai hare-hare a yankin Romawa akan farashi mai rahusa fiye da yawan sojojin kan iyaka,[90] da sarrafa cinikin kan iyaka da shige da fice.[91] An gina wani wurin bauta a York zuwa Britaniya a matsayin allahntakar Biritaniya; An buga sulalla masu ɗauke da hotonta, waɗanda aka bayyana da suna Britanniya.[92] A ƙarshen 122, Hadrian ya kammala ziyararsa a Britaniya. Bai taba ganin bangon da aka gama da sunansa ba. Hadrian da alama ya ci gaba ta hanyar kudancin Gaul. A Nemausus, mai yiwuwa ne ya kula da gina wani Basilica da aka keɓe ga majiɓincinsa Plotina, wanda ya mutu kwanan nan a Roma kuma an ba da shi bisa ga bukatar Hadrian.[93] A daidai wannan lokacin, Hadrian ya kori sakatarensa ab epistulis, [94] marubucin tarihin rayuwar Suetonius, saboda "yawancin saba" game da sarauniya.[95]. Abokin aikin Marcius Turbo a matsayin shugaban kasa, Gaius Septicius Clarus, an kori shi saboda irin wannan dalili da ake zargi, watakila wani dalili na tsige shi daga mukaminsa.[96] Hadrian ya yi lokacin sanyi na 122/123 a Tarraco, a Spain, inda ya maido da Haikali na Augustus.[97] ===Afrika, Parthia (123)== A shekara ta 123, Hadrian ya tsallaka tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Mauretania, inda shi da kansa ya jagoranci wani dan yakin neman zabe kan 'yan tawayen yankin.[98] An katse ziyarar ne sakamakon rahotannin shirye-shiryen yaki da Parthia; Da sauri Hadrian ya nufi gabas. A wani lokaci, ya ziyarci Cyrene, inda da kansa ya ba da kuɗin horar da samari daga iyalai masu kyau ga sojojin Roma. Cyrene ya amfana a baya a zamanin Hadrian (a cikin 119) daga maido da gine-ginen jama'a da aka lalata a farkon, tawayen Yahudawa na Trajanic.[99] Birley ya siffanta irin wannan jarin a matsayin “halayen Hadrian”[100]. ==Anatoliya; Babban (123-124)== Lokacin da Hadrian ya isa kan Euphrates, shi da kansa ya yi shawarwari tare da Sarkin Parthian Osroes na I, ya duba kariyar Romawa, sannan ya tashi zuwa yamma, tare da bakin tekun Black Sea.[101] Wataƙila ya yi sanyi a Nicomedia, babban birnin Bitiniya. Nicomedia ta sami raunigirgizar ƙasa jim kaɗan kafin zamansa; Hadrian ya ba da kudade don sake gina shi kuma an yaba shi a matsayin mai mayar da lardin[102]. Bust of Antinous daga Patras, (National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Zai yiwu Hadrian ya ziyarci Claudiopolis kuma ya ga kyakkyawan Antinous, wani saurayi mai tawali'u wanda ya zama mai son Hadrian. Majiyoyin adabi da almara ba su ce komai ba game da lokacin ko inda suka hadu; Hotunan Antinous sun nuna masa yana da shekaru 20 ko sama da haka, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 130. A shekara ta 123 wataƙila ya kasance matashi mai shekaru 13 ko 14.[102] Yana yiwuwa kuma an aika Antinous zuwa Roma don horar da shi a matsayin shafi na hidima ga sarki kuma a hankali ya tashi zuwa matsayin daular fi so.[103]. Ba a san ainihin tarihin dangantakarsu ba.[104] Tare da ko ba tare da Antinous ba, Hadrian ya bi ta Anatolia. Hadisai daban-daban sun ba da shawarar kasancewarsa a wurare na musamman kuma suna zargin kafa wani birni a cikin Mysia, Hadrianutherae, bayan nasarar farautar boar. A daidai wannan lokaci, an fara aiwatar da shirin kammala Haikali na Zeus a Cyzicus, wanda sarakunan Pergamon suka fara. Haikalin ya sami babban mutum-mutumi na Hadrian. Cyzicus, Pergamon, Smyrna, Afisa da Sardes an inganta su a matsayin yanki na yanki don bautar sarki (neocoros).[105]. ===Girka (124-125)=== Hadrian ya isa Girka a lokacin kaka na 124 kuma ya shiga cikin Eleusinian Mysteries. Yana da wani alƙawari na musamman ga Athens, wanda a baya ya ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa[106] da kuma babban sarki;[107] bisa ga buƙatar Athens, ya sake sake fasalin tsarin mulkin su - a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ƙara sabon phyle (kabila), wanda shine mai suna bayansa[108]. Hadrian ya haɗu mai aiki, sa hannun hannu-kan tare da kamewa a hankali. Ya ki shiga tsakani a cikin rikicin cikin gida tsakanin masu samar da man zaitun da Majalisar Athens da Majalisar, wadanda suka sanya kason samar da man fetur ga masu samar da mai; [109] amma duk da haka ya ba da tallafin sarauta don wadatar hatsin Athenia.[110] Hadrian ya ƙirƙiri tushe guda biyu don tallafawa wasannin jama'a na Athens, bukukuwa da gasa idan babu wani ɗan ƙasa da ya sami wadata ko kuma yana son ɗaukar nauyinsu a matsayin Gymnasiarch ko Agonothetes[111]. Gabaɗaya Hadrian ya fi son cewa fitattun mutanen Girka, gami da firistoci na ɗabi'ar sarki, suna mai da hankali kan tanadi mafi mahimmanci da dorewa, musamman munera kamar magudanar ruwa da maɓuɓɓugar jama'a (nymphaea).[112]. An ba Athens nymphaea biyu; daya kawo ruwa daga Dutsen Parnes zuwa Athenia Agora ta hanyar hadaddun tsarin ƙalubale da buri na magudanan ruwa da tafkunan ruwa, wanda za a yi shi tsawon shekaru da yawa.[113] An ba da da yawa ga Argos, don magance ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani da tsayin daka wanda "Argos mai ƙishirwa" ya bayyana a cikin almara na Homeric.[114] Haikali na Olympian Zeus, Athens, an kammala shi a ƙarƙashin Emperor Hadrian a 131. A lokacin hunturu, Hadrian ya zagaya Peloponnese. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin hanyarsa ba, amma ta kasance a cikin Epidaurus; Pausanias ya kwatanta haikalin da Hadrian ya gina a wurin, da mutum-mutuminsa - cikin jarumtakar tsiraici - da 'yan kasar suka gina[115] saboda godiya ga "mai mayar da su". Antinous da Hadrian sun riga sun kasance masoya a wannan lokacin; Hadrian ya nuna karimci na musamman ga Mantinea, wanda ya raba tsohuwar, almara, alaƙa mai amfani ta siyasa tare da gidan Antinous a Bithynia. Ya maido da Haikali na Mantinea na Poseidon Hippios, [116] [117] kuma a cewar Pausanias, ya maido da asalin sunan garin, na gargajiya. An sake masa suna Antigoneia tun zamanin Hellenistic, bayan Sarkin Macedonia Antigonus III Doson. Hadrian kuma ya sake gina tsoffin wuraren ibada na Abae da Megara, da Heraion of Argos.[118][119] A lokacin rangadinsa na Peloponnese, Hadrian ya rinjayi kakan Spartan Eurycles Herculanus - shugaban dangin Euryclid wanda ya mulki Sparta tun zamanin Augustus - don shiga majalisar dattawa, tare da babban sarki Athenia Herodes Atticus dattijo. The'Yan aristocrats biyu za su kasance na farko daga "Tsohuwar Girka" don shiga Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma, a matsayin wakilan Sparta da Athens, abokan adawar gargajiya da "manyan iko" na zamanin gargajiya.[120] Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne na shawo kan ƙin yarda da manyan mutanen Girka su shiga cikin harkokin siyasar Romawa.[121] A cikin Maris 125, Hadrian ya jagoranci bikin Athenia na Dionysia, sanye da riguna na Athens. An gina Haikali na Zeus na Olympian fiye da ƙarni biyar; Hadrian ya sadaukar da albarkatu masu yawa bisa umarninsa don tabbatar da cewa aikin zai ƙare.[113] ==Koma Italiya da tafiya zuwa Afirka (126-128)==  Babban hoton sarki Hadrian tare da furen ganyen itacen oak (AD 117–138); marmara Pentelic, wanda aka samu a Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Athens  Hadrian sanye da sulke, sanye da gogon a sulke. marmara, zane-zane na Roman, c. 127-128 AD, daga Heraklion, Crete, yanzu a cikin Louvre, Paris Da ya koma Italiya, Hadrian ya yi rangadi zuwa Sicily. Tsabar kudi suna murna da shi a matsayin mai mayar da tsibirin[122]. Komawa a Roma, ya ga Pantheon da aka sake ginawa tare da kammala gininsa a Tibur kusa, a cikin Sabine Hills. A farkon Maris 127 Hadrian ya tashi yawon shakatawa na Italiya; An sake gina hanyarsa ta hanyar shaidar kyautarsa ​​da gudummawarsa[122]. Ya mayar da wurin ibada na Cupra a Cupra Maritima kuma ya inganta magudanar ruwa na tafkin Fucine. Mafi ƙarancin maraba fiye da irin wannan girman shine shawarar da ya yanke a cikin 127 na raba Italiya zuwa yankuna huɗu a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan da ke da matsayi na ofishin jakadanci, yana aiki a matsayin gwamnoni. An ba su iko a kan dukan Italiya, ban da Roma kanta, don haka suna canza shari'ar Italiyanci daga kotunan Roma.[123] Kasancewar Italiya ta rage yadda ya kamata zuwa matsayin rukuni na larduna kawai bai yi kyau ga Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma ba, [124] kuma sabuwar fasahar ba ta daɗe da wanzuwa a zamanin Hadrian ba.[122] Hadrian ya kamu da rashin lafiya a daidai wannan lokaci; ko yaya yanayin rashin lafiyarsa, bai hana shi tashi a cikin bazara na 128 don ziyartar Afirka ba. Zuwansa yayi dai-dai da yanayin ruwan sama, wanda ya kawo karshen fari. Tare da aikinsa na yau da kullun na mai ba da taimako da maidowa, ya sami lokaci don duba sojojin; jawabinsa gare su ya tsira.[125] Hadrian ya koma Italiya ne a lokacin rani na shekara ta 128, amma zaman nasa ya kasance a takaice, yayin da ya tashi wani rangadi da zai dauki tsawon shekaru uku.[126] ===Girka, Asiya, da Masar (128-130); Mutuwar Antinous== A cikin watan Satumba na 128, Hadrian ya sake zuwa Eleusinian asirai. A wannan karon ziyararsa zuwa Girka da alama ta ta'allaka ne kan Athens da Sparta - tsoffin abokan hamayyar mamayar Girka. Hadrian ya taka leda tare da ra'ayin mayar da hankali ga farkawa ta Girka a kusa da Ƙungiyar Amphictyonic da ke Delphi, amma a yanzu ya yanke shawarar wani abu mafi girma. Sabon Panhelleon nasa zai zama majalisa da za ta hada garuruwan Girka. Bayan da aka fara shirye-shiryen - yanke shawarar wanda da'awar zama birnin Girka na gaske zai ɗauki lokaci - Hadrian ya tashi zuwa Afisa.[127] Daga Girka, Hadrian ya bi ta hanyar Asiya zuwa Masar, mai yiwuwa wani ɗan kasuwa na Afisawa, Lucius Erastus ya kai shi ta tekun Aegean tare da tawagarsa. Daga baya Hadrian ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Majalisar Afisa, yana mai goyan bayan Erastus a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya cancanci zama ɗan majalisar gari kuma ya ba da kuɗin biyan kuɗin da ake bukata.[128]. Kofar Hadrian a Philae Hadrian ya isa Masar kafin sabuwar shekara ta Masar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 130.[129]. Ya buɗe zamansa a Masar ta hanyar maido da kabarin Babban Pompey a Pelusium, [130] ya miƙa masa hadaya a matsayin jarumi da kuma rubuta almara na kabarin. Kamar yadda aka amince da Pompey a duk duniya a matsayin alhakin kafa ikon Roma a gabas, wannan mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da buƙatar sake tabbatar da mulkin Gabashin Romawa bayan tashe tashen hankula a wurin a lokacin mulkin Trajan.[131] Hadrian da Antinous sun gudanar da farautar zaki a cikinHamadar [[Libya]]; waka a kan wannan batu na Pankrates na Girkanci shine farkon shaidar cewa sun yi tafiya tare.[132] Yayin da Hadrian da tawagarsa ke tafiya a kan kogin Nilu, Antinous ya nutse. Ba a san ainihin yanayin mutuwarsa ba, kuma hatsari, kashe kansa, kisan kai da sadaukarwar addini duk an sanya su. Historia Augusta yana ba da asusun mai zuwa: A cikin tafiya a kan kogin Nilu ya rasa Antinous, wanda ya fi so, kuma saboda wannan matashi ya yi kuka kamar mace. Dangane da wannan lamari akwai jita-jita daban-daban; don wasu suna da'awar cewa ya sadaukar da kansa ga Hadrian, wasu kuma - abin da duka kyawunsa da sha'awar Hadrian suka nuna. Amma duk da haka wannan ya kasance, Girkawa sun kaskantar da shi bisa ga bukatar Hadrian, kuma sun bayyana cewa, ta hanyar hukumarsa ne ake ba da lafuzza, amma su ne Hadrian da kansa ya tsara su[133]. Hadrian ya kafa birnin Antinoöpolis a Antinous 'girmama a kan 30 Oktoba 130. Daga nan ya ci gaba da gangara kogin Nilu zuwa Thebes, inda ya ziyarci Colossi na Memnon a kan 20 da 21 Nuwamba aka commemorates da hudu epigrams rubuta by Julia Balbilla. Bayan haka, sai ya nufi arewa, ya isa Fayyum a farkon watan Disamba[134]. ===Girka da Gabas (130-132)=== Arch of Hadrian a Jerash, Transjordan, wanda aka gina don girmama ziyarar Hadrian a cikin 130 Yunkurin Hadrian bayan tafiyarsa zuwa kogin Nilu ba shi da tabbas. Ko ya koma Roma ko a'a, ya yi tafiya a Gabas a lokacin 130-131, don tsarawa da buɗe sabon Panhelleon, wanda za a mai da hankali kan Haikali na Athenia zuwa Olympian Zeus. Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da gazawar shirin da ya gabata na ƙungiyar Hellenic da ke kan Delphi, Hadrian ya yanke shawarar a maimakon babban gasar dukan biranen Girka.[135] Aikace-aikacen da suka yi nasara don zama memba sun haɗa da ƙididdiga ko ƙirƙira da'awar zuwa asalin Girkanci, da tabbatar da aminci ga daular Roma, don gamsar da keɓaɓɓen tunanin Hadrian, ingantaccen ra'ayi na Hellenism.[136][137] Hadrian ya ga kansa a matsayin mai kare al'adun Girka da "'yanci" na Girka - a wannan yanayin, mulkin kai na birni. Ya ba Hadrian damar bayyana a matsayin magajin almara ga Pericles, wanda ake zaton ya kira taron Panhellenic na baya - irin wannan taron an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin tarihin rayuwar Pericles ta Plutarch, wanda ya mutunta tsarin mulkin Rome.[138] Shaidu na al'ada sun nuna cewa begen yin amfani da Panhelleniya ba ta da sha'awa kaɗan ga masu arziki, biranen Hellenised na Asiya Ƙarama, waɗanda ke kishin Athenian da Girkanci na Turai a cikin makircin Hadrian.[139] Ra'ayin Hadrian game da Hellenism ya kasance kunkuntar kuma da gangan archaising; ya fassara “Girkanci” a cikin tushen asali na gargajiya, maimakon al’adun Hellenanci mai fadi.[140] Wasu garuruwan da ke da da'awar Girkanci, duk da haka - kamar Side - an yarda da su a matsayin cikakken Hellenic.[141] Masanin zamantakewa na Jamus Georg Simmel ya bayyana cewa Panhelleon ya dogara ne akan "wasanni, bukukuwan tunawa, kiyaye manufa, gabaɗayan Hellenism ba na siyasa ba".[142]. Hadrian ya ba da lakabi na girmamawa ga cibiyoyin yanki da yawa.[143] Palmyra ta sami ziyarar jaha kuma an ba ta sunan jama'a Hadriana Palmyra.[144] Har ila yau Hadrian ya ba da daraja ga manyan sarakunan Palmyrene daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai wani Soados, wanda ya yi aiki da yawa don kare kasuwancin Palmyrene tsakanin Daular Rum da Parthia.[145] Hadrian ya shafe lokacin hunturu na 131–32 a Athens, inda ya keɓe Haikali na Olympian Zeus, [146] A wani lokaci a cikin 132, ya nufi Gabas, zuwa Yahudiya. ===Yaƙin Romawa na uku (132–136)=== Babban labarin: Bar Kokhba tawaye An sanya tsabar kuɗi don nuna ziyarar Hadrian a Yahudiya. Rubutun: HADRIANVS AVG. CO[N]S. III, P.P. / ADVENTVI (shigo) AVG. IVDAEAE - S.C.  An gano wani mutum-mutumi na Hadrian a Tel Shalem don tunawa da nasarar da sojojin Roma suka yi akan Simon bar Kokhba, wanda aka nuna a Isra'ila.Museum, Urushalima  Hoton Porphyry na Hadrian an gano shi a Kaisariya, Isra'ila ==Bayanan baya, dalilai== A cikin Yahudiya ta Romawa, Hadrian ya ziyarci Urushalima, wadda har yanzu tana cikin kango bayan Yaƙin Romawa-Yahudawa na Farko na 66–73. Wataƙila ya yi shirin sake gina Urushalima a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Roma - kamar yadda Vespasian ya yi da Caesarea Maritima - tare da wasu gata na daraja da na kuɗi. Mutanen da ba na Romawa ba ba za su sami wani nauyi ba na shiga cikin al'adun addinin Romawa amma ana sa ran za su goyi bayan tsarin mulkin Romawa; An tabbatar da wannan a Kaisariya, inda wasu Yahudawa suka yi hidima a cikin sojojin Roma a lokacin tawaye na 66 da 132.[147] An yi hasashe cewa Hadrian ya yi niyyar haɗa Haikalin Yahudawa zuwa ga al'adun gargajiya na Roman farar hula-addini; An daɗe ana gudanar da irin wannan haɗakarwa a Girka da sauran larduna, kuma a gaba ɗaya, an yi nasara.[148][149] Samariyawa maƙwabta sun riga sun haɗa ayyukansu na addini da na Hellenanci.[150] Tauhidi mai tsauri na yahudawa ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi tsayin daka ga kiyayyar daular, sannan ga bukatun daular[151]. Wata al’ada da ta ginu a kan Tarihi Augusta ta nuna cewa tawaye ya samo asali ne sakamakon kawar da kaciyar Hadrian (brit milah);[152] wanda a matsayinsa na Hellenanci yake kallonsa a matsayin yankan mutum[153]. Masanin ilimin Peter Schäfer ya tabbatar da cewa babu wata shaida ga wannan da'awar, idan aka ba da yanayin matsala mai mahimmanci na Tarihin Augusta a matsayin tushen, "tomfoolery" da marubucin ya nuna a cikin nassi mai dacewa, da kuma gaskiyar cewa dokokin Romawa na zamani akan "al'aurar al'aura". kaciya” da alama yana magana ne game da batun jefa bayi da iyayengijinsu ke yi.[154][155][156] Wasu batutuwa za su iya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar: mulkin Romawa mai nauyi, rashin jin daɗin al'ada; tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin matalautan da ba su da ƙasa da kuma ’yan mulkin mallaka na Roma masu shigowa da ke da gata da bayar da ƙasa; da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan aƙidar Almasihu, da aka ƙaddara a kan annabcin Irmiya cewa za a sake gina Haikali shekaru saba’in bayan halakar, kamar yadda Haikali na farko ya kasance bayan hijira na Babila.[157] ==Tawaye== Wani gagarumin boren yahudawa na kyamar Yahudawa da na Romawa ya barke, wanda Simon bar Kokhba ya jagoranta.[158] Idan aka yi la’akari da rarrabuwar kawuna na shaidun da ke akwai, ba zai yiwu a iya tantance ainihin ranar da za a fara tayar da zaune tsaye ba. Wataƙila ya fara ne tsakanin bazara da faɗuwar shekara ta 132.[159] Gwamnan Roma Tineius (Tynius) Rufus ya nemi sojoji su murkushe juriya; Bar Kokhba ya hukunta duk wani Bayahude da ya ki shiga sahunsa[158]. A cewar Justin Martyr da Eusebius, hakan ya shafi Kiristoci da suka tuba, waɗanda suka yi adawa da da'awar Almasihu na Bar Kokhba.[160] Rumawa sun sha kaye da tsantsar tsaurin ra'ayi da aka shirya na boren.[151] Hadrian ya kira Janar Sextus Julius Severus daga Biritaniya ya kawo sojoji daga Danube. Asarar Romawa sun yi yawa; gaba daya runduna ko kwatankwacin adadinsa kusan 4,000.[161] Rahoton Hadrian game da yaƙin ga Majalisar Dattijan Roma ya tsallake gaisuwar al'ada, "Idan kai da 'ya'yanka suna cikin koshin lafiya, yana da kyau; Ni da runduna muna cikin koshin lafiya" [162]. An ruguza tawayen da 135. A cewar Cassius Dio.[163] Beitar, birni mai kagara mai nisan kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) kudu maso yamma da Kudus, ya fado ne bayan da aka yi masa kawanya na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi.[164] ==Bayan haka; zalunci=== Taimako daga wani abin tunawa na girmamawa na Hadrian (daki-daki), yana nuna sarki yana gaishe da allahn Roma da Genii na Majalisar Dattijai da mutanen Romawa; marmara, zane-zane na Roman, karni na 2 AD, Gidajen tarihi na Capitoline, Birnin Vatican Yaƙin Romawa a Yahudiya ya yi sanadin mutuwar Yahudawa 580,000 kuma an lalata garuruwa masu garu 50 da ƙauyuka 985.[163] An bautar da adadin mutanen da ba a sani ba. Girman matakan ladabtarwa kan al'ummar yahudawa ya kasance abin muhawara.[164] Hadrian ya maye gurbinsunan lardin ta hanyar sake masa suna Syria Palaestina. Ya canza sunan Urushalima Aelia Capitolina bayan kansa da Jupiter Capitolinus kuma ya sake gina ta a cikin salon Girka. A cewar Epiphanius, Hadrian ya nada Akuila daga Sinope a Pontus a matsayin "mai kula da aikin ginin birnin", tun da yake yana da dangantaka da shi ta hanyar aure[165]. An ce Hadrian ya sanya babban taron birnin a mahadar babban Cardo da Decumanus Maximus, yanzu wurin da (ƙaramin) Muristan. Bayan dakushe tawayen yahudawa, Hadrian ya baiwa Samariyawa haikalin da aka keɓe ga Zeus Hypsistos ("Mafi Girman Zeus")[166] akan Dutsen Gerizim.[167] Danniya mai zubar da jini na tawaye ya kawo karshen 'yancin kai na siyasar Yahudawa daga tsarin mulkin daular Roma.[168] ===Hanyar Hadrian=== Rubuce-rubucen sun bayyana a fili cewa a cikin 133, Hadrian ya tafi filin tare da sojojinsa a kan 'yan tawaye. Daga nan sai ya koma Roma, mai yiwuwa a wannan shekarar kuma kusan tabbas - yana yin hukunci daga rubuce-rubucen - ta hanyar Illyricum.[169] ===Shekaru na ƙarshe===  rukunin sarakuna kamar Mars da Venus; Siffar namiji hoton Hadrian ne, mai yiwuwa siffar mace ta sake yin aiki a cikin hoton Annia Lucilla; marmara, zane-zane na Roman, c. 120-140 AD, sake yin aiki c. 170-175 AD. Hadrian ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a Roma. A cikin 134, ya ɗauki gaisuwar sarauta don ƙarshen Yaƙin Yahudawa na uku (wanda ba a ƙare ba har sai shekara ta gaba). An rage yawan lambobin yabo na tunawa da nasara, yayin da Hadrian ya zo ya ga yakin "a matsayin rashin tausayi da rashin jin dadi na kwatsam ga burinsa" zuwa daular duniya.[170]. Empress Sabina ta mutu, mai yiwuwa a cikin 136, bayan auren rashin jin daɗi wanda Hadrian ya jimre a matsayin larura ta siyasa. Tarihin rayuwar Augusta ya nuna cewa Hadrian da kansa ya bayyana cewa "rashin fushi da fushi" matarsa ​​​​zai zama dalilin rabuwar aure, idan shi dan kasa ne mai zaman kansa.[171]. Wannan ya ba da tabbaci, bayan mutuwar Sabina, ga imanin gama gari cewa Hadrian ya sa ta guba.[172] Dangane da ingantaccen tsarin mulkin daular, Sabina - wacce ta zama Ogusta a wani lokaci a kusa da 128[173] - ta kasance bautãwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarta.[174] ==Shirya magaji== Hoton Hadrian bayan mutuwa; tagulla, zane-zane na Roman, c. 140 AD, watakila daga Roman Misira, Louvre, Paris Auren Hadrian da Sabina bai haihu ba. Yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hadrian ya juya ga batun magaji. A cikin 136, ya karɓi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jakadu na waccan shekarar, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, wanda, a matsayin sarki mai jiran gado, ya ɗauki sunan Lucius Aelius Kaisar. Shi surukin Gaius Avidius Nigrinus ne, ɗaya daga cikin “jami’an jakadanci huɗu” da aka kashe a shekara ta 118. Lafiyarsa ba ta da kyau, kuma sunansa a fili ya fi na “Ubangiji mai ƙwazo, mai ilimi sosai fiye da na shugaba. "[175] An yi ƙoƙari iri-iri na zamani don bayyana zaɓin Hadrian: Jerome Carcopino ya ba da shawarar cewa Aelius ɗan Hadrian ne.[176] An kuma yi hasashen cewa riƙon da aka yi masa shi ne yunƙurin da Hadrian ya yi na jinkirin yin sulhu da ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga cikin iyalai huɗu na majalisar dattawa waɗanda aka kashe manyan membobinsu jim kaɗan bayan Hadrian ya gaje shi.[83] Aelius ya wanke kansa da mutunci a matsayin gwamnan hadin gwiwa na Pannonia Superior da Pannonia Inferior; [177] ya ci gaba da zama a cikin 137 amma ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Janairu 138.[178]. Hadrian na gaba ya karbi Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (sarki mai zuwa Antoninus Pius), wanda ya bauta wa Hadrian a matsayin daya daga cikin wakilai na sarakuna biyar na Italiya, kuma a matsayin mai mulki na Asiya. A cikin sha'awar zaman lafiyar dynastic, Hadrian ya buƙaci Antoninus ya ɗauki Lucius Ceionius Commodus (ɗan marigayi Aelius Kaisar) da Marcus Annius Verus (jikan dan majalisar dattijai mai suna wanda ya kasance abokin Hadrian); An riga an amince da Annius ga Aelius Kaisar'yar Ceionia Fabia.[179][180] Wataƙila ba Hadrian ba ne, amma antoninus Pius - kawun Annius Verus - wanda ya goyi bayan ci gaban Annius Verus; Sakin na karshen na Ceionia Fabia da auren da aka yi da 'yar Antoninus Annia Faustina ya nuna hanya guda. Lokacin da ya zama sarki a ƙarshe, Marcus Aurelius zai zaɓi Ceionius Commodus a matsayin abokin aikinsa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Lucius Verus, a kan kansa [179]. Shekarun Hadrian na ƙarshe sun kasance da rikici da rashin jin daɗi. Ɗaukarsa na Aelius Kaisar ya nuna rashin jin daɗi, ba ko kaɗan ba tare da surukin Hadrian Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus da jikan Servianus Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Servianus, ko da yake yanzu ya tsufa ya yi yawa, ya tsaya a cikin jerin magaji a farkon mulkin Hadrian; An ce Fuscus yana da zane-zane akan ikon daular don kansa. A cikin 137, mai yiwuwa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi juyin mulki wanda kakansa ke da hannu a ciki; Hadrian ya yi umarni da a kashe su duka.[181] An ruwaito Servianus ya yi addu'a kafin a kashe shi cewa Hadrian zai yi marmarin mutuwa amma ba zai iya mutuwa ba[182]. A lokacin rashin lafiyarsa ta ƙarshe, ta daɗe, an hana Hadrian kashe kansa a lokuta da dama.[183] Mutuwa [gyara tushe] Mausoleum na Hadrian, wanda Hadrian ya ba da izini a matsayin makabartar kansa da danginsa. Hadrian ya rasu a shekara ta 138 a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, a gidansa da ke Baiae yana da shekaru 62, ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru 21.[184] Dio Cassius da Tarihin Augusta sun rubuta cikakkun bayanai game da rashin lafiyarsa; wasu kafofin zamani suna fassara maƙarƙashiyar kunnuwa akan hotuna daga baya (kamar Townley Hadrian) a matsayin alamun cututtukan jijiyoyin jini.[185]. An binne shi a Puteoli, kusa da Baiae, a wani yanki da ya taɓa zama na Cicero. Ba da da ewa ba, an mayar da gawarsa zuwa Roma kuma aka binne shi a cikin Lambuna na Domitia, kusa da mausoleum kusan cikakke. Bayan kammala Mausoleum na Hadrian a Roma a shekara ta 139 ta magajinsa Antoninus Pius, an kona gawarsa. An ajiye tokarsa a wurin tare da na matarsa ​​Vibia Sabina da ɗansa na fari, Lucius Aelius Kaisar, wanda shi ma ya mutu a shekara ta 138. Majalisar dattijai ta ƙi ba Hadrian girma; amma Antoninus ya lallashe su ta hanyar barazanar kin matsayin Sarkin sarakuna[186][187]. An bai wa Hadrian haikali a sansanin Martius, wanda aka yi masa ado da kayan taimako da ke wakiltar larduna.[188] Majalisar dattijai ta ba Antoninus lakabin “Pius”, don karrama ibadarsa ta neman ladabtar da Hadrian, uban rikonsa[186]. Haka kuma, watakila bisa la’akari da mugun nufi da majalisar dattijai ta yi wa Hadrian, an rage yawan kuɗin tunawa da girmama Allahntakarsa.[189] ==Ayyukan soja== Mutum-mutumin Hadrian sanye da rigar soji, sanye da kambin farar hula da tsoka, daga Antalya, Turkiyya. Yawancin ayyukan soja na Hadrian sun yi daidai da akidarsa ta daula a matsayin al'umma mai son juna da goyon bayan juna. Ya mai da hankali kan kariya daga barazanar waje da na ciki; a kan “kyar da” lardunan da ake da su maimakon cin zarafi na dukiya da ƙasa ta hanyar mallake mutanen “baƙin waje” waɗanda suka siffantu da daular farko.[190] Sauye-sauyen manufofin Hadrian wani bangare ne na tafiyar hawainiya na fadada daular, irin wannan fadadawar ba a rufe bayansa (mafi girman daular ta samu ne kawai a lokacin daular Severan), amma wani muhimmin mataki a wannan shugabanci, idan aka yi la'akari da girman daular. [191] Yayin da daular baki daya ta amfana da hakan, masu aikin soja sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda aka rasa damammaki. Masanin tarihi na karni na 4 Aurelius Victor ya ga janyewar Hadrian daga ribar yankin Trajan a Mesopotamiya a matsayin kishin kishin nasarorin Trajan (Traiani gloriae invidens)[192]. Wataƙila, manufar faɗaɗawa ba ta dawwama; daular tana dasun rasa runduna guda biyu, Legio XXII Deiotariana da kuma “batattu legion” IX Hispania, mai yiyuwa ne aka lalata su a cikin marigayi juyin juya halin Trajanic da Brigantes suka yi a Biritaniya.[193] Wataƙila Trajan da kansa ya yi tunanin abin da ya samu a Mesopotamiya ba za a iya karewa ba kuma ya yi watsi da su jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.[194] Hadrian ya ba da sassan Dacia ga Roxolani Sarmatians; Sarkinsu, Rasparaganus, ya sami ƴan ƙasar Roma, matsayin sarki abokin ciniki, da yuwuwar ƙarin tallafi.[195] Kasancewar Hadrian a gaban Dacian hasashe ne kawai, amma an haɗa Dacia cikin jerin tsabar kuɗinsa tare da kwatancen larduna.[196]. Janyewar dakaru da aka sarrafa daga filayen Dacian zai kasance ƙasa da tsada fiye da kiyaye rukunin sojan doki na Roma da yawa da kuma hanyar sadarwa na kagara.[197] Hadrian ya ci gaba da kula da Osroene ta hannun abokin ciniki sarki Parthamaspates, wanda ya taba yin aiki a matsayin abokin ciniki na Trajan na Parthia; [199] A ƙarshen mulkinsa (135), Alani ya kai hari kan Kapadokya na Roma tare da goyon bayan faifai na Farisamanes, sarkin Caucasian Iberia. Gwamnan Hadrian, masanin tarihi Arrian, ya kori harin [200] wanda daga baya ya sanya wani "mai ba da shawara" na Romawa a Iberia.[201]. Arrian yana kiyaye Hadrian da kyau game da al'amuran da suka shafi Bahar Black da Caucasus. Tsakanin 131 da 132, ya aika da Hadrian wata doguwar wasiƙa (Periplus na Euxine) a kan balaguron teku a kusa da Bahar Black wanda aka yi niyya don bayar da bayanai masu dacewa idan ana buƙatar sa hannun Romawa.[202] Sardonyx cameo yana kwatanta Hadrian da Romawa suka yi rawa a cikin karusar da gaggafa suka ja a matsayin mai mulkin duniya. Wataƙila an yi wa Claudius a kusa da 50 AZ tare da sake yin aikin kai a cikin hoton Hadrian, Altes Museum. Har ila yau Hadrian ya samar da garu na dindindin da na soja a kan iyakokin daular (iyaka, sl. limes) don tallafawa manufofinsa na kwanciyar hankali, zaman lafiya da shirye-shirye. Hakan ya taimaka wajen sa sojoji su kasance masu amfani a lokutan zaman lafiya; Dakaru talakawa ne suka gina katangarsa ta Biritaniya. Jerin galibin katangar katako, sanduna, tudu da hasumiyai sun ƙarfafa iyakokin Danube da Rhine. Sojoji sun gudanar da ayyukan motsa jiki na yau da kullun. Ko da yake tsabar kuɗinsa ya nuna hotunan soja kusan sau da yawa a matsayin masu zaman lafiya, manufar Hadrian ta kasance zaman lafiya ta hanyar ƙarfi, har ma da barazana, [203] tare da girmamawa ga horo, wanda shine batun tsarin kuɗi guda biyu. Cassius Dio ya yaba da fifikon Hadrian akan “tofi da goge baki” a matsayin sanadin zaman lafiya gabaɗaya na mulkinsa[204]. Fronto, da bambanci, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Hadrian ya fi son wasanni na yaƙi zuwa yaƙi na ainihi kuma yana jin daɗin "ba da jawabai masu kyau ga sojoji" - kamar jerin adireshi da aka rubuta yayin ziyarar gani da ido, a lokacin 128, a sabon hedkwatar Legio III Augusta. cikin Lambaesis.[205] Da yake fuskantar karancin sojoji da aka dauka daga Italiya da sauran lardunan Romanis, Hadrian ya tsara yin amfani da lambobi marasa tsada - sojojin kabilanci wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba dauke da makamai na musamman, irin su maharba na Gabas, cikin karamin karfi, ayyukan tsaro na wayar hannu kamar mu'amala da su. masu kutsa kai cikin iyaka da masu fada-a-ji.[206][207] Har ila yau ana ba da labarin Hadrian da shigar da rukunin manyan mayaƙan doki (cataphracts) cikin sojojin Romawa[208]. Daga baya Fronto ya zargi Hadrian da raguwar matsayi a cikin sojojin Romawa na lokacinsa.[209] ==Manazarta== 8dhdxtjbiyx31polivvvehqacmiwm91 Khalid al-Mihdhar 0 89034 882816 563680 2026-07-14T09:24:00Z Zahrah0 14848 882816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Khalid Muhammad Abdallah al-Mihdhar''' ( Arabic </link> ; kuma an fassara shi da '''AL Mihdhar''' ; Mayu 16, 1975 {{Efn|There is some discrepancy over Mihdhar's date of birth. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States observes that "Mihdhar uses May 16, 1975 as his birthdate on his ID, as well as on his U.S. visa. See [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf 9/11 and Terror Travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014508/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf |date=2008-10-05 }}, p. 192 for ID card; see also copy of Mihdhar's visa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|title=U.S.D.C. Eastern District of Virginia|website=www.vaed.uscourts.gov|access-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513094851/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|archive-date=2009-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> George Tenet gave testimony that "The CIA gave Mihdhar's birthdate as May 5, 1975" ({{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |title=11 September 2001 Hijackers |work=Testimony by George Tenet before the Joint Inquiry into Terrorist Attacks Against the United States |date=2002-06-18 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) |access-date=2008-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=live }}).}} - Satumba 11, 2001) ɗan ta'addar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] ne ya yi garkuwa da shi. Yana daya daga cikin mutane biyar [[Masu fashi a cikin hare-haren Satumba 11|da suka yi garkuwa]] da jirgin American Airlines Flight 77, wanda aka kai shi cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon a wani bangare na [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba]] . An haifi Al-Mihdhar a kasar Saudiyya. A farkon 1999, ya yi tafiya zuwa Afghanistan, a matsayinsa na gogaggen [[Jihadi|ɗan jihadi]], [[Osama bin Laden]] ya zaɓe shi don shiga hare-haren. Al-Mihdhar ya isa [[California]] tare da abokinsa Nawaf al-Hazmi a cikin Janairu 2000, bayan tafiya zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] don taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda . A wannan lokacin, [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta san al-Mihdhar, kuma an dauki hotonsa a Malaysia tare da wani dan [[al-Qaeda]] wanda ke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Cole</i></nowiki> . CIA ba ta sanar da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ba lokacin da ta sami labarin cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun shiga Amurka, kuma ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido ba sai a karshen watan Agustan 2001. A safiyar ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, al-Mihdhar ya shiga jirgi na American Airlines Flight 77, kuma ya taimaka wajen sace jirgin wanda aka yi awon gaba da shi kimanin mintuna 30 da tashinsa. Daga nan ne al-Mihdhar da tawagarsa na masu garkuwa da mutane suka afka cikin jirgin da gangan a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, inda suka kashe dukkan mutane 64 da ke cikin jirgin, tare da 125 a kasa. == Fage == An haifi Al-Mihdhar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu 1975, a [[Makkah|Makka]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], ga wani fitaccen iyali na kabilar [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] na Makka. Ba a san komai ba game da rayuwarsa kafin ya kai shekaru 20, lokacin da shi da abokin karami Nawaf al-Hazmi suka je Bosnia da Herzegovina don yin fafatawa da mujahidai a yakin Bosniya . Bayan yakin, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun tafi Afganistan inda suka yi yaki tare da [[Taliban]] a kan kawancen Arewa, kuma al-Qaeda daga baya za su kira al-Hazmi "shugaba na biyu". <ref name="willalOmari" /> A cikin 1997, al-Mihdhar ya gaya wa iyalinsa cewa zai tafi yaƙi a Chechnya, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da cewa ya tafi Chechnya ba. A wannan shekarar, dukkan mutanen biyu sun ja hankalin jami'an leken asirin Saudiyya, wadanda suka yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a safarar makamai, kuma a shekara ta gaba an sanya ido a matsayin masu hadin gwiwa a harin bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998 a [[gabashin Afirka]] bayan da aka bayyana cewa Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al -Owhali ya baiwa FBI lambar wayar surukin al-Mihdhar; 967-1-200578, wanda ya zama cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci ga mayakan al-Qaeda, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba da labarin Amurkawa game da taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda mai zuwa. A ƙarshen 1990s, al-Mihdhar ya auri Hoda al-Hada, 'yar uwar wani abokinsa daga [[Yemen]], kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ta hanyar aure, al-Mihdhar yana da alaƙa da wasu mutane da ke da hannu da [[al-Qaeda]] ta wata hanya. Surukin Al-Mihdhar, Ahmad Mohammad Ali al-Hada, ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwar al-Qaeda a Yemen, kuma a ƙarshen 2001, surukin al-Mihdhar, Ahmed al-Darbi, An kama shi a [[Azerbaijan]] kuma an aika shi zuwa Guantanamo Bay bisa zargin tallafa wa wani shiri na bama bamai jiragen ruwa a mashigin Hormuz . === Zaɓi don hare-haren === A cikin bazara na 1999, wanda ya kafa [[Al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda,]] [[Osama bin Laden|Osama bin Laden,]] ya himmatu wajen tallafawa shirin harin 11 ga Satumba, wanda fitaccen dan kungiyar al-Qaeda [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] ya shirya. Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi na daga cikin rukunin farko na mahalarta da aka zaba domin gudanar da wannan aiki, tare da Tawfiq bin Attash da Abu Bara al Yemeni, 'yan al-Qaeda daga Yemen. Al-Mihdhar, wanda ya share tsawon lokaci a sansanonin al-Qaeda a shekarun 1990, Bin Laden ya san shi kuma yana matukar girmama shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance mai sha'awar shiga ayyukan [[jihadi]] a Amurka wanda ya riga ya sami takardar izinin shiga da yawa na shekara guda B-1/B-2 ( yawon shakatawa / kasuwanci) daga karamin ofishin jakadanci a [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, Afrilu 7, 1999, kwana daya bayan samun sabon fasfo. Al-Mihdhar ya jera Sheraton na Los Angeles a matsayin inda ya nufa. Da zarar an zabi al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi an tura su sansanin horo na Mes Aynak da ke Afghanistan. A ƙarshen 1999, al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al Yemeni sun je [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] don ganin Mohammed, wanda ya ba su horo game da al'adu da tafiye-tafiye na Yamma ; duk da haka, al-Mihdhar bai je Karachi ba, maimakon ya koma Yemen. An san shi da ''Sinaan'' yayin shirye-shiryen. == 2000 == === taron Malaysia === [[File:KAlmihdhar.JPG|right|thumb| Khalid al-Mihdhar]] [[C.I.A|CIA]] tana sane da shigar al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi tare da al-Qaeda, bayan bayanan leken asirin Saudiyya sun sanar da su yayin wani taron 1999 a [[Riyadh]] . Dangane da bayanan da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gano a cikin harin bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998, Hukumar Tsaron Kasa (NSA) ta fara bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar Hada, surukin al-Mihdhar. A ƙarshen 1999, NSA ta sanar da CIA game da wani taro mai zuwa a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], wanda Hada ya ambata zai ƙunshi "Khalid", "Nawaf", da "Salem", wanda shine ƙanin al-Hazmi, Salem al-Hazmi . A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Kuala Lumpur]], inda ya shiga al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al-Yemeni, wadanda duk sun zo daga Pakistan. Dan kungiyar Hamburg Ramzi bin al-Shibh shi ma yana wurin taron, kuma Mohammed zai yiwu ya halarci taron. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Man Who Knew: What If... |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921160152/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |archive-date=2008-09-21 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Kungiyar ta je Malaysia ne domin ganawa da Hambali, shugaban [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], mai alaka da al-Qaeda na Asiya. A yayin taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda, ƙila an shirya mahimman bayanai da yawa na harin 9/11. A lokacin, makircin hare-haren yana da wani ƙarin abin da ya shafi satar jiragen sama a Asiya, da kuma a Amurka. An tsara Bin Attash da al-Yemani don wannan bangare na makircin. Duk da haka, daga baya bin Laden ya soke shi saboda yana da wuyar daidaitawa da ayyukan Amurka. {{Quote box|'[W]e've got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the U.S. We've got to tell the FBI.' And then [the CIA officer] said to me, 'No, it's not the FBI's case, not the FBI's jurisdiction.'}} A Malaysia, kungiyar ta zauna tare da Yazid Sufaat, dan kungiyar Jemaah Islamiyah, wanda ya ba da masauki bisa bukatar Hambali. Hukumomin Malaysia ne suka dauki hoton al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a asirce a wurin taron, wadanda CIA ta nemi ta ba da sa ido . Mutanen Malaysia sun ruwaito cewa al-Mihdhar ya yi magana mai tsawo da bin Attash, kuma ya gana da Fahd al-Quso da sauran wadanda daga baya suke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwtQ">Cole</i></nowiki> . Bayan taron, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Bangkok]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], a ranar 8 ga Janairu kuma sun bar mako guda a ranar 15 ga Janairu zuwa Amurka. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun isa filin jirgin sama na Los Angeles daga Bangkok kuma an shigar da su a matsayin masu yawon buɗe ido na tsawon watanni shida. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2000—kwana 17 da shiga Amurka—mutane biyu sun ci karo da Omar al-Bayoumi da [[Caysan Bin Don]] a gidan cin abinci na halal da ke Venice Boulevard a cikin Culver City. Al-Bayoumi ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kasance mai bayar da agaji ne kawai wajen taimaka wa [[Musulmi|musulmin]] biyu da ake ganin ba sa nan zuwa San Diego, inda ya taimaka musu su sami wani gida kusa da nasa, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar su, kuma ya ba su dala 1,500 don su biya. hayarsu. Daga baya Mohammed ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba da shawarar San Diego a matsayin wurin da za su nufa, bisa bayanan da aka samo daga littafin wayar San Diego wanda ya jera makarantun harshe da na jirgin sama. Mohammed ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa su biyun su nemi taimako daga al'ummar musulmin yankin, tun da ba ya jin Turanci ko kuma ba su da kwarewa da al'adun Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Outline of the 9/11 Plot, Staff Statement No. 16 |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=5}}</ref> Yayin da yake San Diego, shaidu sun gaya wa FBI shi da al-Hazmi suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da [[Anwar al-Awlaki|Anwar Al Awlaki]], limamin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mashawarcinsu na ruhaniya. Hukumomi sun ce mutanen biyu suna halartar [[Masjid Ar-Ribat al-Islami|masallacin Ar-Ribat al-Islami]] a kai a kai a masallacin al-Awlaki da ke San Diego, kuma al-Awlaki ya yi ganawar sirri da su da yawa, wanda ya sa masu binciken suka yi imanin al-Awlaki ya san game da harin 11 ga Satumba. hare-hare a gaba. [[Fayil:Anwar_al-Awlaki_sitting_on_couch,_lightened.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px| [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] in [[Yemen]], 2008]] A farkon Fabrairu 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi hayar wani gida a rukunin gidaje na Parkwood a yankin Clairemont Mesa na San Diego, kuma al-Mihdhar ya sayi [[Toyota Corolla]] 1988 da aka yi amfani da shi. Makwabta sun dauka cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi ba su da hankali saboda watanni sun shude ba tare da samun kayan da maza ba, kuma suna kwana a kan katifu a kasa, amma duk da haka suna ɗaukar jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin wayoyin hannu, kuma wani lokaci an ɗauke su ta hanyar wayar hannu. limousine. Wadanda suka sadu da al-Mihdhar a San Diego sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mai duhu kuma mai nuna kyama ga al'adun Amurka". Maƙwabta kuma sun ce ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasannin kwaikwayo na jirgin sama . Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun dauki darasin jirgin sama a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2000, a Sorbi Flying Club a San Diego, tare da al-Mihdhar ya yi jigilar jirgin sama na mintuna 42. Sun ɗauki ƙarin darussa a ranar 10 ga Mayu; duk da haka, tare da ƙwarewar Ingilishi mara kyau, ba su yi kyau tare da darussan jirgin ba. Al-Mihdhar da Al-Hazmi sun tada wani shakku a lokacin da suka bayar da karin kudi ga malaminsu na jirgin Rick Garza, idan ya horar da su jiragen sama. Garza ya ki amincewa da tayin amma bai kai rahoto ga hukumomi ba. Bayan harin na 11 ga Satumba, Garza ya bayyana mutanen biyu a matsayin "dalibai marasa hakuri" wadanda "suna son koyon tukin jiragen sama, musamman Boeings". === Komawa Yemen === Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun fice daga cikin Parkwood Apartments a karshen watan Mayun 2000, kuma al-Mihdhar ya mika rijistar Toyota Corolla zuwa al-Hazmi. A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya bar Amurka ya koma Yemen don ziyartar matarsa, ba tare da burin Mohammed ba wanda ya so ya ci gaba da zama a Amurka don taimaka wa al-Hazmi. Mohammed ya fusata da hakan har ya yanke shawarar kawar da al-Mihdhar daga makircin 11 ga Satumba, amma bin Laden ya rinjaye shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance wani bangare na makircin a matsayin dan fashin tsoka, wanda zai taimaka wajen karbe jirgin. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2000, wani karamin jirgin ruwa dauke da bama-bamai ya kai wa jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mw_g">Cole</i></nowiki> hari. Bayan harin bam, Firaministan Yemen Abdul Karim al-Iryani ya bayar da rahoton cewa, al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya harin kuma ya kasance a kasar a lokacin da aka kai harin. A ƙarshen 2000, al-Mihdhar ya dawo Saudi Arabiya, yana tare da wani kani a Makka. <ref name="911-ch7-2" /> == 2001 == A watan Fabrairun 2001, al-Mihdhar ya koma Afganistan na wasu watanni, mai yiwuwa ya shiga ta kan iyakar Iran bayan ya tashi daga [[Siriya|Syria]] . <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> Daga baya darektan FBI Robert Mueller ya bayyana imaninsa cewa al-Mihdhar yayi aiki a matsayin kodineta kuma mai shirya masu satar tsokar. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin masu garkuwar tsoka da suka dawo Amurka. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni ya koma Saudiyya na tsawon wata guda, inda ya nemi ya sake shiga Amurka ta hanyar shirin Visa Express, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa ya yi niyyar sauka a wani otal na Marriott da ke birnin New York. A kan takardar neman visa, al-Mihdhar ya yi karya cewa bai taba tafiya Amurka a baya ba. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, al-Mihdhar ya koma Amurka, ya isa filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy na birnin New York, ta amfani da sabon fasfo da aka samu a watan da ya gabata. Daga baya an gano wani kwafin dijital na fasfo na al-Mihdhar a yayin binciken wani gidan tsaro na al-Qaeda a Afganistan, wanda ke dauke da alamomi, kamar tambarin fasfo na bogi ko canza, cewa al-Mihdhar mamba ne na wata sanannan kungiyar ta'addanci. . A lokacin da aka shigar da al-Mihdhar a Amurka, ba a horar da masu duba shige da fice don neman irin wadannan alamomin ba. Da isarsu, al-Mihdhar bai duba cikin Marriott ba amma a maimakon haka ya kwana a wani otal a birnin. <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2001, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun ziyarci ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar William Paterson da ke Wayne, New Jersey, inda suka yi amfani da kwamfutoci don bincika bayanan balaguro da jigilar jiragen sama. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi ƙoƙarin siyan tikitin jirgi daga ƴan kasuwan tikitin kan layi na kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines, amma sun sami matsala ta fasaha kuma suka daina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-26 |title=Statement of Robert S. Mueller: Joint Investigation Into September 11 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025548/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun sami damar yin ajiyar jirgin sama mai lamba 77 a ranar 25 ga Agusta, ta hanyar amfani da katin kiredit na Moqed; duk da haka, cinikin bai cika cika ba saboda adireshin biyan kuɗi da adireshin jigilar kaya na tikiti ba su yi daidai ba. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, al-Mihdhar ya rufe wani asusu a bankin Hudson United da ke New Jersey, bayan ya bude asusun a lokacin da ya isa a watan Yuli, kuma yana tare da Hanjour lokacin da ya cire kudi daga ATM a Paterson a ranar 1 ga Satumba. Kashegari, al-Mihdhar, Moqed da Hanjour sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Maryland]], inda suka zauna a motel ɗin kasafin kuɗi a Laurel . Al-Mihdhar yana cikin masu garkuwa da tsoka da suka yi aiki a wani dakin motsa jiki na Gold's Gym a Greenbelt a farkon watan Satumba. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun je gidan tikitin jirgin saman Amurka a filin jirgin sama na Baltimore-Washington don karbar tikitin jirgin sama mai lamba 77, inda suka biya tsabar kudi dala 2,300. <ref name="FBI Hijackers" /> === Hankali yana jagoranci === Duk da sanin shigarsa Amurka sama da shekara guda, ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido na CIA ba har sai ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2001, kuma an aika da rubutu a ranar 23 ga Agusta zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Ƙasashen Duniya (Ma'aikatar Kula da Shige da Fice ). INS) yana ba da shawarar cewa a saka al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi cikin masu sa ido. Ba a sanar da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) game da mutanen biyu ba. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, CIA ta sanar da FBI cewa al-Mihdhar ya sami takardar izinin shiga Amurka a Jeddah. Hedkwatar FBI ta karbi kwafin takardar neman Visa Express daga ofishin jakadancin Jeddah a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, wanda ke nuna Marriott na New York a matsayin al-Mihdhar. <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, Mossad ta baiwa hukumar leken asiri ta CIA sunan al-Mihdhar a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 19 mazauna Amurka da suke zargin za su kai hari kasar nan ba da dadewa ba; hudu daga cikin wadannan sunaye ne kawai aka san su a bainar jama'a, sauran na 'yan uwan maharan 11 ga watan Satumba Mohamed Atta, Nawaf al-Hazmi, da Marwan al-Shehhi. Ba a sani ba ko jerin sunayen na kunshe ne da sunayen dukkan maharan da suka yi garkuwa da su a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba ko kuma a daidai lokacin da jerin sunayen suna da yawa kamar yadda ake samun masu satar mutane a harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |others=August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named |title=Context of 'August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named' |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031428/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |website=History Commons}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ofishin FBI na New York ya bukaci a bude shari'ar aikata laifuka don tantance ko har yanzu al-Mihdhar yana Amurka, amma an ki amincewa da bukatar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar ta FBI ta kawo karshen daukar al-Mihdhar a matsayin shari’ar leken asiri, wanda hakan ke nufin masu binciken laifuka na FBI ba za su iya yin aiki a kan lamarin ba, saboda shingen raba bayanan sirri da ayyukan laifuka. Wani wakili a ofishin New York ya aika da imel zuwa hedkwatar FBI yana mai cewa, "Duk abin da ya faru da wannan, wata rana wani zai mutu, kuma jama'a ba za su fahimci dalilin da ya sa ba mu da tasiri da kuma jefa duk wani albarkatun da muke da shi a kan wasu." Matsaloli." Amsar daga hedkwatar ita ce, "mu [a hedkwatar] duk mun yi takaici da wannan batu ... [t] waɗannan dokokin NSLU ba su cika su ba." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Prepared Statement of a New York Special Agent |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003935/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |archive-date=2008-10-14 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar FBI ta tuntubi Marriott a <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 "Testimony of Michael E. Rolince"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 September 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 Archived] from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> ga Agusta, inda ta bukaci su bincika bayanan baƙi, kuma a ranar 5 ga Satumba, sun ba da rahoton cewa babu wani otal na Marriott da ke da wani tarihin shiga al-Mihdhar. Kwana daya kafin harin, Robert Fuller na ofishin New York ya bukaci ofishin FBI na Los Angeles ya duba dukkan otal din Sheraton na gida, <ref name="rolince" /> da [[Lufthansa]] da [[United Airlines]], saboda su ne kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu al-Mihdhar ya saba yi. shiga kasar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHill,_Eleanor2002">Hill, Eleanor (20 September 2002). [https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html "The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html Archived] from the original on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Babu Cibiyar Tabbatar da Laifukan Tattalin Arziƙi na Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ko Ƙungiyar Binciken Kuɗi ta FBI, waɗanda ke da damar yin amfani da katin kiredit da sauran bayanan kuɗi masu zaman kansu, ba a sanar da su game da al-Mihdhar kafin Satumba 11. Dangane da kin sanar da hukumar leken asiri ta CIA game da al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi, marubuci Lawrence Wright ya nuna cewa CIA na son kare ciyawarta kuma ta damu da bada bayanan sirri ga wakilin FBI John P. O'Neill, wanda shugaban tashar Alec Michael Michael. Scheuer an bayyana shi azaman mai ban mamaki. Wright ya kuma yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa CIA ta kasance tana ba da kariya ga ayyukan leken asiri a ketare, kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance tana neman al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a matsayin makasudin daukar ma'aikata don samun bayanan sirri kan al-Qaeda, kodayake CIA ba ta da izinin yin aiki a Amurka kuma watakila ya bar su ne don leken asirin Saudiyya don daukar ma'aikata. == harin 11 ga Satumba == [[Fayil:DM-SD-02-03886.JPEG|right|thumb| Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, mintuna kadan bayan jirgin American Airlines mai lamba 77 ya fada cikinta]] da 6:22&nbsp;a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ƙungiyar ta duba daga otal ɗin kuma ta nufi filin jirgin saman Dulles. Da karfe 7:15&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun shiga wurin tikitin tikitin jirgin sama na American Airlines kuma sun isa wurin binciken lafiyar fasinja da karfe 7:20&nbsp;am Duk mutanen biyu sun kashe na'urar gano karfe kuma an sanya su ta hanyar gwaji na biyu. Hotunan faifan bidiyo na tsaro da aka fitar daga baya sun nuna cewa Moqed na yawo, amma mai binciken bai gano abin da ya kunna kararrawa ba, kuma Moqed da al-Mihdhar sun ci gaba da tafiya ba tare da wani tsangwama ba. <ref name="staff3">{{Cite web |title=The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3 |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528201527/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-28 |access-date=2008-05-30 |website=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=9}}</ref> An kuma zabi Al-Mihdhar ta hanyar Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), wanda ya kunshi karin tantance kayan sa; duk da haka, saboda al-Mihdhar bai duba ko wane kaya ba, hakan bai yi tasiri ba. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}</ref> Da karfe 7:50&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da sauran maharan dauke da wukake da masu yankan akwati, sun bi ta shingen binciken jami’an tsaron filin jirgin ne suka hau jirgi.&nbsp;77 zuwa Los Angeles. Al-Mihdhar ya zauna a kujera 12B, kusa da Moqed. <ref name="911-ch1" /> An shirya tashin jirgin daga Gate D26 da karfe 8:10&nbsp;am amma an jinkirta da mintuna 10. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security""] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. pp.&nbsp;27–29. Archived from [https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Sadarwar rediyo ta ƙarshe ta ƙarshe daga jirgin zuwa kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta faru ne da ƙarfe 8:50:51&nbsp;na <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregor |first=Joseph A. |date=2001-12-21 |title=ATC Report American Airlines Flight 77 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092934/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=13}}</ref> A 8:54&nbsp;ina, Flight&nbsp;77 ta kauce daga hanyar jirgin da aka ba shi, kuma ta fara karkata zuwa kudu, a lokacin ne maharan suka saita saitin matukin jirgin zuwa Washington, DC <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Callaghan |first=John |last2=Bower, Daniel |date=2002-02-13 |title=Study of Autopilot, Navigation Equipment, and Fuel Consumption Activity Based on United Airlines Flight&nbsp;93 and American Airlines Flight&nbsp;77 Digital Flight Data Recorder Information |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092923/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=6}}</ref> Fasinja Barbara Olson ta kira mijinta, Lauyan Amurka [[Theodore Olson|Ted Olson]] (wanda ya cika shekaru 61 da haihuwa). ya kasance a ranar), kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da jirgin. <ref name="911-ch1" /> Da misalin karfe 9:37:45 na safe, jirgin mai lamba 77 ya fado a yammacin facade na Pentagon, inda ya kashe mutane 64 da ke cikinsa, tare da 125 a cikin Pentagon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316175021/https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2008-06-02 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=2}}</ref> A cikin aikin dawo da, an gano ragowar maharan biyar ta hanyar hanyar kawar da su, tun da DNA ɗin su bai yi daidai da ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, kuma an saka su a hannun FBI. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edson, S. M. |display-authors=etal |date=January 2004 |title=Naming the Dead – Confronting the Realities of Rapid Identification of Degraded Skeletal Remains |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=64–90 |pmid=26256813}}</ref> == Bayan haka == Bayan hare-haren, gano al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin alakar farko da ke nuna cewa bin Laden ya taka rawa a cikin kungiyarsu, tun lokacin da aka ga al-Mihdhar a taron Malaysia yana magana da abokan bin Laden. Hukumar FBI ta yi wa Quso tambayoyi, wanda aka kama bayan harin bam na USS ''Cole'' kuma yana tsare a Yaman. Quso ya iya gano al-Mihdhar, al-Hazmi da bin Attash a cikin hotuna da FBI ta bayar, kuma ya san Marwan al-Shehhi, wani maharan da ke cikin jirgin United Airlines Flight 175 . Daga Quso, FBI ta sami damar kafa alakar al-Qaeda da hare-haren. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o5rwuay24vma2dpkowy0e14o2vl7gg0 882817 882816 2026-07-14T09:24:52Z Zahrah0 14848 882817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Khalid Muhammad Abdallah al-Mihdhar''' ( Arabic </link> ; kuma an fassara shi da '''AL Mihdhar''' ; Mayu 16, 1975 {{Efn|There is some discrepancy over Mihdhar's date of birth. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States observes that "Mihdhar uses May 16, 1975 as his birthdate on his ID, as well as on his U.S. visa. See [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf 9/11 and Terror Travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014508/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf |date=2008-10-05 }}, p. 192 for ID card; see also copy of Mihdhar's visa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|title=U.S.D.C. Eastern District of Virginia|website=www.vaed.uscourts.gov|access-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513094851/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|archive-date=2009-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> George Tenet gave testimony that "The CIA gave Mihdhar's birthdate as May 5, 1975" ({{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |title=11 September 2001 Hijackers |work=Testimony by George Tenet before the Joint Inquiry into Terrorist Attacks Against the United States |date=2002-06-18 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) |access-date=2008-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=live }}).}} - Satumba 11, 2001) ɗan ta'addar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] ne ya yi garkuwa da shi. Yana daya daga cikin mutane biyar [[Masu fashi a cikin hare-haren Satumba 11|da suka yi garkuwa]] da jirgin American Airlines Flight 77, wanda aka kai shi cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon a wani bangare na [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba]] . An haifi Al-Mihdhar a kasar Saudiyya. A farkon shekarar 1999, ya yi tafiya zuwa Afghanistan, a matsayinsa na gogaggen [[Jihadi|ɗan jihadi]], [[Osama bin Laden]] ya zaɓe shi don shiga hare-haren. Al-Mihdhar ya isa [[California]] tare da abokinsa Nawaf al-Hazmi a cikin Janairu 2000, bayan tafiya zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] don taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda . A wannan lokacin, [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta san al-Mihdhar, kuma an dauki hotonsa a Malaysia tare da wani dan [[al-Qaeda]] wanda ke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Cole</i></nowiki> . CIA ba ta sanar da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ba lokacin da ta sami labarin cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun shiga Amurka, kuma ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido ba sai a karshen watan Agustan 2001. A safiyar ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, al-Mihdhar ya shiga jirgi na American Airlines Flight 77, kuma ya taimaka wajen sace jirgin wanda aka yi awon gaba da shi kimanin mintuna 30 da tashinsa. Daga nan ne al-Mihdhar da tawagarsa na masu garkuwa da mutane suka afka cikin jirgin da gangan a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, inda suka kashe dukkan mutane 64 da ke cikin jirgin, tare da 125 a kasa. == Fage == An haifi Al-Mihdhar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu 1975, a [[Makkah|Makka]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], ga wani fitaccen iyali na kabilar [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] na Makka. Ba a san komai ba game da rayuwarsa kafin ya kai shekaru 20, lokacin da shi da abokin karami Nawaf al-Hazmi suka je Bosnia da Herzegovina don yin fafatawa da mujahidai a yakin Bosniya . Bayan yakin, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun tafi Afganistan inda suka yi yaki tare da [[Taliban]] a kan kawancen Arewa, kuma al-Qaeda daga baya za su kira al-Hazmi "shugaba na biyu". <ref name="willalOmari" /> A cikin 1997, al-Mihdhar ya gaya wa iyalinsa cewa zai tafi yaƙi a Chechnya, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da cewa ya tafi Chechnya ba. A wannan shekarar, dukkan mutanen biyu sun ja hankalin jami'an leken asirin Saudiyya, wadanda suka yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a safarar makamai, kuma a shekara ta gaba an sanya ido a matsayin masu hadin gwiwa a harin bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998 a [[gabashin Afirka]] bayan da aka bayyana cewa Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al -Owhali ya baiwa FBI lambar wayar surukin al-Mihdhar; 967-1-200578, wanda ya zama cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci ga mayakan al-Qaeda, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba da labarin Amurkawa game da taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda mai zuwa. A ƙarshen 1990s, al-Mihdhar ya auri Hoda al-Hada, 'yar uwar wani abokinsa daga [[Yemen]], kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ta hanyar aure, al-Mihdhar yana da alaƙa da wasu mutane da ke da hannu da [[al-Qaeda]] ta wata hanya. Surukin Al-Mihdhar, Ahmad Mohammad Ali al-Hada, ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwar al-Qaeda a Yemen, kuma a ƙarshen 2001, surukin al-Mihdhar, Ahmed al-Darbi, An kama shi a [[Azerbaijan]] kuma an aika shi zuwa Guantanamo Bay bisa zargin tallafa wa wani shiri na bama bamai jiragen ruwa a mashigin Hormuz . === Zaɓi don hare-haren === A cikin bazara na 1999, wanda ya kafa [[Al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda,]] [[Osama bin Laden|Osama bin Laden,]] ya himmatu wajen tallafawa shirin harin 11 ga Satumba, wanda fitaccen dan kungiyar al-Qaeda [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] ya shirya. Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi na daga cikin rukunin farko na mahalarta da aka zaba domin gudanar da wannan aiki, tare da Tawfiq bin Attash da Abu Bara al Yemeni, 'yan al-Qaeda daga Yemen. Al-Mihdhar, wanda ya share tsawon lokaci a sansanonin al-Qaeda a shekarun 1990, Bin Laden ya san shi kuma yana matukar girmama shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance mai sha'awar shiga ayyukan [[jihadi]] a Amurka wanda ya riga ya sami takardar izinin shiga da yawa na shekara guda B-1/B-2 ( yawon shakatawa / kasuwanci) daga karamin ofishin jakadanci a [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, Afrilu 7, 1999, kwana daya bayan samun sabon fasfo. Al-Mihdhar ya jera Sheraton na Los Angeles a matsayin inda ya nufa. Da zarar an zabi al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi an tura su sansanin horo na Mes Aynak da ke Afghanistan. A ƙarshen 1999, al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al Yemeni sun je [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] don ganin Mohammed, wanda ya ba su horo game da al'adu da tafiye-tafiye na Yamma ; duk da haka, al-Mihdhar bai je Karachi ba, maimakon ya koma Yemen. An san shi da ''Sinaan'' yayin shirye-shiryen. == 2000 == === taron Malaysia === [[File:KAlmihdhar.JPG|right|thumb| Khalid al-Mihdhar]] [[C.I.A|CIA]] tana sane da shigar al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi tare da al-Qaeda, bayan bayanan leken asirin Saudiyya sun sanar da su yayin wani taron 1999 a [[Riyadh]] . Dangane da bayanan da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gano a cikin harin bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998, Hukumar Tsaron Kasa (NSA) ta fara bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar Hada, surukin al-Mihdhar. A ƙarshen 1999, NSA ta sanar da CIA game da wani taro mai zuwa a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], wanda Hada ya ambata zai ƙunshi "Khalid", "Nawaf", da "Salem", wanda shine ƙanin al-Hazmi, Salem al-Hazmi . A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Kuala Lumpur]], inda ya shiga al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al-Yemeni, wadanda duk sun zo daga Pakistan. Dan kungiyar Hamburg Ramzi bin al-Shibh shi ma yana wurin taron, kuma Mohammed zai yiwu ya halarci taron. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Man Who Knew: What If... |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921160152/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |archive-date=2008-09-21 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Kungiyar ta je Malaysia ne domin ganawa da Hambali, shugaban [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], mai alaka da al-Qaeda na Asiya. A yayin taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda, ƙila an shirya mahimman bayanai da yawa na harin 9/11. A lokacin, makircin hare-haren yana da wani ƙarin abin da ya shafi satar jiragen sama a Asiya, da kuma a Amurka. An tsara Bin Attash da al-Yemani don wannan bangare na makircin. Duk da haka, daga baya bin Laden ya soke shi saboda yana da wuyar daidaitawa da ayyukan Amurka. {{Quote box|'[W]e've got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the U.S. We've got to tell the FBI.' And then [the CIA officer] said to me, 'No, it's not the FBI's case, not the FBI's jurisdiction.'}} A Malaysia, kungiyar ta zauna tare da Yazid Sufaat, dan kungiyar Jemaah Islamiyah, wanda ya ba da masauki bisa bukatar Hambali. Hukumomin Malaysia ne suka dauki hoton al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a asirce a wurin taron, wadanda CIA ta nemi ta ba da sa ido . Mutanen Malaysia sun ruwaito cewa al-Mihdhar ya yi magana mai tsawo da bin Attash, kuma ya gana da Fahd al-Quso da sauran wadanda daga baya suke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwtQ">Cole</i></nowiki> . Bayan taron, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Bangkok]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], a ranar 8 ga Janairu kuma sun bar mako guda a ranar 15 ga Janairu zuwa Amurka. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun isa filin jirgin sama na Los Angeles daga Bangkok kuma an shigar da su a matsayin masu yawon buɗe ido na tsawon watanni shida. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2000—kwana 17 da shiga Amurka—mutane biyu sun ci karo da Omar al-Bayoumi da [[Caysan Bin Don]] a gidan cin abinci na halal da ke Venice Boulevard a cikin Culver City. Al-Bayoumi ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kasance mai bayar da agaji ne kawai wajen taimaka wa [[Musulmi|musulmin]] biyu da ake ganin ba sa nan zuwa San Diego, inda ya taimaka musu su sami wani gida kusa da nasa, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar su, kuma ya ba su dala 1,500 don su biya. hayarsu. Daga baya Mohammed ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba da shawarar San Diego a matsayin wurin da za su nufa, bisa bayanan da aka samo daga littafin wayar San Diego wanda ya jera makarantun harshe da na jirgin sama. Mohammed ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa su biyun su nemi taimako daga al'ummar musulmin yankin, tun da ba ya jin Turanci ko kuma ba su da kwarewa da al'adun Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Outline of the 9/11 Plot, Staff Statement No. 16 |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=5}}</ref> Yayin da yake San Diego, shaidu sun gaya wa FBI shi da al-Hazmi suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da [[Anwar al-Awlaki|Anwar Al Awlaki]], limamin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mashawarcinsu na ruhaniya. Hukumomi sun ce mutanen biyu suna halartar [[Masjid Ar-Ribat al-Islami|masallacin Ar-Ribat al-Islami]] a kai a kai a masallacin al-Awlaki da ke San Diego, kuma al-Awlaki ya yi ganawar sirri da su da yawa, wanda ya sa masu binciken suka yi imanin al-Awlaki ya san game da harin 11 ga Satumba. hare-hare a gaba. [[Fayil:Anwar_al-Awlaki_sitting_on_couch,_lightened.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px| [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] in [[Yemen]], 2008]] A farkon Fabrairu 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi hayar wani gida a rukunin gidaje na Parkwood a yankin Clairemont Mesa na San Diego, kuma al-Mihdhar ya sayi [[Toyota Corolla]] 1988 da aka yi amfani da shi. Makwabta sun dauka cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi ba su da hankali saboda watanni sun shude ba tare da samun kayan da maza ba, kuma suna kwana a kan katifu a kasa, amma duk da haka suna ɗaukar jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin wayoyin hannu, kuma wani lokaci an ɗauke su ta hanyar wayar hannu. limousine. Wadanda suka sadu da al-Mihdhar a San Diego sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mai duhu kuma mai nuna kyama ga al'adun Amurka". Maƙwabta kuma sun ce ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasannin kwaikwayo na jirgin sama . Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun dauki darasin jirgin sama a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2000, a Sorbi Flying Club a San Diego, tare da al-Mihdhar ya yi jigilar jirgin sama na mintuna 42. Sun ɗauki ƙarin darussa a ranar 10 ga Mayu; duk da haka, tare da ƙwarewar Ingilishi mara kyau, ba su yi kyau tare da darussan jirgin ba. Al-Mihdhar da Al-Hazmi sun tada wani shakku a lokacin da suka bayar da karin kudi ga malaminsu na jirgin Rick Garza, idan ya horar da su jiragen sama. Garza ya ki amincewa da tayin amma bai kai rahoto ga hukumomi ba. Bayan harin na 11 ga Satumba, Garza ya bayyana mutanen biyu a matsayin "dalibai marasa hakuri" wadanda "suna son koyon tukin jiragen sama, musamman Boeings". === Komawa Yemen === Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun fice daga cikin Parkwood Apartments a karshen watan Mayun 2000, kuma al-Mihdhar ya mika rijistar Toyota Corolla zuwa al-Hazmi. A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya bar Amurka ya koma Yemen don ziyartar matarsa, ba tare da burin Mohammed ba wanda ya so ya ci gaba da zama a Amurka don taimaka wa al-Hazmi. Mohammed ya fusata da hakan har ya yanke shawarar kawar da al-Mihdhar daga makircin 11 ga Satumba, amma bin Laden ya rinjaye shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance wani bangare na makircin a matsayin dan fashin tsoka, wanda zai taimaka wajen karbe jirgin. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2000, wani karamin jirgin ruwa dauke da bama-bamai ya kai wa jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mw_g">Cole</i></nowiki> hari. Bayan harin bam, Firaministan Yemen Abdul Karim al-Iryani ya bayar da rahoton cewa, al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya harin kuma ya kasance a kasar a lokacin da aka kai harin. A ƙarshen 2000, al-Mihdhar ya dawo Saudi Arabiya, yana tare da wani kani a Makka. <ref name="911-ch7-2" /> == 2001 == A watan Fabrairun 2001, al-Mihdhar ya koma Afganistan na wasu watanni, mai yiwuwa ya shiga ta kan iyakar Iran bayan ya tashi daga [[Siriya|Syria]] . <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> Daga baya darektan FBI Robert Mueller ya bayyana imaninsa cewa al-Mihdhar yayi aiki a matsayin kodineta kuma mai shirya masu satar tsokar. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin masu garkuwar tsoka da suka dawo Amurka. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni ya koma Saudiyya na tsawon wata guda, inda ya nemi ya sake shiga Amurka ta hanyar shirin Visa Express, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa ya yi niyyar sauka a wani otal na Marriott da ke birnin New York. A kan takardar neman visa, al-Mihdhar ya yi karya cewa bai taba tafiya Amurka a baya ba. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, al-Mihdhar ya koma Amurka, ya isa filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy na birnin New York, ta amfani da sabon fasfo da aka samu a watan da ya gabata. Daga baya an gano wani kwafin dijital na fasfo na al-Mihdhar a yayin binciken wani gidan tsaro na al-Qaeda a Afganistan, wanda ke dauke da alamomi, kamar tambarin fasfo na bogi ko canza, cewa al-Mihdhar mamba ne na wata sanannan kungiyar ta'addanci. . A lokacin da aka shigar da al-Mihdhar a Amurka, ba a horar da masu duba shige da fice don neman irin wadannan alamomin ba. Da isarsu, al-Mihdhar bai duba cikin Marriott ba amma a maimakon haka ya kwana a wani otal a birnin. <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2001, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun ziyarci ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar William Paterson da ke Wayne, New Jersey, inda suka yi amfani da kwamfutoci don bincika bayanan balaguro da jigilar jiragen sama. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi ƙoƙarin siyan tikitin jirgi daga ƴan kasuwan tikitin kan layi na kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines, amma sun sami matsala ta fasaha kuma suka daina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-26 |title=Statement of Robert S. Mueller: Joint Investigation Into September 11 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025548/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun sami damar yin ajiyar jirgin sama mai lamba 77 a ranar 25 ga Agusta, ta hanyar amfani da katin kiredit na Moqed; duk da haka, cinikin bai cika cika ba saboda adireshin biyan kuɗi da adireshin jigilar kaya na tikiti ba su yi daidai ba. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, al-Mihdhar ya rufe wani asusu a bankin Hudson United da ke New Jersey, bayan ya bude asusun a lokacin da ya isa a watan Yuli, kuma yana tare da Hanjour lokacin da ya cire kudi daga ATM a Paterson a ranar 1 ga Satumba. Kashegari, al-Mihdhar, Moqed da Hanjour sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Maryland]], inda suka zauna a motel ɗin kasafin kuɗi a Laurel . Al-Mihdhar yana cikin masu garkuwa da tsoka da suka yi aiki a wani dakin motsa jiki na Gold's Gym a Greenbelt a farkon watan Satumba. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun je gidan tikitin jirgin saman Amurka a filin jirgin sama na Baltimore-Washington don karbar tikitin jirgin sama mai lamba 77, inda suka biya tsabar kudi dala 2,300. <ref name="FBI Hijackers" /> === Hankali yana jagoranci === Duk da sanin shigarsa Amurka sama da shekara guda, ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido na CIA ba har sai ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2001, kuma an aika da rubutu a ranar 23 ga Agusta zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Ƙasashen Duniya (Ma'aikatar Kula da Shige da Fice ). INS) yana ba da shawarar cewa a saka al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi cikin masu sa ido. Ba a sanar da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) game da mutanen biyu ba. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, CIA ta sanar da FBI cewa al-Mihdhar ya sami takardar izinin shiga Amurka a Jeddah. Hedkwatar FBI ta karbi kwafin takardar neman Visa Express daga ofishin jakadancin Jeddah a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, wanda ke nuna Marriott na New York a matsayin al-Mihdhar. <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, Mossad ta baiwa hukumar leken asiri ta CIA sunan al-Mihdhar a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 19 mazauna Amurka da suke zargin za su kai hari kasar nan ba da dadewa ba; hudu daga cikin wadannan sunaye ne kawai aka san su a bainar jama'a, sauran na 'yan uwan maharan 11 ga watan Satumba Mohamed Atta, Nawaf al-Hazmi, da Marwan al-Shehhi. Ba a sani ba ko jerin sunayen na kunshe ne da sunayen dukkan maharan da suka yi garkuwa da su a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba ko kuma a daidai lokacin da jerin sunayen suna da yawa kamar yadda ake samun masu satar mutane a harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |others=August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named |title=Context of 'August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named' |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031428/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |website=History Commons}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ofishin FBI na New York ya bukaci a bude shari'ar aikata laifuka don tantance ko har yanzu al-Mihdhar yana Amurka, amma an ki amincewa da bukatar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar ta FBI ta kawo karshen daukar al-Mihdhar a matsayin shari’ar leken asiri, wanda hakan ke nufin masu binciken laifuka na FBI ba za su iya yin aiki a kan lamarin ba, saboda shingen raba bayanan sirri da ayyukan laifuka. Wani wakili a ofishin New York ya aika da imel zuwa hedkwatar FBI yana mai cewa, "Duk abin da ya faru da wannan, wata rana wani zai mutu, kuma jama'a ba za su fahimci dalilin da ya sa ba mu da tasiri da kuma jefa duk wani albarkatun da muke da shi a kan wasu." Matsaloli." Amsar daga hedkwatar ita ce, "mu [a hedkwatar] duk mun yi takaici da wannan batu ... [t] waɗannan dokokin NSLU ba su cika su ba." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Prepared Statement of a New York Special Agent |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003935/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |archive-date=2008-10-14 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar FBI ta tuntubi Marriott a <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 "Testimony of Michael E. Rolince"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 September 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 Archived] from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> ga Agusta, inda ta bukaci su bincika bayanan baƙi, kuma a ranar 5 ga Satumba, sun ba da rahoton cewa babu wani otal na Marriott da ke da wani tarihin shiga al-Mihdhar. Kwana daya kafin harin, Robert Fuller na ofishin New York ya bukaci ofishin FBI na Los Angeles ya duba dukkan otal din Sheraton na gida, <ref name="rolince" /> da [[Lufthansa]] da [[United Airlines]], saboda su ne kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu al-Mihdhar ya saba yi. shiga kasar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHill,_Eleanor2002">Hill, Eleanor (20 September 2002). [https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html "The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html Archived] from the original on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Babu Cibiyar Tabbatar da Laifukan Tattalin Arziƙi na Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ko Ƙungiyar Binciken Kuɗi ta FBI, waɗanda ke da damar yin amfani da katin kiredit da sauran bayanan kuɗi masu zaman kansu, ba a sanar da su game da al-Mihdhar kafin Satumba 11. Dangane da kin sanar da hukumar leken asiri ta CIA game da al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi, marubuci Lawrence Wright ya nuna cewa CIA na son kare ciyawarta kuma ta damu da bada bayanan sirri ga wakilin FBI John P. O'Neill, wanda shugaban tashar Alec Michael Michael. Scheuer an bayyana shi azaman mai ban mamaki. Wright ya kuma yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa CIA ta kasance tana ba da kariya ga ayyukan leken asiri a ketare, kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance tana neman al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a matsayin makasudin daukar ma'aikata don samun bayanan sirri kan al-Qaeda, kodayake CIA ba ta da izinin yin aiki a Amurka kuma watakila ya bar su ne don leken asirin Saudiyya don daukar ma'aikata. == harin 11 ga Satumba == [[Fayil:DM-SD-02-03886.JPEG|right|thumb| Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, mintuna kadan bayan jirgin American Airlines mai lamba 77 ya fada cikinta]] da 6:22&nbsp;a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ƙungiyar ta duba daga otal ɗin kuma ta nufi filin jirgin saman Dulles. Da karfe 7:15&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun shiga wurin tikitin tikitin jirgin sama na American Airlines kuma sun isa wurin binciken lafiyar fasinja da karfe 7:20&nbsp;am Duk mutanen biyu sun kashe na'urar gano karfe kuma an sanya su ta hanyar gwaji na biyu. Hotunan faifan bidiyo na tsaro da aka fitar daga baya sun nuna cewa Moqed na yawo, amma mai binciken bai gano abin da ya kunna kararrawa ba, kuma Moqed da al-Mihdhar sun ci gaba da tafiya ba tare da wani tsangwama ba. <ref name="staff3">{{Cite web |title=The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3 |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528201527/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-28 |access-date=2008-05-30 |website=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=9}}</ref> An kuma zabi Al-Mihdhar ta hanyar Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), wanda ya kunshi karin tantance kayan sa; duk da haka, saboda al-Mihdhar bai duba ko wane kaya ba, hakan bai yi tasiri ba. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}</ref> Da karfe 7:50&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da sauran maharan dauke da wukake da masu yankan akwati, sun bi ta shingen binciken jami’an tsaron filin jirgin ne suka hau jirgi.&nbsp;77 zuwa Los Angeles. Al-Mihdhar ya zauna a kujera 12B, kusa da Moqed. <ref name="911-ch1" /> An shirya tashin jirgin daga Gate D26 da karfe 8:10&nbsp;am amma an jinkirta da mintuna 10. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security""] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. pp.&nbsp;27–29. Archived from [https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Sadarwar rediyo ta ƙarshe ta ƙarshe daga jirgin zuwa kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta faru ne da ƙarfe 8:50:51&nbsp;na <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregor |first=Joseph A. |date=2001-12-21 |title=ATC Report American Airlines Flight 77 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092934/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=13}}</ref> A 8:54&nbsp;ina, Flight&nbsp;77 ta kauce daga hanyar jirgin da aka ba shi, kuma ta fara karkata zuwa kudu, a lokacin ne maharan suka saita saitin matukin jirgin zuwa Washington, DC <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Callaghan |first=John |last2=Bower, Daniel |date=2002-02-13 |title=Study of Autopilot, Navigation Equipment, and Fuel Consumption Activity Based on United Airlines Flight&nbsp;93 and American Airlines Flight&nbsp;77 Digital Flight Data Recorder Information |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092923/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=6}}</ref> Fasinja Barbara Olson ta kira mijinta, Lauyan Amurka [[Theodore Olson|Ted Olson]] (wanda ya cika shekaru 61 da haihuwa). ya kasance a ranar), kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da jirgin. <ref name="911-ch1" /> Da misalin karfe 9:37:45 na safe, jirgin mai lamba 77 ya fado a yammacin facade na Pentagon, inda ya kashe mutane 64 da ke cikinsa, tare da 125 a cikin Pentagon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316175021/https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2008-06-02 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=2}}</ref> A cikin aikin dawo da, an gano ragowar maharan biyar ta hanyar hanyar kawar da su, tun da DNA ɗin su bai yi daidai da ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, kuma an saka su a hannun FBI. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edson, S. M. |display-authors=etal |date=January 2004 |title=Naming the Dead – Confronting the Realities of Rapid Identification of Degraded Skeletal Remains |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=64–90 |pmid=26256813}}</ref> == Bayan haka == Bayan hare-haren, gano al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin alakar farko da ke nuna cewa bin Laden ya taka rawa a cikin kungiyarsu, tun lokacin da aka ga al-Mihdhar a taron Malaysia yana magana da abokan bin Laden. Hukumar FBI ta yi wa Quso tambayoyi, wanda aka kama bayan harin bam na USS ''Cole'' kuma yana tsare a Yaman. Quso ya iya gano al-Mihdhar, al-Hazmi da bin Attash a cikin hotuna da FBI ta bayar, kuma ya san Marwan al-Shehhi, wani maharan da ke cikin jirgin United Airlines Flight 175 . Daga Quso, FBI ta sami damar kafa alakar al-Qaeda da hare-haren. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1dpt69p5mv71nzwvxkk5lv3v4b15rzw 882818 882817 2026-07-14T09:25:40Z Zahrah0 14848 882818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Khalid Muhammad Abdallah al-Mihdhar''' ( Arabic </link> ; kuma an fassara shi da '''AL Mihdhar''' ; Mayu 16, 1975 {{Efn|There is some discrepancy over Mihdhar's date of birth. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States observes that "Mihdhar uses May 16, 1975 as his birthdate on his ID, as well as on his U.S. visa. See [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf 9/11 and Terror Travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014508/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_App.pdf |date=2008-10-05 }}, p. 192 for ID card; see also copy of Mihdhar's visa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|title=U.S.D.C. Eastern District of Virginia|website=www.vaed.uscourts.gov|access-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513094851/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/SD00407.html|archive-date=2009-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> George Tenet gave testimony that "The CIA gave Mihdhar's birthdate as May 5, 1975" ({{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |title=11 September 2001 Hijackers |work=Testimony by George Tenet before the Joint Inquiry into Terrorist Attacks Against the United States |date=2002-06-18 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) |access-date=2008-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=live }}).}} - Satumba 11, 2001) ɗan ta'addar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] ne ya yi garkuwa da shi. Yana daya daga cikin mutane biyar [[Masu fashi a cikin hare-haren Satumba 11|da suka yi garkuwa]] da jirgin American Airlines Flight 77, wanda aka kai shi cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon a wani bangare na [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba]] . An haifi Al-Mihdhar a kasar Saudiyya. A farkon shekarar 1999, ya yi tafiya zuwa Afghanistan,a matsayinsa na gogaggen [[Jihadi|ɗan jihadi]], [[Osama bin Laden]] ya zaɓe shi don shiga hare-haren. Al-Mihdhar ya isa [[California]] tare da abokinsa Nawaf al-Hazmi a cikin Janairu 2000, bayan tafiya zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] don taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda . A wannan lokacin, [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta san al-Mihdhar, kuma an dauki hotonsa a Malaysia tare da wani dan [[al-Qaeda]] wanda ke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Cole</i></nowiki> . CIA ba ta sanar da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ba lokacin da ta sami labarin cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun shiga Amurka, kuma ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido ba sai a karshen watan Agustan 2001. A safiyar ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, al-Mihdhar ya shiga jirgi na American Airlines Flight 77, kuma ya taimaka wajen sace jirgin wanda aka yi awon gaba da shi kimanin mintuna 30 da tashinsa. Daga nan ne al-Mihdhar da tawagarsa na masu garkuwa da mutane suka afka cikin jirgin da gangan a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, inda suka kashe dukkan mutane 64 da ke cikin jirgin, tare da 125 a kasa. == Fage == An haifi Al-Mihdhar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu 1975, a [[Makkah|Makka]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], ga wani fitaccen iyali na kabilar [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] na Makka. Ba a san komai ba game da rayuwarsa kafin ya kai shekaru 20, lokacin da shi da abokin karami Nawaf al-Hazmi suka je Bosnia da Herzegovina don yin fafatawa da mujahidai a yakin Bosniya . Bayan yakin, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun tafi Afganistan inda suka yi yaki tare da [[Taliban]] a kan kawancen Arewa, kuma al-Qaeda daga baya za su kira al-Hazmi "shugaba na biyu". <ref name="willalOmari" /> A cikin 1997, al-Mihdhar ya gaya wa iyalinsa cewa zai tafi yaƙi a Chechnya, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da cewa ya tafi Chechnya ba. A wannan shekarar, dukkan mutanen biyu sun ja hankalin jami'an leken asirin Saudiyya, wadanda suka yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a safarar makamai, kuma a shekara ta gaba an sanya ido a matsayin masu hadin gwiwa a harin bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998 a [[gabashin Afirka]] bayan da aka bayyana cewa Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al -Owhali ya baiwa FBI lambar wayar surukin al-Mihdhar; 967-1-200578, wanda ya zama cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci ga mayakan al-Qaeda, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba da labarin Amurkawa game da taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda mai zuwa. A ƙarshen 1990s, al-Mihdhar ya auri Hoda al-Hada, 'yar uwar wani abokinsa daga [[Yemen]], kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ta hanyar aure, al-Mihdhar yana da alaƙa da wasu mutane da ke da hannu da [[al-Qaeda]] ta wata hanya. Surukin Al-Mihdhar, Ahmad Mohammad Ali al-Hada, ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwar al-Qaeda a Yemen, kuma a ƙarshen 2001, surukin al-Mihdhar, Ahmed al-Darbi, An kama shi a [[Azerbaijan]] kuma an aika shi zuwa Guantanamo Bay bisa zargin tallafa wa wani shiri na bama bamai jiragen ruwa a mashigin Hormuz . === Zaɓi don hare-haren === A cikin bazara na 1999, wanda ya kafa [[Al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda,]] [[Osama bin Laden|Osama bin Laden,]] ya himmatu wajen tallafawa shirin harin 11 ga Satumba, wanda fitaccen dan kungiyar al-Qaeda [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] ya shirya. Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi na daga cikin rukunin farko na mahalarta da aka zaba domin gudanar da wannan aiki, tare da Tawfiq bin Attash da Abu Bara al Yemeni, 'yan al-Qaeda daga Yemen. Al-Mihdhar, wanda ya share tsawon lokaci a sansanonin al-Qaeda a shekarun 1990, Bin Laden ya san shi kuma yana matukar girmama shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance mai sha'awar shiga ayyukan [[jihadi]] a Amurka wanda ya riga ya sami takardar izinin shiga da yawa na shekara guda B-1/B-2 ( yawon shakatawa / kasuwanci) daga karamin ofishin jakadanci a [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, Afrilu 7, 1999, kwana daya bayan samun sabon fasfo. Al-Mihdhar ya jera Sheraton na Los Angeles a matsayin inda ya nufa. Da zarar an zabi al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi an tura su sansanin horo na Mes Aynak da ke Afghanistan. A ƙarshen 1999, al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al Yemeni sun je [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] don ganin Mohammed, wanda ya ba su horo game da al'adu da tafiye-tafiye na Yamma ; duk da haka, al-Mihdhar bai je Karachi ba, maimakon ya koma Yemen. An san shi da ''Sinaan'' yayin shirye-shiryen. == 2000 == === taron Malaysia === [[File:KAlmihdhar.JPG|right|thumb| Khalid al-Mihdhar]] [[C.I.A|CIA]] tana sane da shigar al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi tare da al-Qaeda, bayan bayanan leken asirin Saudiyya sun sanar da su yayin wani taron 1999 a [[Riyadh]] . Dangane da bayanan da [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gano a cikin harin bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a 1998, Hukumar Tsaron Kasa (NSA) ta fara bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar Hada, surukin al-Mihdhar. A ƙarshen 1999, NSA ta sanar da CIA game da wani taro mai zuwa a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], wanda Hada ya ambata zai ƙunshi "Khalid", "Nawaf", da "Salem", wanda shine ƙanin al-Hazmi, Salem al-Hazmi . A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Kuala Lumpur]], inda ya shiga al-Hazmi, bin Attash da al-Yemeni, wadanda duk sun zo daga Pakistan. Dan kungiyar Hamburg Ramzi bin al-Shibh shi ma yana wurin taron, kuma Mohammed zai yiwu ya halarci taron. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Man Who Knew: What If... |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921160152/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/could/ |archive-date=2008-09-21 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Kungiyar ta je Malaysia ne domin ganawa da Hambali, shugaban [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], mai alaka da al-Qaeda na Asiya. A yayin taron Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda, ƙila an shirya mahimman bayanai da yawa na harin 9/11. A lokacin, makircin hare-haren yana da wani ƙarin abin da ya shafi satar jiragen sama a Asiya, da kuma a Amurka. An tsara Bin Attash da al-Yemani don wannan bangare na makircin. Duk da haka, daga baya bin Laden ya soke shi saboda yana da wuyar daidaitawa da ayyukan Amurka. {{Quote box|'[W]e've got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the U.S. We've got to tell the FBI.' And then [the CIA officer] said to me, 'No, it's not the FBI's case, not the FBI's jurisdiction.'}} A Malaysia, kungiyar ta zauna tare da Yazid Sufaat, dan kungiyar Jemaah Islamiyah, wanda ya ba da masauki bisa bukatar Hambali. Hukumomin Malaysia ne suka dauki hoton al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a asirce a wurin taron, wadanda CIA ta nemi ta ba da sa ido . Mutanen Malaysia sun ruwaito cewa al-Mihdhar ya yi magana mai tsawo da bin Attash, kuma ya gana da Fahd al-Quso da sauran wadanda daga baya suke da hannu a harin bam na USS <nowiki><i id="mwtQ">Cole</i></nowiki> . Bayan taron, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Bangkok]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], a ranar 8 ga Janairu kuma sun bar mako guda a ranar 15 ga Janairu zuwa Amurka. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun isa filin jirgin sama na Los Angeles daga Bangkok kuma an shigar da su a matsayin masu yawon buɗe ido na tsawon watanni shida. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2000—kwana 17 da shiga Amurka—mutane biyu sun ci karo da Omar al-Bayoumi da [[Caysan Bin Don]] a gidan cin abinci na halal da ke Venice Boulevard a cikin Culver City. Al-Bayoumi ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kasance mai bayar da agaji ne kawai wajen taimaka wa [[Musulmi|musulmin]] biyu da ake ganin ba sa nan zuwa San Diego, inda ya taimaka musu su sami wani gida kusa da nasa, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar su, kuma ya ba su dala 1,500 don su biya. hayarsu. Daga baya Mohammed ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba da shawarar San Diego a matsayin wurin da za su nufa, bisa bayanan da aka samo daga littafin wayar San Diego wanda ya jera makarantun harshe da na jirgin sama. Mohammed ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa su biyun su nemi taimako daga al'ummar musulmin yankin, tun da ba ya jin Turanci ko kuma ba su da kwarewa da al'adun Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Outline of the 9/11 Plot, Staff Statement No. 16 |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014507/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=5}}</ref> Yayin da yake San Diego, shaidu sun gaya wa FBI shi da al-Hazmi suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da [[Anwar al-Awlaki|Anwar Al Awlaki]], limamin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mashawarcinsu na ruhaniya. Hukumomi sun ce mutanen biyu suna halartar [[Masjid Ar-Ribat al-Islami|masallacin Ar-Ribat al-Islami]] a kai a kai a masallacin al-Awlaki da ke San Diego, kuma al-Awlaki ya yi ganawar sirri da su da yawa, wanda ya sa masu binciken suka yi imanin al-Awlaki ya san game da harin 11 ga Satumba. hare-hare a gaba. [[Fayil:Anwar_al-Awlaki_sitting_on_couch,_lightened.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px| [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] in [[Yemen]], 2008]] A farkon Fabrairu 2000, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi hayar wani gida a rukunin gidaje na Parkwood a yankin Clairemont Mesa na San Diego, kuma al-Mihdhar ya sayi [[Toyota Corolla]] 1988 da aka yi amfani da shi. Makwabta sun dauka cewa al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi ba su da hankali saboda watanni sun shude ba tare da samun kayan da maza ba, kuma suna kwana a kan katifu a kasa, amma duk da haka suna ɗaukar jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin wayoyin hannu, kuma wani lokaci an ɗauke su ta hanyar wayar hannu. limousine. Wadanda suka sadu da al-Mihdhar a San Diego sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mai duhu kuma mai nuna kyama ga al'adun Amurka". Maƙwabta kuma sun ce ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasannin kwaikwayo na jirgin sama . Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun dauki darasin jirgin sama a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2000, a Sorbi Flying Club a San Diego, tare da al-Mihdhar ya yi jigilar jirgin sama na mintuna 42. Sun ɗauki ƙarin darussa a ranar 10 ga Mayu; duk da haka, tare da ƙwarewar Ingilishi mara kyau, ba su yi kyau tare da darussan jirgin ba. Al-Mihdhar da Al-Hazmi sun tada wani shakku a lokacin da suka bayar da karin kudi ga malaminsu na jirgin Rick Garza, idan ya horar da su jiragen sama. Garza ya ki amincewa da tayin amma bai kai rahoto ga hukumomi ba. Bayan harin na 11 ga Satumba, Garza ya bayyana mutanen biyu a matsayin "dalibai marasa hakuri" wadanda "suna son koyon tukin jiragen sama, musamman Boeings". === Komawa Yemen === Al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun fice daga cikin Parkwood Apartments a karshen watan Mayun 2000, kuma al-Mihdhar ya mika rijistar Toyota Corolla zuwa al-Hazmi. A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2000, al-Mihdhar ya bar Amurka ya koma Yemen don ziyartar matarsa, ba tare da burin Mohammed ba wanda ya so ya ci gaba da zama a Amurka don taimaka wa al-Hazmi. Mohammed ya fusata da hakan har ya yanke shawarar kawar da al-Mihdhar daga makircin 11 ga Satumba, amma bin Laden ya rinjaye shi. Al-Mihdhar ya kasance wani bangare na makircin a matsayin dan fashin tsoka, wanda zai taimaka wajen karbe jirgin. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2000, wani karamin jirgin ruwa dauke da bama-bamai ya kai wa jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mw_g">Cole</i></nowiki> hari. Bayan harin bam, Firaministan Yemen Abdul Karim al-Iryani ya bayar da rahoton cewa, al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya harin kuma ya kasance a kasar a lokacin da aka kai harin. A ƙarshen 2000, al-Mihdhar ya dawo Saudi Arabiya, yana tare da wani kani a Makka. <ref name="911-ch7-2" /> == 2001 == A watan Fabrairun 2001, al-Mihdhar ya koma Afganistan na wasu watanni, mai yiwuwa ya shiga ta kan iyakar Iran bayan ya tashi daga [[Siriya|Syria]] . <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> Daga baya darektan FBI Robert Mueller ya bayyana imaninsa cewa al-Mihdhar yayi aiki a matsayin kodineta kuma mai shirya masu satar tsokar. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin masu garkuwar tsoka da suka dawo Amurka. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni ya koma Saudiyya na tsawon wata guda, inda ya nemi ya sake shiga Amurka ta hanyar shirin Visa Express, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa ya yi niyyar sauka a wani otal na Marriott da ke birnin New York. A kan takardar neman visa, al-Mihdhar ya yi karya cewa bai taba tafiya Amurka a baya ba. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, al-Mihdhar ya koma Amurka, ya isa filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy na birnin New York, ta amfani da sabon fasfo da aka samu a watan da ya gabata. Daga baya an gano wani kwafin dijital na fasfo na al-Mihdhar a yayin binciken wani gidan tsaro na al-Qaeda a Afganistan, wanda ke dauke da alamomi, kamar tambarin fasfo na bogi ko canza, cewa al-Mihdhar mamba ne na wata sanannan kungiyar ta'addanci. . A lokacin da aka shigar da al-Mihdhar a Amurka, ba a horar da masu duba shige da fice don neman irin wadannan alamomin ba. Da isarsu, al-Mihdhar bai duba cikin Marriott ba amma a maimakon haka ya kwana a wani otal a birnin. <ref name="911-ch7-3" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2001, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun ziyarci ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar William Paterson da ke Wayne, New Jersey, inda suka yi amfani da kwamfutoci don bincika bayanan balaguro da jigilar jiragen sama. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi sun yi ƙoƙarin siyan tikitin jirgi daga ƴan kasuwan tikitin kan layi na kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines, amma sun sami matsala ta fasaha kuma suka daina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-26 |title=Statement of Robert S. Mueller: Joint Investigation Into September 11 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025548/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602mueller.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun sami damar yin ajiyar jirgin sama mai lamba 77 a ranar 25 ga Agusta, ta hanyar amfani da katin kiredit na Moqed; duk da haka, cinikin bai cika cika ba saboda adireshin biyan kuɗi da adireshin jigilar kaya na tikiti ba su yi daidai ba. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, al-Mihdhar ya rufe wani asusu a bankin Hudson United da ke New Jersey, bayan ya bude asusun a lokacin da ya isa a watan Yuli, kuma yana tare da Hanjour lokacin da ya cire kudi daga ATM a Paterson a ranar 1 ga Satumba. Kashegari, al-Mihdhar, Moqed da Hanjour sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Maryland]], inda suka zauna a motel ɗin kasafin kuɗi a Laurel . Al-Mihdhar yana cikin masu garkuwa da tsoka da suka yi aiki a wani dakin motsa jiki na Gold's Gym a Greenbelt a farkon watan Satumba. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun je gidan tikitin jirgin saman Amurka a filin jirgin sama na Baltimore-Washington don karbar tikitin jirgin sama mai lamba 77, inda suka biya tsabar kudi dala 2,300. <ref name="FBI Hijackers" /> === Hankali yana jagoranci === Duk da sanin shigarsa Amurka sama da shekara guda, ba a sanya al-Mihdhar cikin jerin masu sa ido na CIA ba har sai ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2001, kuma an aika da rubutu a ranar 23 ga Agusta zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Ƙasashen Duniya (Ma'aikatar Kula da Shige da Fice ). INS) yana ba da shawarar cewa a saka al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi cikin masu sa ido. Ba a sanar da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) game da mutanen biyu ba. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, CIA ta sanar da FBI cewa al-Mihdhar ya sami takardar izinin shiga Amurka a Jeddah. Hedkwatar FBI ta karbi kwafin takardar neman Visa Express daga ofishin jakadancin Jeddah a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, wanda ke nuna Marriott na New York a matsayin al-Mihdhar. <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, Mossad ta baiwa hukumar leken asiri ta CIA sunan al-Mihdhar a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 19 mazauna Amurka da suke zargin za su kai hari kasar nan ba da dadewa ba; hudu daga cikin wadannan sunaye ne kawai aka san su a bainar jama'a, sauran na 'yan uwan maharan 11 ga watan Satumba Mohamed Atta, Nawaf al-Hazmi, da Marwan al-Shehhi. Ba a sani ba ko jerin sunayen na kunshe ne da sunayen dukkan maharan da suka yi garkuwa da su a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba ko kuma a daidai lokacin da jerin sunayen suna da yawa kamar yadda ake samun masu satar mutane a harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |others=August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named |title=Context of 'August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named' |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031428/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a082301mossad |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |website=History Commons}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ofishin FBI na New York ya bukaci a bude shari'ar aikata laifuka don tantance ko har yanzu al-Mihdhar yana Amurka, amma an ki amincewa da bukatar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar ta FBI ta kawo karshen daukar al-Mihdhar a matsayin shari’ar leken asiri, wanda hakan ke nufin masu binciken laifuka na FBI ba za su iya yin aiki a kan lamarin ba, saboda shingen raba bayanan sirri da ayyukan laifuka. Wani wakili a ofishin New York ya aika da imel zuwa hedkwatar FBI yana mai cewa, "Duk abin da ya faru da wannan, wata rana wani zai mutu, kuma jama'a ba za su fahimci dalilin da ya sa ba mu da tasiri da kuma jefa duk wani albarkatun da muke da shi a kan wasu." Matsaloli." Amsar daga hedkwatar ita ce, "mu [a hedkwatar] duk mun yi takaici da wannan batu ... [t] waɗannan dokokin NSLU ba su cika su ba." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Prepared Statement of a New York Special Agent |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003935/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002fbi.html |archive-date=2008-10-14 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}</ref> Hukumar FBI ta tuntubi Marriott a <ref name="rolince">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-20 |title=Testimony of Michael E. Rolince |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 "Testimony of Michael E. Rolince"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 September 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151633/http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/joint-inquiry-into-events-of-september-11-2001 Archived] from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> ga Agusta, inda ta bukaci su bincika bayanan baƙi, kuma a ranar 5 ga Satumba, sun ba da rahoton cewa babu wani otal na Marriott da ke da wani tarihin shiga al-Mihdhar. Kwana daya kafin harin, Robert Fuller na ofishin New York ya bukaci ofishin FBI na Los Angeles ya duba dukkan otal din Sheraton na gida, <ref name="rolince" /> da [[Lufthansa]] da [[United Airlines]], saboda su ne kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu al-Mihdhar ya saba yi. shiga kasar. <ref name="hill">{{Cite web |last=Hill, Eleanor |date=2002-09-20 |title=The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2008-09-29 |website=Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHill,_Eleanor2002">Hill, Eleanor (20 September 2002). [https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html "The Intelligence Community's Knowledge of the September 11 Hijackers Prior to September 11, 2001"]. ''Joint Inquiry into the Events of September 11, 2001''. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233211/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092002hill.html Archived] from the original on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Babu Cibiyar Tabbatar da Laifukan Tattalin Arziƙi na Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ko Ƙungiyar Binciken Kuɗi ta FBI, waɗanda ke da damar yin amfani da katin kiredit da sauran bayanan kuɗi masu zaman kansu, ba a sanar da su game da al-Mihdhar kafin Satumba 11. Dangane da kin sanar da hukumar leken asiri ta CIA game da al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi, marubuci Lawrence Wright ya nuna cewa CIA na son kare ciyawarta kuma ta damu da bada bayanan sirri ga wakilin FBI John P. O'Neill, wanda shugaban tashar Alec Michael Michael. Scheuer an bayyana shi azaman mai ban mamaki. Wright ya kuma yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa CIA ta kasance tana ba da kariya ga ayyukan leken asiri a ketare, kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance tana neman al-Mihdhar da al-Hazmi a matsayin makasudin daukar ma'aikata don samun bayanan sirri kan al-Qaeda, kodayake CIA ba ta da izinin yin aiki a Amurka kuma watakila ya bar su ne don leken asirin Saudiyya don daukar ma'aikata. == harin 11 ga Satumba == [[Fayil:DM-SD-02-03886.JPEG|right|thumb| Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, mintuna kadan bayan jirgin American Airlines mai lamba 77 ya fada cikinta]] da 6:22&nbsp;a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ƙungiyar ta duba daga otal ɗin kuma ta nufi filin jirgin saman Dulles. Da karfe 7:15&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da Moqed sun shiga wurin tikitin tikitin jirgin sama na American Airlines kuma sun isa wurin binciken lafiyar fasinja da karfe 7:20&nbsp;am Duk mutanen biyu sun kashe na'urar gano karfe kuma an sanya su ta hanyar gwaji na biyu. Hotunan faifan bidiyo na tsaro da aka fitar daga baya sun nuna cewa Moqed na yawo, amma mai binciken bai gano abin da ya kunna kararrawa ba, kuma Moqed da al-Mihdhar sun ci gaba da tafiya ba tare da wani tsangwama ba. <ref name="staff3">{{Cite web |title=The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3 |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528201527/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-28 |access-date=2008-05-30 |website=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=9}}</ref> An kuma zabi Al-Mihdhar ta hanyar Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), wanda ya kunshi karin tantance kayan sa; duk da haka, saboda al-Mihdhar bai duba ko wane kaya ba, hakan bai yi tasiri ba. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}</ref> Da karfe 7:50&nbsp;am, al-Mihdhar da sauran maharan dauke da wukake da masu yankan akwati, sun bi ta shingen binciken jami’an tsaron filin jirgin ne suka hau jirgi.&nbsp;77 zuwa Los Angeles. Al-Mihdhar ya zauna a kujera 12B, kusa da Moqed. <ref name="911-ch1" /> An shirya tashin jirgin daga Gate D26 da karfe 8:10&nbsp;am amma an jinkirta da mintuna 10. <ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security" |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |pages=27–29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306021319/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security""] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. pp.&nbsp;27–29. Archived from [https://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Sadarwar rediyo ta ƙarshe ta ƙarshe daga jirgin zuwa kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta faru ne da ƙarfe 8:50:51&nbsp;na <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregor |first=Joseph A. |date=2001-12-21 |title=ATC Report American Airlines Flight 77 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092934/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=13}}</ref> A 8:54&nbsp;ina, Flight&nbsp;77 ta kauce daga hanyar jirgin da aka ba shi, kuma ta fara karkata zuwa kudu, a lokacin ne maharan suka saita saitin matukin jirgin zuwa Washington, DC <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Callaghan |first=John |last2=Bower, Daniel |date=2002-02-13 |title=Study of Autopilot, Navigation Equipment, and Fuel Consumption Activity Based on United Airlines Flight&nbsp;93 and American Airlines Flight&nbsp;77 Digital Flight Data Recorder Information |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409092923/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=6}}</ref> Fasinja Barbara Olson ta kira mijinta, Lauyan Amurka [[Theodore Olson|Ted Olson]] (wanda ya cika shekaru 61 da haihuwa). ya kasance a ranar), kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da jirgin. <ref name="911-ch1" /> Da misalin karfe 9:37:45 na safe, jirgin mai lamba 77 ya fado a yammacin facade na Pentagon, inda ya kashe mutane 64 da ke cikinsa, tare da 125 a cikin Pentagon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316175021/https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2008-06-02 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |page=2}}</ref> A cikin aikin dawo da, an gano ragowar maharan biyar ta hanyar hanyar kawar da su, tun da DNA ɗin su bai yi daidai da ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, kuma an saka su a hannun FBI. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edson, S. M. |display-authors=etal |date=January 2004 |title=Naming the Dead – Confronting the Realities of Rapid Identification of Degraded Skeletal Remains |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=64–90 |pmid=26256813}}</ref> == Bayan haka == Bayan hare-haren, gano al-Mihdhar na daya daga cikin alakar farko da ke nuna cewa bin Laden ya taka rawa a cikin kungiyarsu, tun lokacin da aka ga al-Mihdhar a taron Malaysia yana magana da abokan bin Laden. Hukumar FBI ta yi wa Quso tambayoyi, wanda aka kama bayan harin bam na USS ''Cole'' kuma yana tsare a Yaman. Quso ya iya gano al-Mihdhar, al-Hazmi da bin Attash a cikin hotuna da FBI ta bayar, kuma ya san Marwan al-Shehhi, wani maharan da ke cikin jirgin United Airlines Flight 175 . Daga Quso, FBI ta sami damar kafa alakar al-Qaeda da hare-haren. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g3d699srb9e04hrmka33cju4jn6ztji Hari a Beirut, 20 ga watan Satumban 2024 0 89772 882454 635817 2026-07-13T18:23:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2024, [[Isra'ila]] ta kaddamar da hari na iska wanda ya rushe wani gini a yankin Dahieh na [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].<ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Harin ya kashe akalla mutane 45, ciki har da mayakan [[Hezbollah]] 16, biyu daga cikinsu kwamandoji ne, wadanda aka gano su Ibrahim Aqil da Ahmed Wehbe. Su ne kwamandojin Hezbollah na biyu da na uku da Isra'ila ta kashe a cikin watanni biyu a lokacin rikici na Isra'ila da Hezbollah, bayan kisan [[Fuad Shukr]]. Sauran wadanda ya shafa fararen hula ne, ciki har da akalla yara uku da mata bakwai. Akalla wasu 68 sun ji rauni.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut strike rises to 37: Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s health ministry says the death toll from yesterday’s air attack on Beirut’s southern suburb has reached 37 people.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut attack goes up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s Health Minister says at least 31 people, including three children and seven women, were killed in the Israeli attack on southern Beirut yesterday. Another 68 people were wounded in the attack, he added. The three children among the 31 killed in Israel’s attack on southern Beirut yesterday were aged four, six and 10, Lebanon’s Health Minister said during a press conference.}}</ref> Isra'ila ta ce yajin aikin ya yi niyya ne ga kwamandojin kwamandan rundunar Redwan na [[Hezbollah]] inda suke gudanar da taro a cikin wani gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title="إسرائيل" توسّع الحرب بعملية ضخمة دمّرت مبنييْن في الضاحية: استشهاد مؤسّس قوة الرضوان إبراهيم عقيل وهيئة أركانها |url=https://alqudsnews.net/post/208964/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921074517/https://alqudsnews.net/post/208964/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85 |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=وكالة القدس للأنباء |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassam |first=Laila |last2=Lubell |first2=Maayan |date=September 22, 2024 |title=Israel kills top Hezbollah figure in Beirut strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-peacekeepers-lebanon-urge-de-escalation-after-heavy-airstrikes-2024-09-20/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240920164309/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-peacekeepers-lebanon-urge-de-escalation-after-heavy-airstrikes-2024-09-20/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Goma sha bakwai sun ɓace daga harin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=31 killed, 23 missing in Israeli airstrike on Beirut's Southern suburbs, caretaker Health Minister Firass Abiad says |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427958/abiad-31-killed-23-missing-in-israeli-airstrike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Lorient Le Jour}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hezbollah da Isra'ila sun shiga cikin musayar soja da ke gudana a kan iyaka wanda ya kori dukkan al'ummomi a Isra'ila da Lebanon tun farkon yakin Isra'ila-Hamas a ƙarshen 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strikes-lebanon-kill-three-including-hezbollah-commander-sources-say-2024-04-16/ |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=Lebanon: Flash Update #25 − Escalation of hostilities in South Lebanon, as of 23 August 2024 − Lebanon |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-flash-update-25-escalation-hostilities-south-lebanon-23-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923020751/https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-flash-update-25-escalation-hostilities-south-lebanon-23-august-2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun da farko a ranar 17 ga Satumba 2024, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin fashewar, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila ta kafa sabon burin yaki: dawowar mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu zuwa arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lukiv |first=Jaroslav |date=17 September 2024 |title=Israel sets new war goal of returning residents to the north |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cglkkrj94ldo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920054511/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cglkkrj94ldo |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=The return of evacuated residents to northern Israel is now a war goal, PMO says |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820445 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920061310/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820445 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar tsaron cikin gida ta Isra'ila, Shin Bet, ta sanar da cewa ta rushe wani makircin Hezbollah na kashe tsohon babban jami'in tsaro ta amfani da na'urar fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |author-link=Yonah Jeremy Bob |date=17 September 2024 |title=Did Israel retaliate against Hezbollah for attempted assassination of ex-defense chief? − analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-820540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919011809/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-820540 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> A wannan rana da kuma na gaba, dubban shafukan hannu da daruruwan Walkie-talkies da Hezbollah ta yi amfani da su sun fashewa a hare-hare a lokaci guda a fadin Lebanon da [[Siriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Video shows pagers exploding in Lebanon attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news/here-are-the-latest-developments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155056/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news/here-are-the-latest-developments |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pagers explosion: Thousands hurt across Lebanon, health minister says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917161447/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |date=17 September 2024 |title=Exploding pagers belonging to Hezbollah kill 8 and injure more than 2,700 in Lebanon |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hezbollah-pagers-expolsion-lebanon-handheld-devices-rcna171457 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917143611/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hezbollah-pagers-expolsion-lebanon-handheld-devices-rcna171457 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> A cewar [[New York Times|The New York Times]], hukumomin leken asiri na Isra'ila sun ƙera na'urorin. Jami'an Hezbollah sun bayyana lamarin a matsayin babbar keta tsaro ta kungiyar tun farkon rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gritten |first=David |date=18 September 2024 |title=Dozens of Hezbollah members reportedly hurt by exploding pagers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920073945/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Manufar === Ibrahim Aqil ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar Lebanon kuma babban jami'in [[Hezbollah]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Israel identifies Hezbollah's Ibrahim Aqil as head of the deadly Radwan unit |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-776304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815191458/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-776304 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Jihad, wanda ke kula da ayyukan soja da tsaro na kungiyar. Aqil ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ayyukan kuma wasu sun dauke shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hezbollah.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102003311/https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Iran orders Hezbollah to target Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-iran-orders-hezbollah-target-saudi-arabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920132735/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-iran-orders-hezbollah-target-saudi-arabia |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> An kuma yi imanin cewa shi ne shugaban Redwan Force, wani reshe na Hezbollah. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beeri |first=Tal |date=5 January 2023 |title=The Radwan Unit ("Radwan Force" − Unit 125) |url=https://israel-alma.org/2023/01/05/the-radwan-unit-radwan-force-unit-125/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014000647/https://israel-alma.org/2023/01/05/the-radwan-unit-radwan-force-unit-125/ |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Alma Research and Education Center}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, ya kasance babban mutum a cikin Ƙungiyar Jihad ta Musulunci, ƙungiyar ta'addanci da Hezbollah ke sarrafawa kuma tana da alhakin fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka na 1983 a [[Beirut]], inda ta kashe mutane 63, da kuma hare-haren da aka kai kan sansanonin sojoji na ƙasashe da yawa a Beirut wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 305. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hjelmgaard |first=Kim |last2=Morrison |first2=Dan |date=2024-09-20 |title=Beirut strike kills suspect in 1983 Lebanon bombings that killed 300 Americans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/09/20/israel-hezbollah-lebanon/75303175007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920155300/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/09/20/israel-hezbollah-lebanon/75303175007/ |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Aqil ne ke da alhakin satar Amurkawa da Jamus da aka yi garkuwa da su. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya shi a matsayin mai ta'addanci na Duniya.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102003311/https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-09-20 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ "Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice"]. </cite></ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2023, shirin Kyaututtuka don Adalci ya ba da lada har zuwa dala miliyan 7 don bayani game da shi.<ref name=":22" /> An ruwaito cewa yana da hannu wajen shirya aikin Hezbollah a arewacin Isra'ila, wanda aka yi imanin ya yi kama da hare-haren da Hamas ta kai ranar 7 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=2024-09-20 |title=Hezbollah commander killed in Israeli airstrike was top military official on US wanted list |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-mideast-tensions-attack-8ec89de2b117b52e2c09b19155e35d13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929181149/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-mideast-tensions-attack-8ec89de2b117b52e2c09b19155e35d13 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Harin == A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2024, a kusa da 15:45 EEST, wani hari na iska ya kai hari kan wani gini a kan titin Jamous a unguwar al-Qaem a kudancin Beirut, wani yanki da aka sani da sansanin Hezbollah. Rahotanni na farko sun nuna Naim Qassem, na biyu a cikin umurni na Hezbollah, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Recap: Major Israeli strike kills Hezbollah Radwan Forces commanders - L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427855/targeted-drone-strike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs-what-we-know-so-far.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920134653/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427855/targeted-drone-strike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs-what-we-know-so-far.html |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20}}</ref> Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Labaran ya ce an kai harin jirgin sama a cikin jirage biyu ta jirgin yaki na F-35. Akalla mutane 45 <ref name="45dead">{{Cite web |title=At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon's Beirut |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/9/21/death-toll-from-israeli-strike-on-beirut-suburb-rises-to-31 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ciki har da yara uku da mata bakwai sun mutu, yayin da wasu 68 suka ji rauni. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut strike rises to 37: Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s health ministry says the death toll from yesterday’s air attack on Beirut’s southern suburb has reached 37 people.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJamalMarsi2024">Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica (21 September 2024). </cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut attack goes up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s Health Minister says at least 31 people, including three children and seven women, were killed in the Israeli attack on southern Beirut yesterday. Another 68 people were wounded in the attack, he added. The three children among the 31 killed in Israel’s attack on southern Beirut yesterday were aged four, six and 10, Lebanon’s Health Minister said during a press conference.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica (21 September 2024). </cite></ref> Hoton shafin da aka yi niyya ya nuna mummunar lalacewa ga ginin, tare da titin da ke cike da tarkace da motocin da suka lalace. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa IDF ta tabbatar da "yajin aiki"; ba a sanar da canje-canje a cikin jagororin tsaro na Home Front Command ba. Yajin aikin ya rushe ginin gidan, ya yanke ta cikin hawa takwas da gidaje 16 har zuwa ginshiki.<ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrankelMroue2024">Frankel, Julia; Mroue, Bassem (2024-09-20). </cite></ref><ref name="basement">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090358/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Wani gini ma ya rushe a harin.<ref name="14dead" /> Ma'aikatan ceto nan da nan sun fara tonowa a cikin rushewar yayin da mutane 20 suka ɓace daga harin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=الميادين: ارتفاع حصيلة العدوان الإسرائيلي على الضاحية الجنوبية لبيروت إلى 19 شهيداً ونحو 20 مفقوداً ..أخر المستجدات |url=https://ar.pressbee.net/show8655636.html?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921073418/https://ar.pressbee.net/show8655636.html?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=برس بي |language=ar}}</ref> IDF ta ce akalla kwamandojin Hezbollah 10 ne aka kashe a harin jirgin sama a Beirut tare da Ibrahim Aqil, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emmanuel |date=20 September 2024 |title=Hagari: Aqil, top leadership were underground, below a residential building at time of strike |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hagari-aqil-top-radwan-force-leadership-were-underground-below-a-residential-building-at-time-of-strike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921212258/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hagari-aqil-top-radwan-force-leadership-were-underground-below-a-residential-building-at-time-of-strike/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> wanda ke gudanar da taro a ginshiki na ginin a lokacin yajin aikin. <ref name="basement">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090358/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Associated Press}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 "Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire"]. </cite></ref> Hezbollah daga baya ta tabbatar da mutuwar 15 daga cikin mambobinta a cikin harin jirgin sama, gami da Aqil da Ahmed Wehbe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emmanuel |date=21 September 2024 |title=Hagari: Aqil, top leadership were underground, below a residential building at time of strike |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-names-14-more-members-killed-in-airstrike-including-a-seniorcommander/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921074923/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-names-14-more-members-killed-in-airstrike-including-a-seniorcommander/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> Kisan kiyashi na Aqil da Wehbe ya nuna kwamandojin Hezbollah na biyu da na uku da Isra'ila ta kashe bayan [[Fuad Shukr]] a cikin watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Israeli air attack on Beirut kills 14 as cross-border fire intensifies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/20/israel-hits-beirut-lebanon-air-strike-hezbollah-fires-rockets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000139/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/20/israel-hits-beirut-lebanon-air-strike-hezbollah-fires-rockets |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Firayim Ministan Lebanon [[Najib Mikati]] ya ce harin "ya sake tabbatar da cewa abokin gaba na Isra'ila ba ya darajar wani abu na ɗan adam, shari'a ko ɗabi'a". Mai magana da yawun Majalisar Tsaro ta Fadar White House John Kirby ya ce "ba shi da masaniya game da wani sanarwa da ya gabata game da yajin aikin Isra'ila a Beirut".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title='10 Hezbollah commanders' killed alongside Ibrahim Aqil in Israeli Haret Hreik strike, Israeli army says: Day 350 of the Gaza war - L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427789/-day-350-of-the-gaza-war.html}}</ref> Mai ba da shawara kan tsaron Amurka Jake Sullivan ya ce kisan ya yi adalci ga Aqil, yana mai cewa: "duk lokacin da aka kawo dan ta'adda wanda ya kashe Amurkawa gaban shari'a, mun yi imanin cewa sakamako ne mai kyau". [[Hamas]] ta yi tir da harin, ta kira shi "laifuka" kuma ta ce "Isra'ila za ta biya kudin" don kashe-kashen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Hamas condemns killing of senior Hezbollah commander |url=https://aje.io/px2nij?update=3192281 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Hezbollah ta tabbatar da mutuwar Aqil. A cikin wata sanarwa, kungiyar ta lakafta shi "babban shugaba mai jihadi", ta kara da cewa ya "shiga jerin 'yan uwansa, manyan shugabannin shahidai, bayan rayuwa mai albarka cike da jihadi, aiki, raunuka, sadaukarwa, haɗari, ƙalubale, nasarori, da nasarori". <ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrankelMroue2024">Frankel, Julia; Mroue, Bassem (2024-09-20). </cite></ref> Hezbollah kuma ta kira Ali Reda Abbas a matsayin sabon shugaban Redwan Force. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Hezbollah's Radwan Force chooses its new lead commander - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-821191 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kisan gillar Isra'ila * Jerin kisan kai a Lebanon * Harin jirgin sama na Haret Hreik na 2024 * Kashewar Imad Mughniyeh * [[Kisan Saleh al-Arouri|Kashewar Saleh al-Arouri]] == manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Israel–Hamas war}}{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1m14ekr9cew8a0g8m13otc9344k8pm7 882455 882454 2026-07-13T18:23:38Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 882455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2024, [[Isra'ila]] ta kaddamar da hari na iska wanda ya rushe wani gini a yankin Dahieh na [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].<ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Harin ya kashe akalla mutane 45, ciki har da mayakan [[Hezbollah]] 16, biyu daga cikinsu kwamandoji ne, wadanda aka gano su Ibrahim Aqil da Ahmed Wehbe. Su ne kwamandojin Hezbollah na biyu da na uku da Isra'ila ta kashe a cikin watanni biyu a lokacin rikici na Isra'ila da Hezbollah, bayan kisan [[Fuad Shukr]]. Sauran wadanda ya shafa fararen hula ne, ciki har da akalla yara uku da mata bakwai. Akalla wasu 68 sun ji rauni.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut strike rises to 37: Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s health ministry says the death toll from yesterday’s air attack on Beirut’s southern suburb has reached 37 people.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut attack goes up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s Health Minister says at least 31 people, including three children and seven women, were killed in the Israeli attack on southern Beirut yesterday. Another 68 people were wounded in the attack, he added. The three children among the 31 killed in Israel’s attack on southern Beirut yesterday were aged four, six and 10, Lebanon’s Health Minister said during a press conference.}}</ref> Isra'ila ta ce yajin aikin ya yi niyya ne ga kwamandojin kwamandan rundunar Redwan na [[Hezbollah]] inda suke gudanar da taro a cikin wani gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title="إسرائيل" توسّع الحرب بعملية ضخمة دمّرت مبنييْن في الضاحية: استشهاد مؤسّس قوة الرضوان إبراهيم عقيل وهيئة أركانها |url=https://alqudsnews.net/post/208964/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921074517/https://alqudsnews.net/post/208964/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85 |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=وكالة القدس للأنباء |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassam |first=Laila |last2=Lubell |first2=Maayan |date=September 22, 2024 |title=Israel kills top Hezbollah figure in Beirut strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-peacekeepers-lebanon-urge-de-escalation-after-heavy-airstrikes-2024-09-20/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240920164309/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-peacekeepers-lebanon-urge-de-escalation-after-heavy-airstrikes-2024-09-20/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Goma sha bakwai sun ɓace daga harin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=31 killed, 23 missing in Israeli airstrike on Beirut's Southern suburbs, caretaker Health Minister Firass Abiad says |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427958/abiad-31-killed-23-missing-in-israeli-airstrike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Lorient Le Jour}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hezbollah da Isra'ila sun shiga cikin musayar soja da ke gudana a kan iyaka wanda ya kori dukkan al'ummomi a Isra'ila da Lebanon tun farkon yakin Isra'ila-Hamas a ƙarshen 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strikes-lebanon-kill-three-including-hezbollah-commander-sources-say-2024-04-16/ |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=Lebanon: Flash Update #25 − Escalation of hostilities in South Lebanon, as of 23 August 2024 − Lebanon |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-flash-update-25-escalation-hostilities-south-lebanon-23-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923020751/https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-flash-update-25-escalation-hostilities-south-lebanon-23-august-2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun da farko a ranar 17 ga Satumba 2024, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin fashewar, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila ta kafa sabon burin yaki: dawowar mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu zuwa arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lukiv |first=Jaroslav |date=17 September 2024 |title=Israel sets new war goal of returning residents to the north |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cglkkrj94ldo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920054511/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cglkkrj94ldo |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=The return of evacuated residents to northern Israel is now a war goal, PMO says |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820445 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920061310/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820445 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar tsaron cikin gida ta Isra'ila, Shin Bet, ta sanar da cewa ta rushe wani makircin Hezbollah na kashe tsohon babban jami'in tsaro ta amfani da na'urar fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |author-link=Yonah Jeremy Bob |date=17 September 2024 |title=Did Israel retaliate against Hezbollah for attempted assassination of ex-defense chief? − analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-820540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919011809/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-820540 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> A wannan rana da kuma na gaba, dubban shafukan hannu da daruruwan Walkie-talkies da Hezbollah ta yi amfani da su sun fashewa a hare-hare a lokaci guda a fadin Lebanon da [[Siriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Video shows pagers exploding in Lebanon attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news/here-are-the-latest-developments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155056/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news/here-are-the-latest-developments |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pagers explosion: Thousands hurt across Lebanon, health minister says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917161447/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |date=17 September 2024 |title=Exploding pagers belonging to Hezbollah kill 8 and injure more than 2,700 in Lebanon |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hezbollah-pagers-expolsion-lebanon-handheld-devices-rcna171457 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917143611/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hezbollah-pagers-expolsion-lebanon-handheld-devices-rcna171457 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> A cewar [[New York Times|The New York Times]], hukumomin leken asiri na Isra'ila sun ƙera na'urorin. Jami'an Hezbollah sun bayyana lamarin a matsayin babbar keta tsaro ta kungiyar tun farkon rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gritten |first=David |date=18 September 2024 |title=Dozens of Hezbollah members reportedly hurt by exploding pagers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920073945/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Manufar === Ibrahim Aqil ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar Lebanon kuma babban jami'in [[Hezbollah]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Israel identifies Hezbollah's Ibrahim Aqil as head of the deadly Radwan unit |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-776304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815191458/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-776304 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Jihad, wanda ke kula da ayyukan soja da tsaro na kungiyar. Aqil ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ayyukan kuma wasu sun dauke shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hezbollah.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102003311/https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Iran orders Hezbollah to target Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-iran-orders-hezbollah-target-saudi-arabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920132735/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-iran-orders-hezbollah-target-saudi-arabia |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> An kuma yi imanin cewa shi ne shugaban Redwan Force, wani reshe na Hezbollah. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beeri |first=Tal |date=5 January 2023 |title=The Radwan Unit ("Radwan Force" − Unit 125) |url=https://israel-alma.org/2023/01/05/the-radwan-unit-radwan-force-unit-125/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014000647/https://israel-alma.org/2023/01/05/the-radwan-unit-radwan-force-unit-125/ |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Alma Research and Education Center}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, ya kasance babban mutum a cikin Ƙungiyar Jihad ta Musulunci, ƙungiyar ta'addanci da Hezbollah ke sarrafawa kuma tana da alhakin fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka na 1983 a [[Beirut]], inda ta kashe mutane 63, da kuma hare-haren da aka kai kan sansanonin sojoji na ƙasashe da yawa a Beirut wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 305. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hjelmgaard |first=Kim |last2=Morrison |first2=Dan |date=2024-09-20 |title=Beirut strike kills suspect in 1983 Lebanon bombings that killed 300 Americans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/09/20/israel-hezbollah-lebanon/75303175007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920155300/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/09/20/israel-hezbollah-lebanon/75303175007/ |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Aqil ne ke da alhakin satar Amurkawa da Jamus da aka yi garkuwa da su. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya shi a matsayin mai ta'addanci na Duniya.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102003311/https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-09-20 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/ibrahim-aqil/ "Ibrahim Aqil – Rewards For Justice"]. </cite></ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2023, shirin Kyaututtuka don Adalci ya ba da lada har zuwa dala miliyan 7 don bayani game da shi.<ref name=":22" /> An ruwaito cewa yana da hannu wajen shirya aikin Hezbollah a arewacin Isra'ila, wanda aka yi imanin ya yi kama da hare-haren da Hamas ta kai ranar 7 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=2024-09-20 |title=Hezbollah commander killed in Israeli airstrike was top military official on US wanted list |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-mideast-tensions-attack-8ec89de2b117b52e2c09b19155e35d13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929181149/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-mideast-tensions-attack-8ec89de2b117b52e2c09b19155e35d13 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Harin == A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2024, a kusa da 15:45 EEST, wani hari na iska ya kai hari kan wani gini a kan titin Jamous a unguwar al-Qaem a kudancin Beirut, wani yanki da aka sani da sansanin Hezbollah. Rahotanni na farko sun nuna Naim Qassem, na biyu a cikin umurni na Hezbollah, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Recap: Major Israeli strike kills Hezbollah Radwan Forces commanders - L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427855/targeted-drone-strike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs-what-we-know-so-far.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920134653/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427855/targeted-drone-strike-on-beiruts-southern-suburbs-what-we-know-so-far.html |archive-date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20}}</ref> Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Labaran ya ce an kai harin jirgin sama a cikin jirage biyu ta jirgin yaki na F-35. Akalla mutane 45 <ref name="45dead">{{Cite web |title=At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon's Beirut |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/21/death-toll-from-israeli-strike-on-beirut-suburb-rises-to-31 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ciki har da yara uku da mata bakwai sun mutu, yayin da wasu 68 suka ji rauni. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut strike rises to 37: Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s health ministry says the death toll from yesterday’s air attack on Beirut’s southern suburb has reached 37 people.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJamalMarsi2024">Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica (21 September 2024). </cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Urooba |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll in Beirut attack goes up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-inconceivable-toll-of-human-suffering-in-gaza |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Lebanon’s Health Minister says at least 31 people, including three children and seven women, were killed in the Israeli attack on southern Beirut yesterday. Another 68 people were wounded in the attack, he added. The three children among the 31 killed in Israel’s attack on southern Beirut yesterday were aged four, six and 10, Lebanon’s Health Minister said during a press conference.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica (21 September 2024). </cite></ref> Hoton shafin da aka yi niyya ya nuna mummunar lalacewa ga ginin, tare da titin da ke cike da tarkace da motocin da suka lalace. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa IDF ta tabbatar da "yajin aiki"; ba a sanar da canje-canje a cikin jagororin tsaro na Home Front Command ba. Yajin aikin ya rushe ginin gidan, ya yanke ta cikin hawa takwas da gidaje 16 har zuwa ginshiki.<ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrankelMroue2024">Frankel, Julia; Mroue, Bassem (2024-09-20). </cite></ref><ref name="basement">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090358/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Wani gini ma ya rushe a harin.<ref name="14dead" /> Ma'aikatan ceto nan da nan sun fara tonowa a cikin rushewar yayin da mutane 20 suka ɓace daga harin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=الميادين: ارتفاع حصيلة العدوان الإسرائيلي على الضاحية الجنوبية لبيروت إلى 19 شهيداً ونحو 20 مفقوداً ..أخر المستجدات |url=https://ar.pressbee.net/show8655636.html?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921073418/https://ar.pressbee.net/show8655636.html?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=برس بي |language=ar}}</ref> IDF ta ce akalla kwamandojin Hezbollah 10 ne aka kashe a harin jirgin sama a Beirut tare da Ibrahim Aqil, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emmanuel |date=20 September 2024 |title=Hagari: Aqil, top leadership were underground, below a residential building at time of strike |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hagari-aqil-top-radwan-force-leadership-were-underground-below-a-residential-building-at-time-of-strike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921212258/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hagari-aqil-top-radwan-force-leadership-were-underground-below-a-residential-building-at-time-of-strike/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> wanda ke gudanar da taro a ginshiki na ginin a lokacin yajin aikin. <ref name="basement">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090358/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Associated Press}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-0584727974096d98d1b5b132dfd1d218 "Death toll from Israeli airstrike on Beirut suburb rises to 31 as Israel and Hezbollah trade fire"]. </cite></ref> Hezbollah daga baya ta tabbatar da mutuwar 15 daga cikin mambobinta a cikin harin jirgin sama, gami da Aqil da Ahmed Wehbe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emmanuel |date=21 September 2024 |title=Hagari: Aqil, top leadership were underground, below a residential building at time of strike |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-names-14-more-members-killed-in-airstrike-including-a-seniorcommander/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921074923/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-names-14-more-members-killed-in-airstrike-including-a-seniorcommander/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> Kisan kiyashi na Aqil da Wehbe ya nuna kwamandojin Hezbollah na biyu da na uku da Isra'ila ta kashe bayan [[Fuad Shukr]] a cikin watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Israeli air attack on Beirut kills 14 as cross-border fire intensifies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/20/israel-hits-beirut-lebanon-air-strike-hezbollah-fires-rockets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921000139/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/20/israel-hits-beirut-lebanon-air-strike-hezbollah-fires-rockets |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Firayim Ministan Lebanon [[Najib Mikati]] ya ce harin "ya sake tabbatar da cewa abokin gaba na Isra'ila ba ya darajar wani abu na ɗan adam, shari'a ko ɗabi'a". Mai magana da yawun Majalisar Tsaro ta Fadar White House John Kirby ya ce "ba shi da masaniya game da wani sanarwa da ya gabata game da yajin aikin Isra'ila a Beirut".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title='10 Hezbollah commanders' killed alongside Ibrahim Aqil in Israeli Haret Hreik strike, Israeli army says: Day 350 of the Gaza war - L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427789/-day-350-of-the-gaza-war.html}}</ref> Mai ba da shawara kan tsaron Amurka Jake Sullivan ya ce kisan ya yi adalci ga Aqil, yana mai cewa: "duk lokacin da aka kawo dan ta'adda wanda ya kashe Amurkawa gaban shari'a, mun yi imanin cewa sakamako ne mai kyau". [[Hamas]] ta yi tir da harin, ta kira shi "laifuka" kuma ta ce "Isra'ila za ta biya kudin" don kashe-kashen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Hamas condemns killing of senior Hezbollah commander |url=https://aje.io/px2nij?update=3192281 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Hezbollah ta tabbatar da mutuwar Aqil. A cikin wata sanarwa, kungiyar ta lakafta shi "babban shugaba mai jihadi", ta kara da cewa ya "shiga jerin 'yan uwansa, manyan shugabannin shahidai, bayan rayuwa mai albarka cike da jihadi, aiki, raunuka, sadaukarwa, haɗari, ƙalubale, nasarori, da nasarori". <ref name="AP11">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2024-09-20 |title=Rare Israeli airstrike in Beirut kills Hezbollah commander and more than a dozen others |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921235625/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hezbollah-rocket-attack-mideast-tensions-a6a95169a21b45dc86d86182e255fa7e |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrankelMroue2024">Frankel, Julia; Mroue, Bassem (2024-09-20). </cite></ref> Hezbollah kuma ta kira Ali Reda Abbas a matsayin sabon shugaban Redwan Force. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Hezbollah's Radwan Force chooses its new lead commander - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-821191 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kisan gillar Isra'ila * Jerin kisan kai a Lebanon * Harin jirgin sama na Haret Hreik na 2024 * Kashewar Imad Mughniyeh * [[Kisan Saleh al-Arouri|Kashewar Saleh al-Arouri]] == manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Israel–Hamas war}}{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2m175mpfh6pyb9l9zl250ih37l9omd2 Joseph Torg 0 90215 882683 578730 2026-07-14T06:38:38Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi gyara 882683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Joseph Torg.webp|thumb|Joseph Torg]] '''Joseph Steven Torg''' (Oktoba 25, 1934 - Disamba 15, 2022) wani likitan likitancin Amurka ne. == Rayuwa da Aiki. == An haifi Torg a Philadelphia.<ref name=":0">Sandomir, Richard (January 7, 2023). "Joseph Torg, Doctor Who Fought to Lessen Football Injuries, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2024</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Haverford da Makarantar Magungunan Jami'ar Temple.<ref>Kricun, Morrie E. (December 6, 2012). International Skeletal Society Membership Book. p. 251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783642721205</nowiki> – via Google Books.</ref> Torg ya kasance mashawarcin likita ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Philadelphia 76ers<ref>Temple Physician Hopes to Reduce Football Injuries". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. January 20, 1972. p. 24. Retrieved April 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon</ref>. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin farfesa na orthopedic a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Temple.<ref>"Intense Competition Injures Children Physically". The Pensacola News. Pensacola, Florida. July 27, 1973. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Closed access icon</ref><ref>"Orthopedic surgeon says: Competitive sport may harm kids". Fort Collins Coloradoan. Fort Collins, Colorado. August 5, 1973. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Closed access icon</ref> Torg ya mutu<ref name=":0" /><ref>Gutman, Abraham (December 30, 2022). "Joseph S. Torg, sports medicine pioneer whose work made football safer, has died at 88". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024</ref> a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2022, yana da shekaru 88. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] 9rfi2csjzdc2e4qtj2q0asomd30jhv1 Farko 0 92668 882843 591756 2026-07-14T10:13:16Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359838005|Primatology]]" 882843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tufted_capuchin_monkey_observation.jpg|thumb|A scientist observes a captive tufted capuchin (monkey), who has turned her face away from the researcher.]] '''Primatology''' is the scientific study of primates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Primatology? |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/edu/careers/whatisprim.html |access-date=9 June 2011 |website=Primate Info Net}}</ref> Unlike branches of [[zoology]] focused on specific animal groups (such as ornithology, the study of birds), primatology – and the primate order — includes both human and nonhuman animals. Thus, the field entails significant overlap with [[Ilimin ɗan adam|anthropology]], the study of humans, and related sciences.{{Rp|178}} Primatology encompasses a broad swath of scientists from different fields of study, each with distinct perspectives. For example, behavioral ecologists may focus on ways primate species act in different environments or circumstances. Sociobiologists are concerned with genetic inheritance and primates' physical and behavioral traits. Anthropologists tend to focus on humans' evolutionary history; they look to primates for greater insights into how [[Ɗan Adam|Homo Sapiens]] have evolved. Comparative psychologists study differences between human and nonhuman primate minds. Some primatologists work in the field to study animals in their natural environments; others work in academia in labs conducting experiments. Many do a mix of both. In the 21st century, primatologists have often blended approaches, incorporating both experimentation and observational data to varying degrees. Many primatologists work outside of academia. In places where nonhuman primates are indigenous — Asia, Africa, and South America — they often work in government to balance human-wildlife coexistence and promote conservation. Primatologists also work in animal sanctuaries, NGOs, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Primatologist? |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/edu/careers/whatis.html |access-date=9 June 2011 |website=Primate Info Net}}</ref> == 21st century "primatologies" == Primatology was established as a discipline in the 1950s in America/Europe and in Japan. (See History below.) International programs — in South America, Africa, and other parts of Asia — began taking off in the 1970s. Given the wide variety of disciplines involving primates, some specialists speak of primatology not as a single discipline but of multidisciplinary "primatologies." Primatology in the U.S. largely originated with anthropology and its strong bent toward understanding humans and defining human uniqueness. In contrast, "establishing the human-animal divide is generally of little importance to non-Western primatologies." Researchers from Brazil, India, Vietnam, Africa and areas with indigenous primates have adopted many Western practices while focusing on objectives and approaches that reflect local challenges and cultural traditions. Human populations in these countries have different relationships and experiences with wild primates than do those in the West. The human-primate "interface" (the scientific term for human-nonhuman interactions) is thus a key point of research. Population dynamics, with repeated conservation surveys, form a significant part of research activities for Indian primatologists, for example. Primate rescue centers are key research hubs in Vietnam. Ecology, demography, human-wildlife conflict, and conservation of interconnected species and ecosystems are all possible focal points. Ethnoprimatology is a 21st-century subdiscipline focused on the social, cultural, and ecological contexts of human-primate interactions. (These interactions have also been viewed as human-wildlife conflict and human-wildlife coexistence.) As habitat loss continues to worsen internationally, primatologists Agustin Fuentes and Kimberley J. Hockings state that understanding which primates are best able to adapt and interface with human populations, and how they are able to do so, is a new frontier for primatology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuentes |first=Augustin |last2=Hockings |first2=Kimberley J. |date=August 24, 2010 |title=The Ethnoprimatological Approach to Primatology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.20844 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=841–847 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20844 |pmid=20806335 |url-access=subscription |via=Wiley}}</ref> == History == === Early roots in the West === Primate research has its roots back several centuries. [[Karl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] named Primates ("of the highest rank" in Latin) in 1758, placing ''Homo'' (humans) in the same taxonomic order as [[Biri|monkeys]], apes, lemurs, and [[Jemage|bats]]. This was later revised, and the order primates now includes strepsirrhines (lemurs, galagos, pottos, lorises) and haplorhines (monkeys, apes, and humans). Charles Darwin's books ''On the Origin of Species'' (1859) and ''The Descent of Man'' (1871) drew widespread attention to humans' closest relatives. His theory of evolution ignited public fascination with the relationship between humans and monkeys, even a "gorilla craze."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Browne |first=Janet |last2=Messenger |first2=Sharon |date=December 2003 |title=Victorian spectacle: Julia Pastrana, the bearded and hairy female |journal=Endeavor |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=155–159 |doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2003.10.006 |pmid=14652038}}</ref> Zoologists Ramona and Desmond Morris later credited Darwin for setting off two major trends. One: By connecting humans with other animals, Darwin prompted researchers to consider the behaviour of living animals, especially monkeys and apes, as worthy of detailed scientific study. Two: Researchers inspired by Darwin became prone to highly anthropomorphic interpretations of animal behavior. Once animals were seen as related to humanity, they were viewed as potentially highly rational creatures with exalted moral codes. [[Fayil:Prof_garners_talking_monkeys.jpg|thumb|A 1910 syndicated news story made R.L. Garner's interpretations of chimp behavior almost comical.]] Richard Garner, arguably among the first dedicated primate field researchers, personified this tendency. Garner was an innovator in some ways: he built a cage in the African forest to study gorillas in their natural habitat. He recorded primate vocalizations and tested the animal's responses when played back. But his writings included anthropomorphized claims about monkey and ape "speech," stories that provided fodder for outlandish newspaper headlines and illustrations. While scientists from the late-19th and early-20th century were deeply interested in researching evolution, they were wary of being seen as peddling Garner-style primate folklore."  In the early 1900s, many Western researchers discounted observational studies as unprofessional and uncontrolled. They viewed lab experiments as the scientific ideal but faced serious complications in building out spaces suitable for primates. Primates are not indigenous to Europe or North America and importing them was expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Waal |first=Frans B. M. |date=September 1, 2005 |title=A century of getting to know the chimpanzee |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03999 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=56–59 |bibcode=2005Natur.437...56D |doi=10.1038/nature03999 |pmid=16136128 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Fayil:Chim_(a_bonobo)_studied_by_Robert_Yerkes.jpg|thumb|In the early 20th century, scientists struggled to keep captive primates alive. Yerkes's Chim died a year after Yerkes purchased him. Here, Chim copies humans, gently paging through a book.]] More significantly, those hoping to study primates struggled to keep animals alive. The experience of American scientist Robert Yerkes is illustrative. Yerkes spent $2,000 in 1923 — most of his life savings at that point — to buy his first two ape study subjects, Chim and Panzee. Within 5 months, Panzee was dead, and by 12 months, Chim was too. From 1837 to 1965, the average primate in zoos survived about 18 months. Given that apes take a decade or more to reach adulthood, the poor care practices for captive animals meant that studies were bound to be short-term and largely restricted to juveniles. Yerkes improved his animal care methods after traveling to Cuba to visit wealthy animal-keeper Rosalía Abreu, the first person to successfully breed chimpanzees in captivity. He documented Abreu's practices in ''Almost Human'' (1925), in which he identified several factors to improve captive primate care: socially house animals in large, clean spaces with a choice of shade or sunlight; fresh air; sunlight; a varied, appropriate diet and, where possible, space for exercise. * Clarence Ray Carpenter, an American student of Yerkes, was one of the first researchers to scientifically record the behavior of wild primates in the 1930s; He established rigorous methodologies for field scientists to follow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Georgina M. |date=November 2005 |title=Place, Practice and Primatology: Clarence Ray Carpenter, Primate Communication and the Development of Field Methodology, 1931–1945 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10739-005-0553-0 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=495–533 |doi=10.1007/s10739-005-0553-0 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer}}</ref> * Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist who conducted seminal experiments on ape cognition, described in his classic ''The Mentality of Apes'' (1917). * [[Elie Metchnikoff|Élie Metchnikoff]], a Russian immunologist, in 1903 used chimpanzees and orangutans as the first reliable animal models for studying the progression and treatment of human disease, in this case, [[Tunjere|syphilus]]. [[Fayil:A_1925_newspaper_illustration_featuring_the_pseudoscientific,_racist_theory_of_F.G._Crookshank.jpg|thumb|Early primate research used science to give cover to racist ideology, such as that popularized by Crookshank in his book ''The Mongol in Our Midst.'']] Primate research before the 1950s had roots in [[eugenics]] and scientific racism, reflecting and amplifying racist tropes in Western popular culture. Robert Yerkes, often considered the founder of American primatology, promoted primate research in 1925 by arguing that it was the most practical way to "wisely and effectively regulate or control individual, social, and racial existence."{{Rp|260}}  It was practical, he argued, because one could conduct experiments on apes relatively efficiently (compared to humans) without "risk of social censure or legal infringement." Yerkes was a key American promoter of eugenics, an ideology intended to improve the genetic quality of the human race. Eugenics became hotly criticized and, in the US, started to wane in the 1920s. In effect, Yerkes worked to build a new discipline (primatology) on the remains of an old one (eugenics). Yerkes was far from alone in this effort. Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist whose work heavily influenced the development of European primatology, was also an advocate of eugenics. In the early 1940s, Lorenz defended Nazi efforts to prevent interbreeding of different human "races."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klopfer |first=Peter |date=1994 |title=Konrad Lorenz and the National Socialists: On the Politics of Ethology |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/50b5r4d6 |journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.46867/C4P30R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Richard Garner, the attention-seeking professor of "monkey talk" mentioned above, used his platforms to promote white supremacy in the late 1890s and early 1900s. F.G. Crookshank, a Fellow of Britain's Royal College of Physicians, published a book in 1924 claiming that white people descended from chimpanzees, Black people from gorillas, and "yellow" (Asian) people from orangutans. Crookshank, in line with other racial pseudoscientists, argued that racial "mixing" was dangerous and destructive to the white race. * American Society of Primatologists * European Federation for Primatology * International Primatological Society == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h0ix41nauc8wf6mcqmx7vroyj1bcoiu 882844 882843 2026-07-14T10:13:48Z D son203 45710 882844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tufted_capuchin_monkey_observation.jpg|thumb|A scientist observes a captive tufted capuchin (monkey), who has turned her face away from the researcher.]]{{Databox}} '''Primatology''' is the scientific study of primates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Primatology? |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/edu/careers/whatisprim.html |access-date=9 June 2011 |website=Primate Info Net}}</ref> Unlike branches of [[zoology]] focused on specific animal groups (such as ornithology, the study of birds), primatology – and the primate order — includes both human and nonhuman animals. Thus, the field entails significant overlap with [[Ilimin ɗan adam|anthropology]], the study of humans, and related sciences.{{Rp|178}} Primatology encompasses a broad swath of scientists from different fields of study, each with distinct perspectives. For example, behavioral ecologists may focus on ways primate species act in different environments or circumstances. Sociobiologists are concerned with genetic inheritance and primates' physical and behavioral traits. Anthropologists tend to focus on humans' evolutionary history; they look to primates for greater insights into how [[Ɗan Adam|Homo Sapiens]] have evolved. Comparative psychologists study differences between human and nonhuman primate minds. Some primatologists work in the field to study animals in their natural environments; others work in academia in labs conducting experiments. Many do a mix of both. In the 21st century, primatologists have often blended approaches, incorporating both experimentation and observational data to varying degrees. Many primatologists work outside of academia. In places where nonhuman primates are indigenous — Asia, Africa, and South America — they often work in government to balance human-wildlife coexistence and promote conservation. Primatologists also work in animal sanctuaries, NGOs, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Primatologist? |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/edu/careers/whatis.html |access-date=9 June 2011 |website=Primate Info Net}}</ref> == 21st century "primatologies" == Primatology was established as a discipline in the 1950s in America/Europe and in Japan. (See History below.) International programs — in South America, Africa, and other parts of Asia — began taking off in the 1970s. Given the wide variety of disciplines involving primates, some specialists speak of primatology not as a single discipline but of multidisciplinary "primatologies." Primatology in the U.S. largely originated with anthropology and its strong bent toward understanding humans and defining human uniqueness. In contrast, "establishing the human-animal divide is generally of little importance to non-Western primatologies." Researchers from Brazil, India, Vietnam, Africa and areas with indigenous primates have adopted many Western practices while focusing on objectives and approaches that reflect local challenges and cultural traditions. Human populations in these countries have different relationships and experiences with wild primates than do those in the West. The human-primate "interface" (the scientific term for human-nonhuman interactions) is thus a key point of research. Population dynamics, with repeated conservation surveys, form a significant part of research activities for Indian primatologists, for example. Primate rescue centers are key research hubs in Vietnam. Ecology, demography, human-wildlife conflict, and conservation of interconnected species and ecosystems are all possible focal points. Ethnoprimatology is a 21st-century subdiscipline focused on the social, cultural, and ecological contexts of human-primate interactions. (These interactions have also been viewed as human-wildlife conflict and human-wildlife coexistence.) As habitat loss continues to worsen internationally, primatologists Agustin Fuentes and Kimberley J. Hockings state that understanding which primates are best able to adapt and interface with human populations, and how they are able to do so, is a new frontier for primatology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuentes |first=Augustin |last2=Hockings |first2=Kimberley J. |date=August 24, 2010 |title=The Ethnoprimatological Approach to Primatology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.20844 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=841–847 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20844 |pmid=20806335 |url-access=subscription |via=Wiley}}</ref> == History == === Early roots in the West === Primate research has its roots back several centuries. [[Karl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] named Primates ("of the highest rank" in Latin) in 1758, placing ''Homo'' (humans) in the same taxonomic order as [[Biri|monkeys]], apes, lemurs, and [[Jemage|bats]]. This was later revised, and the order primates now includes strepsirrhines (lemurs, galagos, pottos, lorises) and haplorhines (monkeys, apes, and humans). Charles Darwin's books ''On the Origin of Species'' (1859) and ''The Descent of Man'' (1871) drew widespread attention to humans' closest relatives. His theory of evolution ignited public fascination with the relationship between humans and monkeys, even a "gorilla craze."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Browne |first=Janet |last2=Messenger |first2=Sharon |date=December 2003 |title=Victorian spectacle: Julia Pastrana, the bearded and hairy female |journal=Endeavor |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=155–159 |doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2003.10.006 |pmid=14652038}}</ref> Zoologists Ramona and Desmond Morris later credited Darwin for setting off two major trends. One: By connecting humans with other animals, Darwin prompted researchers to consider the behaviour of living animals, especially monkeys and apes, as worthy of detailed scientific study. Two: Researchers inspired by Darwin became prone to highly anthropomorphic interpretations of animal behavior. Once animals were seen as related to humanity, they were viewed as potentially highly rational creatures with exalted moral codes. [[Fayil:Prof_garners_talking_monkeys.jpg|thumb|A 1910 syndicated news story made R.L. Garner's interpretations of chimp behavior almost comical.]] Richard Garner, arguably among the first dedicated primate field researchers, personified this tendency. Garner was an innovator in some ways: he built a cage in the African forest to study gorillas in their natural habitat. He recorded primate vocalizations and tested the animal's responses when played back. But his writings included anthropomorphized claims about monkey and ape "speech," stories that provided fodder for outlandish newspaper headlines and illustrations. While scientists from the late-19th and early-20th century were deeply interested in researching evolution, they were wary of being seen as peddling Garner-style primate folklore."  In the early 1900s, many Western researchers discounted observational studies as unprofessional and uncontrolled. They viewed lab experiments as the scientific ideal but faced serious complications in building out spaces suitable for primates. Primates are not indigenous to Europe or North America and importing them was expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Waal |first=Frans B. M. |date=September 1, 2005 |title=A century of getting to know the chimpanzee |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03999 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=56–59 |bibcode=2005Natur.437...56D |doi=10.1038/nature03999 |pmid=16136128 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Fayil:Chim_(a_bonobo)_studied_by_Robert_Yerkes.jpg|thumb|In the early 20th century, scientists struggled to keep captive primates alive. Yerkes's Chim died a year after Yerkes purchased him. Here, Chim copies humans, gently paging through a book.]] More significantly, those hoping to study primates struggled to keep animals alive. The experience of American scientist Robert Yerkes is illustrative. Yerkes spent $2,000 in 1923 — most of his life savings at that point — to buy his first two ape study subjects, Chim and Panzee. Within 5 months, Panzee was dead, and by 12 months, Chim was too. From 1837 to 1965, the average primate in zoos survived about 18 months. Given that apes take a decade or more to reach adulthood, the poor care practices for captive animals meant that studies were bound to be short-term and largely restricted to juveniles. Yerkes improved his animal care methods after traveling to Cuba to visit wealthy animal-keeper Rosalía Abreu, the first person to successfully breed chimpanzees in captivity. He documented Abreu's practices in ''Almost Human'' (1925), in which he identified several factors to improve captive primate care: socially house animals in large, clean spaces with a choice of shade or sunlight; fresh air; sunlight; a varied, appropriate diet and, where possible, space for exercise. * Clarence Ray Carpenter, an American student of Yerkes, was one of the first researchers to scientifically record the behavior of wild primates in the 1930s; He established rigorous methodologies for field scientists to follow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Georgina M. |date=November 2005 |title=Place, Practice and Primatology: Clarence Ray Carpenter, Primate Communication and the Development of Field Methodology, 1931–1945 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10739-005-0553-0 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=495–533 |doi=10.1007/s10739-005-0553-0 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer}}</ref> * Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist who conducted seminal experiments on ape cognition, described in his classic ''The Mentality of Apes'' (1917). * [[Elie Metchnikoff|Élie Metchnikoff]], a Russian immunologist, in 1903 used chimpanzees and orangutans as the first reliable animal models for studying the progression and treatment of human disease, in this case, [[Tunjere|syphilus]]. [[Fayil:A_1925_newspaper_illustration_featuring_the_pseudoscientific,_racist_theory_of_F.G._Crookshank.jpg|thumb|Early primate research used science to give cover to racist ideology, such as that popularized by Crookshank in his book ''The Mongol in Our Midst.'']] Primate research before the 1950s had roots in [[eugenics]] and scientific racism, reflecting and amplifying racist tropes in Western popular culture. Robert Yerkes, often considered the founder of American primatology, promoted primate research in 1925 by arguing that it was the most practical way to "wisely and effectively regulate or control individual, social, and racial existence."{{Rp|260}}  It was practical, he argued, because one could conduct experiments on apes relatively efficiently (compared to humans) without "risk of social censure or legal infringement." Yerkes was a key American promoter of eugenics, an ideology intended to improve the genetic quality of the human race. Eugenics became hotly criticized and, in the US, started to wane in the 1920s. In effect, Yerkes worked to build a new discipline (primatology) on the remains of an old one (eugenics). Yerkes was far from alone in this effort. Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist whose work heavily influenced the development of European primatology, was also an advocate of eugenics. In the early 1940s, Lorenz defended Nazi efforts to prevent interbreeding of different human "races."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klopfer |first=Peter |date=1994 |title=Konrad Lorenz and the National Socialists: On the Politics of Ethology |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/50b5r4d6 |journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.46867/C4P30R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Richard Garner, the attention-seeking professor of "monkey talk" mentioned above, used his platforms to promote white supremacy in the late 1890s and early 1900s. F.G. Crookshank, a Fellow of Britain's Royal College of Physicians, published a book in 1924 claiming that white people descended from chimpanzees, Black people from gorillas, and "yellow" (Asian) people from orangutans. Crookshank, in line with other racial pseudoscientists, argued that racial "mixing" was dangerous and destructive to the white race. * American Society of Primatologists * European Federation for Primatology * International Primatological Society == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fahu6ntri4oobuniv482d3ufngqiyso Amel Karboul 0 92826 882851 741156 2026-07-14T10:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Amel Karboul (Tunisian Arabic; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1973) marubuci ne na Tunisia, mai magana, ɗan siyasa, mai ba da agaji, kuma shugaban kasuwanci. Karboul ita ce mace ta farko a tarihi da ta rike mukamin Ministan Yawon Bude Ido na Tunisia a matsayin ƙaramar mamba a gwamnatin Mehdi Jomaa daga Janairu 2014 zuwa Fabrairu 2015. [1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Amel Karboul a Tunis, babban birnin Tunisia . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2017}}Mahaifinta, Mohamed Karboul, shi ne Sakataren Gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a gwamnatin Baccouche kuma jakadan Tunisia a Jamus ta Yamma. m{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2017}}Karboul ta riga ta auri injiniyan Jamus Marcus Gottschalk daga 2002 zuwa 2016. Tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Shedlia da Leyla . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Amel Karboul - DAAD - Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst |url=https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39192-dr-amel-karboul/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527125916/https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39192-dr-amel-karboul/ |archive-date=2017-05-27 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> Karboul ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya a Jamus, ya sami digiri na biyu na biyu a Ingila, kuma ya yi aiki a nahiyoyi huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2015 |title=Dr. Amel Karboul - My profile |url=https://karboul.com/my-profile/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Amel Karboul's profile |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128144555/https://karboul.com/my-profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta ambaci asalin al'adu da kuma koyar da mata a matsayin manyan tasiri a kan imanin siyasa da aikinta. Karboul yana da ƙwarewa a cikin Larabci, Faransanci, Turanci da Jamusanci, kuma yana da ilimin Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese na Brazil da Girkanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == A shekara ta 2014, an lasafta ta daya daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa goma da suka fi tasiri a Afirka. [1] Kafin ya shiga siyasa, Karboul ya kasance jagora na aikin Mercedes-Benz a Afirka ta Kudu da Jamus da kuma zartarwa tare da Jami'ar Kamfanin DaimlerChrysler a Amurka, Jamus, da Singapore.[2] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabanci ga kungiyoyin masu ba da shawara na duniya kamar Neuwaldegg da Boston Cons Amel Karboul ita ce Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin ba da shawara kan canji na kasa da kasa Change, Leadership and Partners . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Amel Karboul - CLP |url=http://www.change-leadership.net/teammembers/dr-amel-karboul/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016122230/http://www.change-leadership.net/teammembers/dr-amel-karboul/ |archive-date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref> Amel ta rubuta Coffin Corner, wani littafi da Midas Management Press ta buga a shekarar 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2015 |title=My new book "Coffin Corner" |url=https://karboul.com/mein-neues-buch-coffin-corner/ |access-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422170132/https://karboul.com/mein-neues-buch-coffin-corner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda ta bayyana sabon al'adun jagoranci da suka fi dacewa da rikitarwa na karni na 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Excellency Sheikha Lubna Al Qasimi welcomes Dr. Amel Karboul at Zayed University |url=https://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/news/2016/October/karboul.aspx |website=www.zu.ac.ae}}</ref> Daga Mayu 2015 zuwa Oktoba 2017, Karboul ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Maghreb, kuma kwamishinan Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Kudin Ilimi ta Duniya. A halin yanzu, Amel Karboul ita ce Shugaba ta Asusun Sakamakon Ilimi, ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar canza ilimi a duk duniya ta hanyar haɗa kudade zuwa sakamakon da za'a iya auna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Outcomes Fund - Who we are |url=https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/who-we-are |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Education Outcomes Fund |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128144557/https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/who-we-are |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Karboul ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karlsruhe a Jamus, inda ta sami digiri na biyu tare da girmamawa a Injiniyan Injiniya a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who: Minister of Tourism Amel Karboul - Tunisia Live |url=http://www.tunisia-live.net/whoswho/amel-karboul/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164130/http://www.tunisia-live.net/whoswho/amel-karboul/ |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.tunisia-live.net}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ta sami takardar shaidar kocin tsarin daga IFW Munich . Karboul daga baya zai sami digiri na biyu a fannin horarwa da jagoranci daga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes a Ingila.<ref name="auto2"/> A cikin aikinta, Karboul ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabanci ga kamfanoni daban-daban na duniya. Ta kasance jagorar aikin don gudanar da kirkire-kirkire da alaƙar mai ba da sabis ga Mercedes-Benz Brand a Afirka ta Kudu da Jamus, inda ta yi aiki daga 1996 har zuwa Janairu 2000.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://nawaat.org/portail/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/amel-karboul_bio_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070641/http://nawaat.org/portail/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/amel-karboul_bio_english.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2014-06-14}}</ref> Baya ga aikinta tare da Mercedes-Benz, ta kuma kasance mai zartarwa don canja wurin ilimi da ci gaban jagoranci a Jami'ar DaimlerChrysler Corporate a Amurka, Singapore, da Jamus har zuwa shekara ta 2001. A shekara ta 2001, Karboul ya zama mai ba da shawara kan dabarun kungiyar Boston Consulting Group a Jamus. Ta ce a cikin wata hira, "Na fara janyo ni ga shawarwari - kuma BCG musamman - saboda bambancin ayyuka da damar koyo. Na ji shawarwari zai taimaka wajen fadada zane-zanen sana'a ta hanyar ba ni ƙwarewa a fadin bangarorin masana'antu da kuma fallasa ni ga ƙwarewa da hanyoyi daban-daban. " Daga 2002 zuwa 2007, Karboul ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kuma daga baya aka zabe shi ya zama manajan abokin tarayya na ƙungiyar ba da shawara Neuwaldegg a Vienna, Austria. Ayyukanta na farko tare da kamfanin an sadaukar da su ga fasaha, zamantakewa, da canjin tsarin ta hanyar ci gaban ƙungiyoyi da jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amel Karboul |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-amel-karboul-32b96b |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Karboul ya kafa kamfanin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa Change, Leadership and Partners . A cewar shafin yanar gizon kamfanin, mai ba da shawara ya sadaukar da kansa ga aiki tare da shugabannin da kungiyoyi a duk duniya don gina makomar da ta fi dacewa da dorewa. Kamfanin yana da ofisoshi a Tunis, Cologne, da London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story &#124; Change, Leadership & Partners |url=http://www.change-leadership.net/about/our-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213731/http://www.change-leadership.net/about/our-story/ |archive-date=2017-10-26 |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> An yaba wa Karboul saboda horar da ita ta kasuwanci a taron kocin ESMT / KDVI na 2012 a Berlin, inda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta 2012 Best Coaching Colloquium Case Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2012 |title=Moments of connection and happiness |url=https://karboul.com/moments-of-connection-and-happiness-award-celebration/ |access-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422170135/https://karboul.com/moments-of-connection-and-happiness-award-celebration/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Konstantin Korotov na ESMT da Andreas Bernhard sun ambaci tasirin ilmantarwa da ci gaba a kan al'ummar kocin daga cikin dalilan da suka zaba Karboul don kyautar. "Zan iya gaya muku cewa ga babbar ƙungiyar da ta musanta nasu dysfunctions, kuma ta hanyar yin barazanar saka hannun jari na Yuro biliyan da yawa, don buɗewa da duba cikin madubi babban mataki ne, "Karboul ya ce game da shari'arta. "Ba game da 'ji da kyau' ba ne amma game da ƙirƙirar babbar ƙungiyar da za ta iya kewaya kamfanin a lokutan rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Some of the truths in economics are rather banal!" |url=https://www.goethe.de/en/kul/ges/20368357.html |website=@GI_weltweit}}</ref> Yana game da shawo kan girman kai da ƙirƙirar sarari don ra'ayoyi da gaskiya daban-daban. Tare da ƙungiyar, mun sami ma'anar motsa jiki. " An kuma gane kocin zartarwa na Karboul a cikin mujallu da yawa na Jamus kamar Brand Eins, mujallar kasuwanci da aka yaba wacce ke sayar da kimanin 100,000 a kowane wata kuma ta nuna ta sau da yawa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Herausragende - brand eins online |url=https://www.brandeins.de/magazine/brand-eins-wirtschaftsmagazin/2009/denken/die-herausragende |website=www.brandeins.de}}</ref> Sauran wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci da ke nuna Karboul sun haɗa da jaridar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun ta Handelsblatt da jaridar yau da kullun Die Welt . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Management: Coaching wird salonfähig &#124; karriere.de |url=https://www.karriere.de/management-coaching-wird-salonfaehig/23043540.html |website=www.karriere.de |access-date=11 February 2025 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128161255/https://www.karriere.de/management-coaching-wird-salonfaehig/23043540.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karboul ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Duke Corporate Education, wanda aka sanya shi na farko a duniya a cikin Ilimi na Gudanarwa na al'ada na shekaru 12 a jere ta Financial Times. Karboul ya kuma ba da lacca a wasu makarantu da yawa kamar ZFU Business School, Witten School of Management, da Jami'ar Frankfurt ta Kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographie d'Amel Karboul, ministre du Tourisme |url=http://www.radioexpressfm.com/lire/biographie-d-amel-karboul-ministre-du-tourisme-1161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163117/http://www.radioexpressfm.com/lire/biographie-d-amel-karboul-ministre-du-tourisme-1161 |archive-date=2017-10-26 |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> == Ministan yawon bude ido == An nada Karboul a matsayin Ministan Yawon Bude Ido na Tunisia a watan Janairun 2014. Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin Tunisia da ta rike mukamin, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin gwamnatin Firayim Minista Mehdi Jomaa daga Janairu 2014 zuwa Fabrairu 2015. A lokacin jawabinta a taron TEDx Carthage a shekarar 2014, Karboul ta ba da labarin gayyatarta ta zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar gwamnatin Tunisia. "Watanni uku da suka gabata, ina da kiran waya wanda ya canza rayuwata", in ji ta. "Firai ministanmu, Mehdi Jomaa, ya kira ni ya ce 'Tunisia tana bukatar mu. Ku koma gida. Ku dawo don sake gina al'ummarmu. Ku dawo ku kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya ta farawa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=Amel Karboul Talk at TedX Carthage |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJy-ZsF1Uqg |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> An tayar da rikici a kusa da Karboul a lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokokin Tunisia da nufin ba da gwamnati mai shigowa kuri'ar amincewa. Lamarin ya fara ne lokacin da wasu mambobin taron suka soki jita-jita cewa ta taba ziyartar Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=T. O. I. |title=Tunisian minister tenders resignation over Israel visit |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/tunisian-minister-tenders-resignation-over-israel-visit/ |website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> Mehdi Jomaa ya kare ministansa, yana mai cewa Karboul bai taba ci gaba da tafiya ba bayan an yi mata tambayoyi na sa'o'i da yawa a filin jirgin sama, wanda aka ruwaito shi saboda kasancewa Larabawa da Musulmi. Sabuwar gwamnati za ta sami amincewar majalisar.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2014 |title=Tunisia's tourism minister resigns over 2006 Israel trip |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/01/30/Tunisia-s-tourism-minister-resigns-over-2006-Israel-trip |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> An rantsar da sabuwar gwamnatin Medi Johmaa a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisian technocratic government sworn in &#124; al Akhbar English |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18426 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025245/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18426 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> Karboul za ta yi murabus daga mukamin Ministan Yawon Bude Ido bayan sa'o'i kadan. "Wannan shine shawarar Firayim Minista ko na yarda da murabus din na ko a'a, "in ji ta.<ref name="auto4"/> Karboul ta bayyana jajircewarta na yin hidima ga Tunisia, tana mai lura da cewa duk da matsaloli da yawa, har yanzu kasar tana ba da damar ci gaba.<ref name="auto4"/> Jomaa zai ki wannan murabus, yana mai nuna ci gaba da amincewa da ministansa. A matsayinsa na Ministan Yawon Bude Ido, aikin Karboul na gaba ɗaya shine sake farfado da yawon bude ido na Tunisia, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 8-12 cikin ɗari na GDP kuma yana da mahimmanci ga jin daɗin kashi 20 cikin ɗari.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Amel Karboul |url=https://www.wtflucerne.org/amel-karboul |website=World Tourism Forum Lucerne |access-date=2025-02-11 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221123544/https://www.wtflucerne.org/amel-karboul/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da zabe a bayyane, tare da aiki don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. A lokacin da ta kasance, Karboul ta samar da "haɗin kai na kasa" don aikinta a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Tunisian minister's social media buzz – hit or flop? |url=https://yourmiddleeast.com/2014/05/09/tunisian-ministeraes-social-media-buzz-ae-hit-or-flop/ |access-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427181159/https://yourmiddleeast.com/2014/05/09/tunisian-ministeraes-social-media-buzz-ae-hit-or-flop/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami kyaututtuka na kasa da kasa don amfani da waɗannan dandamali na zamantakewa don ƙarfafa ƙarfafa ƙarfafa matasa a duniyar dijital.<ref name="auto1"/> A shekara ta 2015, an ba Karboul lambar yabo ta Commandeur de l'Ordre de la République Tunisienne don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa kasar ta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayan Gwamnati == A cikin 2016, Karboul ya zama Sakatare Janar na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Maghreb, kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ba tare da riba ba kuma mai zaman kanta wanda ke da niyyar ƙirƙirar tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa a yankin Maghreb ta hanyar taimaka wa shugabannin magance ƙalubalen kamar ci gaban zamantakewa, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da sake fasalin tattalin arziki tare da ingantaccen tsarin.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=About MEF &#124; Maghreb Economic Forum |url=http://www.magef.org/about-mef |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119125348/http://www.magef.org/about-mef |archive-date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon ta, Karboul ta ce aikinta ne "ba da fuska ga binciken Tunisiya da ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dabarun dimokuradiyya, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma sadar da ma'aikata tare da wasu hukumomi, haifar da hadin kai da samun magoya baya, don inganta ci gaba da ci gaba ga al'ummar Tunisiya da duk yankin". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2015 |title=Politics & Development |url=https://karboul.com/politics-development/ |access-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423112829/http://karboul.com/politics-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wata hira da kungiyar Boston Consulting Group, ta ba da ra'ayinta ga matasa na Tunisia. "Ganin ƙarfinmu na mutum da na rukuni, mun yi imanin cewa za mu iya kuma dole ne mu yi aiki don sake gina yankinmu", in ji Karboul. "Matasanmu sun cancanci kyakkyawar makoma. Ina mafarkin lokacin da mutane a duk faɗin wannan yankin za su ji daɗin ilimi mai kyau, ayyuka masu yawa, kiwon lafiya, da ingancin rayuwa, kuma lokacin da Tunisia musamman za ta zama haske ga sauran ƙasashen Larabawa. " A watan Satumbar 2016, Karboul na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin duniya sama da 20 da aka nada don jagorantar Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Appointments Made to New International Commission |url=https://educationenvoy.org/commission/ |website=The Office of the UN Special Envoy for Global Education}}</ref> Kwamitin, wanda ya hada da tsoffin shugabanni biyar da Firayim Ministoci da kuma masu karɓar kyautar Nobel guda uku, an kirkireshi ne don juyar da rashin kudade don ilimi a duk duniya. "Aikinmu shine samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalar duniya a ilimi", in ji Karboul. "Abin da muka samu ya bayyana sosai: ilimi mai hada kai - ilimi wanda ya kai ga kowane yaro, musamman wadanda ke cikin haɗarin rashin koyo, kamar matalauta, masu nuna bambanci, 'yan mata, da waɗanda ke fuskantar rashin fa'ida da yawa - shine babban kayan aiki da ake buƙata don yaki da rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, rikici, ƙaura, rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin lafiya mai yiwuwa, da rashin jin daɗi. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karboul |first=Amel |date=July 2, 2019 |title=When It Comes To Global Education, The World Needs More Pioneer Countries |url=https://brightthemag.com/when-it-comes-to-global-education-the-world-needs-more-pioneer-countries-86fe6b7d9014 |website=Medium |access-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601213645/https://brightthemag.com/when-it-comes-to-global-education-the-world-needs-more-pioneer-countries-86fe6b7d9014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karboul ta bayyana a cikin wata hira daban cewa ta yi imanin cewa sake fasalin ilimi yana da mahimmanci yayin da sabbin tsararraki suka ci gaba da fadawa bayan tsarin ilimi. "Har zuwa yanzu, ana ganin ilimi sosai a matsayin batun ƙasa - ba tare da yin hakan a cikin ajanda na duniya ba", in ji Karboul. "Muna kallon yadda za mu sami yara da matasa miliyan 124 zuwa makaranta a karo na farko, da kuma inganta abin da kuma yadda muke koya wa wasu miliyan 250 da suka riga sun shiga makaranta amma ba sa koyo sosai. Idan muka kasa yin aiki a yau, za mu rasa tsararraki da yawa masu zuwa. "<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Lectures & Publications &#124; Amel Karboul |url=http://www.karboul.com/lectures-publications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024629/http://www.karboul.com/lectures-publications/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-10-30 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from [http://www.karboul.com/lectures-publications/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024629/http://www.karboul.com/lectures-publications/ |date=2017-11-07 }} on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Kafa Asusun Sakamakon Ilimi == A cikin 2018 Amel ya zama Shugaba mai kafa Asusun Sakamakon Ilimi (EOF). An haife shi ne daga Hukumar Ilimi wacce tsohon Firayim Minista na Burtaniya Gordon Brown ke jagoranta, da kuma Global Steering Group for Impact Investment wanda Sir Ronald Cohen ke jagorantar, ƙoƙari ne mai ban sha'awa don inganta ilimi da sakamakon aiki ta hanyar haɗa kudade zuwa sakamakon da za'a iya auna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Outcomes Fund - About |url=https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/about |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Education Outcomes Fund |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128144555/https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020 EOF ya zama asusun amincewa a cikin UNICEF kuma shirye-shiryensa na farko, gami da a Saliyo tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Gidauniyar LEGO, ya fara a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=EOF joins UNICEF |url=https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/post/eof-joins-unicef |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Education Outcomes Fund |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128144554/https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/post/eof-joins-unicef |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amel ya yi magana a Taron Sakamakon Jama'a na 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=How can government commissioning achieve better outcomes? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-bomydImZw |website=Government Outcomes Lab, YouTube}}</ref> da 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Go Lab: SOC20 - BIG PICTURE: Growing an ecosystem |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJul3z57S7o&t=4s |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Government Outcomes Lab, YouTube}}</ref> game da hanyoyin da kudade na sakamakon zasu iya ƙarfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin farar hula da inganta gaskiya da lissafi daga gwamnatoci. A watan Oktoba na 2021, Karboul ya halarci taron Global Steering Group for Impact Investment Summit don jagorantar wani taro na Keynote Fireside mai taken 'inganta ilimi ta hanyar sabbin tsarin kudi'. Kwamitin ya kuma haɗa da gudummawa daga Safeena Husain da Theo Sowa kan yadda hada-hadar kudi a ilimi zai iya ba da tasiri inda ake buƙata mafi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=EOF CEO Amel Karboul joins fireside discussion at GSG Summit |url=https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/post/eof-ceo-amel-karboul-joins-fireside-discussion-at-gsg-summit |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Education Outcomes Fund |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128153103/https://www.educationoutcomesfund.org/post/eof-ceo-amel-karboul-joins-fireside-discussion-at-gsg-summit |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Membobin Kwamitin A halin yanzu == Karboul a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara a Global AI Index, wanda ke tsara kasashe bisa ga matakin saka hannun jari, kirkire-kirkire, da aiwatar da Artificial Intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global AI Index |url=https://www.tortoisemedia.com/intelligence/global-ai/ |website=Tortoise Media}}</ref> Karboul kuma Kwamishina ne a Hukumar Ilimi, wacce tsohon Firayim Minista na Burtaniya Gordon Brown ke jagoranta kuma tana neman tabbatar da cewa duk yara suna da damar ilmantarwa a cikin tsara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission leadership |url=https://educationcommission.org/about/commission-leadership/ |website=Education Commission}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta tare da Hukumar tana jagorantar shirin DeliverEd, wanda ke aiki don ƙarfafa ikon gwamnatoci don kafa sauye-sauye masu ma'ana waɗanda ke inganta sakamakon ilmantarwa kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delivery Transformation |url=https://educationcommission.org/delivered-initiative/ |website=Education Commission}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Karboul yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin a kan Kwamitin Fasaha na Duniya, wanda ke tattara shugabannin daga masana'antar fasaha, duniyar saka hannun jari, da jama'a don inganta sabbin nau'ikan hadin gwiwa tsakanin diflomasiyya da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Tech Panel |url=https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/global-tech-panel/62657/global-tech-panel_en |website=EEAS}}</ref> == Darussan da Littattafai == Karboul ya bayyana a cikin laccoci da wallafe-wallafe iri-iri, sau da yawa yana aiki don haɓaka ci gaba a cikin jagorancin kasuwanci da ci gaban ilimi.<ref name="auto"/> Tana goyon bayan kirkire-kirkire a matsayin hanyar shawo kan gwagwarmayar gargajiya kamar aiki, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. A taron TEDx Berlin na 2015, mai taken "Yadda Shugabannin ke ci gaba a cikin Duniya mai rikitarwa", Karboul ta tattauna wasu ra'ayoyin daga littafin da ta buga kwanan nan The Coffin Corner . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxBerlin - TEDxBerlinSalon "Leading in a Complex World" Speaker |url=http://www.tedxberlin.de/tedxberlinsalon-leading-in-a-Complex-World-speaker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101082800/http://www.tedxberlin.de/tedxberlinsalon-leading-in-a-Complex-World-speaker |archive-date=2017-11-01 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> "Yana buƙatar aikace-aikace ɗaya kawai don yin duk masana'antar ba ta da mahimmanci, "in ji ta, tana bayanin cewa shugabannin kasuwanci waɗanda suka dogara sosai da tsarawa da sarrafawa za su yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kasuwar duniya da ke ci gaba da canzawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=How leaders thrive in a complex world &#124; Amel Karboul &#124; TEDxBerlinSalon |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW9aGnTsfHQ |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A matsayinta na babban mai magana da yawun taron tallafawa Siriya da yankin na 2016 a London, Karboul ta bayyana abin da ta yi imanin shine mabuɗin juyawa da yawa daga cikin batutuwan da ke addabar yankin. "Akwai maɓallin sihiri wanda zai iya buɗe ɗakin dama, ɗakin tsaro, da ɗakin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci - kuma wannan maɓallin ana kiransa ilimi, "in ji ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=Dr Amel Karboul, Secretary-General, Mahgreb Economic Forum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjxQbk094Nk |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> "Sakamako tare da tsarin gargajiya, gina makarantu da hayar malamai koyaushe, ba sa da sauri kuma yana da tasiri sosai. A yau ta hanyar fasaha, zamu iya kawo ilimi, har ma da makaranta ga yara, idan ba za mu iya kawo yara zuwa makaranta ba. " A wani zenithTalk a Casablanca a watan Satumbar 2017, Karboul ta bayyana abin da ta yi imanin haɗarin idan an hana yara a kasashe masu tasowa samun ilimi. "Ban san yadda kake ji game da shi ba, amma rayuwa a duniyar da aka hana rabin yara na duniya duk wata dama - menene hakan ke nufi ga rikici, ga kogin 'yan gudun hijira, don ƙaura da sauransu?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=To Learn From Each Other |url=https://talk.zenith.me/en/event/zenithtalk-casablanca/talk/learn-each-other |website=zenith Magazine}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * Mehdi Jomaa * Elyes Fakhfakh == Bayanan da aka ambata == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tb5qeigrvz9e6t3zaq3cmkkmxyatas0 Agda Montelius 0 93452 882590 788566 2026-07-14T00:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agda Georgina Dorothea Alexandra Montelius''' née ''Reuterskiöld'' (23 ga Afrilu 1850 - 27 ga Oktoba 1920) ta kasance mai ba da agaji da kuma mata a Sweden. Ta kasance jagora a cikin ƙungiyar agaji ta Sweden, mai aiki don gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata, kuma shugabar Kungiyar Fredrika Bremer a cikin 1903-1920.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agda Montelius |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/arbete/biografier/montelius.xml |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322092055/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/arbete/biografier/montelius.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Montelius a Köping a cikin 1850, 'yar ministan tsaro na gwamnati kuma mai daraja Lieutenant Janar [[Alexander Reuterskiöld]] da Anna Schenström . Ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata ta ''Hammarstedtska flickskolan'' a Stockholm. A ranar 20 ga Satumba 1871, ta auri masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Sweden kuma farfesa Oscar Montelius (1843-1921). An bayyana ta a matsayin karami, kwanciyar hankali, mai kirki da tunani, mai biyayya kuma koyaushe tana aiki tare da ayyukanta da yawa. Tana da mummunan ido kuma daga ƙarshe ta makance a ido ɗaya. Manufofinta na sirri sun kasance masu sauƙi da tsauri. An dauki Montelius a matsayin babban mutum kuma mai kyau tsakanin mata masu matsakaicin matsayi a [[Stockholm]]. Lydia Wahlström sau da yawa ta shiga cikin jarrabawa ga ɗaliban makarantar 'yan mata ''Åhlinska skolan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1916 |title=Reuterskiöld |url=https://runeberg.org/nfcc/0036.html |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Nordisk familjebok}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ann-Katrin Hatje |title=Agda G D A Montelius |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/9458 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Svenskt biografiskt lexikon |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103301/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/9458 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai == Montelius shine babban mutum na taimakon jama'a na Sweden a farkon karni na 20. Ka'idarta ita ce ta taimaka wa mutane su taimaka wa kansu. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin (1885-1901) na ƙungiyar mata ''Nya Idun'' (New Idun) da shugabanta (1900-1901); Maria skyddsförening (Maria Protection Society) 1879-1892, co-kafa da kuma shugaban Föreningen för__ilo____ilo____ilo__ görenhetens ordnande ko FVO (Society of Organized Charity) a 1889-1911 da kuma manajan darektan kwamitin tsakiya na FVO a 1911-1920. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya a cikin ''Sällskapet för uppmuntran av öm och sedlig modersvård'' (Society for the Encouragement of Tender and Decent Motherly Care) a cikin 1901-1920, co-kafa kuma memba na kwangila na Centralförbundet för socialt Reagan (Central Committee of Social Work) ko CSA a cikin 1903-1909 da Svenska Sparchvårdsförbundet (Swedish Poor Care Society) a cikin 1909-1920. == Yunkurin kare hakkin mata == [[Fayil:Rösträttspetitionen.jpg|thumb|Agda Montelius da Gertrud Adelborg sun gabatar da takardar neman izinin mata ga Firayim Minista Erik Gustaf Boström a cikin 1899]] Ta hanyar aikinta na jin kai, ta kuma shiga cikin aikin kare hakkin mata. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan Bambancin mata kuma ta yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci ga mata su shiga siyasa da kuma shirya da kuma kafa al'umma don kare haƙƙin marasa lafiya, marasa ƙarfi da masu bukata da kuma sanya al'umma gida. A shekara ta 1886, Montelius a hukumance ya zama memba na kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta [[Sophie Adlersparre]]: kungiyar Fredrika Bremer ko FBF . Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ta. A hukumance, Hans Hildebrand ne ya jagoranci FBF saboda Adlersparre ya yi tunanin ya zama dole ga al'umma ta kasance karkashin jagorancin namiji don a dauki shi da muhimmanci. A zahiri, duk da haka, Adlersparre ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta, kuma bayan mutuwar Adlersparra a shekara ta 1895, Montelius ya gaje ta. Da farko an kira Montelius mataimakin shugaban, amma a cikin 1903, ta zama shugaban, a hukumance mace ta farko ta FBF. Manufar FBF ita ce ta yi aiki don kare hakkin mata, amma a baya, ba ta yi aiki ga [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'Yancin mata]] ba. A shekara ta 1899, wata tawagar daga FBF ta gabatar da shawarar mata ga Firayim Minista Erik Gustaf Boström . Montelius ne ya jagoranci tawagar, tare da Gertrud Adelborg, wanda ya rubuta bukatar. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da ƙungiyar mata ta Sweden da kansu ta gabatar da bukatar neman izini. A cikin 1902, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Sweden don Zaɓin Mata (Landsföreningen för kvinnans subsidi rösträtt, LKPR). Montelius ba ta taɓa zama memba na al'ada ba, mai yiwuwa ne saboda shugabancinta na FBF, amma ta kasance mai aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba ga LKPR. Ta yi ayyuka da yawa ga LKPR, ta sanya albarkatun da membobin FBF don aiki a cikin LKPR. A cikin 1911, lokacin da LKPR ta watsar da tsaka-tsaki na siyasa ta hanyar ƙuduri na kauracewa jam'iyyun siyasa da ke adawa da zaɓen mata, ta dakatar da amfani da takardar FBF ''Dagny'' a matsayin takardar LKPR. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kwamitin gwamnati don sake fasalin dokar haƙƙin aure a 1912, wanda daga ƙarshe (a 1920) ya haifar da ba da miji da matar daidaito a cikin aure. == Yunkurin zaman lafiya == Montelius ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin zaman lafiya, a lokacin da FBF ta sake yin aiki tare da LKPR. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, LKPR ta dauki mataki na kungiyar zaman lafiya da mata daga kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki suka kafa tare da manufar matsa lamba ga gwamnatocin masu tsaka-saki don yin aiki a matsayin matsakanci tsakanin jam'iyyun da ke fada. LKPR ce ta kafa kungiyar zaman lafiya tare da mambobi kuma daga kungiyar Fredrika Bremer Association, KFUK, kungiyoyin mata na zamantakewar dimokuradiyya da sauransu, tare da Anna Whitlock, Emilia Broomé da Kerstin Hesselgren a matsayin manyan mambobi. Za a gudanar da babban zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1915 wanda matan Sweden suka shirya tare da tallafi da shiga kuma daga matan Denmark da Norway. Koyaya, a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, an kira Montelius don saduwa da Sarauniya Victoria ta Baden, wacce ta bukaci a dakatar da "The foolish presumption of women" don shiga siyasa. Sarki Gustav V na Sweden ya katse kuma ya ce mata suna da damar gabatar da buƙatu ga gwamnati, amma halin da ake ciki yanzu ya sa ya zama da wahala. Sarkin ya tura lamarin ga Knut Wallenberg, Ministan Harkokin Waje, wanda ya gargadi su cewa irin wannan mataki na iya lalata tsaka-tsaki na Sweden. Saboda haka an yi shiru a Sweden da Norway da kuma Denmark. Koyaya, Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sweden ta aika wakilai 16 zuwa Taron Mata na Duniya a The [[Hague]] a watan Afrilun 1915. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2014 |title=Agda Montelius |url=http://nyaidun.se/agda-montelius/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=nyaidun.se}}</ref> == Kyautar == An ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Medal Illis Quorum ta Sweden a shekarar 1910. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gräslund |first=Bo |title=G Oscar A Montelius |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/SBL/Presentation.aspx?id=9465 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Svenskt biografiskt lexikon |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142150/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/SBL/Presentation.aspx?id=9465 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == == Sauran tushe == * Österberg, Carin et al. (1990) ''Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare'' (Lund: Signum) (Swedish)   * Barbro Hedwall; Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist rätt (2011) Vårmätiga plats. ''Vårmätiga filaye. ''Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt (Stockholm: Förlag Bonnier)   == Ƙarin karantawa == * Agda MonteliusaMutanen da ke cikin mutanen da ke cikin rayuwarsu [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1850]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h693hmg90zr99hlbwt5tap5rt1l6sht Alexis Herman 0 93974 882475 590382 2026-07-13T19:42:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alexis Margaret Herman''' (an haife ta 16 ga Yuli, 1947) ta taba zama Sakatariyar Kwadago ta Amurka ta 23 a karkashin Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ; ita ce Ba’amurke ta farko da ta rike wannan mukami. Kafin yin aiki a matsayin Sakatare, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kuma darakta a ofishin hulda da jama'a na [[White House|fadar White House]] . Herman ta girma a Mobile, Alabama . Bayan kwalejin, ta yi aiki don inganta guraben aikin yi ga ma'aikata da mata baƙi. Daga nan ta shiga gwamnatin Jimmy Carter, tana aiki a matsayin darekta na Ofishin Mata na Ma'aikata . Ta zama mai ƙwazo a jam'iyyar Democrat, ta yi aiki a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jesse Jackson sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ma'aikata na kwamitin jam'iyyar Democrat a ƙarƙashin Ronald H. Brown . Ta shiga majalisar ministocin Shugaba Bill Clinton a 1997. Bayan shan kayen da aka yi wa Al Gore a zaben shugaban kasa na 2000, Herman ta ci gaba da taka rawar gani a siyasar dimokuradiyya, ban da shigarta a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, tana aiki a kwamitin kamfanoni kamar [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] da [[Toyota]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Herman a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1947, a Mobile, Alabama, 'yar ɗan siyasa Alex Herman kuma malamin makaranta Gloria Caponis, kuma ya girma a cikin gidan [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] . <ref> name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor" </ref> Mahaifinta ya zama shugaban gundumar baƙar fata ta farko ta Alabama. <ref> name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}</ref> Daga baya ta ba da labarin yadda ’yan kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin farar fata, [[Ku Klux Klan]], suka kai wa mahaifinta hari lokacin da take da shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Alexis Herman recalls her father's beating by the KKK |url=https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/2017/09/21/alexis-herman-recalls-her-fathers-beating-kkk/2677125/ |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da Herman ke girma a cikin Wayar hannu, makarantu sun kasance masu wariyar launin fata . <ref> name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor">{{Cite web |last=Wines |first=Michael |date=May 12, 1997 |title=Alexis Herman: Friends Helped Labor Nominee Move Up, Then Almost Brought Her Down |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/0312herman-confirm.html |access-date=January 15, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}</ref> Iyayenta sun zaɓi aika Alexis zuwa makarantar parochial, a wani ɓangare saboda malaman sun haɗa da fararen nuns da firistoci, don haka za su nuna ta ga bambancin. <ref name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor" /> Herman ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Heart of Mary. A matsayinta na mai karatu na biyu, an dakatar da ita ne saboda nuna shakku kan batun fitar da daliban bakaken fata a gasar addini inda daliban farar fata suka halarta. Bayan sati guda na rashin amincewa daga iyayen abokan karatun Herman bakaken fata, an sake shigar da ita. <ref> name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Herman ya halarci Kwalejin Edgewood a Madison, [[Wisconsin]], da Kwalejin Spring Hill a Mobile. Ta koma Jami'ar Xavier ta Louisiana a [[New Orleans]], inda ta zama memba mai ƙwazo na Gamma Alpha Chapter na Delta Sigma Theta sorority <ref> name="notables">{{Cite web |title=Notable Deltas |url=http://www.deltasigmatheta.org/notable_deltas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120072056/http://www.deltasigmatheta.org/notable_deltas.htm |archive-date=January 20, 2010 |publisher=Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.}} Retrieved December 12, 2007.</ref> kuma ta kammala karatun digiri tare da Bachelor of Arts in [[Kimiyar al'umma|Sociology]] a 1969. == Sana'a == Bayan koleji, Herman ya koma Mobile don taimakawa wajen raba makarantunsu na parochial, gami da makarantar da kanta ta yi. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}</ref> Sannan ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a tare da kungiyoyin agaji na Katolika a Pascagoula, Mississippi, inda ta ba da shawarar tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin don ba da horo ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata marasa ƙwarewa. <ref name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor">{{Cite web |last=Wines |first=Michael |date=May 12, 1997 |title=Alexis Herman: Friends Helped Labor Nominee Move Up, Then Almost Brought Her Down |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/0312herman-confirm.html |access-date=January 15, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}</ref> Bayan Pascagoula, Herman ta koma [[Atlanta]], Jojiya inda ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Shirin Baƙar fata na Mata na Majalisar Yankin Kudancin, shirin da aka tsara don inganta mata marasa rinjaye zuwa ayyukan gudanarwa ko fasaha. Daga baya, aiki a kamfanin tuntuɓar RTP na New York, Herman ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don ba da horo ga mata a ayyukan da ba na al'ada ba. A RTP, ta sadu da Ray Marshall . Bayan [[Jimmy Carter]] ya lashe Shugaban kasa a 1977, shi da Sakataren Ma'aikata mai shigowa Marshall sun nemi Herman ya zama darekta na Ofishin Mata na Ma'aikata. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmothers1996">Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience"]. ''partners.nytimes.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da yake da shekaru 29, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta don riƙe wannan matsayi, <ref name="SlimPast">{{Cite journal |date=August 1977 |title=Women in Government: A Slim Past, But a Strong Future |journal=Ebony |pages=89–92, 96–98}}</ref> wanda ya buƙaci ta yi aiki don inganta damar kasuwanci ga mata. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa kamfanoni don ɗaukar ƙarin mata marasa rinjaye, tare da kamfanoni kamar [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta Airlines]], da General Motors suna ba da fifikon bambancin ra'ayi a tsarin daukar ma'aikata. A cikin 1981, a ƙarshen gwamnatin Carter, Herman ta bar aikinta a Sashen Ma'aikata kuma ta kafa kamfanin tuntuɓar, AM Herman & Associates. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots" /> Herman da kamfani sun yi aiki tare da kamfanoni akan batutuwa daban-daban na tallace-tallace da gudanarwa, gami da yadda ake haɓaka shirye-shiryen horo, dabarun talla, da dabarun ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots" /> Ta gudanar da taron taron na Jesse Jackson a cikin 1984 da 1988 na neman takarar shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmothers1996">Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience"]. ''partners.nytimes.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinta na aiki don yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jackson ya jagoranci Herman ya zama babban jami'in ma'aikata ga shugaban kwamitin jam'iyyar Democrat Ronald H. Brown, kuma daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban babban taron dimokuradiyya na 1992 . <ref name="Merida, Kevin, After Pitched Battle">{{Cite web |last=Merida |first=Kevin |last2=Swoboda |first2=Frank |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman122196.htm |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots" /> === Daraktan ofishin hulda da jama’a === [[Fayil:President_Bill_Clinton_walks_and_talks_with_Director_of_the_Office_of_Public_Liaison,_Alexis_Herman.jpg|right|thumb| Herman yana tafiya tare da Colonnade na Fadar White House tare da Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a cikin Fabrairu 1995]] Bayan nasarar Bill Clinton a zaben shugaban kasa na 1992, Herman ya zama mataimakin darektan ofishin mika mulki na shugaban kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 1992 |title=Clinton Presidential Transition, Dec 7 1992 {{!}} Video {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?35678-1/clinton-presidential-transition |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=C-SPAN.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga nan sai Clinton ta nada darektan ofishin hulda da jama'a na fadar White House, inda ita ke da alhakin huldar gwamnati da kungiyoyin masu sha'awa . <ref name="Merida, Kevin, For Herman" /> A cikin wannan rawar, Herman ya shirya liyafar cin abinci na yau da kullun don ciyar da yunƙurin Fadar White House ko shawo kan manyan ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="Merida, Kevin, For Herman">{{Cite web |last=Merida |first=Kevin |date=August 20, 1997 |title=Washingtonpost.com: For Alexis Herman, a Proving Ground |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman082097.htm |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta sami goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarinta na wayar da kan jama'a. <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">{{Cite web |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=partners.nytimes.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmothers1996">Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/1221herman.html "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience"]. ''partners.nytimes.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, Herman ta sami girmamawa daga 'yan kasuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinta na samun goyon baya ga yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Gwamnatin Clinton, Yarjejeniyar Ciniki 'Yanci ta Arewacin Amirka . <ref name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots" /> Lokacinta na darekta kuma ya hada da mutuwar Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, da tsohon shugaban Herman a Kwamitin Kasa na Democratic, Ronald Brown a cikin wani hadarin jirgin sama. A matsayin darekta, Herman ya yi shiri don baƙin cikin jama'a da na sirri bayan mutuwar. Bala'in ya ƙarfafa dangantakar Herman da Present Clinton, wanda kamar Herman ya kasance kusa da Brown. <ref name="Merida, Kevin, After Pitched Battle">{{Cite web |last=Merida |first=Kevin |last2=Swoboda |first2=Frank |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman122196.htm |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMeridaSwoboda1996">Merida, Kevin; Swoboda, Frank (December 21, 1996). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman122196.htm "Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out"]. ''www.washingtonpost.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> === Sakataren kwadago === A cikin 1996, Shugaba Clinton ya bayyana aniyarsa ta nada Herman a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikata don maye gurbin Sakatare mai barin gado Robert Reich . <ref name="Merida, Kevin, After Pitched Battle">{{Cite web |last=Merida |first=Kevin |last2=Swoboda |first2=Frank |date=December 21, 1996 |title=Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman122196.htm |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMeridaSwoboda1996">Merida, Kevin; Swoboda, Frank (December 21, 1996). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman122196.htm "Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out"]. ''www.washingtonpost.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun goyi bayan nadin a bainar jama'a, kodayake galibi sun goyi bayan sauran masu zaɓen kamar Harris Wofford, Esteban Edward Torres, da Alan Wheat . <ref name="Merida, Kevin, After Pitched Battle" /> An jinkirta tabbatar da Majalisar Dattawan Herman sau biyu. Na farko ya samo asali ne daga tambayoyi game da rawar da ta taka wajen shirya kofi na White House Clinton ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin masu tara kudade. Na biyu kuma shi ne saboda ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican na Majalisar Dattawa sun ki amincewa a kada kuri’a a zaben nata, a matsayin wani bangare na adawa da wani tsari na zartarwa da suka shafi ayyukan gine-ginen gwamnatin tarayya, wanda a karshe Clinton ta yi watsi da shi. Da jinkirin da aka samu, Kwamitin Kwadago na Majalisar Dattijai ya gudanar da sauraron karar ta a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 1997 |title=Secretary Labor Confirmation Hearing, Mar 18 1997 |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?79766-1/secretary-labor-confirmation-hearing |access-date=January 27, 2018 |website=C-SPAN.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannan a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1997, Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kuri’ar amincewa da kuri’u 85-13. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=John F. |last2=Swoboda |first2=Frank |date=May 1, 1997 |title=Washingtonpost.com: Herman Confirmed for Cabinet After Concession by President |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman050197.htm |access-date=December 24, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> An rantsar da Herman a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1997. <ref name="ClintonWhitehouse">{{Cite web |date=1998 |title=Washingtonpost.com: Politics -- The Administration, Alexis M. Herman |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/herman.htm |access-date=2017-12-24 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta zama Ba-Amurke ta farko, kuma mace ta biyar, don yin hidima a wannan matsayi. <ref name="ClintonWhitehouse" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexis M. Herman |url=https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/teens/herman.html |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Sakataren Kwadago, Herman ya kula da Ma'aikatar Kwadago, wanda a lokacin ya dauki mutane 17,000 aiki kuma ya yi aiki a kan kasafin kudin shekara na dala biliyan 39. Ma'aikatar Kwadago tana da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idoji iri-iri na wurin aiki, gami da batutuwan tsaro da hana wariya. A zamanin Herman, rashin aikin yi na Amurka ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin shekaru da yawa. <ref name="Taylor, T. Shawn, Secretary of Labor" /> [[Fayil:Aherman1.jpg|left|thumb| Hoton ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka ta Herman]] Ta sami yabo daga takwarorinta saboda yadda ta tafiyar da yajin aikin 1997 United Parcel Service (UPS), yajin aikin mafi girma a Amurka cikin shekaru ashirin. <ref name="ClintonWhitehouse">{{Cite web |date=1998 |title=Washingtonpost.com: Politics -- The Administration, Alexis M. Herman |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/herman.htm |access-date=2017-12-24 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/herman.htm "Washingtonpost.com: Politics -- The Administration, Alexis M. Herman"]. ''www.washingtonpost.com''. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Merida, Kevin, For Herman">{{Cite web |last=Merida |first=Kevin |date=August 20, 1997 |title=Washingtonpost.com: For Alexis Herman, a Proving Ground |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman082097.htm |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMerida1997">Merida, Kevin (August 20, 1997). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/herman082097.htm "Washingtonpost.com: For Alexis Herman, a Proving Ground"]. ''www.washingtonpost.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan yajin aikin a watan Agusta, Herman ya sadu da shugaban kungiyar Teamsters da shugaban UPS don tsara batutuwan. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawar, kuma an sasanta yajin aikin bayan kwanaki 15. <ref name="Merida, Kevin, For Herman" /> Rawar da Herman ta taka wajen sasanta yajin aikin ya daga darajar jama'arta yayin da ta fara aiwatar da ajandarta a matsayin Sakatariya. A matsayin sakatare, Herman ta goyi bayan karuwar 1996 da 1997 zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashi, yana ƙaruwa da $0.90 zuwa $5.15 a kowace awa ta Satumba 1997. <ref name="Minimum wage jumps">{{Cite web |date=September 1, 1997 |title=Minimum wage jumps to $5.15 |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9709/01/minimum.wage/ |access-date=January 20, 2018 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Herman ya ce karin albashi ya kara karfin siyan ma'aikata. <ref name="Minimum wage jumps" /> Daga baya ta yi adawa da wani shirin goyon bayan Republican na 1999 na haɓaka mafi ƙarancin albashi sama da shekaru uku, a maimakon haka ta goyi bayan jadawalin shekaru biyu don haɓakawa. <ref name="2 in Cabinet Push" /> Har ila yau, Herman ya yi adawa da dokar saboda ta hada da rage haraji ba tare da an biya ba. Daga cikin ayyukan Herman a matsayin sakatare har da aiwatar da dokokin aikin yara . A lokacin aikinta, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ci tarar sarkar kantin sayar da kayan wasan Toys "R" US $ 200,000 saboda keta dokokin da suka takaita nau'in aikin da za a iya yi, da adadin sa'o'in da ma'aikatan da ba su da shekaru za su yi aiki. An gano fiye da ma'aikatan matasa 300 suna aiki fiye da sa'o'i da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba su izini, kuma Toys "R" Us mun amince da dakatar da ayyukan. <ref name="Associated Press, Toys R Us" /> Herman ya goyi bayan shigar Amurka cikin Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, yarjejeniyar da aka tsara don kare yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 daga bauta, fataucin, bauta, da sauran cin zarafi. Ta kuma kare goyon bayan da Amurka ta bayar na bayar da damar yin aikin soja na son rai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 18, al'adar da aka amince da ita a Amurka, Birtaniya, Jamus, da Netherlands. Masu adawa, ciki har da sauran ƙasashe, ƙungiyoyin kwadago, da [[Amnesty International]] sun bukaci a samar da tsauraran matakai; duk da haka, Herman ya ce ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan yarjejeniyar a kan aikin tilastawa, ba aikin soja na son rai ba. Babban Lauyan Janar Janet Reno ya nada Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta Ralph I. Lancaster Jr., a cikin Mayu 1998, don bincikar Herman bayan dan kasuwa Laurent J. Yene ya yi zargin cewa ta karbi cin hanci yayin da take aiki a Fadar White House. Reno ta yi shakku kan zargin Yene bayan binciken farko na FBI, amma ta yi imanin cewa dokar majalisar mai zaman kanta ta tilasta mata nada majalisa mai zaman kanta inda ba ta iya tabbatar da ikirarin ba tare da cancanta ba. Bayan binciken watanni ashirin da uku, Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta Lancaster ta kammala cewa Herman bai karya wata doka ba kuma ya wanke ta daga duk wani laifi. Ita ce mace ta biyar a majalisar ministocin Clinton da wasu lauyoyi masu zaman kansu suka bincika, kuma ta hudu ta wanke duk wani laifi. Binciken Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta na mambobin majalisar ya ci dala miliyan 95 kuma bai bankado wani laifi ba, wanda hakan ya sa Majalisar ta ba da damar dokar ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ta kare a watan Yuni 1999 ba tare da sake ba da izini ba. Herman ya taka rawar gani a yakin Al Gore na 2000 na shugaban kasa. A lokacin sake kirga kuri'un [[Florida]], Herman na cikin tawagar da ke shirin mika mulki zuwa Gwamnatin Gore. ''ABC News'' da ''[[New York Times]]'' sun dauke ta a matsayin dan takarar da zai ci gaba da zama a fadar Gore ta White House idan ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ABC News |date=December 3, 2000 |title=Bush Meets Congressional Leaders |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122333&page=1 |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=ABC News}}</ref> <ref name="Broder, John M, Counting the Vote" /> Elaine Chao ta maye gurbinta a matsayin Sakatariyar Kwadago a gwamnatin [[George W. Bush]] . === Bayan gwamnati === [[Fayil:Thomas_Perez_and_Alexis_Herman,_2015.jpg|right|thumb| Thomas Perez da Alexis Herman sun shiga cikin tattaunawa ta zagaye na tebur na binciken Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a shekarar 2012 kan aikin tilastawa da [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]], Satumba 30, 2013]] Herman ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat John Kerry ta tawagar mika mulki a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2004 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fournier |first=Ron |date=October 21, 2004 |title=Kerry maps postelection plan - The Boston Globe |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2004/10/21/kerry_maps_postelection_plan/ |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=archive.boston.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2005, Howard Dean, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Demokraɗiyya na kasa, ya nada Herman da lauya James Roosevelt, Jr. co-shugaban Kwamitin Dokokinsa da Dokokinsa. Matsayin ya sanya Herman da Roosevelt a tsakiyar takaddama tsakanin yakin neman zaben 'yan takara na farko na dimokuradiyya [[Barack Obama]] da [[Hillary Clinton]] kan ko za su zama wakilai daga Michigan da Florida a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2008 . <ref name="Parsons, Christi, Inside a party's" /> Herman ya amince da Hillary Clinton a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Majalisar Wakilai a Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 2016 . Daga 2001 zuwa 2006, Herman ya kasance shugabar kungiyar Task Force Human Resources Coca-Cola Company . A shekara mai zuwa, Coca-Cola ta mai da ita darakta. Herman ya yi aiki a Hukumar Shawarar Diversity ta [[Toyota]] . A shekara ta 2006, kamfanin ya nada ta a matsayin shugabar runduna ta musamman don tabbatar da bin ka'idojin yaki da wariyar launin fata bayan da shugabar kamfanin Toyota ta Arewacin Amurka ta yi murabus, bayan da aka nada ta a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a wata shari'ar cin zarafin mata . Herman ya yi aiki a kan allon wasu manyan kamfanoni, ciki har da Cummins, MGM Resorts International, Entergy, Sodexo, kuma shine shugaban da Shugaba na New Ventures, Inc. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexis Herman Former Secretary of Labor |url=https://www.energy.gov/contributors/alexis-herman |access-date=July 6, 2018 |website=www.energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2010, an nada Herman a kwamitin Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, kungiyar agaji da Bill Clinton da George W. Bush suka kafa don taimakawa [[Haiti]] bin girman 7.0 girgizar kasa a watan Janairu na wannan shekarar. Har ila yau, Herman ya kasance tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venable |first=Cecilia Gutierrez |date=16 September 2013 |title=Herman, Alexis Margaret (1947-- ) |url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/herman-alexis-margaret-1947 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |website=www.blackpast.org |language=en}}</ref> An ba ta digirin girmamawa sama da 20 daga cibiyoyin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity Leadership Congress: The Honorable Alexis M. Herman |url=http://web.mit.edu/diversityleaders/speakers/alexis-herman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616151519/http://web.mit.edu/diversityleaders/speakers/alexis-herman.html |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2018 |website=web.mit.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Herman ita ce Sarauniyar Carnival don Ƙungiyar Mardi Gras ta Waya a cikin 1974. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association |url=http://www.mamga.com/id12.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224053946/http://www.mamga.com/id12.html |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |website=www.mamga.com}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya kasance Sarkin Carnival a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. <ref name="Hoffman, Roy, MAMGA queen 1940" /> Herman ya auri likita Charles Franklin Jr. a cikin Fabrairu 2000 a Washington National Cathedral . Franklin yana da 'ya'ya uku daga auren da suka gabata. Ya rasu a shekara ta 2014 bayan ya yi fama da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2015 |title=Charles L. Franklin Jr.'s Obituary on The Washington Post |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=charles-l-franklin&pid=171247836 |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=legacy.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin sunayen farko na Ba-Amurke * Jerin Membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Ba-Amurka * Jerin sunayen mambobin majalisar ministocin Amurka mata == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] smdf14rthjyq14if9zbv3n4vbz53avd The Sonata of Silence 0 94319 882535 591500 2026-07-13T22:11:29Z Merjoor 14653 882535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''The Sonata of Silence''' (Spanish: ) jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Mutanen Espanya wanda Marta Etura, Daniel Grao da Eduardo Noriega suka fito. An samo shi ne daga littafin mai suna Paloma Sánchez-Garnica . Ita ce ta samar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar José Frade PC, an watsa shi daga Satumba 2016 zuwa Nuwamba 2016 a kan La 1. == Farko == Makircin ya shafi rayuwar a Madrid ta Marta Ribas (Marta Etura). <ref name="fotogramas" /> Duk da yake gabatarwar babban hali ya faru a 1934, yawancin fiction an saita shi a 1946, bayan Yaƙin basasa, <ref name="fotogramas">{{Cite web |last=Onieva |first=Álvaro |date=13 September 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio', sufriendo en una escalera de época |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a16325200/la-sonata-del-silencio-sufriendo-en-una-escalera-de-epoca/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio', una joyita en los martes de La1 |url=https://www.espinof.com/la-1/la-sonata-del-silencio-una-joyita-en-los-martes-de-la1 |website=Espinof}}</ref> al'umma da ke cike da machismo da mahimmancin bayyanar waje. Marta ta ga kanta a cikin halin da ake ciki ta fara aiki don tallafawa 'yarta Elena (Claudia Traisac) bayan mijinta Antonio (Daniel Grao) ya yi rashin lafiya, yana fuskantar raunin da aka yi wa wannan; ta kuma fuskanci jita-jita daga maƙwabta dangane da rashin fahimta da maƙwabcinta Rafael (Eduardo Noriega), wanda a zahiri yana cikin soyayya da Marta a asirce.<ref name="plotdetails">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio', en Vitoria |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/tele/20160905/sonata-silencio-vitoria-5362559 |website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galv |first=M. |date=20 September 2016 |title=Marta Etura: "En el mundo de la interpretación también hay machismo" |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2016-09-20/marta-etura-sonata-silencio-tve-eduardo-noriega-daniel-grao_1262862/ |website=[[El Confidencial]]}}</ref><ref name="iniciarodaje">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title='La sonata del silencio': Marta Etura y Eduardo Noriega inician el rodaje de la nueva serie de TVE |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a10878071/la-sonata-del-silencio-marta-etura-y-eduardo-noriega-inician-el-rodaje-de-la-nueva-serie-de-tve/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref> Koyaya, hira da aikin don aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mutum ga wata 'yar kasuwa ta Italiya, Roberta Moretti (Maria Rosaria Omaggio), za ta canza halin yanzu da makomar ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2016 |title=El 'Enviado Especial' de laSexta viaja hoy al 'país de las armas' |url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/verteletv/actualidad/Enviado-Especial-laSexta-viaja-armas_0_1831916808.html |website=Vertele! |publisher=[[eldiario.es]]}}</ref> Ginin gidan da aka fi sani da shi wanda shirin ke gudana an saita {{Interlanguage link|Plaza del Ángel|es|Plaza del Ángel (Madrid)}} a Madrid.[es]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almodóvar |first=Marco |last2=Silvestre |first2=Juan |date=5 September 2016 |title=‘La sonata del silencio’: así suena el nuevo drama de época de Televisión Española |url=https://www.diezminutos.es/teleprograma/series-tv/a1677887/sonata-del-silencio-marta-etura-daniel-grao-eduardo-noriega-tve/ |website=[[Diez Minutos]]}}</ref> == Ƴan Wasan Fim == * [[Marta Etura]] as Marta Ribas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/series/20160906/41128447415/festval-vitoria-la-sonata-del-silencio-marta-etura-eduardo-noriega.html|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|title=Vuelven las adaptaciones literarias a TVE con ‘La sonata del silencio’|date=6 September 2016|first=Francesc|last=Puig}}</ref> * [[Eduardo Noriega (Spanish actor)|Eduardo Noriega]] as Rafael Figueroa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/teleprograma/series-tv/g1685703/eduardo-noriega-actor-sonata-del-silencio/|website=[[Diez Minutos]]|title=Eduardo Noriega da vida al oscuro Rafael Figueroa en 'La sonata del silencio': ''Me llevo bien con los tipos misteriosos’’|date=21 September 2016|first=Óscar|last=Cabrera|first2=Marco|last2=Almodóvar}}</ref> * [[Daniel Grao]] as Antonio Montejano.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecoteuve.eleconomista.es/series/noticias/7896245/10/16/us/Daniel-Grao-He-vivido-un-descenso-a-los-infiernos-en-La-sonata-del-silencio.html|website=Ecoteuve|publisher=El Economista|title=Daniel Grao: "He vivido un descenso a los infiernos en 'La sonata del silencio"|date=18 October 2016}}</ref> * [[Lucía Jiménez]] as Virtudes Molina.<ref name=elenco>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20160910/rtve-estrena-martes-sonata-del-silencio-drama-romantico-marta-etura-eduardo-noriega-daniel-grao/1397642.shtml|website=RTVE|title= RTVE estrena el martes 'La sonata del silencio', drama romántico con Marta Etura, Eduardo Noriega y Daniel Grao|date=10 September 2016}}</ref> * [[Fran Perea]] as Mauricio Canales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2016-09-13/sonata-silencio-fran-perea-noriega-tve_1259024/|website=[[El Confidencial]]|title=Fran Perea habla sobre su oscuro personaje en 'La sonata del silencio'|date=13 September 2016|first=M.|last=Galv}}</ref> * [[Claudia Traisac]] as Elena.<ref name=elenco /> * Clara de Ramón as Julita Figueroa.<ref name=elenco /> * {{ill|Joel Bosqued|es}} as Basilio.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Fernando Soto (Spanish actor)|Fernando Soto]] as Próculo Calasancio.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Maria Rosaria Omaggio]] as Roberta Moretti.<ref name=elenco /> * {{ill|Chani Martín|es}} as Eutimio Granados.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Giuseppe Zeno]] as Flavio Tassoni.<ref name=elenco /> * Agnés Llobet as Virtuditas Figueroa.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Mabel Rivera]] as Doña Fermina.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Javier Godino]] as Camilo.<ref name=elenco /> * {{ill|Jaume Garcia Arija|ca}} as Doctor Torres.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Ben Temple]] as Kaiser.<ref name=elenco /> * {{ill|Dani Luque|es}} as Dionisio.<ref name=elenco /> * [[Gracia Olayo]] as Juana.<ref name=elenco /> == Fitarwa da saki == Jerin ya samo asali ne daga littafin La sonata del silencio, wanda Paloma Sánchez-Garnica ya rubuta kuma aikin da aka fi sayarwa a Spain a shekarar 2014. <ref name="iniciarodaje">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title='La sonata del silencio': Marta Etura y Eduardo Noriega inician el rodaje de la nueva serie de TVE |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a10878071/la-sonata-del-silencio-marta-etura-y-eduardo-noriega-inician-el-rodaje-de-la-nueva-serie-de-tve/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref> RTVE ce ta samar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar José Frade PC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio' inaugurará el FesTVal |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/tele/20160816/la-sonata-del-silencio-tve-festval-5328040 |website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]}}</ref> Iñaki Peñafiel da Peris Romano ne suka ba da umarnin abubuwan da suka faru, yayin da Rodolf Sirera, Peris Romano, Sergio Barrejón, Anaïs Schaaff da Javier Olivares ne suka rubuta rubutun da aka daidaita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio' llega a TVE con Marta Etura y Eduardo Noriega |url=https://www.elcorreogallego.es/hemeroteca/la-sonata-silencio-llega-tve-marta-etura-eduardo-noriega-KTCG1012679 |website=[[El Correo Gallego]]}}</ref> César Benito ne ya kirkiro wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2016 |title=¡Regalamos la serie y el libro de 'La Sonata del Silencio'! |url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/verteletv/actualidad/Regalamos-serie-libro-Sonata-Silencio_0_1858914115.html |website=Vertele! |publisher=[[eldiario.es]]}}</ref> An fara yin fim ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=TVE comienza el rodaje de su nueva serie 'La sonata del silencio' |url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/49952/tve-comienza-rodaje-nueva-serie-sonata-silencio/ |website=FormulaTV}}</ref> Wuraren harbi na waje sun haɗa da {{Interlanguage link|Calle de San Vicente Ferrer|es}} a Malasaña, Madrid.[es]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casado |first=Diego |date=30 November 2015 |title=TVE rueda en Malasaña su próxima serie de época: La sonata del silencio |url=https://www.eldiario.es/madrid/somos/malasana/tve-rueda-en-malasana-su-proxima-serie-de-epoca-la-sonata-del-silencio_1_6414512.html |website=Somos Malasaña |publisher=[[eldiario.es]]}}</ref> Jerin, wanda ya kunshi shirye-shirye 9,an fara shi a farkon lokacin a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2016 a kan La 1, <ref name="audience">{{Cite web |last=Oreja |first=A. |date=2 November 2016 |title='La sonata del silencio' se marcha sin hacer mucho ruido con un discreto 10,3% de media |url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/60706/balance-la-sonata-del-silencio-primera-temporada/ |website=FormulaTV}}</ref> tashar TVE. Gudun watsa shirye-shiryen ya ƙare a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016. <ref name="audience" /> Ya sami matsakaicin ƙididdigar masu kallo, tare da kashi 10.3% na masu sauraro kawai dan kadan sama da matsakaicin tashar.<ref name="audience" /> == Abubuwan da suka faru == <div class="center"> {{Series overview | infoA = Viewers | infoB = Share (%) | infoC = {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} | color1 = #8F4304 | link1 = | episodes1 = 9 | start1 = {{Start date|2016|09|13|df=yes}} | end1 = {{End date|2016|11|01|df=yes}} | infoA1 = 1,632,000 | infoB1 = 10.3 | infoC1 = <ref name=audience /><ref>{{Cite web|website=SensaCine|url=http://www.sensacine.com/series/serie-20626/temporada-29503/|title=La sonata del silencio|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> }} </div> {{Episode table|caption=This is a caption|background=#8F4304 |season=4 |title=13 |airdate=10 |aux3 = 6|aux3T = Viewers|aux4=6|aux4T = Share (%) {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Marta |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|09|13|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,893,000 |Aux4 = 11.4 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Elena |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|09|20|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,469,000 |Aux4 = 9.0 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = Roberta |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|09|27|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,625,000 |Aux4 = 9.5 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = Virtuditas |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|04|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,688,000 |Aux4 = 9.9 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = Fermina |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|11|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,560,000 |Aux4 = 9.5 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = Julia |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|18|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,591,000 |Aux4 = 9.5 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = Rafael |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|25|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,743,000 |Aux4 = 10.3 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |Title = Antonio |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|25|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,525,000 |Aux4 = 13.6 |LineColor = 005F6C }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber2 = 9 |Title = Marta y Elena |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|01|df=y}} |Aux3 = 1,595,000 |Aux4 = 9.7 |LineColor = 005F6C }} }} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| |- | rowspan = "4" align = "center" | 2017 | [[Prix Europa|Prix Europa Awards]] || colspan = "2" | Best TV Fiction || {{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineytele.com/2017/10/23/la-belga-team-chocolate-se-impone-a-la-sonata-del-silencio-en-los-prix-europe/|website=Cine y Tele|title=La belga ‘Team Chocolate’ se impone a ‘La sonata del silencio’ en los Prix Europe|date=23 October 2017}}</ref> |- | 19th [[Iris Awards (Spain)|Iris Awards]] || Best Actress || [[Marta Etura]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/73190/listado-completo-ganadores-premios-iris-2017/|website=FormulaTV|title=Listado completo de ganadores de los Premios Iris 2017|first=Maripaz|last=Alcaraz|date=24 October 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan = "2" | 5th {{ill|MiM Series Awards|es|Premios MiM Series}} | colspan = "2" | Best Miniseries or TV Movie | {{won}} | align = "center" rowspan = "2" | <ref name=mimseries2017>{{Cite web|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/noticias/Premios-MiM-coronan-abajo-series_0_1968403146.html|website=Vertele!|publisher=[[eldiario.es]]|title=Los Premios MiM coronan a Sé quién eres y Allí abajo como series del año|date=19 December 2017}}</ref> |- | Best Male Drama Actor || [[Eduardo Noriega (Spanish actor)|Eduardo Noriega]] || {{nom}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} er0nzpmfo2spx6kr2bty5zkquglxy1m Ahlam al-Nasr 0 94713 882595 592759 2026-07-14T00:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == '''Ahlam al-Nasr''' (Arabic) mawakiya ne na Larabci a kasar Siriya, kuma an san shi da "Mawakin Ma'aikatar Musulunci". Littafin ta na farko na waka, The Blaze of Truth, an buga shi a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda 107 da aka rubuta a cikin monorhyme. An dauke ta daya daga cikin shahararrun masu yada labarai na Jihar Musulunci kuma tana ba da cikakkun kariya ga ayyukan ta'addanci. == Ta fito ne daga [[Damascus|Dimashƙu]] kuma tana cikin farkon shekarunta na 20. Ta girma ne a kasar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] inda ta halarci makarantar masu zaman kansu a al-Khobar . Mahaifiyarta ta rubuta cewa al-Nasr "an haife ta da ƙamus a bakinta. " Bayan Yaƙin basasar na kasar Siriya ya fara, ta bar Siriya zuwa ɗayan Jihohin Gulf amma ta dawo a cikin 2014, ta isa Raqqa . A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2014, ta yi aure a kotun Raqqa, Siriya ga Mohamed Mahmoud, wanda aka fi sani da Abu Usama al-Gharib, mai wa'azi na Austrian wanda aka haifa a Vienna. A cewar [[Cole Bunzel]], dan takarar Ph.D. a Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Princeton, yawancin waƙoƙinta ana buga su kowane mako ta hanyar al-Sumud Media Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=al-Sham |first=Diluting Jihad: Tahrir |last2=says |first2=the Concerns of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi jihadica |title="Come Back to Twitter": A Jihadi Warning Against Telegram |url=http://www.jihadica.com/come-back-to-twitter/ |website=www.jihadica.com |access-date=2025-03-01 |archive-date=2025-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309053021/https://www.jihadica.com/come-back-to-twitter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Iyali == Kakanta shine [[Mustafa al-Bugha]], imam din Siriya wanda aka fi sani da goyon bayan jama'a ga [[Bashar al-Assad]] . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Dokta [[Iman Mustafa al-Bugha]], farfesa a jami'ar [[Fiƙihu|fiqh]] a Jami'ar Dammam, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] . Ita ce ta karfafa 'yarta ta koyi waka tun tana ƙarama. An kuma yi imanin cewa dan uwanta yana tare da ita a Siriya. == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eqqv6y2g50rv77nmju2hc24c1cqyz1q Lyn Yvonne Abramson 0 95262 882788 720822 2026-07-14T08:30:14Z Usman saadu 46863 882788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lyn Yvonne Abramson''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekara ta 1950) farfesa ce a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison . An haife ta ne a Benson, [[Minnesota]] . Ta dauki digiri na farko a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison a shekara ta 1972 kafin ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti a Jami'an Pennsylvania a shekara ta 1978. == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, manyan fannoni na sha'awar bincike sun kasance suna bincika rauni ga manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da hanyoyin psychobiological da fahimta ga baƙin ciki, rikicewar bipolar, da rikicewar cin abinci. Ita ce babban marubucin takarda "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation" wanda aka buga a cikin Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1978, yana ba da shawarar alaƙa tsakanin wani salon bayani da baƙin ciki. Tare da abokan aikinta William T. L. Cox, Patricia Devine, da Steven D. Hollon, ta ba da shawarar haɗin kai game da nuna bambanci da baƙin ciki, wanda ya haɗu da ka'idodin fahimta na baƙin ciki tare da ka'idojin fahimta na nuna bambanci.<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=William T. L. |last2=Abramson |first2=Lyn Y. |last3=Devine |first3=Patricia G. |last4=Hollon |first4=Steven D. |year=2012 |title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective |url=http://www.archpsychological.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/deprejudice-txng-dep-n-prejudice-w-tx-for-other.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Perspectives on Psychological Science]] |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427&ndash;449 |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204 |pmid=26168502 |s2cid=1512121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003741/http://www.archpsychological.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/deprejudice-txng-dep-n-prejudice-w-tx-for-other.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> Lyn da abokan aikinta sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin lokuta na baƙin ciki na iya haifar da nuna bambanci daga kai ko daga wani mutum.<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)" /> "Wannan baƙin ciki da ya haifar da nuna bambanci - wanda masu bincike ke kira nuna bambanci: na iya faruwa a matakai da yawa. A cikin al'amarin gargajiya, nuna bambanci yana haifar da baƙin ciki a matakin al'umma (misali, nuna bambancin Nazi wanda ke haifar da baƙin cikin Yahudawa), amma wannan sarkar haifar da shi ma na iya faruwa ne a matakin mutum (misali , nuna bambanci na mai cin zarafi wanda ke haifar le bakin ciki na mutum ɗaya), ko ma a cikin mutum ɗaya (misali، nuna bambanci ga kansa yana haifar da bakin ciki). "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mikulak |first=Anna |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Prejudice Can Cause Depression at the Societal, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal Levels |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/prejudice-can-cause-depression-at-the-societal-interpersonal-and-intrapersonal-levels-researchers-argue.html |access-date=October 9, 2013 |website=[[Association for Psychological Science]]}}</ref> Tare da abokin aikinta na yau da kullun [[Lauren Alloy]], an ba Abramson lambar yabo ta James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award na 2008-2009 ta Association for Psychological Science . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008-2009 James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/awards/cattell/citations/abramson_alloy.cfm |access-date=20 February 2014 |website=Awards & Honors |publisher=Association for Psychological Science |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224124351/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/awards/cattell/citations/abramson_alloy.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana cikin jerin Cibiyar Bayanan Kimiyya na masu bincike da aka ambata sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 2004 |title=APA members on ISI's list of highly cited researchers |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun04/cited.aspx |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=35 |issue=6 |page=14 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> == Littattafai == Abramson, L. Y., Edita (1988). Sanin zamantakewa da ilimin halayyar asibiti: A kira. New York: Guilford. == Babi na littafin == * Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Haeffel, G. J., Gibb, B. E., & MacCoon, D. G. (2002). Misalai na damuwa na damuwa na baƙin ciki a cikin yanayin kula da kai da kuma ilimin halayyar mutum. A cikin I.H. Gotlib & C.L. Hammen (Eds.), Littafin Hanyar baƙin ciki. New York: Guilford * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga [[Ibrananci]] da aka yi amfani da ita. Rashin jin daɗi. A cikin Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science . London: Macmillan. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita. Paradox na kammalawa da cin abinci mai yawa: Zuwa ga ƙuduri. A cikin L.B. Alloy da J.H. Riskind (Eds.), Rashin hankali ga rikice-rikice na motsin rai. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Halin Cyclothymic. (2002) A cikin W.E. Craighead da C.B. Nemeroff (Eds.), Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science . New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc. * Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Safford, S. M., & Gibb, B. E. (2002) The Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression (CVD) Project: Binciken yanzu da kuma hanyoyin nan gaba. A cikin L.B. Alloy da J.H. Riskind (Eds.), Rashin hankali ga rikice-rikice na motsin rai. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin nan. Reactive rumination: Sakamakon, hanyoyin, da abubuwan da suka gabata na ci gaba. A cikin C. Papageorgiou da A. Wells (Eds.), Rashin jin daɗi: Yanayi, ka'idar, da magani. New York: Wiley. (2002) * Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Clements, C. M., Zhu, L., Hogan, M. E., & Whitehouse, W. G. (2000). Hanyoyin fahimta masu kyau da rashin damuwa ga baƙin ciki. A cikin J. Gillham (Ed.), Kimiyya ta kyakkyawan fata da bege (shafi na 75-98). &nbsp;Philadelphia: Gidauniyar Templeton * Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Gibb, B. E., Hankin, B. L., & Cornette, M. M. (2000). Ka'idar rashin bege game da kashe kansa. A cikin T.E. Joiner da MD Rudd (Eds.), Kimiyya ta Kisan kai: fadada iyakoki (shafi na 17-32). &nbsp;Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Halin Cyclothymic. A cikin W.E. Craighead da C.B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of psychology and neuroscience . (3rd edition, Vol. 1, shafi na 417-418). &nbsp;New York: Wiley & Sons. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] A kan hanyoyin da kyakkyawan fata ke inganta lafiyar hankali da ta jiki: Wani sharhi game da Aspinwall. A cikin J. Gillham (Ed.), Kimiyya ta kyakkyawan fata da bege (shafi na 201-212). &nbsp;Philadelphia: Gidauniyar Templeton * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Zuwa ga ka'idar hadin gwiwa game da halayen kashe kansa: Haɗuwa da rashin bege, rashin daidaituwa, da ka'idodin tserewa. A cikin T.E. Joiner da MD Rudd (Eds.), Kimiyya ta Kisan kai: fadada iyakoki (shafi na 43-66). &nbsp;Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyoyin bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar manya. A cikin P.C. Kendall, J.N. Butcher, & G.N. Holmbeck (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (2nd edition, pp. 466-498). &nbsp;New York: Wiley * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Ka'idodin halayen motsin rai. A cikin T. Dagleish & M. Power (Eds.), Littafin hannu na fahimta da motsin rai (shafi na 613-636). &nbsp;Chichester, Ingila: Wiley * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Gudummawar fahimta ga cututtukan kwakwalwa da lafiyar kwakwalwa. A cikin F.T. Durso, RS, Nickerson, R.W. Schvaneveldt, ST Dumais, & M.T.H. Chi (Eds.), Handbook of applied cognition (shafi na 725-755). &nbsp;New York: Wiley * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Rashin bege. A cikin G. Buchanan da M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.), Bayani. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum * Abramon, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1993). Rashin bege. A cikin C.G. Costello (Ed.), Alamun baƙin ciki. New York: Wiley * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Masu tsinkaya na ci gaba na salon fahimta mai raɗaɗi: Bincike da ka'idar. A cikin D. Cicchetti da S. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. Na huɗu. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Bincika "Negative Cognition" subtype na baƙin ciki. A cikin CD McCann da N.S. Endler (Eds.), Mawuyacin hali: Sabbin hanyoyi a ka'idar, bincike, da aiki. [[Toronto]]: Wall da Thompson * Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1990). Ka'idar rashin bege na baƙin ciki: Matsayi na yanzu da kuma hanyoyin gaba. A cikin N. Stein (Ed.), Jami'ar Chicago Symposium a kan Motsin rai . Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum * Alloy, L. B., Albright, J. S., Abramson, L. Y., & Dykman, B. M. (1990). Gaskiya mai raɗaɗi da ra'ayoyin da ba na raɗaɗi ba: Matsayin kai. A cikin R.E. Ingram (Ed.), Hanyoyin halayyar zamani game da baƙin ciki: Magani, bincike, da ka'idar. New York: Plenum * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ka'idodin damuwa na damuwa: Zuwa ga isasshen kimantawa game da ingancin ka'idodin. A cikin L.B. Alloy (Ed.), Hanyoyin fahimta a cikin baƙin ciki. New York: Guilford * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci zuwa Ibrananci. Ka'idar rashin bege na baƙin ciki: Shin bincike yana gwada ka'idar? A cikin L.Y. Abramson (Ed.), Social cognition da ilimin halayyar asibiti: A kira. New York: Guilford * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. Gaskiya mai raɗaɗi: Ra'ayoyi huɗu. A cikin L.B. Alloy (Ed.), Hanyoyin fahimta a cikin baƙin ciki. New York: Guilford * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Gwaje-gwaje na ra'ayoyin damuwa na damuwa: Batutuwan ƙirar bincike, fahimta, da kimantawa. A cikin L.B. Alloy (Ed.), Hanyoyin fahimta a cikin baƙin ciki. New York: Guilford * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Hukuncin tsinkaye a cikin ɗaliban koleji masu baƙin ciki da waɗanda ba su da baƙin ciki. A cikin J.B. Overmier da F.R. Brush (Eds.), Tasiri, yanayin, fahimta: Rubuce-rubuce kan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade halayyar. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum * Halberstadt, L. J., Andrews, D., Metalsky, G. I., & Abramson, L. Y. (1984). Rashin taimako, rashin bege, da baƙin ciki: Binciken ci gaba da hanyoyin gaba. A cikin N.S. Endler da *J. Hunt (Eds.), Halin mutum da rikice-rikice na halayyar. New York: Wiley * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Mawuyacin hali da tsarin ƙaddamarwa. A cikin J. Harvey, W. Ickes, da R. Kidd (Eds.), Sabbin jagororin a cikin binciken halayen. Fashewa. Na uku. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Sake fasalin rashin taimako da aka koya: Sakamakon warkarwa. A cikin H. Glazer da J. Clarkin (Eds.), Mawuyacin hali: Halin da dabarun shiga tsakani. New York: Garland * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Hukuncin gaggawa: Kuskuren da abubuwan da ke tattare da su. A cikin J. Singer da A. Baum (Eds.), Ci gaba a cikin ilimin halayyar muhalli. Fashewa. Na biyu. New York: Erlbaum * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. Sashe na fahimta na rashin taimako da baƙin ciki na mutum: Bincike mai mahimmanci. A cikin J. Garber da M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.), Rashin taimako na Mutum. New York: Jaridar Kwalejin * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Dangantaka tsakanin baƙin ciki da damuwa. A cikin J. Garber da M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.), Rashin taimako na Mutum. New York: Jaridar Kwalejin * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyoyin halayen: Zuwa ga tsarin don fahimta da kimantawa. A cikin P.C. Kendall da S.D. Hollon (Eds.), Halin Halin Halitta: Hanyoyin Bincike. New York: Jaridar Kwalejin * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali na ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje: Tarihi da hujja. A cikin J. Maser da M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.), Psychopathology: Experimental models. San Francisco: Freeman == Dubi kuma == * Gaskiya mai banƙyama == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 66o6psyneww2h98u9u5csymj2qem5nq Lauren LaVera 0 95688 882820 823477 2026-07-14T09:27:55Z Zahrah0 14848 882820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lauren LaVera''' ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar [[Amurka]], mai wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane-zane, kuma marubuciya. Bayan rawar da ta taka a matsayin jarumi mai basira Sienna Shaw a cikin Terrifier franchise, ta zama sananniya da aikinta a cikin nau'Irin tsoro. LaVera ta sami yabo saboda wasan kwaikwayonta, kamar lambar yabo ta Fangoria Chainsaw. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin jiki biyu ga Anya Taylor-Joy a cikin M. Night Shyamalan's psychological thriller Split (2016) kafin rawar da ta taka a matsayin Sienna a cikin fim ɗin Damien Leone mai ban tsoro Terrifier 2 (2022). LaVera ta sake taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Sienna a cikin Terrifier 3 (2024), wanda ya fara a lambar daya a ofishin jakadancin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, ta fito a matsayin mai dawo da fasaha Lisa Gray a cikin Federico Zampaglione's The Well (2024). LaVera za ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai masu zuwa: Mike Flanagan's The Life of Chuck (2025), Darren Lynn Bousman's The Monster, da Leone's Terrifier 4. A talabijin, LaVera ya bayyana a kan [[Netflix]]'s Iron Fist (2017), Fim din Kirsimeti na Lifetime A Taste of Christmas, jerin wasannin Shudder na gaskiya The Boulet Brothers' Dragula's (2023), da kuma [[NBC]]'s Law & Order: Organized Crime (2024). == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi LaVera a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . Yayinda take yarinya, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara horo a ciki yayin da take halartar Jami'ar Haikali; duk da haka, ba ita ce ainihin abin da ta mayar da hankali ba. Da farko ta nemi neman digiri na Juris Doctor amma ta sauya zuwa babban a Turanci da ƙarami a [[Italiyanci]] kafin ta fita don aiki a matsayin Likitan ido.<ref name="Piccotti-2024">{{Cite web |last=Piccotti |first=Tyler |date=October 14, 2024 |title=5 Things You Didn’t Know about Lauren LaVera, Scream Queen of Terrifier 3 |url=https://www.biography.com/actors/a62597258/lauren-lavera |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]}}</ref> LaVera ta yanke shawarar bin aikin kwaikwayo a matsayin cikakken aiki bayan mutuwar kakarta, mai son rawa da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin ƙuruciyarta wacce ba ta iya bin burinta ba. A wannan rana ta bar aikinta a matsayin likitan ido, LaVera ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anzelc |first=Kristen |title=Terrifier's Scream Queen |url=https://www.swaggermagazine.com/home/selfmade/LaurenLaVera/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Swagger Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="Piccotti-2024"></ref> == Ayyuka == === 2017-2021: Farkon aiki === Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da LaVera ta samu na farko a kan fim ɗin yana aiki ne a matsayin jiki biyu ga Anya Taylor-Joy, Haley Lu Richardson, da Jessica Sula a cikin M. Night Shyamalan's superhero thriller Split (2016). <ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Meet Lauren LaVera, the Heart and Soul of the ‘Terrifier’ Franchise |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/terrifier-star-lauren-lavera-1236029534/ |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> LaVera ta yi aiki tare da Shyamalan a kan saiti kuma kwarewarta mai kyau ta haifar da son zama 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta cikakken lokaci.<ref name="Davids-2024"></ref> A cikin 2017, LaVera tana da rawar goyon baya a cikin Emanuele Della Valle's thriller Wetlands (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sobczynski |first=Peter |date=September 15, 2017 |title=Wetlands |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wetlands-2017 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lauren_LaVera_AMFM_Studios.jpg|thumb|200x200px|LaVera a cikin 2022]] LaVera ta yi sauraro don rawar Sienna Shaw a fim din Damien Leone mai suna Terrifier 2 (2022) a shekarar 2019.<ref name="Anzelc-2024">{{Cite web |last=Anzelc |first=Kristen |date=October 9, 2024 |title=Self Made: Lauren LaVera Interview |url=https://www.swaggermagazine.com/home/selfmade/LaurenLaVera/ |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=SWAGGER Magazine}}</ref> A lokacin da take sauraro, ba ta ga Terrifier na farko ba (2016) kuma ba ta kalli shi ba saboda ba ta son fim din ya rinjayi yanke shawara yayin tsarin sauraron ta. LaVera ta sami jefa a matsayin Sienna wanda zai zama rawar da ta taka,ta zama jagora na fim din Terrifier a gaban David Howard Thornton a matsayin Art the Clown da Samantha Scaffidi a matsayin Victoria Heyes.<ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Meet Lauren LaVera, the Heart and Soul of the ‘Terrifier’ Franchise |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/terrifier-star-lauren-lavera-1236029534/ |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavids2024">Davids, Brian (October 10, 2024). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/terrifier-star-lauren-lavera-1236029534/ "Meet Lauren LaVera, the Heart and Soul of the 'Terrifier' Franchise"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Leone ba ta yi la'akari da wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ba don bangare.<ref name="Davids-2024"></ref> Ayyukan LaVera sun sadu da sake dubawa mai kyau.<ref name="Davids-2024"></ref> Binciken ''IGN'' ya ce LaVera "ta yi mulki a matsayin Sienna a cikin makamai masu fuka-fuki na mala'ika a matsayin yarinya ta ƙarshe da ke fada don dangi, tana fuskantar aljanu, kuma tana ihu da zubar da jini a fuskar Art, yayin da Matthew Jackson na Paste ya rubuta cewa "LaVera, wanda aka ba shi aiki tare da ikon tauraron".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donato |first=Matt |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Terrifier 2 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/terrifier-2-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010105240/https://www.ign.com/articles/terrifier-2-review |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Matthew |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Terrifier 2 Review |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/terrifier-2-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010105240/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/terrifier-2-review/ |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lauren_LaVera_-_2024_-_A30386_-_54084059593_(cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|LaVera a cikin Nightmare Weekend Miami 2024]] LaVera ya bayyana a cikin Fim ɗin 'yan tawaye Not for Nothing, wanda aka saki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolton |first=Cameron |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Not for Nothing Tells a South Philly Story With Authentic Characters and Locations |url=https://movieweb.com/not-for-nothing-south-philadelphia-characters-location/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115091909/https://movieweb.com/not-for-nothing-south-philadelphia-characters-location/ |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an jefa LaVera a matsayin Alessa, wata mace mai juna biyu wacce mahaifinta mai adawa bai yarda da dangantakarta da mijinta ba, a fim din Joe Lam na shekara ta 2023 mai ban tsoro The ''Fetus'', a gaban Julian Curtis da Bill Moseley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Dan |date=October 25, 2022 |title=Jeremy Rudd Joins Horror Film The Fetus as Associate Producer and Cast Member |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1351987/jeremy-rudd-joins-horror-film-the-fetus-as-associate-producer-and-cast-member |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031061702/https://www.eonline.com/news/1351987/jeremy-rudd-joins-horror-film-the-fetus-as-associate-producer-and-cast-member |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=[[E!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Lauren LaVera, Bill Moseley, Julian Curtis and Jeremy Rudd in New Horror movie 'The Fetus' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lauren-lavera-bill-moseley-julian-curtis-jeremy-rudd-horror-movie-the-fetus-1235271355/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316104304/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lauren-lavera-bill-moseley-julian-curtis-jeremy-rudd-horror-movie-the-fetus-1235271355/ |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2023, Bloody Disgusting ya ruwaito cewa LaVera za ta fito a matsayin Lisa Gray a cikin fim mai ban tsoro mai ban mamaki The Well, wanda Federico Zampaglione ya jagoranta.<ref name="Miska-2023">{{Cite web |last=Miska |first=Brad |date=2023-02-16 |title='Terrifier 2' Star Lauren LaVera Paints 'The Well' [Exclusive] |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3751535/terrifier-2-star-lauren-lavera-paints-the-well-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315024542/https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3751535/terrifier-2-star-lauren-lavera-paints-the-well-exclusive/ |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta gabatar da fim din a karon farko na Burtaniya a FrightFest a shekarar 2024.<ref name="Didcock-2024">{{Cite web |last=Didcock |first=Barry |date=2024-02-28 |title='I love Fleabag. The main character is hilarious but also flawed yet redeemable' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312192239/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2023, LaVera ya bayyana a matsayin alƙali mai baƙo a karo na biyar na jerin wasannin Shudder na gaskiya The Boulet Brothers' Dragula.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brothers |first=Boulet |date=December 4, 2023 |title=A new episode of The Boulet Brothers' Dragula airs tonight with superstar guest judges David Dastmalchian and Terrifier star @_LaurenLaVera_ - tune in at 9PM PST / 12AM ET on Shudder and AMC+! |url=https://twitter.com/bouletbrothers/status/1731769192662302905?s=20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205023600/https://twitter.com/bouletbrothers/status/1731769192662302905?s=20 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2024, Lavera ta nuna Heidi Morris a cikin ɓangarori biyu na Dokar [[NBC]] & Order: Laifin da aka tsara: "Mutanen da suka ɓace" da "Beyond the Sea".<ref name="Furdyk-2024">{{Cite web |last=Furdyk |first=Brent |date=October 23, 2024 |title=The Stunning Transformation Of Lauren LaVera |url=https://www.thelist.com/1693697/stunning-transformation-lauren-lavera/ |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=[[The List (magazine)|The List]]}}</ref> LaVera ta sake taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Sienna a fim din Tsoro na Kirsimeti na Leone Terrifier 3 (2024), wanda ya fara a lambar daya a ofishin jakadancin Amurka tare da sama da dala miliyan 18, ya zama fim din da ya fi samun riba a cikin ikon mallakar.<ref name="Piccotti-2024">{{Cite web |last=Piccotti |first=Tyler |date=October 14, 2024 |title=5 Things You Didn’t Know about Lauren LaVera, Scream Queen of Terrifier 3 |url=https://www.biography.com/actors/a62597258/lauren-lavera |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPiccotti2024">Piccotti, Tyler (October 14, 2024). [https://www.biography.com/actors/a62597258/lauren-lavera "5 Things You Didn't Know about Lauren LaVera, Scream Queen of Terrifier 3"]. ''[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Masu sukar sun yaba da aikinta saboda yadda ta nuna rauni da kuma Laifin wanda ya tsira. Za ta sami rawar muryar [[Italiyanci]] a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mike Flanagan The Life of Chuck (2025), wanda ya cameo asali ne daga littafin [[Stephen King]] na 2020.<ref name="Korngut-2024">{{Cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |date=October 2, 2024 |title=‘Terrifier 3’ Interview: The Return of Lauren LaVera [October Cover Story] |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/editorials/512668/terrifier-3-interview-the-return-of-lauren-lavera-october-cover-story/ |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=[[Dread Central]]}}</ref> An fara gabatar da shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2024, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Zaɓin Jama'a.<ref name="Korngut-2024"></ref> Neon za ta sake shi a Amurka a cikin 2025.<ref name="Wiseman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 23, 2024 |title=‘Terrifier’ Breakout Lauren LaVera To Star Opposite Djimon Hounsou In ‘The Monster’ From ‘Saw’ Duo |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/terrifier-star-lauren-lavera-joins-djimon-hounsou-horror-the-monster-1236156543/ |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> LaVera ta shirya tauraruwa a fim din ban tsoro na Darren Lynn Bousman mai zuwa The Monster, wanda ke fitowa a gaban Djimon Hounsou.<ref name="Wiseman-2024"></ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == LaVera ta auri mijinta a shekarar 2014. <ref name="Furdyk-2024">{{Cite web |last=Furdyk |first=Brent |date=October 23, 2024 |title=The Stunning Transformation Of Lauren LaVera |url=https://www.thelist.com/1693697/stunning-transformation-lauren-lavera/ |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=[[The List (magazine)|The List]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFurdyk2024">Furdyk, Brent (October 23, 2024). [https://www.thelist.com/1693697/stunning-transformation-lauren-lavera/ "The Stunning Transformation Of Lauren LaVera"]. ''[[The List (magazine)|The List]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Sun hadu yayin da take tafiya a Turai.<ref name="Didcock-2024">{{Cite web |last=Didcock |first=Barry |date=2024-02-28 |title='I love Fleabag. The main character is hilarious but also flawed yet redeemable' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312192239/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDidcock2024">Didcock, Barry (February 28, 2024). [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ "'I love Fleabag. The main character is hilarious but also flawed yet redeemable'"]. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240312192239/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24150393.lauren-lavera-brings-well-frightfest-glasgow-film-festival/ Archived] from the original on March 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, ta sanar da cewa sun sayi gidansu na farko.<ref name="Furdyk-2024" /> LaVera ta ƙware a cikin [[Taekwondo]], Kun Khmer da Wushu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spelling |first=Ian |date=2022-11-03 |title=Terrifier 2 is the unrated horror hit that's shocking audiences |url=https://www.avclub.com/terrifier-2-interview-david-howard-thornton-lauren-lave-1849735520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108095220/https://www.avclub.com/terrifier-2-interview-david-howard-thornton-lauren-lave-1849735520 |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en}}</ref> == manazarta == {{Reflist}}<references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9jvjtlndp0iy4jo57yo08e2mucznc8f Akira Emoto 0 96287 882615 732840 2026-07-14T03:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Akira Emoto.jpg|thumb|Akira Emoto]]   Akira Emoto (柄本 明, Emoto Akira, an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1948)shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akira Emoto |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/celeb/akira-emoto/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.bollywoodlife.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1999, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Japan don Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a Dr. Akagi . Ya kuma lashe kyautar mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a 7th Hochi Film Award don Dotonbori River da Hearts and Flowers don Tora-san . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:報知映画賞ヒストリー |url=http://cinemahochi.yomiuri.co.jp/h_award/1982/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131125714/http://cinemahochi.yomiuri.co.jp/h_award/1982/ |archive-date=2009-01-31 |access-date=2010-01-23 |publisher=Cinema Hochi |language=ja}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Matarsa 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Kazue Tsunogae, kuma shi ne mahaifin' yan wasan kwaikwayo Tasuku Emoto da [[Tokyo]] Emoto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=柄本時生は入来茉里と結婚。俳優一家・柄本家の"血筋が強すぎる"伝説 |url=https://www.msn.com/ja-jp/entertainment/celebrity/%E6%9F%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%99%82%E7%94%9F%E3%81%AF%E5%85%A5%E6%9D%A5%E8%8C%89%E9%87%8C%E3%81%A8%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%E3%80%82%E4%BF%B3%E5%84%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%BB%E6%9F%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E2%80%9C%E8%A1%80%E7%AD%8B%E3%81%8C%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8B%E2%80%9D%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC/ar-BB10HSy8 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=MSN |publisher=Microsoft News}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- |1980 |''Disciples of Hippocrates'' |Katō | | |- |1981 |''Sailor Suit and Machine Gun'' |Kuroki | | |- | rowspan="3" |1982 |''Dotonbori River'' |Ishizuka | | |- |''Hearts and Flowers for Tora-san'' |Kondō | | |- |''Suspicion'' |Shigekazu Akitani | | |- |1983 |''Amagi Goe'' | | | |- | rowspan="2" |1984 |''Kesho'' |Kikuo Tsutano | | |- |''Location'' |Konno | | |- | rowspan="3" |1985 |''Capone Cries a Lot'' |Ushiemon | | |- |''Ikite mitai mō ichido: Shinjuku Basu Hōka Jiken'' |Hirofumi Maruyama | | |- |''Nidaime wa Christian'' |Detective Kumashiro | | |- |1986 |''Final Take'' |Director Saeki | | |- | rowspan="2" |1987 |''Bedtime Eyes'' |Ooguro | | |- |''The Heartbreak Yakuza'' |Shoji Kato | | |- | rowspan="3" |1988 |''Angel Guts: Red Vertigo'' |Yakuza | | |- |''Kimurake no Hitobito'' |Shinichi Amemiya | | |- |''The Silk Road'' | | | |- |1989 |''Tora-San Goes to Vienna'' |Heiba Sakaguchi | | |- |1990 |''Uchū no hōsoku'' |Nagayama | | |- |1991 |''Bakumatsu Junjoden'' |Katsura Kogorō | | |- |1992 |''Sumo Do, Sumo Don't'' |Professor Tokichi Anayama | | |- |1993 |''Ahiru no Uta ga Kikoete kuru yo'' |Ryosuke Kaji | | |- | rowspan="2" |1994 |''Natsu no niwa'' |Nagatomo | | |- |''Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla'' |Major Akira Yuki | | |- |1995 |''Maborosi'' |Yoshihiro | | |- | rowspan="2" |1996 |''Shall We Dance?'' |Toru Miwa | | |- |''Tsuribaka Nisshi 8'' |Yukawa | | |- |1997 |''The Eel'' |Tamotsu Takasaki | | |- |1998 |''Dr. Akagi'' |Dr. Fuu Akagi |Lead role | |- |1999 |''Kaizokuban Bootleg Film'' |Tatsuo | | |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''Another Heaven'' | | | |- |''The City of Lost Souls'' |Kuwata | | |- | rowspan="3" |2001 |''Turn'' |Matsubara | | |- |''Waterboys'' |Mama-san | | |- |''Onmyoji'' |Fujiwara no Motokata | | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''KT'' |Hiroshi Uchiyama | | |- |''11'09"01 September 11'' | |segment "Japan" | |- |2003 |Owl | | | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Makai Tensho'' | | | |- |''Zatōichi'' |Tavern Owner Pops | | |- |''Drugstore Girl'' |Nabeshima | | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Zebraman'' |Kani-Otoko | | |- |''Lakeside Murder Case'' |Tomoharu Fujima | | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Tetsujin 28: The Movie'' | | | |- |''The Great Yokai War'' |Screaming Farmer | | |- |''Scrap Heaven'' |Detective Yabuta | | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Japan Sinks'' |Prof. Fukuhara | | |- |''Memories of Matsuko'' |Kozo Kawajiri | | |- |''The Go Master'' |Kensaku Segoe |Chinese film | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad'' |Doctor | | |- |''Mōryō no Hako'' |Koshiro Mimasaka | | |- | rowspan="8" |2008 |''All Around Us'' | | | |- |''Tsukiji Uogashi Sandaime'' |Shojiro Sanada | | |- |''Ishiuchi Jinjo Koto Shogakko: Hana wa chiredomo'' |Yoshio Ichikawa | | |- |''Ikigami'' |Counselor | | |- |''Asahiyama Zoo Story: Penguins in the Sky'' |Itsuro Usui | | |- |''Ichi'' |Takeshi Hyoue | | |- |''Happy Flight'' |Etsuko's father | | |- |''The Chasing World'' |Doctor | | |- | rowspan="3" |2009 |''Rain Fall'' |Tatsu Ishikura | | |- |''John Rabe'' |General Iwane Matsui |German-Chinese-French film | |- |''April Bride'' |Teishi Nagashima | | |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |''Villain'' | | | |- |''Raiou'' |Kakunoshi Enokido | | |- |''Postcard'' |Ykichi Morikawa | | |- |''Haru's Journey'' | | | |- |''The Lone Scalpel'' | | | |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |''Antoki no Inochi'' | | | |- |''Isoroku'' |Mitsumasa Yonai | | |- |''Karate-Robo Zaborgar'' |Dr. Akunomiya | | |- |''In His Chart'' | | | |- |2012 |''Gyakuten Saiban'' |The Judge | | |- |2013 |''Unforgiven'' |Kingo Baba | | |- |2014 |''0.5 mm'' | | | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''The Big Bee'' | | | |- |''Journey to the Shore'' | | | |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Shippu Rondo'' | | | |- |''Shin Godzilla'' |The Chief Cabinet Secretary | | |- |''Black Widow Business'' | | | |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Survival Family'' |Shigeomi Sasaki | | |- |''Nariyuki na Tamashii'' | | | |- |''Mukoku'' |Seppō Mitsumura | | |- |''Lu Over the Wall'' |Kai's grandfather (voice) | | |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |''Evil and the Mask'' |Detective Aida | | |- |''Recall'' |Nomura | | |- |''Color Me True'' |Tadashi Honda | | |- |''Shoplifters'' | | | |- |''Oz Land'' |Miyagawa | | |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''The Promised Land'' |Gorō Fujiki | | |- |''Iwane: Sword of Serenity'' | | | |- |''Show Me the Way to the Station'' | | | |- |''They Say Nothing Stays the Same'' | |Lead role | |- | rowspan="9" |2020 |''Nōten Paradise'' | | | |- |''Family Bond'' | | | |- |''Stardust Over the Town'' | | | |- |''I Never Shot Anyone'' | | | |- |''The Legacy of Dr. Death: Black File'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドクター・デスの遺産 BLACK FILE |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92576/ |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Nosari: Impermanent Eternity'' | | | |- |''Living in the Sky'' | | | |- |''Independence of Japan'' |Jōji Matsumoto | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=浅野忠信＆宮沢りえが白洲次郎、正子夫妻 小林薫が吉田茂に 「日本独立」12月18日公開 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20201031/3/ |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Underdog'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『アンダードッグ』石崎ひゅーいの主題歌入り本予告、水川あさみ＆瀧内公美らも登場 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/10/01/69240.html |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |''The Master Plan'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岩田剛典と新田真剣佑の仲睦まじい様子やシリアスな表情 『名も無き世界のエンドロール』特報公開 |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2020/09/post-620724.html |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=Real Sound}}</ref> |- |''Baragaki: Unbroken Samurai'' |Marujū Tenshu | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=燃えよ剣 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90757/ |access-date=December 14, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Utsusemi no Mori'' | | | |- |''The Great Yokai War: Guardians'' |Old man | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=北村一輝＆松嶋菜々子＆柄本明『妖怪大戦争』人間キャスト発表 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2021/03/23/71984.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- |''Inori'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=祈り 幻に長崎を想う刻(とき) |url=https://eiga.com/movie/94970/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2022 |''A Man'' |Norio Omiura | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=妻夫木聡×安藤サクラ×窪田正孝ら共演、芥川賞作家・平野啓一郎の「ある男」実写映画化 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2205317/full/ |access-date=August 31, 2021 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |''Noise'' |Shōkichi Yokota | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ノイズ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95143/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Wandering'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=趣里＆三浦貴大＆柄本明ら出演『流浪の月』第4弾キャスト解禁 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2021/12/13/76276.html |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- |''No Place to Go'' |Homeless | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=夜明けまでバス停で |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97255/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''The Setting Sun'' |Dr. Miyake | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=鳩のごとく 蛇のごとく 斜陽 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95254/ |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="10" |2023 |''Yudo: The Way of the Bath'' |Hermit | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=生田斗真主演、映画『湯道』"銭湯"に吉田鋼太郎、夏木マリ、柄本明ら大集合 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2245472/full/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwA4g">Umami</i></nowiki> |The Salaryman |Japanese-French film | |- |''Shylock's Children'' |Hajime Sawazaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=阿部サダヲが映画「シャイロックの子供たち」で主演、共演に上戸彩や玉森裕太 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490457 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821233654/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490457 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Egoist'' |Yoshio Saito | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=エゴイスト |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97467/ |access-date=September 22, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Do Unto Others'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ロストケア |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96905/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''September 1923'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=福田村事件 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97856/ |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Ripples'' |Tarō Kadokura | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=波紋 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98450/ |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Hard Days'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=最後まで行く |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98423/ |access-date=January 31, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Ai no Komuragaeri'' |Hiroshi Saionji | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=愛のこむらがえり |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98422/ |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''The Innocent Game'' |Nagura | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=法廷遊戯 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99075/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''Don't Lose Your Head!'' |Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=身代わり忠臣蔵 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99885/ |access-date=August 7, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Samurai Detective Onihei: Blood for Blood'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title="新たな鬼平" 第一弾「鬼平犯科帳 本所・桜屋敷」が遂に完成！ 松本幸四郎、市川染五郎、松平健が登場！ |url=https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202312063902 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=Kyodo News PR Wire}}</ref> |- |''Maru'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=まる |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101747/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''God of Curling'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=本田望結主演、世界大会を目指す女子高生たちの奮闘と友情を描く『カーリングの神様』11・8公開 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2337077/full/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Muromachi Outsiders'' |Master Karasaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画『室町無頼』2025年1月公開へ "蓮田兵衛"大泉洋、長尾謙杜ら率いて立ち上がる【あらすじ&役どころあり】 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2313938/full/ |access-date=February 11, 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |''The Boy and the Dog'' |Yaichi Katano | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=少年と犬 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102087/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2026 |''Bakumatsu Hippocrates-tachi'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=佐々木蔵之介、幕末医師姿で懸命呼びかけ&支援者に直筆サインも "元祖ヒポクラテスたち"への想い |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2362034/full/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |TBA |''Rental Family'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2024-03-18 |title=‘Shōgun’s Takehiro Hira And Akira Emoto Join Brendan Fraser’s ‘Rental Family’ At Searchlight |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/brendan-fraser-rental-family-shogun-takehiro-hira-akira-emoto-1235861448/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |1991 |''Taiheiki'' |Kō no Moronao |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwBEY">Taiga</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=太平記 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/91-taiga.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}</ref> |- |1995 |''Hachidai Shōgun Yoshimune'' |Tokugawa Munenao |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=八代将軍吉宗 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/95-taiga.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}</ref> |- |1999 |''Genroku Ryōran'' |Shindō Genshirō |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' | |- |2006 |''Kōmyō ga Tsuji'' |Toyotomi Hideyoshi |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「大河ドラマ」の歴代"秀吉" |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/search/special/detail/?d=taiga008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619022119/https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/search/special/detail/?d=taiga008 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |website=NHK}}</ref> |- |2009–11 |''Girgije a kan Dutsen'' |Nogi Maresuke | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=坂の上の雲 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/09-saka.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Mutumin Makoma'' |Masayoshi Kodaira | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=運命の人の出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000006609/cast/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=The Television |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2012–17 |''Al'adun gargajiya daga Japan'' |Mai ba da labari | | |- |2013 |''Abokin hulɗa'' |Ōkuma Shigenobu |Fim din talabijin | |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Rayuwa'' |Toranosuke Danjō | | |- |''Ƙaunar Frankenstein'' |Toshifumi Tsurumaru | | |- |''Azurfa da Zinariya'' |Hitoshi Kuramae | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Segodon'' |Ryu Samin |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=西郷どん |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/18-taiga.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Dokta Mai Kyau'' |Akira Shiga | | |- | rowspan="1" |2019 |''Gidan sarauta na Yashi'' |Chiyokichi |Fim din talabijin | |- | rowspan="1" |2020 |''Hanzawa Naoki'' |Keiji Minobe |Lokaci na 2 | |- |2021 |''Harsasai, Ƙasusuwa da Ƙarƙashin Hanci'' |Chōsuke |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |title=オダギリジョー脚本・演出のドラマ「オリバーな犬」NHKで放送、主演は池松壮亮 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013825/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Tsarin Matasa'' |Firayim Minista Tsuguaki Washida |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |title=神尾楓珠主演のNHKドラマ『17才の帝国』 追加キャストに柄本明、松本まりから |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2228785/ |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |''Mutumin da ya ɓace'' |Shi da kansa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=仲野太賀主演『拾われた男』、井川遥、松尾諭、柄本明ら全員“本人役”で出演 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/108978/1 |access-date=June 7, 2022 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- |} === Dub na Jafananci === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2024 |''Kyakkyawan Willow, Mace Mai Barci'' |Mai shi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「めくらやなぎと眠る女」日本語版に磯村勇斗・玄理ら12名の俳優が参加、演出は深田晃司 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/574564 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Natalie}}</ref> |- |} == Daraja == * Medal tare da Purple Ribbon (2011) * Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays tare da Rosette (2019) == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cpbizv4i7sklsrjuzdui0jj52rdmi74 Abeti Masikini 0 96599 882458 869037 2026-07-13T18:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elisabeth Finant''' (9 Nuwamba 1954 - 28 Satumba 1994), wanda aka sani da sana'a da '''Abeti Fina-Masikini''' ko kuma kawai '''Abeti Masikini''', mawaƙiyar Kwango ce, mawakiya, ɗan sanda, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lokale |first=Prisca |date=28 December 2021 |title=RDC: Yolanda, la fille aînée de Abeti Masikini a été enterrée ce mardi |trans-title=DRC: Yolanda, the eldest daughter of Abeti Masikini was buried this Tuesday |url=https://actualite.cd/2021/12/28/rdc-yolanda-la-fille-ainee-de-abeti-masikini-ete-enterree-ce-mardi |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Tare da aikin kusan shekaru uku na tsawon shekaru, ta kasance babbar jigo a cikin ƙarni na 20 na Kongo da shahararriyar kiɗan Afirka . Sau da yawa ana kiranta da " '''Sarauniyar Soukous''' ", ana lura da ita don ba da shawarar [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], sabunta kiɗan Kongo, da ƙarfafa tsararrun mawaƙa. Ƙungiyarta, Les Redoutables, ta kasance kushin ƙaddamarwa ga yawancin mata masu fasaha. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Balde |first=Assanatou |date=8 May 2016 |title=Paris rend hommage à la grande diva congolaise Abéti Masikini |trans-title=Paris pays tribute to the great Congolese diva Abéti Masikini |url=https://www.afrik.com/paris-rend-hommage-a-la-grande-diva-congolaise-abeti-masikini |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Matanda |first=Alvin |date=12 September 2023 |title=Découvrez l'histoire captivante d'Abeti Masikini: une légende inoubliable |trans-title=Discover the captivating story of Abeti Masikini: an unforgettable legend |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kayumba |first=Arthur |date=28 September 2019 |title=Musique: Abeti Masikini demeure la "tigresse aux griffes d'or" forever |trans-title=Music: Abeti Masikini remains the "tigress with the golden claws" forever |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/publireportage-reportage-57145_abeti_masikini_demeure_la_tigresse_aux_griffes_d_or_forever.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Musique: les 20 ans de la mort d'Abeti Masikini seront commémorés au Grand Hôtel Kinshasa |trans-title=Music: 20 years since the death of Abeti Masikini will be commemorated at the Grand Hôtel Kinshasa |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/11/21/musique-les-20-ans-de-la-mort-dabeti-masikini-seront-commemores-au-grand-hotel-kinshasa |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Noëlla Ndaya dénonce les harcèlements et toutes formes de violences faites contre les femmes en milieux professionnels dans sa chanson "promotion canapé" |trans-title=Noëlla Ndaya denounces harassment and all forms of violence against women in the workplace in her song "promotion canapé" |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2021/04/24/actualite/culture/noella-ndaya-denonce-les-harcelements-et-toutes-formes-de-violences |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> An haife ta a [[Kisangani]], a lokacin tana cikin ƙasar Belgian Kongo kuma a yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], Masikini ta fara fitowa a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 1971 bayan da wani furodusa [[Togo|Ɗan ƙasar Togo]] Gérard Akueson ya gano, bayan da ta taka rawar gani a cikin kiɗan ''Découverte des Jeunes Talents'' da mawaki Gérard Madiata ya shirya. <ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=musicMe: Biographie de Abeti Maskini |url=https://www.musicme.com/Abeti-Masikini/biographie/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=Abeti Masikini Finant Elisabeth 1954 -1994 |url=https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/artistes/abeti-masikini/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Universrumbacongolaise.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Kundin nata na farko, ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'', wanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 1973, ya motsa ta a cikin hasashe, ya sami shaharar talabijin da kuma sayar da wurare masu yawa kamar Hallia Olympia na Paris da kuma Hall Carnegie na New York. A cikin shekaru uku na aikinta, Masikini ya rubuta kundin ɗakunan studio sama da ashirin don nau'ikan lakabin rikodin da suka haɗa da Les Dissques Pierre Cardin, Pathé Records, Aziza, RCA Records, Polygram Records, da sauransu. <ref name=":2" /> Mai bin diddigin [[Mata A Afrika|mata na Afirka]] a cikin kiɗa, Masikini ita ce mace ta farko ɗan Kongo da ta jagoranci ƙungiyarta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a manyan wuraren duniya kamar Carnegie Hall, Hall of Royal Albert Hall, Wembley Arena, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo . <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":24"/> Ta mutu daga [[Ciwon daji na Mahaifa|ciwon daji na mahaifa]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1994, a Villejuif, [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matanda |first=Alvin |date=2023-09-12 |title=Découvrez l'histoire captivante d'Abeti Masikini : une légende inoubliable |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":24" /> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Abeti Masikini a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1954, a cikin dangin Finant, dangin Kongo mai matsakaicin matsakaiciyar yara takwas a [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] (yanzu [[Kisangani]] ), Kongo Belgian . Mahaifinta, Jean-Pierre Finant, ya zama gwamnan Kongo na farko a lardin Orientale a jamhuriyar Kongo a lokacin. Mahaifiyar Abeti Masikini, Marie Masikini, wata mawaƙa ce ta coci - jagorar mawaƙi a ''Collège du Sacré-Coeur'' (yanzu ''Institut Maele'' ). Abeti Masikini ta fara waƙa a matsayin mawaƙa a cocin mahaifiyarta tun tana ƙarama. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1961, an kashe mahaifin Masikini, dan jam'iyyar Lumumbist, a [[Mbuji-Mayi|Bakwanga]] (yanzu [[Mbuji-Mayi]] ). Iyalin sun tafi gudun hijira a Kinshasa, inda Masikini ya yi karatu a [[:fr:Lycée Bosangani|Lycée Sacré-Cœur]] (yanzu [[:fr:Lycée Bosangani|Lycée Bosangani]] ). Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a ofishin ministan al'adu, Pierre Mushete. <ref name=":24"/> Yayin da take aiki a matsayin sakatariya, sadaukarwarta ga kiɗa ya kumbura. A cikin 1971, ta canza ranar haifuwarta da gangan, tana mai da'awar cewa tana da shekaru 20, don shiga gasar kiɗa ta ''Découverte des Jeunes Talents'' wanda Gérard Madiata ya shirya a Parc de la Révolution (yanzu Kinshasa Botanical Garden ), inda ta sami matsayi na uku. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5"/> A ƙarshen 1971, manajan [[Togo]] kuma furodusa Gérard Akueson, sa'an nan mai kula da mawaƙa Bella Bellow, ya hango ta yayin wasan kwaikwayo a Kinshasa kuma ya zama manajanta. A tsakiyar 1972, 'yan'uwa da yawa sun buoye ta, ta kafa ƙungiyarta, Les Ecureuils, wanda ya haɗa da ƙanenta, Jean Abumba Masikini, a matsayin jagorar mawaƙa kuma ta yi wasa a wuraren kulab. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5" /> === 1972–1974: ''Pierre Cardin Présenter: Abeti'', Olympia Hall, Carnegie Hall, da Zaire 74 === Bisa ga koyarwar ''Ingantacciyar koyarwa'' da Shugaba Mobutu Sese Seko ya yi, Masikini ta koma [[Afirka ta Yamma]] don ci gaba da faifan albam dinta mai zuwa, ta fara rangadi a [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Senegal]], [[Burkina Faso]], Togo, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Ghana]], da [[Najeriya]] . A lokacin da ta ke Najeriya, ta ketare hanya tare da [[Fela Kuti]] tare da hada kai da shi a dakin daukar faifai guda. <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":5"/> Bayan ta koma Zaire, a hankali ta dushe daga shaharar ta, saboda babu bayanai a kasuwar Zaire. <ref name=":24" /> A lokacin wani karatu a Kinshasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palladuim, Masikini ya sanar da cewa kundin sa na farko, ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'', yana gab da fitowa. <ref name=":24"/> An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1973, Les Dissques Pierre Cardin ne ya samar da kundin, lakabin sanannen mai ƙirar Faransa Pierre Cardin . Ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da ba a taɓa gani ba kamar "Mutoto Wangu", "Bibile", "Aziza", "Fulani", "Miwela", "Safari", da "Papa Yaka". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":6"/> Jagoran guda ɗaya, "Bibilé," ya ba da labari game da kogin da miyagu ruhohi ke gadinsa wanda sai an faranta masa rai kafin mutane su haye shi su shiga cikin daji don farauta. “Fulani” ta ba da labarin da ya fi zama a cikin birni, na wasu ‘yan mata guda biyu suna tsegumi game da mazajen aure. Kundin ya kasance hadewar blues, rai, da waƙoƙin jama'a amma tun farko bai sami yabo mai mahimmanci daga jama'ar Kinshasa ba, <ref name=":24" /> kamar yadda muryar [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ta Masikini da kuma tasirin kiɗan kiɗan ya mayar da ita matsayin "mawaƙin waje". <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> Duk da shakkun da aka yi, kundin ya sami kulawa sosai ta hanyar fitowar talabijin, tare da sabuwar ƙungiyar ta da aka sake masa suna Les Redoutables. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> An goyi bayan Abumba da Les Redoutables, Abeti ya rubuta waƙoƙin sannan ya shiga Antoinette Etisomba Lokindji don kide kide da wake-wake a Brussels a wani taro kan Zairean ''Authenticé'' . <ref name=":14" /> Kafin bikin raye-rayen da ta shirya a dakin taron Olympia na Paris a ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 1973, Masikini ta fara nunin "Soleil à Dakar" a Senegal, inda ta yi atisaye da Les Redoutables kuma ta samu halartar shugaba Léopold Sédar Senghor . <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":5"/> Daga baya ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a zauren Olympia tare da Mireille Mathieu da Hugues Aufray, ta zama ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da ya yi haka tun Tabu Ley Rochereau a 1970. Duk da haka, a cewar masanin kiɗa na Birtaniya Gary Stewart, ba ta da lafiya a lokacin wasan kuma ta taka cikin basira. An sadaukar da kudaden da aka samu a wurin kade-kaden ne ga asusun agaji don yaki da fari. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5" /> Bayan zamanta a birnin Paris, Masikini ta yi hayar gida a Shelburne-Murray Hill Apartment Hotel a shirye-shiryen bikin da za ta yi a New York. A watan da ya biyo baya, a ranar 11 ga Maris 1974, ta burge masu sauraro a zauren Carnegie tare da Les Redoutables, tare da gitar lantarki da bass da kuma [[Conga|ganguna]] na zamani. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin "'yan mata 'yan Afirka" da suka yi wasa a Amurka, bayan Miriam Makeba da abokinta, Letta Mbulu . <ref name=":2" /> A cikin wata hira da ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'', Masikini ta bayyana cewa ainihin salon wakokinta na Afirka ne kuma matasan Afirka suna "juyayin wakokinsu". <ref name=":2" /> Bayan wasan kwaikwayon nata, an shirya shirye-shirye don rangadin ƙasa baki ɗaya a fadin Amurka. <ref name=":2" /> A watan Satumba na 1974, ta halarci [[Zaire 74]], bikin tallata kade-kade don wasan damben damben ajin nauyi tsakanin [[Muhammad Ali]] da George Foreman, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da Rumble in the Jungle . Masikini ya raba matakin tare da [[James Brown]], Miriam Makeba, Franco Luambo & OK Jazz, Zaïko Langa Langa, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Bill Withers, [[B.B. King|BB King]], Spinners, da sauransu. <ref name=":24"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afropop Worldwide {{!}} Zaire 74: The African Artists |url=https://afropop.org/articles/zaire-74-the-african-artists |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Afropop Worldwide |language=en}}</ref> === 1975–1979: Juyin Kida === ==== ''Abeti Masikini'' and ''Abeti à Paris'' ==== Masikini ta saki albam dinta na biyu mai suna ''Abeti Masikini'' a shekarar 1975, wanda mawaka takwas "Likayabo", "Ngele Ngele", "Ngoyaye Bella Bellow", "Kiliki Bamba", "Yamba Yamba", "Naliku Penda", "Sungula", da "Acha Maivuno". <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=1975 |title=Abeti Masikini – Abeti Masikini |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abeti_Masikini&action=edit&wvprov=sticky-header |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> Pathé Records, wani reshen Pathé Marconi EMI ne ya shirya, an rarraba kundin a ƙasashe daban-daban kamar Faransa da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref name=":15" /> Ya mamaye rugujewar al'ummar Zairean, abinci, abubuwan ban sha'awa, tashin hankalin jima'i, da 'yantar da mata. Waƙar "Ngoyale Bella Bellow" ta nuna girmamawa ga Bella Bellow, yayin da "Kiliki Bamba" ya soki Mobutu's ''Authenticité'' yayin da yake gwagwarmayar 'yan mata matasa a kan masu lalata . "Likayabo" ya yaba da abincin kifi mai gishiri, kayan lambu, da kayan yanki na Zairean, yayin da "Yamba Yamba" ya koka da yaudarar maza da ke tattare da soyayya mai dorewa. <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" /> Kundin ya kawo yabo Masikini a Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya jagoranci gayyata ta Bruno Coquatrix don yin wasan kwaikwayo a dandalin Olympia Hall na kwanaki biyu a jere a cikin Afrilu 1975. <ref name=":5"/> An yi mata lakabi da "tigress with the gold claws" saboda yawancin zoben da ke ƙawata yatsun hannunta, kuma an yi ta a Stade de Lomé daga baya a waccan shekarar. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1976, Masikini ta fitar da kundi na uku na studio, ''Abeti à Paris'', wanda ya haɗa da ainihin sigar waƙarta, "Mwana Muke Wa Miso." Pathé ne ya yi rikodin kuma ya samar da kundi ɗin a cikin Paris kuma ya ɗauki tafiye-tafiyen kiɗan Masikini da alaƙarta da birni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Grooves: Abeti Masikini |url=https://africangrooves.fr/tag/abeti-masikini/#:~:text=She%20recorded%20her%20first%20album%20in%201973%20and%20around%2020%20others%20and%20dozens%20of%20singles%20after,song%20presented |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Africangrooves.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1976 |title=Abeti – Abeti à Paris |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4325975-Abeti-Abeti-%C3%A0-Paris |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> Daga baya ta dauki mataki a [[Amsterdam]] a cikin 1977 kuma ta yi wasa a Cinéma Vog a [[Brazzaville]] a wannan shekarar. ==== Kalubalen sana'a da ''Abeti'' ==== A tsakiyar 1970s, Masikini ya fuskanci kalubale a cikin tashin abokin hamayyarsa M'Pongo Love, wanda buga "Pas Possible Mati" ya mamaye taswirar Kinshasa da iska. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 October 2021 |title=Abeti Masikini et Pongo Love, victimes de la politique congolaise |trans-title=Abeti Masikini and Pongo Love, victims of Congolese politics |url=https://personnages.cd/souvenirs/abeti-masikini-et-pongo-love-victimes-de-la-politique-congolaise |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Personnages.cd |language=fr |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830174129/https://personnages.cd/souvenirs/abeti-masikini-et-pongo-love-victimes-de-la-politique-congolaise |url-status=dead }}</ref> Salon al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, wanda a baya aka karbe shi da kyau, ya jawo suka daga wasu fandom dinta. <ref name=":24"/> Wasu masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasan kwaikwayon nata, wanda aka kera don masu sauraron [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], ya gaza yin magana da mafi yawan al'ummar Kongo, waɗanda suka fi son rera waƙa a Lingala . <ref name=":24" /> Duk da haka, wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya sa ta kai ga nasara fiye da kasar. Gérard Akueson ya gargade ta da ta yi wasa tare da M'Pongo Love a Palladium Cinema a kan Boulevard Du 30 Juin, wani shiri mai mahimmanci don sake tabbatar da matsayinta a cikin kida na Kinshasa. <ref name=":242">{{Cite web |title=musicMe: Biographie de Abeti Maskini |url=https://www.musicme.com/Abeti-Masikini/biographie/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alex |date=1 March 2022 |title=Voces para el recuerdo: M'Pongo Love |trans-title=Voices to remember: M'Pongo Love |url=https://abcblogs.abc.es/toques-surenos/otros-temas/voces-para-el-recuerdo-mpongo-love.html |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=ABC |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Babunga |first=Benjamin |date=26 August 2017 |title=Le 27 août 1956, naissance de M'pongo Love |trans-title=August 27, 1956, birth of M'pongo Love |url=https://www.babunga.alobi.cd/2017/08/26/le-27-aout-1956-naissance-de-mpongo-love/ |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Babunga.alobi.cd |language=fr |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830174129/https://www.babunga.alobi.cd/2017/08/26/le-27-aout-1956-naissance-de-mpongo-love/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A mayar da martani ga sukar, ta fitar da album dinta mai suna na hudu mai suna ''Abeti,'' wanda ya hada da fitattun wakoki da aka tsara ta salo daban-daban kamar su "Bilanda-Landa", "Kizungu-Zungu" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Zenge-Zenge), "Inquiétude" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Ray Lema ), "Banana", "Biso-Nasi" (Biso-Nasily) da "Folie-D'Amour" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jean Abumba Masikini). <ref name=":24"/> An samar da shi a ƙarƙashin lakabin Faransanci Capriccio kuma an rarraba ta Music Control SARL, <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":18" /> kundin ya nuna jerin jerin gwanon kayan aiki, ciki har da Soki Mikanda ( alto saxophone ), Zenge-Zenge (bass), Wawanko Joë ( [[Conga|congas]] ), Boffi Banengola (ganguna), Bikouta Sebatun), Gooma (Gitar), Rayme Lepiaz (Rayme Leo), Guitar (Gitar) (gitar rhythm), Akunda ( tenor saxophone ), da N'Sambu M'Vula a matsayin injiniyan sauti . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":18" /> "Kizungu-Zungu" ya samu gagarumar nasara, inda ya samu matsayi a cikin jerin mawakan 10 na Kongo. <ref name=":24" /> Duk da sukar wakokinta na manya a Kinshasa, fandom dinta ya ƙunshi yara waɗanda akai-akai suna halartar wasan kwaikwayon nata na Super Abeti a Palladium Cinema kuma suna kiranta da suna "auntie". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Clerfeuille |first=Sylvie |date=2 August 2007 |title=Elisabeth Finant Abeti Masikini |url=https://www.afrisson.com/abeti-5204/ |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Afrisson |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Magoya bayan manya da suka yarda da madadinta na rhythms sun yi maraba da ita, wanda ya kai ga kafa kungiyar fan ''Les Amis d'Abeti'', karkashin jagorancin Antho Alves. <ref name=":24" /> ==== ''Visages'', ''Kupepe Suka'' da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da OK Jazz ==== Yayin da take aiki a kan kundi mai zuwa, ''Visages'', Masikini ta fitar da waƙar tallan kundi na "Motema Pasi" (a madadin mai suna "Bilanda-Landa"). <ref name=":10"/> A cikin 1978, ta je Paris don samar da kundin kuma ta haɗu tare da Slim Pezin a matsayin mai tsarawa kuma mai shiryawa, tare da faren albam a kasuwannin Paris a wannan shekarar. <ref name=":24"/> Pezin ne ya samar da alamar rikodin Faransa BBZ Productions, RCA Records ya rarraba ''Visages'' . <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=Abeti Masikini – Visages |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/2498491-Abeti-Visages |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> Kundin ya fice daga ayyukanta na baya yayin da ya haɗa wasan kwaikwayo amma ya kiyaye kaɗe-kaɗe na Kongo tare da wasu zaɓaɓɓun waƙoƙi waɗanda aka rera gaba ɗaya cikin Swahili, Lingala, da Faransanci. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> Duk da sukar da aka yi don kaucewa daga sauti na gargajiya na Kongo, ''Visages'' ya sami karɓuwa a Afirka ta Yamma, Turai, da Caribbean, inda ya kai dukkanin Afro-Caribbean hits na lokacin. <ref name=":24" /> A yayin ziyarar talla a yammacin Afirka, Masikini ya dauki hankalin Rediyon Netherlands kuma ya yi fim din ''Abeti en Holland,'' wanda ya nuna wakoki daga ''Visages'' a 1978. <ref name=":16" /> <ref name=":24" /> Bayan ta koma Kinshasa, an ƙaddamar da babban kamfen ɗin talla don tallafawa ''Visages'' . <ref name=":16" /> <ref name=":24" /> A ƙarshen 1978, ta saki kundi na studio na biyar, ''Kupepe Suka'' . Slim Pezin ya sake tsara kundin kuma ya samar da shi ta hanyar BBZ Productions. Masikini ta mika godiyarta ga masoyanta a cikin wakar "Ngblimbo" tare da girmama garinsu Kisangani tare da wakar "Singa Mwambé". <ref name=":24"/> Kundin waƙar jagora mai suna "Kupekusa", ya zama waƙar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Zairean]] . <ref name=":10"/> Ta yi wasa a Estádio da Cidadela a cikin 1978 kuma daga baya ta ɗauki mataki a zauren Royal Albert da ke Landan a cikin 1979. <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":24" /> Ta yi amfani da nasarar albam dinta guda biyu da suka gabata, Masikini ta nemi, bayan komawarta Kinshasa, don faɗaɗa masu sauraronta. Haɗin kai a karon farko tare da fitattun mawakan kiɗa na Kinshasa, OK Jazz, Masikini ya ba da gudummawar guda biyu: "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" da "Bifamuri", <ref name=":24"/> wanda ke nuna shirye-shiryen kiɗan Kongo. "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" ta samu nasara sosai a Kinshasa da Brazzaville, wanda ya ba ta damar nuna fushinta a manyan biranen tagwayen. <ref name=":24" /> === 1980–1985: ''Mokomboso'', ''Dixième anniversaire'', da ''Abeti'' === [[Fayil:A_l'anniversaire_de_mes_30_ans_(ici_avec_Abéti_Masikini)..jpg|thumb|333x333px| Abeti Masikini in 1989]] A cikin 1980, Masikini ta fito da kundi na studio na shida, ''Mokomboso'', wani haɗe-haɗe na disco, pop, da waƙoƙin Afirka. <ref name=":24"/> An samar da shi a Faransa ta alamar Guadeloupean Eddy'Son, wanda Eddy Gustave ke gudanarwa, wanda ya tsara rikodin kuma ya buga alto saxophone, ''Mokomboso'' ya sami goyon baya da waƙoƙi guda biyar: "Mokomboso", "Tchaku-Tchaku", "Mawazo", "Falanga", da "Sinahamu". <ref name=":24" /> A watan Maris na shekarar 1980, yayin ziyarar aiki da shugaba Mobutu ya kai [[Sin|kasar Sin]], mawaƙin {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Mingying|zh|朱明瑛}} na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin ta kwaikwayi salon Masikini ta hanyar yin wasu waƙoƙin da ta gabata daga ''Visages'' : "Bisuivra Suivra" da "Motema Pasi", suna kwatanta shi da "sabon Abeti na Sinawa". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10"/> A cikin 1981, don tunawa da aikinta na shekaru goma, Masikini ta fito da kundi na studio na sha ɗaya, ''Dixième anniversaire'', wanda Sammy Massamba ya shirya kuma Dragon Phénix ya sake shi. Kunshi waƙoƙi shida, ''Dixième anniversaire'' ya sami buoye daga rumba na Kongo da yawa: "Baruwa Kwa Mupenzi", "Chéri Badé", "Père Bouche", "Ndolindo", "Bilonda", da "Zaire Oye". <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Mafina |first=Frederic |date=19 March 2020 |title=Les immortelles chansons d'Afrique: "Chéri Badé" d'Abéti Massikini |trans-title=The immortal songs of Africa: "Chéri Badé" by Abéti Massikini |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/les-immortelles-chansons-dafrique-cheri-bade-dabeti-massikini-114377 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> "Chéri Badé" da aka yi watsi da ita ta sami karɓuwa sosai a ƙasa kuma ta kafa tarihi na makonni goma a jere a saman ginshiƙi na OZRT ( ''Office Zaïrois de Radio-Télévision'' ). <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":19" /> Rumba na Kongo zai zama abin da ta fi so na shekaru masu zuwa. Duk da haka, waƙarta ta fara rasa wasu abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda a baya suka bambanta ta da sauran masu fasaha a Zaire. <ref name=":24" /> A 1982, Masikini ya yi a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] . A cikin 1984, ta zauna a [[Lomé]] tare da Les Redoutables har zuwa Janairu 1986. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> A lokacin da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], an fitar da album dinta mai suna ''Abeti'' a cikin 1985 a ƙarƙashin lakabin rikodin [[Gabon]] Production IRIS, tare da rarraba ta Zika Production. <ref name=":24" /> Yana nuna waƙoƙi guda huɗu kuma Jacky Arconte ya shirya, waƙoƙin "Jalousie", "I Love You" (a madadin mai suna "Mwasi Ya Bolingo"), "Boyokani", da sigar "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" ne ke tallafawa. <ref name=":24" /> Waƙar waƙar album ɗin "Ina son ku", wanda aka yi a farkon 1982 kuma yana jin daɗin shahararsa, daga ƙarshe ya zama mai barci a cikin 1985. ''Abeti'' ta samu kambun zinare, inda ta sayar da kwafi sama da 300,000 a Afirka. <ref name=":24" /> === 1986–1989: ''Je suis fachée'' da ''En colère'' === A cikin bazara 1986, Masikini ya ƙaura zuwa Paris kuma ya ƙaddamar da albam ''Je suis fachée'' a Faransa ta hanyar alamar Parisian Bade Stars Music. Mawaƙin Kamaru Georges Seba ne ya rubuta, ya tsara shi, kuma ya shirya shi, tare da "Lolo" wanda Nyboma ya tsara. <ref name=":24"/> Ya sami karbuwa a cikin Caribbean a lokacin da ƙungiyar Kassav ta Yamma ta Indiya ta mamaye fagen kiɗan Afro-Caribbean. ''Je suis fachée'' ya sami takardar shaidar zinare. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> Masikini daga baya ya yi wasa a filin wasa na Wembley kuma ya halarci bikin Mama Africa a Utrecht . A cikin 1987, Masikini ta fitar da kundi nata ''En colère'', wanda Gérard Akueson ya samar kuma Bade Stars Music ya rarraba. <ref name=":24"/> Ta yi aiki tare da Lokassa Ya M'Bongo da Georges Seba a kan tsarin, tare da goyon baya daga Ballou Canta, Dada Hekimian, Georges Seba, da Marylou Seba. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> <ref name=":8" /> Denis Hekimian da Boffi Banengola ne suka yi amfani da ganguna, tare da kahon [[:fr:Éric_Giausserand|Eric Giausserand]], [[:fr:Jacques_Bolognesi|Jacques Bolognesi]], da Alain Hatot, bass na Michel Alibo, synthesizer na Philippe Guez, da bugun ta Sam Ateba da Komba Bellow. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> Nasarar da ''En colère'' ta samu ya sa ta sami lambar yabo ta "Soukous Parfumé", tare da waƙar "Scandale De jalousie" ta zama abin faɗuwa a yammacin Afirka da yammacin Indies . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> <ref name=":8" /> Masikini ya inganta kundin a filin wasa na Ouagadougou kuma ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayon Champs alizes a Martinique, inda ta karbi Maracas d'Or na ''En colère'' . <ref name=":24" />   A cikin 1988, tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyar magoya bayanta na duniya karkashin jagorancin [[:fr:Berthrand Nguyen Matoko|Berthrand Nguyen Matoko]], Masikini ya yi wasa a Zénith de Paris a gaban mutane 5,000 a ranar 24 ga Satumba. <ref name=":24"/> Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon sun ƙunshi masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da Bernard Lavilliers, Manu Dibango, [[:fr:Nzongo_Soul|Nzongo Soul]], [[Pépé Kallé|Pépé Kalé]], Seba, Aurlus Mabélé, da [[:fr:François Lougah|François Lougah]], kuma an watsa shi kai tsaye a [[Radio France Internationale]] . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10"/> Nasarar wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya haifar da kwangila tare da kamfanin rikodi na kasa da kasa Polygram . <ref name=":24" /> A shekarar 1989, Masikini ya zagaya kasar Sin, inda ya kai gala 17 tare da {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Mingying|zh|朱明瑛}} a cikin manyan biranen kasar. Daga baya ta yi wasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo a Harlem. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> === 1990-1993: ''La Reine du Soukous'' === Masikini yayi a Kinshasa a Palais du Peuple a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1990.<ref name=":10" /> A shekara ta gaba, ta fito da kundi na karshe, La Reine du Soukous <ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQ4AQAAIAAJ&q=La%20Reine%20du%20Soukous |title=The World of African Music, Volume 1 |date=1992 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-948390-03-6 |editor-last=Graham |editor-first=Ronnie |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> Jimmy International Production ne ya samar a Faransa kuma Polygram ya shirya, yawancin waƙoƙin Masikini ne kawai ya rubuta, ban da "Ousmane", wanda aka rubuta tare da Mayaula Mayoni, da "Ma Lu", wanda aka haɗa tare da Georges Seba.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> Georges Seba da Lokassa Ya M'Bongo ne suka shirya faifan, tare da muryoyin goyon baya daga Dada Hekimian, Fédé Lawu, Georges Seba, Marylou Seba, Richard Lebrun, da Solo Sita.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> La Reine du Soukous ya sami goyan bayan fitattun ƴan wasa: "Mupenzi", "Ousmane", "Bebe Matoko", "Ma Lu", da "Je Suis Occupée," da murfin "Mwana Muke Wa Miss".<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1993, ta ɗauki mataki a zauren LSC a La Plaine Saint-Denis akan Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" /> == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == An gano Masikini da ciwon daji na mahaifa a lokacin da take aiki a kan kundinta na ƙarshe, wanda a ƙarshe ya ci gaba a lokacin da take a Paris. Rashin lafiyar ya sa ta nesanta ta daga jama'a a cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, wanda ya sa ta dauki ɗan gajeren hutu daga kiɗa.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> Masikini ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1994, a Villejuif, Faransa, saboda ci gaban ciwon daji na mahaifa.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Biyogue-Bi-Ntougou |first1=Jean Delors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTQoAQAAIAAJ&q=Abeti%20Masikini%20septembre%201994 |title=La sécurité des personnes dans le système africain de recherche sécuritaire |last2=Batumike |first2=Cikuru |date=2009 |publisher=Éditions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-07779-9 |location=Paris, France |pages=45 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lAEAQAAIAAJ&q=Abeti%20Masikini%20septembre%201994 |title=L'autre Afrique, Issues 85-95 |publisher=Continental News |year=1999 |location=Paris, France |pages=57 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /> An dawo da gawarta zuwa Kinshasa a ranar 9 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Bayan rasuwa an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta National Order of the Leopard kuma an yi jana'izar ta a ranar 10 ga Oktoba a makabartar Gombe . Bikin jana'izar ya samu halartar mutane da dama, da 'yan uwanta, da masoya masu kishin kasa. <ref name=":11" /><ref name=":24" /> == Legacy == Masikini yana daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a wakokin Afirka na zamani. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan fasaha mata na Kongo waɗanda suka sassaƙa ƙwararrun ƙwararru a fagen kiɗan da maza suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukuna |first=Kazadi Wa |date=2014-12-06 |title=Legends of Congolese music |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/legends-congolese-music |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyanchama |first=Venic |date=2022-07-03 |title=Top 10 female rhumba artists of all time: Who ranks at the top? |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/music-singers/442877-top-10-female-rhumba-artists-time-who-ranks-top/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Skander |date=2023-07-28 |title=Beyond Mainstream: Spotlighting Female Musicians of DR Congo {{!}} kitokongo |url=https://kitokongo.art/female-musicians-of-dr-congo/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Le 26ème anniversaire de la disparition d'Abeti Masikini vécu dans la méditation |trans-title=The 26th anniversary of the disappearance of Abeti Masikini lived in meditation |url=https://acp.cd/culture/le-26eme-anniversaire-de-la-disparition-dabeti-masikini-vecu-dans-la-meditation/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congolese Culture |url=https://friendsofthecongo.org/congolese-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Friends of the Congo |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyarta Les Redoutables ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin "makarantar kiɗa" mafi girma kamar yadda yawancin masu fasaha masu fasaha suka wuce ta ciki, ciki har da M'bilia Bel, Lokua Kanza, Abby Surya, Malage De Lugendo, Tshala Muana, Yondo Sister, Lambio Lambio, Komba Bellow, Richard Shomari, da kuma Joëlle (Joëlle) da sauransu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Musique: 20 ans après... pourquoi pas Abeti Masikini ? |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-5576_20_ans_apres_pourquoi_pas_abeti_masikini.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Salon [[Kwalliya|kayan shafa]], [[Kitso|salon gyaran gashi]], da [[Tufafi|suturarta]] sun yi tasiri sosai ga [[Mata A Afrika|matan Afirka]] da dama . <ref name=":12"/> A Afirka ta Yamma, madaidaiciyar siket mai tsaga ana kiranta da "Abeti skirt", kuma an sanya wa wata masana'anta sunan kakin zuma sunan wakar ta mai suna "Scandale De Jalousie". <ref name=":12" /> A cikin 2014, an fitar da wani shirin fim mai suna ''[[Abeti Masikini: Le Combat d'Une Femme]]'', wanda ke nuna rayuwar Abeti Masikini da tafiyar fasaha. [[Laura Kutika|Laura Kutila]] da Ne Kunda Nla suka shirya fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Abeti Masikini, Le Combat d'une Femme |url=https://africultures.com/films/?no=16648 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Africultures |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kianimi |first=Patrick |date=January 22, 2014 |title=7e art : un documentaire sur la vie d'Abeti Masikini en préparation |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/7e-art-un-documentaire-sur-la-vie-dabeti-masikini-en-preparation |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.adiac-congo.com}}</ref> == Waƙoƙi == === Albums === * 1973: ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'' (Les Disques Pierre Cardin/Sonafric) Ref: SAF 93501 * 1975: ''Abeti Masikini'' (Pathé Marconi/EMI) Ref: 2C O64 15741 * 1976: ''Abeti à Paris'' (Pathé Marconi/EMI) Ref: 2C06215.772 * 1977: ''Abeti'' (Capriccio) Ref: 37014 * 1977: ''Visages'' (BBZ productions/RCA) Ref: BZL 7014 * 1978: ''Abeti: Kupepe Suka'' (BBZ productions/RCA) Ref: BZL 7019, RCA – BZL 7019 * 1979: ''Na Pesi Yo Mboté'' (45 rpm) * 1979: ''Bifamuri'' (45 rpm) * 1979: ''Mbanda Na Ngai'' (45 rpm) * 1980: ''Mokomboso'' (Eddy'son/ Sonics Records) Ref: 79398 / 79398 * 1981: ''Dixième anniversaire'' (Dragon Phoenix) Ref: DPX 829 * 1982: ''Abeti'' (Iris production) Ref: IRS 001 * 1983: Abeti: ''Naleli'' (Zika Production) * 1984: ''Amour Ya Sens Unique'' (IAD/African Record Industry) Ref:IAD/S 0015 * 1984: Abeti & Eyenga Moseka: ''The Duo Of The Century'' (IAD/ African Record Industry) Ref: IAD/S 0016 * 1985: ''Ba Mauvais Copiste'' (Win Records/Africa New Sound/Tabansi) Ref: WNL 403, ANS 8402 * 1985: ''Samoura'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 030 * 1986: ''Je suis fachée'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 033 * 1987: ''En colère'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 035 * 1988: ''Scandale de jalousie'' ( maxi 45 rpm ) (Polygram/ LAB) Ref: LAB 101 * 1990: ''La Reine du soukous'' (AMG/Polygram) === Sake fitowa === * 2013: ''Le Tube Chéri Bade'' (Biobionava/G.Akueson). Sake fitar da kundin ''cika shekaru goma'' . == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 26oer0hf4ebg1xpmyrl8m5fd7p9dyt9 Thuraya Al-Hafez 0 96696 882470 881272 2026-07-13T19:36:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thuraya al-Hafez''' ( Arabic ; 1911–2000), yar siyasan Siriya ce wadda ta yi yaƙin neman yancin mata . == Rayuwa == An haifi al-Hafez a [[Damascus]] a shekara ta 1911. [1] Mahaifinta shi ne dan kishin kasa Amin Lutfi al-Hafez, wanda Jemal Pasha ya kashe. [2] A shekarar 1928, bayan ta kammala karatunta a Damascus, al-Hafez ta zama daya daga cikin malaman firamare mata na farko a Syria. [3] A shekarar da ta gabata, ta kafa kungiyar farkawa ta mata ta Damascene. A cikin shekarun 1930, ta zama fitacciyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, inda ta kafa kungiyar tsofaffin daliban makarantar mata na mata masu ilimi da kuma gwagwarmayar kwato mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a zabe. [3] Al-Hafez ya kware a harsunan Faransanci da Turkanci kuma ya kasance malami a makarantun firamare da sakandare sama da shekaru hamsin. [4] A watan Mayun 1942, al-Hafez ya jagoranci zanga-zangar da mata dari suka yi zuwa hedikwatar gwamnati a Damascus, inda dukkansu suka daga mayafi. Ta ba da jawabi inda ta yi jayayya da cewa, "ba a taɓa ambaton mayafin da muka sa ba a cikin Littafin Allah mai tsarki ko Muhammadu ba". Har ila yau, ta ce game da zanga-zangar: "An fallasa ni ga ƙiyayya na Reactionary lass wanda ke sanya addini a matsayin tufafi, kasancewar ita ce mace ta farko da balarabe Bariya da ta fita waje tare da mata ɗari tare da yin zanga-zangar nuna adawa da ajin Reactionary da ke kai hari ga mata da lalatar [[ƙwai]], [[tumatir]] musty ko ruwan azurfa ba tare da dalili ba, kawai saboda sun kasance sun yi wa mata ziyara ta musamman don yanke gashi ko cinma. shi, abin da ya sa masu ra'ayin su yi iƙirarin cewa suna kamanta kansu da maza." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Svetloke |first=يقول |date=2017-04-01 |title=(Thurayya Al-Hafez Is One of the Pioneers of Women's Rights and the Liberation Movement in Syria (1911-2000 - شبكة المرأة السورية |url=https://swnsyria.org/archives/5266 |access-date=2024-11-22 |language=ar}} [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> A 1947, ta zama mai koyar da adabin Larabci a babbar makarantar Tajheez ta Damascus, kuma a 1953 al-Hafez ya kafa dandalin Sakina. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 1953, al-Hafez ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar dokokin kasar Syria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalife |first=Leyal |date=2018-04-08 |title=The year Arab women became eligible to vote in their respective countries |url=https://stepfeed.com/the-year-arab-women-became-eligible-to-vote-in-their-respective-countries-3696 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=StepFeed |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003846/https://stepfeed.com/the-year-arab-women-became-eligible-to-vote-in-their-respective-countries-3696 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da cewa daga baya ta sha kaye, amma kokarinta na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma burinsu na daukaka matsayin mata a kasashen Larabawa. Ta yi ikirarin cewa ita kanta an tabka magudi a zaben kuma a gaskiya ta samu kashi 75% na kuri’un. Mijin Thuraya, Munir al-Rayyes, ya mallaki takardar ''Barada ta'' Damascus, wadda Thuraya ta fara rubutawa a 1953. A wannan shekarar, ta kaddamar da salon adabi da na siyasa a birnin Damascus, wanda aka bude ga dukkan jinsi. Salon an yi ta ne a cikin gidanta aka sa masa suna ''Muntada Sukaynah'' (Salon Sukaynah) bayan Sukayna bint al-Hussein, jikanyar Muhammadu, wadda ta shugabanci salon adabi na farko a tarihin musulmi. al-Hafez ya goyi bayan [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] na Masar a lokacin da kuma bayan Jumhuriyar Larabawa . == Kara karantawa == Sami M. Moubayed, ''Karfe da Siliki: Maza da Mata waɗanda suka Siffata Siriya 1900-2000'' (Seattle: Cune Press, 2006) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9yecdfn00nyr422oazoan7o3lgq3jwe Geronima Pecson 0 97894 882498 609106 2026-07-13T20:36:10Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geronima Josefa Tomelden Pecson''' (December 19, 1896 - Yuli 31, 1989) ma'aikaciyar ilimi ce, mai ba da shawara, kuma ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a wacce ta zama 'yar majalisar dattijai ta farko a Philippines a 1947 kuma mace ta farko a cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ([[UNESCO]]). == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Pecson a Barrio Libsong a cikin Lingayen, Pangasinan a matsayin ɗa na biyu na Victor Tomelden, mai binciken ƙidayar jama'a, da Maria Paz Palisoc, malami. Ta sami karatun firamare da sakandare daga makarantun gwamnati na Lingayen da karatun kwaleji daga Jami'ar Philippines [[Manila]], inda ta kammala karatun digiri a digiri na farko na Kimiyya da Jagora na Arts. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin malamin aji a makarantar sakandare ta Manila da Ermita Elementary School a 1919. Bayan shekaru bakwai, ta zama malami kuma daga baya shugabar makarantar Soler Intermediate School da Santa Clara Primary School (wanda aka fi sani da Gomez Elementary School). A 1934, ta fara koyarwa a Far Eastern College (yanzu Jami'ar Far Eastern University ), Jami'ar Centro Escolar da Jami'ar Manila . Daga karshe ta shiga jami’ar Zamboanga Normal School (yanzu Jami’ar Jihar Western Mindanao ) lokacin da aka tura mijinta ya koyar a can. Ta auri Potenciano Pecson, malami kuma lauya, wanda aka zaba a matsayin wakilin gundumar farko ta Pangasinan daga 1928 zuwa 1935 kuma daga baya aka nada shi abokin shari'a na Kotun daukaka kara a 1953. <ref name="Reyes 2019">{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Isidra |date=March 15, 2019 |title=The First Filipina Senator Was a Silent Worker: "I Would Project My Work, Rather than Myself" |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/03/15/19/the-countrys-first-woman-senator-as-silent-worker-i-would-project-my-work-rather-than-myself |access-date=April 10, 2022 |website=ANCX}}</ref> Pecson kuma ta zama mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyoyin mata. Ta shiga cikin aikin zamantakewa a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa, memba na hukumar, ma'aji, kuma mataimakin shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Philippines (NFWCP) kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara wanda ya ba da shawara ga 'yancin mata na Filipino na yin zabe - wanda aka ba shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1937, biyo bayan wani musamman plebiscite . == Sana'ar siyasa == Kafin ya zama Sanata, Pecson ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare mai zaman kansa na Shugaba Jose P. Laurel kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Sakatare na Shugaba Manuel Roxas . A cikin 1947, jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta zabe ta a matsayin 'yar takara kuma ta lashe matsayi na uku a zaben 'yan majalisar dattawa . A lokacin Pecson a matsayin sanata, ta jagoranci kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan ilimi, kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a, da kuma kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar wakilai kan ilimi. Baya ga zama memba na Hukumar a kan nadi da kuma na Majalisar Dattijai Kotun Za ~ e, Pecson ya jagoranci Philippines dokokin da suka hada da 1953 Free da kuma wajibi Education Dokar, da Sana'a Ilimi Dokar, dokokin da suka shafi kafa wuraren horo ga malaman art da sana'o'i a wasu makarantun kasa, da dokokin da suka inganta Makarantar gandun daji da Jami'ar Philippine Ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dattijai ta Philippines a shekarar 1953 a karo na biyu amma ta sha kaye kuma ta sanya na tara cikin 'yan takara ashirin. A wancan lokacin, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatoci]] takwas ne kawai aka zaba. == Bayan rayuwa da gado == [[Fayil:PNUManilajf9881_07.JPG|thumb| Zauren Geronima T. Pecson, babban ginin Jami'ar Al'ada ta Philippine Manila]] A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, Pecson ya jagoranci hukumar UNESCO ta Philippines kuma ta zama dan Philippines kuma mace ta farko a Hukumar Zartarwar UNESCO. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Philippine . Pecson ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu na makarantu da jami'o'i da dama, daga cikinsu akwai Jami'ar Centro Escolar, Kwalejin Al'ada ta Philippine, da Kwalejin Kasuwancin Philippine (yanzu Jami'ar Gabas ); kuma memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Philippines. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar ta Philippines Tuberculosis Society da Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement. A cikin shekarunta na baya, ta kasance mai ba da shawara na Ma'aikatar Ilimi & Al'adu (yanzu Ma'aikatar Ilimi ). A shekarar 1996, shugaban kasar Fidel Ramos ya kafa wani kwamiti na musamman domin tunawa da cika shekaru dari da haihuwa. Babban ginin Jami'ar Al'ada ta Philippine a Manila an sake masa suna ''Geronima T. Pecson Hall'' a 2005 don girmama ta. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == === Girmama kasa === * [[Fayil:PHI_Legion_of_Honor_2003_Legionnaire_BAR.svg|60x60px]]: Legion of Honor Philippine, Legionnaire (LLH) - (Afrilu 9, 1958) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Briefer on the Philippine Legion of Honor |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/briefer-on-the-philippine-legion-of-honor/#:~:text=It%20is%20awarded%20for%20meritorious,life%20achievement%20in%20public%20service..XEJ9kzAzbix |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> * Kyautar Rizal Pro Patria (1961) * Kyautar Kyauta don Kyakkyawan Sabis a Ilimin Philippine (1964) === Girmama na kasashen waje === * [[Fayil:ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg|60x60px|ESP Alfonso X Order GC]]: Tsarin jama'a na Alfonso X, Mai hikima, Grand Cross (1953) <ref name="Reyes 2019">{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Isidra |date=March 15, 2019 |title=The First Filipina Senator Was a Silent Worker: "I Would Project My Work, Rather than Myself" |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/03/15/19/the-countrys-first-woman-senator-as-silent-worker-i-would-project-my-work-rather-than-myself |access-date=April 10, 2022 |website=ANCX}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eoudsf6ph5hdojfvg41ysnz3c1ub44q Alabira Ibrahim 0 100145 882630 618305 2026-07-14T04:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alabira Ibrahim''' ɗan siyasar ƙasar Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisar wakilai ta biyu a jamhuriya ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazaɓar Mion a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|yankin Arewacin]] Ghana. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ibrahim ne a garin Mion dake yankin Arewacin ƙasar Ghana. Ya yi karatun lissafi a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]], Ghana, da Jami'ar Bristol, United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Alabira Ibrahim – Policy, M & E Manager |url=https://gasip.org/index.php/project-team/20-mr-alabira-ibrahim-policy-m-e-manager |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=gasip.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabira I. {{!}} M&E Specialist, & Policy Research Lead {{!}} Chemonics International Inc. {{!}} Devex |url=https://www.devex.com/people/alabira-i-734438 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=www.devex.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Alabira Masanin Ilimi ne kuma Mallakin Makarantar Koyar da Kwamfuta ta Sawaba da ke Tamale baya ga kasancewarsa tsohon ɗan Majalisar Wakilai mai wakiltar mazaɓar Mion. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Alabira files nomination as CPP Parliamentary Candidate for Mion |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/65172/ibrahim-alabira-files-nomination-as-cpp-parliament.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Shi ma ma'aikacin ci gaba ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabira Ibrahim |url=https://www.astronomerswithoutborders.org/profile.html?id=6234 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=www.astronomerswithoutborders.org |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016222910/https://www.astronomerswithoutborders.org/profile.html?id=6234 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siyasa == An fara zaɓen Ibrahim ne a matsayin ɗan majalisa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar Convention People's Party for the Mion Constituency a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Arewacin]] Ghana a lokacin babban zaɓen Ghana na watan Disamba 1996. Ya samu kuri'u 9,519 daga cikin 20,937 masu inganci da aka kaɗa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 32.70% a kan abokin hamayyarsa Iddisah Kojo Jacob wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,198, Abu E. Musah ya samu kuri'u 5,220 da Fuseini Saaka Alidu wanda ya samu kuri'u 0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results – Mion Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/northern/147/index.php |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208041414/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/northern/147/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] myks16zss295ypco2g7ugedv4lsab93 Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa 0 100546 882457 878786 2026-07-13T18:39:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa''' wata hanyar [[sadarwa]] ce ta hanyoyin sirri da kuma gidaje masu aminci da masu neman 'yanci ke amfani da su don tserewa zuwa Arewacin kasar Amurka {{Sfn|Hudson|2015}} da Gabashin Kanada. Ƴan Afirka da aka bautar da [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba-Amurkawa]] sun kuɓuta daga bauta a farkon ƙarni na 16, kuma da yawa daga cikin tsirar da suka yi ba su sami taimako ba; <ref name="NPS What Is">{{Cite web |title=What is the Underground Railroad? |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208022026/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm |archive-date=2025-02-08 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage |url=https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2d0a25c0-0b00-4c37-a53f-b8888b3e2193/content |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=New Jersey Historical Commission |publisher=New Jersey State Library}}</ref> duk da haka, cibiyar sadarwa na gidaje masu aminci da aka fi sani da Underground Railroad ya fara tsarawa a cikin shekarar 1780s tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|Abolitionist]] a Arewa. <ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |title=Historic Context for the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ugrr/exugrr2.htm#:~:text=The%20runaways%20became%20%22contraband%2C%22,the%20Army%20were%20initially%20rebuffed. |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad |publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Ta gudu zuwa arewa kuma ta girma har zuwa lokacin da Shugaba [[Abraham Lincoln]] ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'Yanci a shekarar 1863. Masu tserewa sun nemi da farko don tserewa zuwa jihohi masu 'yanci, kuma mai yiwuwa daga can zuwa Kanada. Cibiyar sadarwa, da farko aikin Amurkawa 'yanci da bautar, an taimaka ta hanyar kawarwa da wasu masu tausayi ga dalilin tserewa. Mutanen da aka bautar da suka yi kasadar kamawa da waɗanda suka taimaka musu, su ma a haɗe ake kiransu da fasinjoji da masu gudanar da Titin Jirgin ƙasa, bi da bi. <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=The Underground Railroad |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2007 |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref> Hanyoyi daban-daban sun kai ga Mexico, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leanos |first=Reynaldo Jr. |year=2017 |title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017 |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=September 4, 2019 |publisher=Public Radio International}}</ref> inda aka kawar da bautar, da kuma tsibiran da ke cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] waɗanda ba sa cikin cinikin bayi. Hanyar tserewa ta farko tana tafiya kudu zuwa [[Florida]], sannan mallakar [[Daular Sipaniya|Espanya]] (sai dai 1763-1783), ta kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 har zuwa kusan 1790. A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, masu neman 'yanci sun tsere zuwa layin Union a Kudu don samun 'yancinsu. Wani ƙiyasin ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 1850, kusan bayi 100,000 sun tsere zuwa 'yanci ta hanyar sadarwa. A cewar tsohon farfesa na nazarin Pan-African J. Blaine Hudson, wanda shi ne shugaban Kwalejin fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar Louisville, a ƙarshen yakin basasa, 500,000 ko fiye da 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami kansu daga bauta a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hudson|2015}} == Asalin sunan == Eric Foner ya rubuta cewa kalmar "watakila wata jarida ta Washington ta fara amfani da ita a cikin shekarar 1839, yana ambaton wani matashin bawa da ke fatan tserewa daga bauta ta hanyar layin dogo wanda ya bi ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa har zuwa Boston". {{Sfn|Foner|2015}} Dokta Robert Clemens Smedley ya rubuta cewa bayan binciken da masu kama bayi suka ƙasa yi da kuma rasa alamun ’yan gudun hijira har zuwa arewacin Columbia, Pennsylvania, sun bayyana cikin ruɗani cewa "dole ne a sami hanyar jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa a wani wuri," suna ba da asalin kalmar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pettit |first=Eber M. |title=Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad |publisher=Chautauqua Region Press |year=1999 |orig-year=1879 |location=Westfield, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesinhistor0000pett/page/130/mode/2up |isbn=0-9658955-3-X |ref=pettit1879}}, p. 131</ref> Scott Shane ya rubuta cewa farkon rubuce-rubucen amfani da kalmar yana cikin labarin da Thomas Smallwood ya rubuta a cikin watan Agusta 10, 1842, bugun ''Tocsin of Liberty'', jaridar abolitionist da aka buga a Albany. Ya kuma rubuta cewa littafin ''Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad'' na shekarar 1879 ya ce an ambaci kalmar a cikin labarin jaridar Washington na shekarar 1839 kuma marubucin littafin ya ce bayan shekaru 40 cewa ya nakalto labarin daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar yadda zai iya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/11/opinion/man-who-named-underground-railroad.html |title=How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 11, 2023 |access-date=September 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>Shane, Scott, ''Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland'' (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.</ref> == Terminology == Mambobin Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Underground Railroad) sau da yawa suna amfani da wasu kalmomi na musamman, bisa ga kamanceceniyar jirgin ƙasa. Misalai: {{Div col}} * Mutanen da suke taimaka wa bayi masu gudu su sami hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa ana kiransu da "wakilai" * Masu jagora ana kiransu da "masu tuki" * Wuraren ɓoye ana kiran su da "tashoshi" ko "tashoshin hanya" * "Masu tashar" sukan ɓoye bayi masu gudu a gidajensu * Bayi masu gudu ana kiran su da "fasinjoji" ko "kaya" * Bayi masu gudu sukan samu "tikit" * Kamar yadda aka saba da labaran waƙar bishara, "tauraron juyawa zai ci gaba da juyawa" * Masu bada gudummawar kuɗi ga Jirgin Ƙasa suna da suna "masu hannun jari"<ref>Blight, David, 2004, shafi na 98</ref> * Ƙasar Alkawari – kalmar lamba ga Kanada * Kogin Jordan – kalmar lamba ga Kogin Ohio * Aljanna – kalmar lamba ga 'yanci ko Kanada<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade |first1=Phyllis |title=Signal Songs of the Underground Railroad |url=https://discoverytheater.org/forms/guides/2017/feb/Signal%20Songs%20of%20the%20Underground%20Railroad%20Learning%20Guide.pdf |website=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> {{colend|2}} Tauraron Big Dipper (inda "kwanon" yake nunawa ga Tauraron Arewa) ana kiransa da "kwanon sha". Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa sau da yawa ana kiransa da "jirgin 'yanci" ko "jirgin bishara", wanda ke tafiya zuwa "Aljanna" ko "Ƙasar Alkawari", wato Kanada.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://freedomcenter.org/enabling-freedom/history| title=Tarihi – Cibiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta 'Yanci | website=Freedomcenter.org| access-date=June 7, 2016| archive-date=August 17, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817144323/https://freedomcenter.org/enabling-freedom/history| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayanin Siyasa == [[File:The disappointed abolitionists LCCN2008661783.jpg|right|thumb|David Ruggles tsakanin wasu maza guda biyu suna fuskantar John P. Darg]] Ga bayi masu gudu da suka “hau” Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ɗauki Kanada a matsayin wurin ƙarshe. An kiyasta cewa tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 40,000 daga cikinsu sun zauna a Kanada, rabinsu sun isa daga 1850 zuwa 1860. Wasu sun zauna a jihohin ‘yanci na arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Henry |first1=Natasha |first2=Andrew |last2=McIntosh |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Underground Railroad |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/underground-railroad |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509210944/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/underground-railroad |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubban shari’un kotu game da bayi masu gudu sun auku tsakanin Yaƙin Juyin Halitta na Amurka da Yaƙin Basasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweninger |first=Loren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyBrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-066429-9 |page=9 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302225408/https://books.google.com/books?id=UyBrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref> A ƙarƙashin dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1793, jami’an daga jihohin ‘yanci an wajabta musu taimakawa masu bayi ko wakilansu don cafke masu gudu, amma wasu majalisun dokoki sun hana hakan. Wannan dokar ta sauƙaƙa wa masu bayi da masu kamawa hanyar kamo bakaken fata da maida su bayi, har ma da ɗaukar ‘yan bakaken fata masu ‘yanci. Hakan ya motsa masu kawar da bautar don taimaka wa bayi, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwa a ƙungiyoyin kawar da bautar da Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=C.W.A. |first=David |date=January 1984 |title=The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and its Antecedents |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713433 |journal=The Journal of Negro History |publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History |volume=9 |number=1 |pages=22–25 |doi=10.2307/2713433 |jstor=2713433 |s2cid=149160543 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302231257/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713433 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sakamakon matsin lamba daga ‘yan siyasa na Kudu, sulhun 1850 ya samu amincewa daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka bayan Yaƙin Amurka da Mexico. Ya haɗa da sabuwar dokar bayi masu gudu wadda ta fi tsauri; a zahiri, sulhun ya magance matsalolin yankuna ta hanyar tilasta wa jami’an jihohin ‘yanci su taimaka wajen kamawa, tare da ba da kariya ga masu kamawa don su yi aiki a jihohin ‘yanci.{{sfn|Potter|1976|pp=132–139}} Saboda dokar bata buƙaci takardu da yawa don tabbatar da mutum ya gudu daga bautar, masu kamawa sun yi garkuwa da bakaken fata masu ‘yanci, musamman yara, suna sayar da su cikin bautar.<ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, shafi na 324</ref> ‘Yan siyasa na Kudu sau da yawa sukan ƙara girman adadin bayi masu gudu sannan su zargi ‘yan Arewa da katsalandan ga haƙƙin dukiyar Kudu.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Gara| first1=Larry| title=Underground Railroad| publisher=National Park Service| page=8}}</ref> Dokar ta hana wa waɗanda ake zargi da zama bayi damar kare kansu a kotu, hakan ya sa yana da wahala a tabbatar da ‘yanci.<ref>Douglass, Frederick (July 5, 1852), [https://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/douglassjuly4.html "Ma’anar Ranar 4 ga Yuli ga Baƙar fata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704185311/https://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/douglassjuly4.html |date=July 4, 2008 }}, ''History Is a Weapon'', An samo ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011.</ref> Wasu jihohin Arewa sun kafa dokokin ‘yancin mutum da ke hana jami’an gwamnati cafke ko tsare tsoffin bayi.{{sfn|Potter|1976|p=139}} Tunani cewa jihohin Arewa suna watsi da dokokin bayi masu gudu da ƙa’idodi ya zama babban uzuri da aka bayar don ballewa daga Tarayya.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp| title=Avalon Project – Confederate States of America – Bayanin Dalilan Ballewar South Carolina daga Tarayyar Amurka| website=Avalon.law.yale.edu| access-date=June 7, 2016| archive-date=February 20, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220121942/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp| url-status=live}}</ref> {{anchor|ur_structure}} <!-- Sauran shafuka suna alaƙa da wannan ɓangaren. --> ==Hanyoyi da dabarun guduwa== [[File:Great Dismal Swamp-Fugitive Slaves crop.jpg|thumb|Masu neman 'yanci sun gudu zuwa cikin al'ummar maroon na Great Dismal Swamp.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Underground Railroad |url=https://www.camdencountync.gov/departments/dismal-swamp-welcome-center/the-underground-railroad |website=Camden County, North Carolina Government |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>]] Hanyoyin Underground Railroad sun tafi arewa zuwa jihohin 'yanci da Kanada, zuwa Caribbean, zuwa yankunan yamma na Amurka, da kuma zuwa yankunan Indiyawa. Wasu bayi da suka tsere sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Mexico don samun 'yanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Selected Routes of the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.nps.gov/npgallery/GetAsset/7075060c-593d-4a38-b7e0-719c2dd5f4b3 |website=NPS |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Hudson|2015}} Mutane da yawa sun tsere ta hanyar teku, ciki har da Ona Judge, wanda shugaban kasa George Washington ya mallaka a matsayin bawa.<ref>Russell, Tonya, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/10/15/underground-railroad-by-sea-slavery/ "Underground Railroad's forgotten route: Thousands fled slavery by sea", ''The Washington Post'', October 15, 2023]</ref> Wasu masana tarihin sun dauki hanyoyin ruwa na kudu a matsayin muhimman hanyoyi ga masu neman 'yanci, domin ruwa na taka rawar gani wajen tafiya. Haka kuma, masana tarihin Underground Railroad sun gano talla na bayin da suka tsere har 200,000 a jaridun Arewacin Amurka daga tsakiyar shekarun 1700s har zuwa karshen Yakin Basasa na Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tabb |first1=Kip |title=Symposium highlights enslaved people's escape by water |url=https://coastalreview.org/2022/05/symposium-highlights-enslaved-peoples-escape-by-water/ |website=Coastal Review |date=May 26, 2022 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> Masu neman 'yanci a Alabama sun boye a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tururi da ke tafiya zuwa Mobile, Alabama, da fatan za su gauraya da al'ummar bakake masu 'yanci. Haka kuma, sun boye a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tururi da ke tafiya daga Alabama zuwa yankunan 'yanci. A shekarar 1852, majalisar dokoki ta Alabama ta kafa doka da nufin rage yawan masu guduwa a cikin jiragen ruwa. Dokar ta hukunta masu mallakar bayi da nakudun jiragen ruwa idan suka bari bayi su shiga ba tare da takarda ba. Masu neman 'yanci a Alabama sun kuma gina kanu don tserewa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordmann |first1=Christopher |title=Fugitive Slave Laws and Freedom Seeking |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/runaway-slaves/ |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> Masu neman 'yanci sun tsere daga masu mallaka a Panama ta hanyar jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa California ta hanyar hanyar Panama. Masu mallakar bayi suna amfani da wannan hanya don isa California. A Panama ba a yarda da bauta ba, kuma bakake Panamanians suna karfafa bayin daga Amurka su tsere zuwa cikin birnin Panama.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quest for Freedom Moves West 1848–1869 |url=https://npshistory.com/brochures/ugrr/western-quest-for-freedom.pdf |website=NPS |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> Masu neman 'yanci sun kirkiro hanyoyi don kauce wa karan hanci na karnukan masu kama bayi. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin shi ne amfani da barkono mai zafi, kitse, da vinegar a cikin takalma. A [[North Carolina]], sun sa turpentine a cikin takalma. A [[Texas]], sun yi amfani da man dabbobi daga rana don hana karnuka jin wari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gattuso |first1=Reina |title=A Historical Dig Sheds Light on the Food of the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-did-people-eat-on-underground-railroad |website=Atlas Obscura |date=October 14, 2020 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Wasu sun tsere zuwa cikin kwarkwata don wanke wari.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=The Underground Railroad |url=https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/tubman/path.htm |website=mrnussbaum.com |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> Yawancin guduwa suna faruwa da dare don boyewa cikin duhu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Kathleen |title=William Still and the Underground Railroad |date=2008 |publisher=Townsend Press |isbn=9781591944140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljljDwAAQBAJ&q=That%20night,%20under%20cover%20of%20darkness}}</ref> Wani dabara da masu guduwa suka yi amfani da shi don kauce wa kamawa shine daukar takardar 'yanci ta bogi. A zamanin bauta, bakake masu 'yanci suna daukar takardar da ke tabbatar da 'yancinsu. Bakake da bayin da aka bautar sun kirkiro takardun bogi don taimakawa masu guduwa yayin da suke tafiya ta cikin jihohin bauta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biehl |first1=Andre F. |title=Strategies for Escape: A Study of Fugitive Slave Ads (1770–1819) |url=https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/strategies-for-escape |website=Princeton and Slavery |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Successfully Escaping Slavery on Maryland's Underground Railroad |url=https://www.visitmaryland.org/article/successfully-escaping-slavery-marylands-underground-railroad |website=Visit Maryland |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> == Arewa zuwa ga jihohi masu 'yanci da Kanada == === Tsari === [[File:Harriet Tubman.jpg|thumb|200px|Harriet Tubman (hoto daga H. B. Lindsley), {{circa|1870}}. Ma'aikaciya a Kan Hanyar Ɓoye, Tubman ta yi tafiya sau 13 zuwa Kudu, inda ta taimaka wajen 'yanta fiye da mutane 70. Ta jagoranci mutane zuwa jihohi na Arewa masu 'yanci da Kanada. Wannan ya sa aka kira Harriet Tubman da suna "Moses na Mutanenta".]] [[File:Levi coffin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Ɓaƙaƙe na Quaker da ke yaki da bautar ɗan adam, Levi Coffin da matarsa Catherine sun taimaka wajen tserewar fiye da bayi 2,000 zuwa 'yanci.]] Ko da yake sunan hanyar yana nuna tana ƙasa ko jirgin ƙasa, ba haka lamarin yake ba. (Na farko daga jirgin ƙasa na ƙasa da ke ainihi bai wanzu ba sai har 1863). Bisa ga abin da John Rankin ya faɗi, "An kira ta haka ne domin mutanen da ke bi ta suna ɓacewa daga idon jama'a kamar yadda za su shige ƙasa. Bayan bayi masu gudu sun shiga wata cibiyar a wannan hanya, ba za a iya gano su ba. Ana ɓoye su daga wuri zuwa wuri har sai sun isa inda za su ci gaba da zama cikin 'yanci." Ana amfani da kalmomin jirgin ƙasa kamar tasha da direbobi don bayyana wannan hanyar, saboda tsarin sufuri da ake amfani da shi a lokacin. Hanyar Ɓoye ba ta da hedikwata ko wata ƙungiya da ke kula da ita, kuma babu littattafai, taswirar hanya, takardun wayar da kai ko ma wallafe-wallafen jarida. Ta ƙunshi wuraren haɗuwa, hanyoyi ɓoyayyu, sufuri da gidajen da ke da aminci, duk waɗanda masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam ke kulawa da su kuma ana bayyana su da baka, ko da yake akwai rahoton amfani da lambobi don ɓoye sako. Masu tserewa daga bautar ɗan adam na motsawa zuwa Arewa daga tasha zuwa tasha. "Direbobi" a wannan hanyar na da asalinsu daga wasu sassa daban-daban kamar Ɓakar fata da aka haifa cikin 'yanci, Ɓaƙaƙe da suka tsere, Ɓaƙaƙe da aka sake, 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma fararen fata masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam. Kungiyoyin Kiristoci da limamai sun taka rawa, musamman Ɓaƙaƙe na Quaker, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, da Reformed Presbyterians, har da rassan manyan coci-coci da suka rabu saboda batun bautar ɗan adam kamar Methodist Episcopal Church da Baptist. Matsayin Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci; ba tare da su ba, da ƙyar mai tserewa daga bautar ɗan adam zai kai ga 'yanci cikin aminci. Kungiyoyin da ke aiki da hanyar Ɓoye sun zama "ƙungiyoyin lura". Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci a Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, da New York sun taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci. Coci-cocin Ɓaƙaƙe na Arewa sun zama tashoshi a hanyar Ɓoye, inda aka ɓoye masu tserewa a cikin coci da gidajensu. Tarihin Cheryl Janifer Laroche ta bayyana cewa: "Ɓaƙaƙe, masu bautar da masu 'yanci, su ne manyan 'yan wasan a cikin babin tarihin Hanyar Ɓoye." Ta ƙara bayyana cewa wasu marubuta na ba fararen fata da masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam girma fiye da yadda suka cancanta kuma suna mantawa da mahimmancin rawar Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari, marubuciya Diane Miller ta ce: "Da al'ada, tarihin ba ya bayar da dama ga Ɓaƙaƙe wajen nuna ƙwazon su wajen neman 'yanci, sai dai cewar Hanyar Ɓoye wani tsari ne da ƙungiyoyin fararen fata na addini, musamman Quaker, suka kafa don taimaka wa bayi marasa taimako." Tarihi Larry Gara yana da ra'ayin cewa yawancin labaran Hanyar Ɓoye na cikin tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ne. Ayyukan wasu mutanen tarihi kamar Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, da Levi Coffin an cika da girmamawa, yayin da ake ɗaukaka 'yan Arewa da suka jagoranci bayi zuwa Kanada a matsayin jaruman Hanyar Ɓoye. Wannan labari na rage fahimta da ƙwazo na Ɓaƙaƙe da suka nemi 'yanci da kansu. == Ƙasashe da Wuri == [[File:Rail Road Suspension Bridge Near Niagara Falls v2.jpg|thumb|Masu neman 'yanci sun tsere daga bauta suka shiga Kanada ta hanyar gada mai rataye ta Niagara Falls.]] Railroad ɗin Ƙasa-ƙasa ya samu amfani sosai daga yanayin iyakar Amurka da Kanada: jihohin Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania da mafi yawan New York sun rabu da Kanada ta ruwa, inda saukin samun jirgin ruwa yana da sauƙi kuma yana da aminci. Babban hanyar masu neman 'yanci daga Kudancin Amurka ta tashi ne daga tsaunukan Appalachia, inda Harriet Tubman ta bi ta Harpers Ferry, ta hanyar yankin da ke adawa da bauta sosai na Western Reserve a arewa maso gabashin Ohio zuwa gabar Lake Erie, sannan zuwa Kanada ta jirgi. Ƙananan rukuni kuma, ta hanyar New York ko New England, sun bi ta Syracuse (inda Samuel May ke zaune) da Rochester (inda Frederick Douglass ke zaune), suna ketare kogin Niagara ko tafkin Ontario zuwa Kanada. A shekarar 1848 an gina gadar Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge—ta ketare kogin Niagara ta haɗa New York da Kanada. Bayin da suka gudu daga bauta sun yi amfani da wannan gada domin tserewa, ciki har da Harriet Tubman da ta yi amfani da ita wajen kai masu neman 'yanci zuwa Kanada.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Niagara River: Between Slavery and Freedom |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-niagara-river-between-slavery-and-freedom.htm |website=NPS |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/niagara-falls-underground-railroad-heritage-center.htm |website=NPS |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> Wasu da suka bi hanyar Adirondacks na New York, wani lokaci ta al'ummomin Baƙar fata kamar Timbuctoo, sun shiga Kanada ta Ogdensburg, a kogin St. Lawrence, ko ta Lake Champlain (inda Joshua Young ya taimaka). Hanyar yamma, da John Brown da wasu suka bi, ta tashi daga Missouri zuwa Kansas mai 'yanci, sannan arewa zuwa Iowa mai 'yanci, daga nan gabas ta hanyar Chicago zuwa kogin Detroit. Thomas Downing ya kasance Baƙar fata mai 'yanci a New York, kuma ya gudanar da gidan cin abinci na Oysters wanda ya zama tasha a hanyar Underground Railroad. Masu neman 'yanci (bayin da suka gudu) suna ɓoye a ɗakin ƙasa na gidan cin abincinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Downing's Oyster House |url=https://maap.columbia.edu/place/1.html |website=Mapping the African American Past |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> Bayi da kansu suna taimaka wa masu gudu wajen tserewa daga bauta. Arnold Gragstone, wanda bawa ne, ya taimaka wajen ketare masu gudu daga kogin Ohio don samun 'yanci.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blaisdell |first1=Bob |last2=Rudisel |first2=Christine |title=Slave Narratives of the Underground Railroad |date=2014 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=9780486780610 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g_dAwAAQBAJ&q=civil%20war}}</ref> [[File:William Still portrait.png|thumb|William Still Baƙar fata ne a Philadelphia da ya taimaka wa daruruwan masu neman 'yanci su tsere daga bauta.]] William Still,<ref>Blight, David, 2004, p. 175</ref> wanda ake kira "Uban Underground Railroad", ya taimaka wa daruruwan bayi tserewa (har zuwa 60 a kowane wata), wani lokaci yana ɓoye su a gidansa na Philadelphia. Ya rubuta bayanai da tarihin rayuwar waɗanda suka tsere, da amfani da kalmomi da ke kama da jirgin ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da musayar wasiƙu da da dama daga cikinsu, yana zama mai haɗa sako tsakanin waɗanda suka tsere da 'yan uwansu da suka rage a bauta. Daga baya ya buga waɗannan bayanai a cikin littafin *The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts* (1872), wanda ya zama muhimmin tushe ga masana tarihi wajen fahimtar yadda tsarin ya ke aiki da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen tserewa. A cewar Still, saƙonni da yawa an haɗa su da lambobi ko sirri wanda kawai masu aiki a cikin hanyar za su fahimta. Misali, saƙon da ke cewa, "Na aika ta hanyar via da ƙarfe biyu da manyan hams huɗu da ƙananan hams biyu", yana nuna cewa manya huɗu da yara biyu aka tura daga Harrisburg zuwa Philadelphia. Kalmar ''via'' na nufin cewa ba a tura su a jirgin ƙasa na yau da kullum ba, amma ta hanyar Reading. Wannan ya yaudari jami'an tsaro su tafi wurin da ba daidai ba, yayin da Still ya je ya tarbi masu gudun a wurin da ya dace, ya kai su wurin da ya dace. A ƙarshe sun tsere zuwa arewa ko Kanada, inda aka soke bauta a shekarun 1830.<ref>{{cite book| last=Still|first=William| title=The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts| date=1872| url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21243533-the-underground-railroad?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr| asin=B00264GNTU| access-date=July 25, 2015| archive-date=December 14, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214092959/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21243533-the-underground-railroad?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr| url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Desperate Conflict in a Barn.png|thumb|280px|''Yaki don samun 'yanci a cikin wani ɗakin dabbobi a Maryland''. Zanen itace daga littafin William Still ''The Underground Rail Road'', shafi na 50.<ref>Dictated by Robert Jackson a.k.a. Wesley Harris on November 2, 1853. "Engravings by Bensell, Schell, and others."</ref>]] Domin rage yiwuwar cin amanar shirin, mutane da yawa da ke cikin Underground Railroad sun san ɓangaren aikinsu kawai ba tare da sanin tsarin gaba ɗaya ba. "Ma’aikata" su ne ke jagorantar ko daukar "fasinjoji" daga tasha zuwa tasha. Wani lokaci ma’aikaci na iya yin kama da bawa don shiga gonar wani. Idan ya shiga, sai ya jagoranci bayin da suka gudu zuwa arewa. Bayi suna tafiya da dare, kimanin mil 10 zuwa 20 zuwa kowace tasha. Suna hutawa, sannan saƙo yana tafi zuwa tashar gaba domin sanar da zuwan su. Suna tsayawa a "tasha" ko "depot" da rana suna hutu. Wadannan wurare suna cikin ɗakin ƙasa,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cedarville University|date=February 12, 2018|title=Underground Railroad Hiding Places|url=https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/wyland_collection/85|journal=Slideshow Images|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424165353/https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/wyland_collection/85/|url-status=live}}</ref> ɗakunan dabbobi,<ref>{{cite web|date=1930s|title=Point of interest at Oakland City – site of barn of Col. James W. Cockrum used as an underground railroad station|url=https://visions.indstate.edu:8888/cdm/singleitem/collection/isulib/id/7638/rec/3|url-status=live|access-date=February 27, 2021|website=Wabash Valley Visions & Voices Digital Memory Project|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024158/https://visions.indstate.edu:8888/cdm/singleitem/collection/isulib/id/7638/rec/3}}</ref> coci-coci,<ref>{{cite web|date=March 15, 2017|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/underground-railroad|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|archive-date=March 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310182912/https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/underground-railroad|url-status=live}}</ref> ko wuraren ɓoye a cikin koguna da kogo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Smith Underground Railroad Station :: Ohio :: Henry Robert Burke :: Lest We Forget|url=https://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC4E64-D74A-B3E9-A15B5ED01281AC79|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=lestweforget.hamptonu.edu|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024543/https://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC4E64-D74A-B3E9-A15B5ED01281AC79|url-status=live}}</ref> Wuraren hutu da masu neman 'yanci ke hutawa da cin abinci ana kiran su da sunaye masu lamba kamar "tasha" da "depot", waɗanda "masu kula da tasha" ke riƙe da su. "Masu hannun jari" na bayar da kuɗi ko kayan tallafi. A cikin harshen Littafi Mai Tsarki, waɗanda ke gudu suna kiran Kanada da "Ƙasar Alkawari" ko "Aljanna", yayin da kogin Ohio, wanda ke raba jihohin bayi da na 'yanci, ake kiran sa "Kogin Urdun".<ref>{{cite web| title=Underground Railroad Codes| url=https://www.safepassageohio.org/resources/weblesson.pdf| work=Myths and Codes of the Underground Railroad| series=Safe Passage| publisher=Greater Cincinnati Television Educational Foundation| page=20| access-date=June 29, 2013| archive-date=June 12, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135935/https://www.safepassageohio.org/resources/weblesson.pdf| url-status=usurped}}</ref> == Yanayin Tafiya == [[File:4271695318-marymeachum.jpg|thumb|Mary Meachum wakiliyar Underground Railroad ce a St. Louis, Missouri]] Ko da yake wasu daga cikin masu neman 'yanci suna yin tafiya ta jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ƙasa,<ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 236</ref> mafi yawansu suna yin tafiya ne a ƙafa ko cikin keken dawakai, wani lokaci suna kwance suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawa ko wasu kayayyaki, kuma suna tafiya cikin ƙungiyoyi na mutum ɗaya zuwa uku. Wasu rukuni sun fi haka yawa. Mai adawa da bauta Charles Turner Torrey da abokansa suna haya dawakai da kekuna kuma suna jigilar mutane har 15 zuwa 20 a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite book| last=Torrey| first=E. Fuller| author-link=E. Fuller Torrey|title=The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey| year=2013| publisher=Louisiana State University Press| location=Baton Rouge}}</ref> Baƙar fata 'yan gabar teku, masu 'yanci da bayi, sun taimaka wa bayin da ke gudu daga bauta ta hanyar ba su hanya a jirginsu, ba su bayani akan mafi amintaccen hanya da wuraren ɓoyewa a ƙasa, da kuma inda za su samu taimako daga amintattun mutane. Bayin Baƙar fata da ke aiki a teku suna da labarai dangane da tarzoma da ke faruwa a yankin Caribbean, kuma suna watsawa bayin da ke cikin tashoshin jirgi a Amurka. Masu ruwa da tsaki daga cikin Baƙar fata, bayi da 'yan gabar teku, sun taimaka wa Harriet Tubman a aikin ceto nata. Sun ba ta bayanan sirri game da hanyoyin da suka fi aminci da kuma taimako a tafiyarta. A New Bedford, Massachusetts, masu neman 'yanci sun ɓuya a cikin jiragen ruwa tare da taimakon 'yan uwansu Baƙar fata da Fararen fata, suna ɓoye a cikin kaya har zuwa isowarsu ga 'yanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Underground Railroad: New Bedford Massachusetts |url=https://npshistory.com/publications/nebe/brochures/underground-railroad2.pdf |website=The National Park Service |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Bayin da ke zama kusa da koguna suna tserewa da jiragen ruwa ko ƙananan jirage (canoes). A shekara ta 1855, Mary Meachum, mace Baƙar fata mai 'yanci, ta ƙoƙarta taimaka wa bayi takwas ko tara su tsere daga bauta ta kogin Mississippi kusa da St. Louis, Missouri zuwa jihar 'yanci ta Illinois. Don taimaka musu, akwai wasu Fararen fata da ke adawa da bauta da kuma wani jagora Baƙar fata daga Illinois da ake kira "Freeman." Amma tserewar ba ta yi nasara ba saboda labari ya isa hannun ‘yan sanda da masu kamo bayi waɗanda suka jira a gabar Illinois. Breckenridge, Burrows da Meachum sun shiga hannu. Kafin wannan ƙoƙarin, Mary Meachum da mijinta John, wanda tsohon bawa ne, wakilai ne na Underground Railroad kuma sun taimaka wa wasu bayi tserewa ta ketaren kogin Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slave Stampedes on the Southern Borderlands |url=https://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/stampedes/meachum-1855/ |website=National Park Service Network to Freedom |date=June 20, 2019 |publisher=Dickson College |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> [[File:Underground Railroad Handbook.jpg|thumb|Bayin da ke kusa da koguna da gabar Chesapeake Bay sun tsere daga bauta ta amfani da ƙananan jirage da manyan jiragen ruwa.]] Hanyoyi sau da yawa ana ware su da nufin ruɗar masu bin sawu. Yawancin masu gudu mutum ɗaya ne ko ƙanana; wani lokaci akwai guduwa da yawa a lokaci guda, kamar yadda ya faru da jirgin Pearl. Tafiyar yawanci tana da wahala kuma haɗari, musamman ga mata da yara. Yara wani lokaci ba su iya yin shiru ko bin saurin tafiya ba. Haka kuma, mata bayi ba su da izinin fita daga gonar, wanda hakan ya sa musu wahala fiye da maza wajen tserewa.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Blackett| first1=Richard| s2cid=154049844| title=The Underground Railroad and the Struggle Against Slavery| journal=History Workshop Journal| date=October 2014| volume=78| issue=1| page=279| doi=10.1093/hwj/dbu012}}</ref> Duk da haka, wasu mata sun samu nasarar tserewa. Daya daga cikin fitattun "ma’aikata" da suka shahara wajen ceton bayi ita ce Harriet Tubman, wadda kanta ta tsere daga bauta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0120/p19s02-bogn.html |title=The most famous abductor on the Underground Railroad |last=Wellington |first=Darryl Lorenzo |date=January 20, 2004 |work=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=January 9, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110326/https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0120/p19s02-bogn.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad|title=Underground Railroad – Black History |website=history.com|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130905/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad|url-status=live}}</ref> Saboda haɗarin a gano su, bayanai game da hanyoyi da wuraren ɓoye ana watsa su ne ta baki, ko da yake a shekarar 1896 an ambaci amfani da lambobi a matsayin sirrin saƙonni. Jaridun Kudancin Amurka a lokacin sun cika da tallace-tallace da ke neman bayani kan bayi da suka tsere tare da alƙawarin lada mai yawa ga duk wanda ya kamo su ya mayar. Masu aikin gwamnati na Tarayya da kuma masu farauta na kudi da ake kira masu kamo bayi sun bi masu neman 'yanci har zuwa iyakar Amurka da Kanada.{{sfn|Potter|1976|p=133}} Masu neman 'yanci (bayi da suka tsere) suna tara abinci, kamun kifi, da farautar namun daji don samun abinci a tafiyarsu ta Underground Railroad. Da wadannan kayan abinci, suna dafa abinci cikin tukunya ɗaya (stew), wanda hanya ce ta girki daga Afirka ta Yamma. Bayin da ke da 'yanci da waɗanda ke cikin bauta suna barin abinci a gaban ƙofofinsu don ciyar da masu gudu. Wadannan abinci da aka ƙirƙira a Underground Railroad sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adun girki na Baƙar fata a Amurka da ake kira *soul food*.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soul Food Got Its Start From Freedom Seekers Surviving Off The Land |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/soul-food-freedom-seekers-surviving-off-the-land/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |agency=CBS News |date=2022}}</ref> == Maroons == [[File:Maroons preparing to ambush a convoy.jpg|thumb|Maroons]] Yawancin masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere daga bauta ba su samu taimako daga masu kawar da bauta ba. Ko da yake akwai labarai na bakaken fata da fararen fata masu kawar da bauta da suka taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci wajen tserewa, yawancin 'yan gudun hijira sun yi hakan ba tare da taimako ba.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="NPS What Is" /> Wani hanyar tserewa da masu neman 'yanci suka bi shi ne shiga cikin al'ummomin maroons. Al'ummomin maroons wurare ne masu ɓoye, kamar rafi da ƙwarkwata, inda bayi da suka tsere suka gina al'ummomin kansu masu zaman kansu. Misalan irin waɗannan wuraren a Amurka sun haɗa da al'ummomin Black Seminoles a Florida, da kuma waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Great Dismal Swamp na Virginia da cikin Okefenokee swamp na Georgia da Florida, da sauran su.{{sfn|Hudson|2015|pp=143–144}}<ref name="NPS Telling Stories">{{cite web |title=The Underground Railroad in American History |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tellingallamericansstories/upload/UndergroundRailroad.pdf |website=National Park Service |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930211640/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tellingallamericansstories/upload/UndergroundRailroad.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-30 }}</ref> A shekarun 1780, Louisiana ta kasance da wata al'umma ta maroons a bayou na Saint Malo. Shugaban wannan al'umma shi ne Jean Saint Malo, wani mai neman 'yanci da ya tsere ya zauna tare da sauran bayi da suka tsere a cikin rafuka da bayou. Yawan mutanen al'ummar maroons ya kai hamsin, amma gwamnatin mallaka ta Spain ta tarwatsa wannan al'umma, kuma a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1784, Jean Saint Malo aka kashe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Diane |title=Living Freedom Through the Maroon Landscape |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/the-maroon-communities-and-landscapes-of-louisiana/ |journal=Places Journal |date=2022 |issue=2022 |doi=10.22269/220922 |access-date=19 September 2024|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Lue |title=Juneteenth & Jean Saint Malo: How New Orleans is celebrating justice and freedom on June 19 |url=https://veritenews.org/2023/06/15/juneteenth-jean-saint-malo/#:~:text=According%20to%20Creole%20legend%2C%20Jean,against%20French%20and%20Spanish%20slaveholders. |access-date=19 September 2024 |agency=Verite News |date=2023}}</ref> Ƙasar mallaka ta South Carolina ita ma tana da al'ummomi na maroons a yankin rafi da ƙwarkwata musamman a South Carolina Lowcountry da kusa da rafuka. Bayi da suka tsere a South Carolina sun yi gwagwarmayar kare 'yancinsu a Ashepoo a 1816, a cikin Williamsburg County a 1819, a Georgetown a 1820, a Jacksonborough a 1822, da kusa da Marion a 1861. Tarihi ya nuna cewa akwai akalla al'ummomi hamsin na maroons a Amurka tsakanin 1672 da 1864.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Catherine |title=Maroons |url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/maroons/#:~:text=The%20typical%20South%20Carolina%20maroon,away%20more%20on%20their%20own. |website=South Carolina Encyclopedia |publisher=University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Silkenat |first1=David |title=An Inhospitable Refuge |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41417/chapter-abstract/352738020?redirectedFrom=fulltext |website=Oxford Academic |date=2022 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197564226.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-756422-6 |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref> Tarihin maroons ya nuna irin yadda bayi da aka bautar suka ƙi bauta ta hanyar rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi na 'yanci. Masanin binciken tarihi Dan Sayer ya ce masu tarihin sukan rage darajar irin wannan al'umma kuma su fi ba wa fararen fata da suka taimaka a hanyar Underground Railroad daraja, wanda ya ce yana nuna son kai na launin fata, yana nuna "...ɓoyewa na yarda da ƙarfi da ƙudurinsa na baƙi wajen gwagwarmayar samun yanci."<ref>{{cite web |title=Deep in the Swamps, Archaeologists Are Finding How Fugitive Slaves Kept Their Freedom |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/deep-swamps-archaeologists-fugitive-slaves-kept-freedom-180960122/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> == Hanyoyin 'Yanci zuwa ƙasashen Indiyawan Asali == Tun daga zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa ƙarni na 19, al’ummomin Indiyawan Asali na Arewacin Amurka sun taimaka kuma sun kare bayi bakaken fata masu neman 'yanci. <ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=The Indigenous connection to the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/what-happens-when-hidden-histories-become-a-national-conversation-1.6059520/the-indigenous-connection-to-the-underground-railroad-1.6061957 |access-date=10 September 2024 |agency=CBC |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uncovering Tribal Connections to the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/tribal-ugrr-connections.htm |website=The National Park Service |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba duk al’ummomin Indiyawa ba ne suka karɓi masu neman 'yanci, wasu daga cikinsu ma sun mallake su ko suka mayar da su hannun masu su na baya. <ref name="NPS Telling Stories"/> Tarihi ya nuna farkon irin wannan guduwa tun daga ƙarni na 16. A shekara ta 1526, Spaniyawa sun kafa wani yanki na mulkin mallaka a gabar ƙasar Amurka da suka kira San Miguel de Gualdape. Bayin bakaken fata sun tayar da hankali kuma tarihin ya nuna sun gudu zuwa cikin ƙabilar Shakori. <ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brockell |first1=Gillian |title=Before 1619, there was 1526: The mystery of the first enslaved Africans in what became the United States |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/09/07/before-there-was-mystery-first-enslaved-africans-what-became-us/ |access-date=18 September 2024 |agency=The Washington Post |date=2019}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1689, bayin da suka tsere daga yankin South Carolina Lowcountry sun nemi mafaka a Spanish Florida. <ref name="Opala">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/07.htm |first=Joseph A. |last=Opala |title=The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection – Website |chapter=Black Seminoles – Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery |publisher=Yale University, Gilder Lehrman Center |access-date=2009-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221041/https://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/07.htm |archive-date=2009-08-29 }}</ref> Ƙabilar Seminole sun karɓi gudun hijiran Gullah (yanzu ana kiran su Black Seminoles) cikin ƙasarsu. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Pressly |first1=Paul |title=A Southern Underground Railroad Black Georgians and the Promise of Spanish Florida and Indian Country |date=2024 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=9780820366326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjBQ0AEACAAJ}}</ref> Wannan hanya ce ta kudu ta hanyar "Underground Railroad" daga Georgia da Carolina zuwa Florida. A Arewacin Ohio a ƙarni na 18 da 19, ƙabilu uku na Indiyawan Asali — Shawnee, Ottawa, da Wyandot — sun taimaka wa masu gudun hijira daga bauta. Ƙabilar Ottawa sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci a garuruwansu. Wasu kuma sun kai su Fort Malden. A Upper Sandusky, Wyandot sun bayar da filin zaman gungu mai suna "Negro Town" na tsawon shekaru arba’in. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkinebine |first1=Roy |title=The Underground Railroad in "Indian Country": Northwest Ohio, 1795–1843 |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Florida |pages=70–92 |doi=10.5744/florida/9780813056036.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-8130-5603-6 |url=https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/14776/chapter-abstract/168992172?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref> [[File:Beverly Image of Native Villages.jpg|thumb|Indiyawan Asali sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci cikin garuruwansu kuma suka raka su zuwa Kanada.]] A ƙarni na 18 da 19 a yankin Chesapeake Bay da Delaware, Ƙabilar Nanticoke sun ɓoye masu neman 'yanci a cikin garuruwansu. Nanticoke sun zauna a ƙananan garuruwa kusa da Kogin Pocomoke wanda ke fitowa daga Great Cypress Swamp a kudu da Sussex County, Delaware. Bayin da suka tsere sun samu mafaka a cikin dazuka, inda ruwan ya wanke warinsu don kada karnuka su iya binsu. Tun da wuri a ƙarni na 18, gungu masu hadin jini sun fara kafuwa. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Bill |title=Delmarva Native Americans and the earliest Underground Railroad |url=https://nativeamericansofdelawarestate.com/Delmarva_Indians_&_Underground_Railroad.htm |website=Native Americans of Delaware State |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/> A Maryland, masu gudun hijira sun tsere zuwa garuruwan Shawnee da ke kusa da Kogin Potomac. Masu bayi a Virginia da Maryland sun shigar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe da karar ƙabilun Shawnee da Nanticoke saboda ɓoyewa da kare masu gudun hijira. <ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Underground Railroad and why did it exist here? |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/011000/011364/unrestricted/20090253e.pdf |website=Maryland State Government |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> Ƙabilar Odawa suma sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci, kuma sun mika su ga ƙabilar Ojibwe wadda ta raka su zuwa Kanada. <ref name="auto1"/> Wasu daga cikin masu gudun hijira sun zauna har abada a garuruwan Indiyawan. Wasu Fararen fata da suka isa Kentucky da yankin Ohio sun ruwaito ganin “Black Shawnees” suna rayuwa tare da ƙabilun Indiyawan a yammacin ƙasar. A lokacin mulkin mallaka a New Spain da ƙasar Seminole a Florida, auratayya tsakanin bakaken fata da Indiyawan ta kasance. {{sfn|Hudson|2015|p=155}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garrison |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Haefeli |first2=Evan |title=Native Americans and African Americans |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-44914 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> == Kudanci zuwa Florida da Mexico == === Bayanin Asali === [[File:1888-view-Old Stone Fort-Harby-illus-American Magazine.jpg|thumb|"The Old Stone Fort na Nacogdoches", ta Lee C. Harby, ''The American Magazine'', Afrilu 1888]] Tun farkon ƙarni na 16, 'yan Spain sun kawo bayi bakaken fata zuwa New Spain, ciki har da Mission Nombre de Dios a wurin da ya zama birnin St. Augustine a Spanish Florida. A cikin lokaci, ‘Afro‑Spaniards’ waɗanda suka samu 'yanci sun shiga sana’o’i daban‑daban kuma sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin ƙasar mulkin mallaka. <ref name="UTSA - AAT"/> Bayan Sarki Charles II na Spain ya bayyana Spanish Florida a matsayin mafakar yau da kullum ga bayi da suka tsere daga Britaniya a Arewacin Amurka, dubban mutane suka fara tserewa zuwa Florida har daga New York. A shekara ta 1738 an kafa Fort Mose domin Baƙar fata masu 'yanci a kusa da St. Augustine. A 1806, bayi sun isa Stone Fort a Nacogdoches, Texas suna neman 'yanci. Sun zo da fasfo na ƙarya daga alkalin Kentucky. Masu mulkin Spain sun ƙi mayar da su zuwa Amurka. A shekarar da ta biyo baya wasu suka bi ta Texas suna neman 'yanci. <ref name="Barnes"/> Bayi suna samun 'yanci ta hanyar ketare iyaka daga Amurka zuwa Mexico, wadda har ƙarni na 19 ta kasance mulkin mallaka ta Spain. A Amurka bayi ana ɗaukar su dukiya, ba su da 'yancin yin aure, ana iya sayar da su daban da abokan rayuwarsu, kuma ba su da kariya daga azabtarwa mai tsauri. A New Spain, waɗanda suka tsere ana ɗauke su a matsayin ɗan adam: ana ba su damar shiga coci Katolika, yin aure, kuma ana kare su daga azabtarwa. <ref name="Barnes"/> A yakin 1812, Janar Andrew Jackson na sojin Amurka ya kutsa cikin Spanish Florida saboda wasu bayi sun tsere daga gonaki a Carolinas da Georgia zuwa Florida. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka tsere sun shiga cikin Black Seminoles waɗanda daga baya suka koma Mexico. <ref name="Barnes"/> Amma Mexico ta ba da sigina guda biyu game da matsayin ta na yakin da bauta: wani lokaci tana mayar da bayi zuwa masoyansu kuma tana ba Amurkawa damar shiga yankin mulkin Spain don zama a ƙasar arewa, inda za su kafa gonakin auduga tare da kentara bayi su yi aiki. <ref name="Barnes"/> A 1829, shugaban Mexico Vicente Guerrero (wanda ya kasance Baƙar fata mai haɗin jini) ya ayyana bauta ta zama haram a Mexico. Wannan ya sa masu neman 'yanci daga gonaki a Deep South — musamman daga Louisiana, Mississippi da Texas — su tsere zuwa Mexico. <ref name="Barnes"/> A lokacin Texas na ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Juyin Texas na 1836, wanda aka fara domin ya halalta bauta, ya haifar da kafa Jamhuriyar Texas. Bayan yakin San Jacinto, wasu bayi sun bar Houston tare da sojin Mexico, suna kallon rundunar a matsayin hanyar tserewa. Lokacin da Texas ta shiga Tarayyar Amurka a 1845, ta kasance jihar bauta kuma Kogin Rio Grande ya zama iyaka da Mexico. <ref name="Barnes"/> Tasirin tsakanin jihohin 'yanci da na bauta ya ƙaru yayin da Mexico ta haramta bauta kuma jihohi na yamma suka shiga Tarayya a matsayin jihohi masu 'yanci. Yayin da ƙarin jihohi masu 'yanci ke shigowa Tarayya, ƙarfin wakilan jihohin bauta a Majalisa ya ragu. <ref name="Barnes"/> === Jihohin bauta da masu farauta === Underground Railroad ta Kudanci ta bi ta jihohin bauta, tare da rashin kungiyar masu adawa da bauta da tsarin da ya shirya kamar na Arewacin Amurka. Mutanen da suka yi magana game da rashin daidaito suna fuskantar tarwatsa su, duka, ko ratayewa. Masu kamo bayi suna neman bayi da suka tsere. A Texas babu yawan ‘yanci Baƙar fata, wanda ya sa mutanen waɗannan jinsin ba su ji daɗin zama a jihar ba. Hanyar samun 'yanci ba ta da tsari sosai, tana bazuwar, kuma haɗari. <ref name="Barnes"/> Rundunar sojin Amurka ta kafa sansanoni a gabar Rio Grande yayin yakin Amurka da Mexico na shekarun 1840, inda aka kama waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta a kowane hali aka mayar da su ga masoyansu. <ref name="Leanos"/><ref name="Grant"/> Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850 ta sanya laifi na tallafawa bayi masu tserewa har a cikin jihohin da suka 'yanci. Gwamnatin Amurka ma ta so sanya wata yarjejeniya da Mexico don taimaka wajen kama da mayar da bayi da suka tsere a ƙasar can. Sai dai Mexico ta ci gaba da bin tsarin da ke ba kowanne bawa da ya ketare iyakarta 'yanci. Duk da haka, masu kamo bayi sun ci gaba da ketare iyakar kudu zuwa Mexico suna damƙa Baƙar fata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba su maida su zuwa bauta. Wasu masu farauta sun zama Texas Rangers. <ref name="Leanos"/> == Hanyoyi == {{OSM Location map | width = 275 | height = 300 | float = right | coord = {{coord|29|-95}} | zoom = 5 | caption = Hanyoyi daga ƙasar Indiyawan (Oklahoma), Arkansas, da Louisiana ta hanyar Texas: 1) Dallas ko Nacogdoches zuwa Austin – San Antonio – Laredo, 2) Nacogdoches zuwa Houston – Galveston – jirgi zuwa Mexico, 3) Nacogdoches zuwa Houston – Matamoros{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} <!-- Labels continue as in original --> }} [[File:Brooklyn Museum - A Ride for Liberty -- The Fugitive Slaves - Eastman Johnson - overall.jpg|thumb|Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, mannewar mai mai, 22 × 26.25 inci, {{circa|1862}}, Brooklyn Museum. Yana nuna iyali na 'yan asalin Afirka da ke gudu daga bautar da aka yi musu a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka.]] Dubban masu neman 'yanci sun yi tafiya ta hanyar da ke haɗa Kudancin Amurka da Texas har zuwa Mexico.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Bayin da ke Kudancin sun yi tafiya ta ƙasa mai tsauri da wahala a ƙafa ko da doki yayin da masu kama su ke bin sawunsu.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Wasu sun ɓoye a cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Mexico daga New Orleans, Louisiana da Galveston, Texas.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Wasu kuma sun tura auduga zuwa Brownsville, Texas a cikin keken doki sannan suka ƙetare zuwa Mexico a Matamoros.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} {{Quote box|align=right|width=250px|Wani lokaci wani mutum zai zo kuma ya nemi mu gudu zuwa Arewa mu sami 'yanci. Mu dai sai dariya mu ke yi da hakan.|—Tsohon bawa Felix Haywood, an yi hira da shi a 1937 don aikin Federal Slave Narrative Project.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}}} Mutane da dama sun bi hanyar North Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, ko Mississippi zuwa Texas da ƙarshe Mexico.{{sfn|Little|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Mutane sun tsere daga bautar daga ƙasar Indiyawan (yanzu Oklahoma).{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Black Seminoles sun bi hanyar yamma daga Florida zuwa Mexico.{{sfn|Hudson|2015|p=147}} Tafiya ta ƙasa na nufin suna cin tazarar ƙarshe na mil 150 ta hanyar ƙasar da ke tsakanin Kogin Nueces da Kogin Rio Grande. Ba a samun inuwa sosai kuma babu ruwan sha mai kyau a wannan yankin.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}{{efn|A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu ƙetare ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun mutu yayin wucewa wannan yanki, abin da aka gano ta ƙasusuwan da jami'an shige da fice suka samu.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}}} Masu tsere sun fi samun damar tsira idan suna da doki da bindiga.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Hukumar Al'adu ta Ƙasa ta gano wata hanya daga Natchitoches, Louisiana zuwa Monclova, Mexico a 2010 wanda ke daidai da hanyar ƙasa ta Kudu ta hanyar tsere daga bauta. Ana kuma yarda cewa El Camino Real de los Tejas ita ce hanya zuwa 'yanci. An ƙaddamar da ita a matsayin Hanyar Tarihi ta Ƙasa daga Shugaba George W. Bush a 2004.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} == Taimako == Wasu sun yi tafiyarsu ba tare da samun taimako ba, yayin da wasu suka sami goyon baya daga mutanen da ke kusa da hanyar ƙasa ta kudu.{{sfn|Little|2021}} Taimako ya haɗa da jagoranci, hanyoyi, mafaka, da kayan amfanin yau da kullum.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Mutanen bakar fata, ma’aurata fararen fata da bakar fata, da waɗanda ke adawa da bautar bayi daga ƙasar Jamus sun bayar da tallafi, amma yawancin taimakon ya fi fitowa daga ma’aikatan ƙasar Mexico.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Hakan ya sa masu bautar bayi suka daina yarda da duk wani ɗan ƙasar Mexico, har ma aka kafa dokar da ta haramta wa ‘yan ƙasar Mexico yin magana da bayi a Texas.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Ma’aikatan ƙasar Mexico da ke yin ƙaura sun ƙulla dangantaka da bayin bakar fata da suke aiki tare da su. Sun ba da shawara, kamar yadda za a tsallaka iyaka, da kuma juyayi. Bayan an fahimci yadda ‘yan ƙasar Mexico ke taimaka wa bayin su gudu, masu bayi da mutanen garuruwa a Texas sun kore su daga garuruwa, suna dukan su a bainar jama’a ko kuma su kashe su.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Wasu jami’an iyaka sun taimaka wa bayin da ke tsallaka zuwa Mexico. A cikin Monclova, Mexico wani jami’in iyaka ya tara gudunmawa a cikin gari don iyali da ke bukatar abinci, tufafi da kuɗi don ci gaba da tafiyarsu zuwa kudu da kuma kauce wa masu farautar bayi.<ref name="Leanos" /> Bayan sun tsallaka iyakar, wasu hukumomin ƙasar Mexico sun taimaka wa tsoffin bayi don kada a dawo da su Amurka.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Masu neman ‘yanci da aka ɗauka a kan jiragen ruwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasar Mexico sun samu taimako daga matukan jiragen ruwa na Mexico, inda ɗayansu aka kama shi a Louisiana aka gurfanar da shi saboda taimaka wa bayin su gudu.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} Saboda sanin sakamakon guduwa ko taimaka wa wanda ke guduwa, mutane sun yi taka tsantsan wajen ɓoye shaidar abubuwan da suka aikata, kuma bayanai na jama’a da na mutum ɗaya game da bayi masu guduwa suna da ƙaranci. Mafi yawan bayanan da ake da su sun fito ne daga waɗanda suka tallafa wa bautar bayi ko kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su kama bayin da suka gudu. Fiye da guda 2,500 na guduwa sun samu rubutu a cikin aikin Binciken Bayin da suka Gudu na Texas da ke Jami’ar Stephen F. Austin State.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} == Masu neman 'yanci daga Kudu == [[File:Tom Blue, General Sam Houston's bodyguard.jpg|thumb|Tom Blue, wanda Janar Sam Houston ya bautar, ya gudu ya shiga sojin Mexico.]] An saka talla a cikin jaridu suna bayar da lada don dawo da "dukiyarsu". Masu kama bayi sun yi tafiya ta cikin Mexico. Akwai Black Seminoles, ko Los Mascogos, da suka zauna a arewacin Mexico, waɗanda suka bayar da kariya da makamai.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Sam Houston, shugaban Jamhuriyar Texas, shi ne mai bawa Tom wanda ya gudu. Ya nufi Texas, inda ya shiga cikin sojin Mexico.{{sfn|Little|2018}} Wani bawa an yi masa tambari da harafin "R" a bangarorin biyu na kumatunsa bayan ya kasa guduwa daga bauta. Ya sake kokarin guduwa a lokacin hunturu na 1819, inda ya bar gonar auduga ta wanda ke bautar da shi yana kan doki. Tare da wasu hudu, sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Mexico suna fuskantar barazana daga Indiyawan Asali masu tsanani, masu kama bayi, ko kuma kada masu cin doki.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} Mutane da dama ba su kai Mexico ba. A shekara ta 1842, wani Balarabe dan Mexico da wata Baƙar mace sun bar Jackson County, Texas a kan doki biyu, amma an kama su a Lavaca River.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammack |first1=María |title=Love In Times of Texas Slavery |url=https://notevenpast.org/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/ |website=Not Even Past |date=June 5, 2019 |publisher=Department of History, University of Texas at Austin |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813212021/https://notevenpast.org/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Matar, wadda aka bautar, ta kasance mai daraja ga maigidanta don haka aka mayar da ita cikin bauta. Mijinta, mai yiwuwa ma'aikacin gona ko kuma wanda aka ɗaure ya yi aiki, aka kashe shi nan take.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Bayin da suka gudu sun canja sunayensu a Mexico. Sun auri dangin Mexico, sannan suka koma gindin kudancin iyakar Amurka da Mexico. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun sa wahala a gano inda tsoffin bayi suka je.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Wani kundin bayanai a Stephen F. Austin State University yana da tarihin tallace-tallacen bayin da suka gudu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Bayin Gudun Hijira na Texas. Works Progress Administration a lokacin Babban Rikici (Great Depression) ya ƙaddamar da Federal Writers' Project don ɗaukar tarihin bayin da suka gudu, ciki har da waɗanda suka zauna a Mexico. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Felix Haywood, wanda ya samu 'yanci lokacin da ya ketare Rio Grande.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} == Tashoshin Rio Grande == Iyalai biyu, Webbers da Jacksons, sun zauna kusa da kogin Rio Grande kuma suna taimaka wa mutane su tsere daga bauta. Maza sun kasance fararen fata kuma matansu bakake ne waɗanda aka taɓa bautar da su.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Ba a san ko Nathaniel Jackson ya sayi 'yancin Matilda Hicks da iyalinta ba, amma a farkon shekarun 1860 sun koma ƙaramar hukumar Hidalgo, inda suka zauna tare a matsayin iyali. Shi farar fata ne daga kudu kuma ita kuwa bayya ce, waɗanda suka fara soyayya tun suna yara a Alabama.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Shi ɗan uban gidanta ne,{{sfn|Little|2021}} wanda ya taimaka wa wasu iyalai guda bakwai a shekarar 1857 da wasu su ketara zuwa Mexico.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Silvia Hector Webber an haife ta cikin bauta a West Florida, kuma a shekarar 1819 aka sayar da ita ga wani mai bayi a Clark County, Arkansas. Ɗan mai bayi, John Cryer, ya kawo Silvia zuwa Mexico Texas a 1828 ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, shekara huɗu bayan da Mexico ta haramta safarar bayi zuwa ƙasarta. Silvia, da taimakon John Webber, ta samu takardun 'yanci na kanta da 'ya'yanta uku a shekarar 1834.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hammack |first1=María Esther |chapter=Silvia Hector Webber |title=Handbook of Texas |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |date=Spring 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=July 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710234324/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss |url-status=live }}</ref> Silvia da John sun zauna tare suna rayuwa cikin ƙiyayya da bauta kuma sau da yawa suna ɓoye waɗanda ke tserewa daga bauta a gidajensu da gonarsu. Silvia ta shahara da jigilar masu neman 'yanci ta jirgin ruwa daga gonarta zuwa 'yanci a Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammack |first1=Maria |title=Silvia Hector Webber |url=https://mariaestherhammack.me/publications-publicaciones/silvia-hector-webber/ |website=mariaesteherhammack.me |date=January 31, 2021 |publisher=Maria Hammack |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813213329/https://mariaestherhammack.me/publications-publicaciones/silvia-hector-webber/ |url-status=live }}</ref> John Ferdinand Webber, wanda aka haifa a Vermont, ya zauna a kusa da Rio Grande tare da matarsa, Silvia Hector Webber,{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} kuma sun shahara da taimaka wa bayi tserewa ketare Rio Grande.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Jacksons da Webbers, waɗanda dukkansu suna da lasisin jirgin ruwa, sun shahara sosai a cikin masu tserewa daga bauta.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} == Zuwa Mexico == Bayin da suka tsere suka isa Mexico suna rayuwa da sanin cewa masu kama bayi na iya sace su ba bisa doka ba ko kuma blackbirders.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Masu kamun bayi da suka yi ƙoƙarin sace tsofaffin bayi daga Mexico za a iya gurfanar da su a kotu ko a harbe su.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} Babu wani babban taimako daga sabbin al'ummominsu kuma babu damammaki da yawa na aiki. Ba su da takardun hukuma da ke nuna cewa su 'yan iska ne.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} Amma sun iya shiga cikin kwangilar aiki na tilas da kuma shiga cikin sansanonin soja.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} Wasu mutane, bayan sun zauna a Mexico, sun koma Amurka don taimaka wa 'yan uwansu tserewa da kuma shiryar da su zuwa Mexico.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} == Koloniyoyi == Wasu masu adawa da bauta daga arewacin Amurka sun roƙi gwamnatin Mexico da ta kafa koloniyoyi don bakaken fata 'yan iska da waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta. Benjamin Lundy, wani Quaker, ya yi ƙoƙarin ganin an kafa wata koloni a inda yanzu ake kira Texas a farkon shekarun 1830, amma hakan bai samu ba domin Texas ta halatta bauta lokacin da ta balle daga Mexico ta zama Jamhuriyar Texas (1836).{{sfn|Little|2021}} Black Seminoles sun samu nasarar roƙon fili kuma suka kafa koloni a shekarar 1852. Har yanzu zuriyarsu ke da mallakar wannan ƙasa.{{sfn|Little|2021}} === Bincike na Ilimi === [[File:Galveston Weekly News from May 11, 1858. "$25 Reward.jpg|thumb|Lambar lada $25 don Tom, ''Galveston Weekly News'' daga Mayu 11, 1858]] Aikin Binciken Bayin da suka Tsere a Texas, wanda ke Nacogdoches a Jami’ar Stephen F. Austin State, ya binciko tallace-tallacen neman bayin da suka tsere da suka fito a cikin fiye da jaridu 19,000 daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Alice L. Baumgartner ta yi bincike kan yawan mutanen da suka tsere daga bauta daga jihohin kudu zuwa Mexico. Ta wallafa littafi mai taken *South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War*.<ref name="Barnes" /> Thomas Mareite ya kammala digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Leiden kan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da siyasa na bayin da suka tsere daga Kudancin Amurka zuwa Mexico, mai taken *Conditional Freedom: Free Soil and Fugitive Slaves from the U.S. South to Mexico's Northeast, 1803–1861*.<ref>Mareite, Thomas, ''Conditional Freedom: Free Soil and Fugitive Slaves from the US South to Mexico's Northeast, 1803–1861'' (PhD Diss., Leiden University, 2020) https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/85166 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307090353/https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/85166 |date=March 7, 2022 }}</ref> Roseann Bacha-Garza, daga Jami’ar Texas Rio Grande Valley, ta shugabanci ayyukan binciken tarihi da arkeoloji kuma ta yi nazari kan yawan bayin da suka tsere zuwa Mexico.<ref name="Leanos" />{{sfn|Contreras|2020a}} Mekala Audain ta kuma wallafa babi mai taken "A Scheme to Desert: The Louisiana Purchase and Freedom Seekers in the Louisiana-Texas Borderlands, 1804–1806" a cikin littafin *In Search of Liberty: African American Internationalism in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World.*<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Angelo |title=In Search of Liberty: African American Internationalism in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World |date=2021 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |location=Athens}}</ref> Maria Esther Hammack ta kammala digirin digirgir a wannan fanni a shekarar 2021 a Jami’ar Texas a Austin.<ref name="Leanos" /> == Hanyoyin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka (1775 zuwa 1783) == [[File:The underground rail road - a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters, &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes, and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom, as (14757706931).jpg|thumb|Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su.]] A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, bayin da aka bautar sun tsere daga bautar su zuwa wuraren sojojin Birtaniya, Canada, Florida, da ƙasashen Amaren Asali. Gwamnan ƙarshe na Birtaniya a Virginia, Lord Dunmore, ya ƙaddamar da wata sanarwa a shekarar 1775 domin raunana ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar bayar da 'yanci ga duk bayin da suka tsere daga iyayen gidajensu kuma suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya. Bisa ga wani rahoto daga PBS da Hukumar Kula da Filayen Kasa ta Amurka (NPS), wannan sanarwar ta sa kimanin mutane 100,000 masu neman 'yanci suka tsere yayin yaƙin. Hafsoshin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun karɓi korafe-korafe da dama na neman maidowa bayin da suka tsere. A watan Nuwamba 1775, Dunmore ya kafa rundunar soja mai mutane 300 daga cikin masu neman 'yanci a North Carolina da ake kira "Ethiopian Regiment." A Virginia, mutane 800 suka shiga wannan runduna.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitzgibbons |first1=Ellen |title=Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/dunmores-ethiopian-regiment#:~:text=In%20November%201775%20Dunmore%2C%20who,as%20%22Dunmore's%20Ethiopian%20Regiment.%22 |website=Encyclopedia of North Carolina |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kathryn |last2=Shuck-Hall |first2=Sheri |title=The Ethiopian Regiment and the Fight for Independence |url=https://www.explorehistorycnu.org/2024/02/22/the-ethiopian-regiment-and-the-fight-for-independence/ |website=Christopher Newport University's |date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> ‘Yan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu neman 'yanci shiga rundunar Birtaniya ta hanyar aika masu sa ido don cafke masu tserewa, da wallafa jaridu da ra’ayoyi da ke nuna cewa Birtaniya ba za ta cika alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ba.{{sfn|PBS}} Dubban bakaken fata – bayin da ‘yan 'yanci – sun yi yaƙi tare da Birtaniya domin samun 'yanci kuma an san su da suna Black Loyalists. Wadanda suka yi shekara ɗaya a rundunar Birtaniya sun samu Takardar 'Yanci kuma an kaisu zuwa yankunan Birtaniya a yankin Caribbean kamar Bahamas da Jamaica, yayin da wasu aka kai su Arewa zuwa Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harry Washington |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1bbc314b54da43d99dd890e3b3f4b0c5 |website=Underground Railroad Network to Freedom |date=February 13, 2024 |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1783 zuwa 1785, bayin da aka 'yantar da kuma bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci su 3,000 sun zauna a mulkin Birtaniya na Nova Scotia, Canada.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeniran |first1=Channon |title=Black Loyalists in British North America |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-loyalists-in-british-north-america |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> Wasu kuma sun tsere suka shiga cikin sojojin Continental Army ko kuma dakarun ‘yanci na Amurka. Wadanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin rundunar Amurka ana kiransu da suna Black Patriots, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun samu 'yanci sakamakon hidimarsu. Wasu kuma sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su wajen guduwa daga bauta yayin yaƙin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Runaways 1740–1783 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p17.html#:~:text=An%20estimated%20100%2C000%20took%20advantage,slaves%20in%20one%20year%20alone. |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Denied? Enslaved Soldiers During the Revolution |url=https://www.nps.gov/fost/blogs/freedom-denied-enslaved-soldiers-during-the-revolution.htm |website=Fort Stanwix National Monument |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayres |first1=Edward |title=African Americans and the American Revolution |url=https://www.jyfmuseums.org/learn/research-and-collections/essays/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution |website=American Revolution Museum at Yorktown |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Revolutionary War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2narr4.html |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka (1775 zuwa 1783) == [[File:The underground rail road - a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters, &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes, and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom, as (14757706931).jpg|thumb|Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su.]] A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, bayin da aka bautar sun tsere daga bautar su zuwa wuraren sojojin Birtaniya, Canada, Florida, da ƙasashen Amaren Asali. Gwamnan ƙarshe na Birtaniya a Virginia, Lord Dunmore, ya tsara wata sanarwa a shekarar 1775 domin raunana ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar bayar da 'yanci ga bayin da suka tsere daga iyayen gidajensu na mulkin mallaka kuma suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya. Bisa ga rahoton PBS da Hukumar Filayen Kasa ta Amurka, wannan sanarwar ta haifar da kusan mutane 100,000 masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere yayin yaƙin. Hafsoshin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun karɓi ƙorafe-ƙorafe da yawa na neman maidowa bayin da suka tsere. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1775, Dunmore ya kafa wata rundunar soja mai mutum 300 daga cikin masu neman 'yanci a North Carolina mai suna "Ethiopian Regiment." A Virginia, mutane 800 sun shiga wannan runduna. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitzgibbons |first1=Ellen |title=Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/dunmores-ethiopian-regiment#:~:text=In%20November%201775%20Dunmore%2C%20who,as%20%22Dunmore's%20Ethiopian%20Regiment.%22 |website=Encyclopedia of North Carolina |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kathryn |last2=Shuck-Hall |first2=Sheri |title=The Ethiopian Regiment and the Fight for Independence |url=https://www.explorehistorycnu.org/2024/02/22/the-ethiopian-regiment-and-the-fight-for-independence/ |website=Christopher Newport University's |date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu neman 'yanci shiga rundunar Birtaniya ta hanyar aika da masu sintiri don cafke masu tserewa, da kuma wallafa jaridu da ra’ayoyi da ke nuna cewa Birtaniya ba za ta cika alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ba. Dubban bakaken fata masu 'yanci da bayin da suka tsere sun yi yaƙi tare da Birtaniya da fatan samun 'yanci, kuma an san su da suna Black Loyalists. Wadanda suka yi wa Birtaniya hidima tsawon shekara guda sun samu Takardar 'Yanci kuma an kaisu yankunan Birtaniya na Caribbean kamar Bahamas da Jamaica, wasu kuma an kaisu Canada. <ref>{{cite web |title=Harry Washington |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1bbc314b54da43d99dd890e3b3f4b0c5 |website=Underground Railroad Network to Freedom |date=February 13, 2024 |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Daga 1783 zuwa 1785, bayin da aka 'yantar da kuma bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci 3,000 sun zauna a mulkin Birtaniya na Nova Scotia, Canada. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeniran |first1=Channon |title=Black Loyalists in British North America |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-loyalists-in-british-north-america |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> Wasu bayin kuma sun tsere suka shiga cikin rundunar Continental Army ko dakarun ‘yanci. Wadanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin rundunar Amurka ana kiransu da suna Black Patriots, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun samu 'yanci ta hanyar hidimarsu. Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da wannan yaƙi a matsayin dama ta guduwa da dawakin masu bautar da su. <ref>{{cite web |title=Runaways 1740–1783 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p17.html#:~:text=An%20estimated%20100%2C000%20took%20advantage,slaves%20in%20one%20year%20alone. |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Denied? Enslaved Soldiers During the Revolution |url=https://www.nps.gov/fost/blogs/freedom-denied-enslaved-soldiers-during-the-revolution.htm |website=Fort Stanwix National Monument |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayres |first1=Edward |title=African Americans and the American Revolution |url=https://www.jyfmuseums.org/learn/research-and-collections/essays/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution |website=American Revolution Museum at Yorktown |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Revolutionary War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2narr4.html |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Yaƙin 1812 == [[File:William Williams Black Soldier U.S. Army War of 1812.jpg|thumb|William Williams bawan da ya tsere ne kuma soja bakar fata a Rundunar Sojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin 1812.<ref>{{cite web |title=William Williams |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/william-williams.htm |website=Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>]] A lokacin Yaƙin 1812, bayin da suka kai 700 a jihar Maryland sun tsere daga bauta. <ref>{{cite web |title=African Americans and the War of 1812 |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/war1812/html/afam_war.html#:~:text=Upwards%20of%20700%20slaves%20from,widow%20of%20Governor%20Benjamin%20Ogle. |website=The Maryland State Archives |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> Kafin yaƙin, masu neman 'yanci sun rika ketarawa zuwa yankin Michigan ta hanyar kogin Detroit River. Adadin bakaken fata da suka tsere zuwa wannan yanki ya ƙaru da lokaci. Gwamnan yankin, William Hull, ya bai wa wani bawa mai suna Peter Denison izinin kafa wata ƙungiyar dakarun bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci da bayin da suka tsere. An basu makamai kuma an horar da su, amma daga baya Hull ya rusa wannan runduna. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane sun tsere daga bauta ne a Birtaniya Canada. A ƙarni na 18, ana yin bauta a Canada, sai dai daga shekarar 1793 an fara hana ta, ko da yake wasu bakaken fata sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin bayi. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, hanyoyin masu neman 'yanci sun sauya daga kudu zuwa arewa daga Canada zuwa yankunan da ba a yarda da bauta ba a Amurka. Lokacin Yaƙin 1812, dokokin bauta a Canada sun hana ci gaba da bautar da mutane. Wannan ya sa masu neman 'yanci suka fara kallon Canada a matsayin wurin samun 'yanci. A lokacin bazarar shekarar 1812, Hull ya bayyana cewa bayin da suka tsere da bakaken fata a yankin Michigan 'yan ƙasa ne 'yantattu, kuma lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke da Birtaniya, bakaken fata a Michigan an ba su makamai don yaƙi. Bayan yaƙin, Peter Denison da iyalinsa sun bar Michigan suka koma arewa zuwa Canada. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen Smith |first1=Gene |title=The Underground Railroad of 1812: Paths to freedom along the Canadian border |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-underground-railroad-changes-course.htm#:~:text=Yet%20by%20the%20end%20of,new%20Canadian%20land%20of%20freedom. |website=The National Park Service |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> == 'Yan Hijira Bakaken Fata == A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1814, Rundunar Sojin Birtaniya ta yi alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ga bakaken fata da aka bautar a Amurka waɗanda suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya ko suka zabi zama a cikin yankunan Birtaniya. A yankin Chesapeake na Virginia da Maryland da kuma yankunan bakin teku na Georgia, kusan bayin 4,000 ne suka tsere daga bauta. Daga cikin waɗannan, 2,000 sun shiga jiragen ruwa zuwa Nova Scotia tsakanin Satumba 1813 zuwa Agusta 1816, wasu kuma aka kaisu New Brunswick, Canada, sai 400 daga cikinsu aka kaisu Trinidad a yankin Caribbean. Waɗanda suka zauna a yankin Birtaniya na Canada an san su da suna Black Refugees, wato bakaken fata da suka tsere daga bauta a Amurka kuma suka goyi bayan Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. <ref>{{cite web |title=African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition |url=https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/results/?Search=&SearchList1=4 |website=Nova Scotia Archives | date=April 20, 2020 |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> == Merikens == Merikins tsoffin bakaken fata ‘yan Amurka ne da suka tsere daga bauta suka shiga rundunar soja ta Birtaniya dake kunshe da bakaken fata guda ɗaya, Colonial Marines, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, an kai su zuwa wasu ƙasashen Birtaniya domin su rayu a matsayin ’yan ƙasa ’yantattu. Kimanin Colonial Marines 700 an kai su Trinidad a Caribbean. Ko da yake bauta ta halatta a Trinidad, an ba su kariya ta hannun kwamandan Robert Mitchell. Wadanda suke fitowa daga Amurka baki sun kira kansu Merikens, ma’ana "ƙaramin kalmar 'Americans'" kuma suka fara sabon rayuwa a Trinidad a cikin ƙauyuka shida na Kamfani a yammacin tsibirin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating the Merikins |url=https://natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/Celebrating-the-Merikins.pdf |website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trinidad ta ba Merikins abinci, tanadin abinci, tufafi, da kayan aikin gina gidajensu; suka noma masara, kabewa, ayaba, da shinkafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Merikins |url=https://www.nps.gov/stsp/learn/historyculture/merikins.htm |website=Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergus |first1=Claudius |title=Revolutionary Emancipation Slavery and Abolitionism in the British West Indies |date=2013 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=9780807149898 |page=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Guide to the Merikin Collection |url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/images/NATT%20Merikin%20Collection%20GuideREV2021.pdf |website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> == Hanyar 'Saltwater Railroad' == [[File:The merchant vessel - a sailor boy's voyages around the world (1884) (14593118478).jpg|thumb|Scenery a Bahamas a shekarar 1884]] Daga 1821 zuwa 1861, masu neman 'yanci daga jihohin kudu maso gabas kamar South Carolina, Georgia, da Florida sun tsere zuwa Bahamas ta hanyar sirrin da aka kira “Saltwater Railroad.” Kafin 1821, Florida ƙasar Spain ce, inda wadanda suka tsere daga bauta ke da 'yanci bisa dokar Spain. Amma bayan 1821, Florida ta zama karkashin ikon Amurka. Bakaken fata masu 'yanci a Florida sun tsorata za a sake mayar da su bayi bisa dokokin Amurka, don haka daruruwan sun tsere zuwa Bahamas. Daga 1821 zuwa 1825, bakin teku na Florida ya zama mafaka ga masu neman 'yanci waɗanda ke ketarawa ta jiragen ruwa daga Florida zuwa tsibirin. Wasu kuma sun yi jiragen su kansu suka ketarawa zuwa Bahamas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Nicole |title=The Saltwater Railroad (1821 to 1861) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/the-saltwater-railroad-1821-1861/ |website=The Black Past |date=April 26, 2020 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wills |first1=Matthew |title=The Saltwater Railroad |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-saltwater-road/ |website=JSTOR Daily |date=September 6, 2019 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> [[File:Gulf of Mexico.png|thumb|Bayanin yadda bayi suka ketara daga bakin teku na Florida zuwa Bahamas.]] A shekarar 1825, ginin hasumar Cape Florida Light (a yanzu a Miami-Dade County) ya zama cikas ga masu neman 'yanci da ke ketarawa da daren saboda hasken da ke iya jagorantar masu sintiri su gano jirage. Bahamas ta ja hankalin bakin fata domin akwai al’ummar Black Seminoles da sauran masu tserewa. Bahamas ƙasa ce karkashin mulkin Birtaniya inda bakin fata ke da damar mallakar ƙasa, samun ilimi, da kuma yin aure bisa doka. Bugu da ƙari, a 1825 Birtaniya ta sanar cewa duk wanda ya samu ƙasa a karkashin ikon Birtaniya shi ke 'yanci. Wannan ya ƙara ƙarfafa masu neman 'yanci su ketara zuwa tsibirin. A shekarun 1830, masana tarihi sun kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 6,000 sun tsere zuwa Bahamas, kuma a 1840ts, Bahamas ta samu mafi yawan bakin fata masu tserewa fiye da kowace koloni ta Birtaniya a Caribbean.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knetsch |first1=Joe |last2=Winsboro |first2=Irvin |title=Florida Slaves, the 'Saltwater Railroad' to the Bahamas, and Anglo-American Diplomacy |journal=The Journal of Southern History |date=2013 |volume=79 |issue=1 |page=56}}</ref> Harkokin Birtaniya na ba da 'yanci ga 'yan asalin Amurka yana haifar da hawaye a dangantakar siyasa da Amurka. A 1841 a kan jirgin bayi Creole, wani ƙungiya ta bayin ta yi ramuwar gayya. Creole ta tashi daga Virginia da sama da bayi ɗari ɗaya zuwa New Orleans, Louisiana. Bayin suka kwace jirgin suka tafi Nassau, Bahamas. Wannan abun ya jawo hankalin duniya; an tuhumi amma daga bisani aka saki.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Douglas |title='Saltwater Railroad' had its roots on Cape Florida |website=Florida Rambler |date=2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> == Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850 == [[File:From Library of Congress- "Print shows a portrait of the fugitive slave Anthony Burns, whose arrest and trial under the Fugitive (32f5b651-55ed-457d-8c2e-45b46a5dcc24).jpg|thumb|Hoton mai neman 'yanci Anthony Burns, wanda aka kama bisa Dokar Fugitive Slave Law]] A ƙarƙashin Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850, idan an kama wanda ake zargin ya tsere da bautawa kuma aka kai shi gaban wani kwamishina, ba shi da hakkin samun gurin shari’a ta kwararru kuma ba zai kare kansa ba. Daga 1850 zuwa 1860, an kawo masu neman 'yanci 343 gaban kwamishina, an mayar da su bayi 332 daga ciki. Kwamishinai suna karɓar dalar Amurka 10 idan sun yanke shawara bisa ga mai bauta, sannan dalar 5 idan suka yanke shawara bisa ga bawa. Ba a tuhume su da laifi. Ɗan sintiri ko mai kama bayi na iya samun takardar replevin don mayar da dukiya. Idan wani ya taimaka wa mai neman 'yanci a guduwa, zai ci tara har dala 1,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Catherine |title=Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 |url=https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/federal/fugitive-slave-act-of-1850/ |website=Virginia Commonwealth University |date=December 26, 2015}}</ref> Majalisa ta Kudanci sun fi rinjaye saboda dokar tallata yawan jama’a ta haɗa da kaso uku daga biyar na bayi. Sun gabatar da Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850 saboda gajiyawar ganin jama’a da hukumomi na wasu yankuna suna taimaka wa masu tserewa. A wasu sassan Arewa, masu sintiri suna bukatar kariya daga 'yan sanda. Bisa ga marubuci Andrew Delbanco, “Mutanen Arewa sun fara gane cewa bauta ba matsala ce ta Kudu kaɗai ba bayan wucewar dokar 1850.” Kafin Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Amurka, ƙasa na cikin rarrabewa kan yadda za a kula da masu tserewa. Dokar ta ƙara raba ƙasa yayin da masu mallakar bayi na Kudancin ke da ikon mayar da masu tserewa daga Arewa, kuma dokar ta tilasta mazauna Arewa su taimaka wajen mayar da masu gudun hijira.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gross |first1=Terry |title=How The Fugitive Slave Act Paved The Way For The Civil War |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/08/777212545/how-the-fugitive-slave-act-paved-the-way-for-the-civil-war |website=South Carolina Public Radio (NPR) |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> Wasu masu neman 'yanci an kama su bisa wannan doka; ciki har da Anthony Burns, John Price, Shadrach Minkins, Stephen Pembroke da ’ya’yansa, da wasu. Masu adawa da bauta sun yi amfani da waɗannan shari’o’in domin su jaddada rashin adalci na dokar bauta kuma su dage kan rushe bauta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook |website=The National Archives and Records Administration |date=August 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Jennifer |title='Law or No Law': Abolitionist Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 |website=Library of Congress |date=February 10, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maltz |first1=Earl |title=The Trial of Anthony Burns (1854) |website=Encyclopedia of Virginia |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shadrach Minkins (d. 1875) |website=Encyclopedia of Virginia |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> Bayan makonni kaɗan da amincewa da dokar, yawan bakin fata a biranen Arewa ya ragu saboda bakaken fata 'yan Amurka da suka kasance ‘yan ƙasa masu 'yanci sun ƙaura zuwa Canada saboda tsoro za su sake zama bayi. A ranar 1 Agusta 1834, Birtaniya ta soke bauta a Canada da duk masarautarta, wanda ya sa Canada ta zama wuri mafi aminci ga masu neman 'yanci. A Pittsburgh, yawancin ma'aikatan bakin fata a otal-otal sun ƙaura zuwa Canada. A Columbia, Pennsylvania yawan baki ya ragu da rabi. Daga tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa farkon Maris 1851, mutane ɗari daga birnin Boston suka tsere. Masu fafutuka a Detroit sun jagoranci mutane 1,200 su ƙaura zuwa Canada. Daga Disamba 1850, an kiyasta cewa 3,000 baki sun sami mafaka a Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horton |first1=James |last2=Horton |first2=Louis |title=A Federal Assault: African Americans and the Impact of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 – Symposium on the Law of Slavery: Constitutional Law and Slavery |journal=Symposium on the Law of Slavery |date=1993 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1187–1188}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (1861 zuwa 1865) == [[File:Contraband foreground - Copy.jpg|thumb|Mutanen da suka tsere daga bautar da suka isa layukan Union a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa ana kiran su da "contraband".]] A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Sojojin Union sun kama garuruwa a Kudu kamar Beaufort, South Carolina, St. Simons Island, Georgia, da wasu wurare inda suka kafa sansanonin soja. Saboda haka, bayi da ke gonaki a kusa sun tsere daga bautar zuwa layukan Union don neman 'yanci da kuma shiga Sojojin Union. Tarihin Amurka, Eric Foner, ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa, ''Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad,'' cewa: "...Yaƙin Basasa ya canza matuƙar damar da bayi ke da ita wajen samun 'yanci. Da zarar dakarun tarayya sun isa – a Maryland hakan ya fara daga farkon yaƙin – bayi suka nemi mafaka a layukan Union..."{{sfn|Foner|2015}} Susie King Taylor an haife ta a matsayin baiwa a Liberty County, Georgia, ta tsere daga bautar tare da iyalinta zuwa layukan Union a St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, da taimakon kawunta wanda ya saka ta a jirgin yaƙi na tarayya da ke kusa da Fort Pulaski da Confederacy suka mamaye. Baya ga haka, dubban bayi bakaken fata sun tsere daga bautar zuwa layukan Union a tsibirai na South Carolina. <ref>{{cite web |title=Susie King Taylor |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/susie-king-taylor.htm |website=Fort Pulaski National Monument, Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Reconstruction Era National Historical Park |publisher= National Park Service |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Susie King Taylor An African American Nurse and Teacher in the Civil War |url=https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=5be2377c246c4b5483e32ddd51d32dc0&bookmark=Narrative%20of%20War |website=Library of Congress |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 1861, Jarvis Harvey ya tsere daga bautar ya nufi layukan Union a Fortress Monroe, Virginia.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hahn |first1=Steven |title=The Largest, Most Successful Slave Revolt in History? What historians get wrong about the actions of enslaved people during the Civil War. |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/10/why-historians-are-reluctant-to-call-the-american-civil-war-a-slave-rebellion.html |website=The Slate |date=October 13, 2015 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> Robert Sutton an haife shi a matsayin baiwa a Alberti Plantation da ke iyakar arewa maso gabas na Florida da Georgia, kuma a lokacin yaƙin ya tsere daga bautar ta hanyar gina ƙaramar kwale-kwale ya tafi Port Royal, South Carolina, inda bakaken fata suka samu 'yanci bayan Battle of Port Royal sannan ya shiga Sojojin 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored).<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Suttion |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-sutton.htm |website=Reconstruction Era National Historical Park |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> Prince Rivers ya tsere daga bautar ya sami 'yanci a layukan Union a Port Royal, South Carolina, bayan maigidan sa ya gudu daga Beaufort bayan isowar jiragen ruwan Union da sojoji. Daga baya Rivers ya shiga rundunar 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Poole |first1=Scott |title=Rivers, Prince |url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/rivers-prince/ |website=South Carolina Encyclopedia |publisher=University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1862, Robert Smalls da wasu bayi goma sha shida sun tsere daga bautar a lokacin yaƙin, inda suka kwace jirgin ruwa na Confederacy kuma suka tuka shi zuwa cikin rundunar Union da ke rufe Charleston Harbor a South Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Smalls |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-smalls.htm |website=Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Reconstruction Era National Historical Park |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> [[File:Contraband Camp, formerly used as a Female Seminary.jpg|thumb|Sansanonin 'contraband' sun ba da mafaka da kariya ga sabbin 'yan 'yanci a wuraren da Union ta mamaye a Kudu.]] Wadanda ke aiki da Underground Railroad sun sauya dabaru da hanyoyin tserewa zuwa kusa da sansanonin Union saboda yawancin masu neman 'yanci sun tsere zuwa wuraren da Union ta mamaye maimakon zuwa Arewa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Viola |last2=Wolny |first2=Philip |title=A Primary Source Investigation of the Underground Railroad |date=2015 |publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn=9781499435177 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIphDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Misali, yankin Kansas ya zama jiha a 1861, kuma an haramta bauta a jihar Kansas. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, masu adawa da bauta, Free Staters, da Jayhawkers sun taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere daga Missouri (jiha mai bauta da ke iyaka da Kansas) ta hanyar kawo su Kansas a matsayin "contraband" na yaƙi.<ref>{{cite web |title=First to Serve-1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/1stkansas.htm |website=Fort Scott National Historic Site |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> Wani rahoto daga National Park Service ya bayyana yadda Yaƙin Basasa ya canza hanyoyin tserewa da inda masu neman 'yanci ke ƙarewa: "Da zarar sojojin Union sun bayyana a jihohin iyaka, tsibirai na Tekun Atlantika, da kogin ƙasan Mississippi, dubban bakaken fata suka yi amfani da wannan damar don kubuta ta hanyar gudu zuwa sansanonin Union. An yi ƙoƙarin dawo da su ga masu su na farko amma aka daina. Wadanda suka gudu daga bautar aka kira su 'contraband' – dukiyar da aka kwace ta yaƙi. Yawancinsu sun samu aiki a cikin layukan Union sannan iyalinsu suka biyo su."<ref name="auto5"/> [[File:Contrabands at headquarters of General Lafayette LCCN2014646902.jpg|thumb|Masu 'yanci a hedkwatar Janar Lafayette a Yorktown, Virginia]] Kalmar "contraband" an baiwa bayin da suka tsere daga bautar ne daga Janar Benjamin Butler na Union. A 1861, mutane uku da ke bautar a Norfolk, Virginia — Shepard Mallory, Frank Baker, da James Townsend — sun tsere zuwa Fort Monroe, inda Butler ya ƙi aiwatar da Dokar Maidowa Bayi ta 1850. Maimakon haka, Butler ya ƙi mayar da su saboda sun kasance "dukiyar" Confederacy, ba na Amurka ba, inda aka gabatar da dokar. Wani rahoto daga National Trust for Historical Preservation ya bayyana: "...Butler ya gane rashin dacewar bin Dokar Maidowa Bayi, wadda ke buƙatar ya dawo da bayin uku. Sun taimaka wajen gina sansanin yaƙi da ke barazana ga sansanin sa. Me yasa zai dawo da su ya ƙara ƙarfin abokan gaba? Sai ya samo mafita ta siyasa: tun da Virginia ta balle daga Union, ba shi da wajibcin kundin tsarin mulki na mayar da bayin. A maimakon haka, ya kwace su a matsayin 'contraband' – dukiyar da abokan gaba ke amfani da ita a yaƙi."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wills |first1=Eric |title=The Forgotten: The Contraband of America and the Road to Freedom |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/the-forgotten-the-contraband-of-america-and-the-road-to-freedom |website=National Trust for Historic Preservation |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confederate Slave Contraband, and the American Civil War, a story |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/confederate-contraband-and-the-american-civil-war-a-story/ |website=African American Registry |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> [[File:Corinth Contraband Camp (2c163208-1dd8-b71c-079b-9015087c01e4).jpg|thumb|Allon tunawa da sansanin 'contraband' na Corinth]] Yayin da Yaƙin Basasa ke ci gaba, wurare da dama a Kudu da jihohin iyaka sun zama sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na masu neman 'yanci. Washington D.C. ta kasance babban wuri ga waɗanda suka tsere a lokacin yaƙin. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1862, Majalisar Tarayya ta zartar da Dokar Sakamakon Fitar da Bayi a cikin District of Columbia. Bayan hakan, masu neman 'yanci daga Virginia da Maryland suka tsere zuwa Washington D.C., kuma zuwa 1863, mutane 10,000 da suka tsere daga bautar suna zaune a birnin, adadin da ya ninka yawan bakaken fata a birnin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiger |first1=Patrick |title=The Civil War Created a Refugee Crisis in Washington |url=https://boundarystones.weta.org/2016/01/14/civil-war-created-refugee-crisis-washington |website=Boundary Stones WETA's Local History Website |date=January 14, 2016 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fling |first1=Sarah |title=Washington, D.C.'s 'Contraband' Camps |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/washington-d-c-s-contraband-camps |website=The White House Historical Association |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> A lokacin yaƙin, bayi da ke kusa da Beaufort County, South Carolina sun tsere zuwa layukan Union a Beaufort, inda aka 'yanta bakaken fata bayan Battle of Port Royal a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1861 bayan masu gonaki sun gudu. An kafa sansanin gudun hijira domin kula da su. A farko akwai mutane 60 zuwa 70, daga baya adadin ya kai 320. Sojojin Union ba su da isassun abinci da tufafi don kula da su. Mutane 'yanci da mata da yara a sansanin sun yi aiki da Union a matsayin masu dafa abinci, masu wanki, bayin gida, da kuma masassa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fields-Black |first1=Edda |title=Harriet Tubman, the Combahee River Raid, and Black Freedom During the Civil War |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197552797 |pages=193–195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb3sEAAAQBAJ&q=refugee%20camps}}</ref> Rundunar Union ta mamaye Corinth, Mississippi, kuma bayi daga gonaki kusa sun tsere zuwa layukan Union. Don kula da su, Janar Grenville M. Dodge ya kafa Sansanin Contraband na Corinth wanda ke da gidaje, makarantu, asibitoci, coci-coci, da aiki da ake biya. An kiyasta cewa sansanin ya samar da sabon rayuwa ga tsofaffin bayi 6,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corinth Contraband Camp |url=https://www.nps.gov/shil/planyourvisit/contrabandcamp.htm |website=Shiloh National Military Park |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Corinth Contraband Camp |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/corinth-contraband-camp-poi.htm |website=The National Park Service |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> == Sojojin Ruwa na Tarayya da 'Yantarwa == [[File:Company of colored troops. (3110840538).jpg|thumb|Bakar fata masu 'yanci da waɗanda suka tsere daga bautar sun yi rajista don yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Tarayya da na Ruwa.]] Sakataren Sojan Ruwa a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa shine Gideon Welles kuma a cikin Satumba na 1861 Welles ya ayyana cewa bayi da bakar fata masu 'yanci za su iya shiga aikin soja a mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi na "Yaro" a cikin Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya. Jiragen ruwa na Tarayya da ke cikin tashoshin kudanci sun karɓi adadin waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta ta hanyar ƙananan jiragen ruwa zuwa jiragen ruwa da ke cikin yankunan da Tarayya ke iko da su. Benjamin Gould ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa cewa a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1862, masu neman 'yanci takwas sun isa USS Cambridge kuma wasu 20 masu gudun hijira sun isa makonni biyu bayan haka. Daya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsere daga masu neman 'yanci shine William Gould, wanda daga baya ya shiga Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya (Amurka) kuma ya yi yaƙi da Confederacy daga 1862 zuwa 1865. Jirgin ruwa na Tarayya USS Hartford ya taimaka wajen 'yantar da mutanen da aka bautar yayin da yake hawa kogin Mississippi. Bartholomew Diggins, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin jirgin, ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru na 'yantar da bayi. Ya ce: "mun ɗauki bayi da yawa waɗanda za su fito zuwa jiragen ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa a duk wurin da muka tsaya." Sauran jiragen ruwa na Tarayya waɗanda suka taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi sun haɗa da USS Essex da USS Iroquois. Wasu sojoji da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Tarayya sun mayar da bayi da suka tsere ga masu bautar su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afirkawan Amurka a cikin Sojan Ruwa na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/civil-war-archive1/african-americans-in-the-u-s--navy-during-the-civil-war.html#:~:text=The%20Navy%20drew%20upon%20these,of%20the%20Navy%27s%20enlisted%20manpower. |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=19 Satumba 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Farfesa Stanford ya sami wahayi, ƙarfin hali daga littattafan tarihin kakansa, wanda ya tsere daga bauta |url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2021/06/finding-fortitude-diaries-escaped-slave |website=Rahoton Stanford |publisher=Jami'ar Stanford |access-date=20 Satumba 2024}}</ref> A ƙarshen yaƙin, 179,000 tsoffin bayi da bakar fata masu 'yanci sun yi yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Tarayya, kuma 21,000 sun yi yaƙi a cikin Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baƙin Sojoji a cikin Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,19%2C000%20served%20in%20the%20Navy. |website=National Archives and Records Administration | date=15 Agusta 2016 |access-date=20 Satumba 2024}}</ref> Daga Yaƙin 'Yancin Amirka, zuwa Yaƙin 1812, sannan kuma Yaƙin Basasa na Amirka, Underground Railroad ya ba da gudummawar ɗaruruwa kuma a wasu lokuta dubban gudun hijira na Baƙin Amurkawa.{{sfn|Hudson|2015|pp=2, 9–10}} == Doka da siyasa == Lokacin da rikice-rikice tsakanin Arewa da Kudu suka ƙare a Yaƙin Basasa, baƙi da yawa, bayi da masu 'yanci, sun yi yaƙi don Sojojin Tarayya.<ref>Mark Lardas, ''Baƙin Sojan Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Basasa: USCT, 1862–66''</ref> Bayan nasarar Tarayya a Yaƙin Basasa, a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1865, Kwaskwarima na 13 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta bautar sai dai a matsayin hukunci don laifi.<ref>Ann Heinrichs, ''Underground Railroad''</ref> Bayan wucewarsa, a wasu lokuta Underground Railroad yana aiki a cikin kishiyar hanya, yayin da mutanen da suka tsere zuwa Kanada suka koma Amurka.<ref>{{cite book| title=Underground Railroad da Gidan Tarihi na Sylvania's Lathrop| last1=Gindy| first1=Gaye E.| page=20| url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4979770-the-underground-railroad-and-sylvania-s-historic-lathrop-house| date=2008| publisher=AuthorHouse| isbn=9781434367617| access-date=25 Yuli 2015| archive-date=5 Maris 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004015/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4979770-the-underground-railroad-and-sylvania-s-historic-lathrop-house| url-status=live}}</ref> === Zargi === Frederick Douglass marubuci ne kuma mai magana wanda ya tsere daga bauta. Ya rubuta da suka game da hankalin da aka jawo ga Underground Railroad a cikin littafinsa na farko, ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave'' (1845): {{Blockquote|Ban taɓa amincewa da yadda wasu abokanmu na yamma suka gudanar da abin da suke kira ''Underground Railroad'' ba, amma wanda a ganina, ta hanyar bayyanannun bayyanannun su, an sanya shi mafi ƙarfi ''upperground railroad.''}} Ya ci gaba da cewa, ko da yake yana girmama motsi, yana jin cewa ƙoƙarin tallan ya fi mayar da hank == Zuwa Kasar Kanada == {{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/minutes/underground-railroad "Underground Railroad"]''' – Historica Canada. - Heritage Minutes (1:01 min) }} [[File:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|175px|thumb|''International Underground Railroad Memorial'' a Windsor, Ontario]] [[File:John Brown by Levin Handy, 1890-1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright|John Brown ya shiga cikin Underground Railroad a matsayin mai adawa da bautar bayi.]] British North America (wadda ake kira Kanada a yau) ta kasance wurin mafaka mai kyau saboda iyakarta mai tsawo da dama wuraren shigowa, tana nesa da masu farautar bayi, kuma tana waje da ikon dokokin kama bayi na Amurka. Haka kuma, bautar bayi ta ƙare shekaru masu yawa kafin Amurka a Kanada. Birtaniya ta haramta bautar bayi a shekarar 1833 a karkashin dokar Slavery Abolition Act 1833, duk da cewa amfani da bayi ya ragu sosai a Kanada tun farkon karni na 19 saboda shari'o'in da suka ba bayi 'yanci ta kotu. <ref name="Shadd2016">{{cite book|first=Mary Ann|last=Shadd|title=A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob1aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2016|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-55481-321-6|page=11|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob1aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> Yawancin wadanda suka tsere daga bautar bayi sun isa Kanada ta ruwa ta hanyar tafiya ta Lake Erie da Lake Ontario, kuma sun zauna a lardin Ontario. Ana kiyasta cewa sama da mutane 30,000 sun tsere zuwa can ta hanyar wannan hanyar a lokacin da aka fi amfani da ita na tsawon shekaru 20, <ref name="CAN"/> duk da cewa kididdigar Amurka ta nuna kimanin 6,000 ne kawai. <ref>[https://www.cdva.ca.gov/news/GV%202-2-07.pdf "From slavery to freedom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713234430/https://www.cdva.ca.gov/news/GV%202-2-07.pdf |date=July 13, 2007 }}, ''The Grapevine'', pp. 3–5.</ref> Labarai da yawa na waɗanda suka tsere an rubuta su a cikin littafin shekarar 1872 mai suna ''The Underground Railroad Records'' wanda William Still ya rubuta, wani mai adawa da bautar bayi wanda ke jagorantar Philadelphia Vigilance Committee. <ref>Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, Waldo E. Martin Jr. ''Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans with Documents''. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 287. {{ISBN|978-0-312-64883-1}}.</ref> Kiyasta adadi yana da bambanci, amma a kalla bayi 30,000—kuma wata kila fiye da 100,000—sun tsere zuwa Kanada ta hanyar Underground Railroad. <ref name="CAN">{{cite web| url=https://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166| work=Historica Minutes| quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom| title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/https://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 }}</ref> Mafi yawan su sun zauna a Upper Canada (Ontario), wanda aka fi kira Canada West daga shekarar 1841. <ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 379</ref> An kafa al’ummomi da dama na Baƙin Kanada a Kudancin Ontario, musamman a cikin wani yanki triangular tsakanin Niagara Falls, Toronto da Windsor. Wasu ƙauyuka a karkara da suka ƙunshi 'yan uwansu da suka tsere daga bauta sun kasance a Kent da Essex cikin Ontario. Fort Malden, da ke Amherstburg, Ontario, an dauke shi a matsayin "babban wurin shigowa" ga bayi da suka tsere da ke neman shiga Kanada. Wani mai fafutukar yanci, Levi Coffin, wanda ya taimaka wa fiye da mutane 2,000, ya goyi bayan wannan wuri. Ya bayyana Fort Malden a matsayin "babban wajen sauka, kuma babban ƙarshen hanyar Underground Railroad ta yamma." <ref>{{cite journal |last=Landon |first=Fred |date=1925 |title=Amherstburg, Terminus of the Underground Railroad |journal=Journal of Negro History |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=5|doi=10.2307/2713665 |jstor=2713665 |s2cid=149997017 }}</ref> Bayan shekarar 1850, ana kiyasta mutane 30 ke ketarewa zuwa Fort Malden a kowace rana ta jirgin ruwa. {{sfn|Calarco|Vogel|Grover|Hallstrom|2011|p=15}} Daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa shi ne ''Sultana'', wanda ke yin "safarar dawowa akai-akai" tsakanin tashoshin Lake Erie. Kapitansa, C.W. Appleby, wani jarumi mai ruwa, ya taimaka wajen tsallaka wasu daga cikin bayin da suka tsere. {{sfn|Calarco|2008|p=110}} Wasu kuma William Wells Brown ya taimaka musu, wanda shi kansa ya tsere daga bauta. Ya samu aiki a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Lake Erie, kuma ya kai mutane da dama zuwa Kanada daga Cleveland ta hanyar Buffalo ko Detroit. Ya ce, "An san cewa mutane da dama suna tserewa zuwa Kanada ta hanyar Cleaveland… Abokan bayi suna sanin cewa zan dauke su ba tare da caji ba, kuma kullum akwai wadanda ke jiransa." {{sfn|Brown|1848|pp=107–108}} [[File:MarthaCoffinWright.jpg|thumb|Martha Coffin Wright ta mayar da gidanta a Auburn, New York, matsayin matakin tsayawa a kan Underground Railroad, kuma Harriet Tubman ta sha ziyarta lokacin da take ceto bayi. Gidanta ya haɗu da wasu gidajen tsaro a New York da suka kai Kanada. <ref>{{cite web |title=Martha C. Wright |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/martha-c-wright.htm |website=Women's Rights National Historical Park |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>]] Wani muhimmin wurin da mutane suka nufa shi ne Nova Scotia, wanda aka fara zama da Baƙin Loyalists lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Amurka, sannan daga baya da Black Refugees a lokacin Yaƙin 1812 (duba Black Nova Scotians). Haka kuma, wasu muhimman wuraren zama na bakaken fata sun taso a wasu sassan British North America (Kanada a yau), ciki har da Lower Canada (Quebec) da Vancouver Island, inda Gwamna James Douglas ya karfafa shigowar bakaken fata saboda rashin goyon bayansa ga bauta. Ya kuma yi fatan al’umma mai yawa ta bakaken fata za ta zama kariya daga masu goyon bayan haɗewar yankin da Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Black Settlers Arrive in Victoria |url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/First-Black-Settlers-Arrive-in-Victoria.aspx |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.leg.bc.ca |language=en |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142039/https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/First-Black-Settlers-Arrive-in-Victoria.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da suka isa wuraren da suke nufi, mutane da dama sun fusata saboda rayuwa a Kanada ba ta da sauki. Ko da yake ba su fuskantar haɗarin kama su ba, saboda suna cikin wata ƙasa daban, rashin nuna bambanci ya yadu. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Maynard |title=Policing Black Lives State Violence in Canada from Slavery to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Fernwood Publishing |isbn=9781552669792}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winks |title=Blacks in Canada A History |date=1997 |publisher=McGill-Queens University Press |isbn=9780773566682 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cMTlnBYjxIC&q=racism}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mullens |last2=Morgan |title=Canada the Great White North where Anti-Black Racism Thrives: Kicking Down the Doors and Exposing the Realities |journal=Phylon |date=Summer 2016 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=20–41 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/phylon1960.53.1.20 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Sabbin zuwan su na fuskantar gasa daga dimbin ’yan hijira daga Turai wajen neman aiki, kuma wariyar launin fata ta kasance gama-gari. Misali, a matsayin martani ga saukar da Baƙin Loyalists a gabashin Kanada, birnin Saint John, New Brunswick ya gyara tsarin mulkinsa a shekarar 1785 domin hana baƙi gudanar da sana’a, sayar da kaya, kamun kifi ko samun ’yanci; wadannan dokokin sun ci gaba har zuwa 1870. <ref>[https://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/~Heritage/Black/Loyalists.htm "Arrival of the Black Loyalists: Saint John's Black Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519034253/https://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/~Heritage/Black/Loyalists.htm |date=May 19, 2011 }}, Heritage Resources Saint John</ref> Da barkewar Yaƙin Basasa a Amurka, da dama daga cikin ‘yan gudun hijira bakaken fata sun bar Kanada domin shiga dakarun Union Army. Wasu daga cikinsu sun koma Kanada daga baya, amma da yawa sun ci gaba da zama a Amurka. Dubban mutane kuma sun koma Kudancin Amurka bayan yaƙin ya ƙare saboda ƙoƙarin sake haɗuwa da dangi da kuma fatan cewa sauye-sauyen da kwance bauta da zamanin Reconstruction zai kawo canji. == Tatsuniyoyi == Tun daga shekarun 1980, wasu mutane sun fara ikirarin cewa ana amfani da zane-zanen barguna don nuna hanyoyi da taimako ga bayi da suka tsere. Bisa ga magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi, ana amfani da nau'ikan zane goma na bargu don bai wa bayi da suka tsere umarni ko shawarwari. Ana rataye bargunan daki-daki a kan katanga don ba da sako ta hanyar rashin magana ga bayin da ke kokarin tserewa. Wannan lambar tana da ma'ana biyu: farko don nuna wa bayi su shirya tserewa, na biyu kuma don bayar da shawarwari ko jagoranci a tafiya.<ref>Williams, Ozella McDaniels, 1999.</ref> Amma masana tarihi da suka kware kan tarihin barguna sun musanta wannan ra'ayi. Littafi na farko da ya rubuta wannan labari ta hanyar baka ya fito ne a 1999, yayin da ake ganin wani littafin yara na 1980 ne ya fara wallafa wannan ra'ayi.<ref name=SLJ407>{{Cite magazine| last=Aronson| first=Marc| date=April 1, 2007| url=https://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6430152.html| title=History That Never Happened| magazine=School Library Journal| access-date=March 31, 2011| archive-date=November 9, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103018/https://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6430152.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Masana tarihi da suka yi nazari kan lokacin kafin yakin basasa (1820–1860) sun soki wannan tatsuniya.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Stukin|first1=Stacie|title=Unravelling the Myth of Quilts and the Underground Railroad|url=https://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1606271,00.html|magazine=Time|date=April 3, 2007|access-date=January 18, 2017|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113104857/https://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1606271,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Babu wata shaida ta zamani da ke nuna cewa akwai wata lambar bargu, kuma masana kamar Pat Cummings da Barbara Brackman sun yi tambayoyi masu zurfi game da wannan ra'ayi. Haka kuma, masanin tarihi Giles Wright ya rubuta wata takarda da ta karyata wannan labari. Haka zalika, wasu kafofin bayanai na jama'a da ba na ilimi ba suna ikirarin cewa wakoki na ruhi da sauran wakoki, irin su "Steal Away" ko "Follow the Drinking Gourd", suna dauke da lambobi da suka taimaka wa bayin da suka tsere wajen samun hanya. Amma sun kasa gabatar da hujjoji masu karfi. Masana ilimi sun fi yarda cewa wakokin bayi sun bayyana bege da fatan samun 'yanci, amma ba su kasance da cikakken taimako na zahiri ga bayin da ke tserewa ba.<ref name=songstory>{{cite journal| last= Kelley| first= James| title= Song, Story, or History: Resisting Claims of a Coded Message in the African American Spiritual 'Follow the Drinking Gourd'| journal=The Journal of Popular Culture| volume=41| issue=2| date=April 2008 |pages=262–280| doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2008.00502.x}}</ref> Jirgin kasa na karkashin kasa ya zama tushen ayyukan al’adu. Misali, "Song of the Free", da aka rubuta a 1860 game da wani mutum da ya tsere daga bauta a Tennessee zuwa Kanada, an tsara shi a kan waƙar "Oh! Susanna". Kowanne baitin wakar yana karewa da ambato ga Kanada a matsayin ƙasa "inda bakaken fata ke da 'yanci". Bauta a Upper Canada (yanzu Ontario) ta kasance haramun tun 1793; a 1819, John Robinson, lauya janar na Upper Canada, ya bayyana cewa duk bakaken da ke zaune a Kanada su 'yantattu ne, kuma kotunan Kanada za su kare 'yancinsu.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/alvin_mccurdy/settlement.aspx| title=Black History-From Slavery to Settlement| website=Archives.gov.on.ca| access-date=June 7, 2016| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214020850/https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/alvin_mccurdy/settlement.aspx| archive-date=February 14, 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Bauta a Kanada baki daya ta fara raguwa bayan hukuncin kotu a 1803, kuma an haramta ta gaba daya a 1834. ===Mutane Masu Fice=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * Ann Bamford * John Brown * Owen Brown (mahaifi) * Owen Brown (ɗa) * Samuel Burris * Obadiah Bush * Levi Coffin * Elizabeth Rous Comstock * George Corson<ref>William Still, [https://archive.org/stream/undergroundrailr00stil#page/720/mode/2up/search/corson "George Corson,"] ''The Underground Rail Road'', (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872), pp. 721–23.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.philly.com/2016-04-20/news/72457126_1_underground-railroad-runaway-slaves-zoning-variance|title=Letters: Underground Railroad site threatened in Montco|website=Articles.philly.com|access-date=June 7, 2016|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531195452/https://articles.philly.com/2016-04-20/news/72457126_1_underground-railroad-runaway-slaves-zoning-variance|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Moses Dickson<ref>Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr, ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', Oxford University Press, 1999 {{ISBN|978-0195170559}}</ref> * Frederick Douglass<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210628094455/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/dc1.htm "Aboard the Underground Railroad" – Boston African American NHS]. Nps.gov (September 5, 1962). Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part3.html |title=The Rochester Years |access-date=December 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124220634/https://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part3.html |archive-date=November 24, 2011 }}</ref> * Asa Drury * George Hussey Earle Sr. * Calvin Fairbank * Bartholomew Fussell * Matilda Joslyn Gage * Thomas Galt<ref>{{cite web|title= For the People: A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association v.8 number 1 Spring 2006, Springfield, Illinois|url= https://www.abrahamlincolnassociation.org/Newsletters/8-1.pdf|access-date= October 25, 2007|archive-date= October 8, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008172446/https://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/Newsletters/8-1.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> * Thomas Garrett * Sydney Howard Gay * Josiah Bushnell Grinnell * Frances Harper * Laura Smith Haviland * Lewis Hayden * John Hunn * Roger Hooker Leavitt * Jermain Wesley Loguen * Samuel Joseph May * John Berry Meachum * Mary Meachum<ref name="stlpublicradio">{{cite web| url=https://www.stlpublicradio.org/programs/commentaries/commentary.php?cid=1351#.VjVGcNAUplI| title=Mary Meachum and the Underground Railroad| publisher=St. Louis Public Radio| date=October 9, 2012| access-date=November 1, 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033819/https://www.stlpublicradio.org/programs/commentaries/commentary.php?cid=1351#.VjVGcNAUplI| archive-date=March 5, 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Cynthia Catlin Miller * William M. Mitchell * Solomon Northup * John Parker * Elijah F. Pennypacker * Mary Ellen Pleasant * John Wesley Posey * Amy and Isaac Post * Peter Quire<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 18, 2021|title=St. John's Founder Peter Quire|url=https://www.newportthisweek.com/articles/st-johns-founder-peter-quire/|access-date=2024-09-28|website=Newport This Week|archive-date=2024-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130034327/https://www.newportthisweek.com/articles/st-johns-founder-peter-quire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * John Rankin * Alexander Milton Ross * David Ruggles * Gerrit Smith * George Luther Stearns * William Still * John Ton * Charles Turner Torrey * William Troy * Harriet Tubman * Martha Coffin Wright * John Van Zandt * Bernardhus Van Leer * Silvia and John Webber * Edward Wetherill {{div col end}} ==Kundin National Underground Railroad== File:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad NHP VC4.jpg|thumb|Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park a Gundumar Dorchester, Maryland Bayan dokar da aka wuce a shekara ta 1990 da ta umurci Hukumar Kula da Filayen Al’umma ta Kasa ta gudanar da nazari na musamman kan hanyar Underground Railroad,<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 27, 2012|title=The Underground Railroad Leaves its Tracks in History|url=https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2012/02/27/underground-railroad/|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=Government Book Talk|language=en|archive-date=May 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515140944/https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2012/02/27/underground-railroad/|url-status=live}}</ref> a shekarar 1997, Majalisar Dokoki ta 105 ta gabatar da kuma amince da H.R. 1635 – Dokar National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom ta 1998, wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu ya zama doka a waccan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stokes|first=Louis|date=July 21, 1998|title=Actions – H.R.1635 – 105th Congress (1997–1998): National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1999|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/1635/actions|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.congress.gov|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152302/https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/1635/actions|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan doka ta bai wa Hukumar Kula da Filayen Al’umma ikon kafa shirin National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom don tantance wuraren da suka shafi wannan hanyar, da kuma kiyaye su tare da yada labaran wadanda suka taka rawa a wannan tarihin. Hukumar ta rarraba wurare daban-daban da ke cikin wannan tsarin, tana wallafa labarai game da mutane da wurare, tana daukar nauyin gasa ta rubutu, kuma tana shirya taron kasa a kowane watan Mayu ko Yuni dangane da wannan hanyar Underground Railroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/index.htm|title=Network to Freedom Homepage|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203193655/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park, wanda ya hada da hanyoyin Underground Railroad a cikin gundumomi uku na gabashin Maryland da wurin da Harriet Tubman ta fito, an kirkire shi ne daga Shugaba Barack Obama a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2013 karkashin Dokar Kayayyakin Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Management – Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/hatu/learn/management/index.htm|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610193537/https://www.nps.gov/hatu/learn/management/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar tarihin ‘yar uwa da wannan park din, Harriet Tubman National Historical Park a Auburn, New York, an kafa shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2017, kuma yana mai da hankali kan shekaru na karshen rayuwar Tubman da kuma rawar da ta taka a hanyar Underground Railroad da kuma fafutukar kawar da bauta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harriet Tubman National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/hart/index.htm|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610054259/https://www.nps.gov/hart/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Watan Kasa da Kasa na Underground Railroad== An ware watan Satumba a matsayin Watan Kasa da Kasa na Underground Railroad, saboda Satumba ne lokacin da Harriet Tubman da Frederick Douglass suka tsere daga bauta.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Underground Railroad Month |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/international-underground-railroad-month.htm |website=The National Park Service |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=September is Underground Railroad Month in Maryland |url=https://www.somdnews.com/news/state/september-is-underground-railroad-month-in-maryland/article_7cecbb74-6add-11ef-95fb-a7670ec183af.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |agency=Southern Maryland News |date=2024}}</ref> ==A cikin Al'adu== File:2023 Ohio American Innovation Dollar.jpg|thumb|An tunawa da Underground Railroad a baya na 2023 Ohio American Innovation dollar ===Shawarwari don Kirkira=== * ''The Underground Railroad'' wani littafi ne na 2016 wanda Colson Whitehead ya rubuta. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Book Award a 2016 da kuma Pulitzer Prize for Fiction a 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/colson-whitehead|title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction|website=pulitzer.org|language=en|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411091928/https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/colson-whitehead|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''The Underground Railroad'' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na 2021 da aka dogara da littafin Whitehead. * ''Underground'' wani shiri ne na talabijin na Amurka da ya fara a 2016, a kan WGN America. ===Littattafai=== * David Walker (1829) ''Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World'' * Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' * Caroline Lee Hentz (1854) ''The Planter's Northern Bride'' * William M. Mitchell (1860) The Under-Ground Railroad<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=The Under-Ground Railroad |last=Mitchell |first=William |year=1860 |publisher=W. Tweedie |scan=Index:The Under-Ground Railroad.djvu}}</ref> * Sarah Hopkins Bradford (1869) ''Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman''; (1896) ''Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People'' * Barbara Smucker (1977) ''Underground to Canada'' ===Waka=== Underground Railroad wani kamfani ne da Tupac Shakur, Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion da Live Squad suka kafa don tallafa wa matasa maza da mata baki wajen kirkirar wakoki, da ba su damar fara da ci gaba da aikinsu na waka.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRdVJzMhwzg|title = 2Pac Full UNSEEN Interview (1992) Speaks on Police Brutality|website = YouTube| date=January 20, 2018 |access-date = January 29, 2022|archive-date = January 29, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRdVJzMhwzg|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://medium.com/@2pac/2pacalypse-now-1991-biography-part-2-cdc5d38b57fc|title = 2Pacalypse Now 1991 Biography, Part 2|date = December 19, 2016|access-date = January 29, 2022|archive-date = January 29, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032502/https://medium.com/@2pac/2pacalypse-now-1991-biography-part-2-cdc5d38b57fc|url-status = live}}</ref> ===Kwafi (Comics)=== A cikin ''Big Jim and the White Boy'', David F. Walker da Marcus Kwame Anderson sun sake fasalta labarin Mark Twain ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' a cikin sabuwar labarin zane, inda Big Jim da Huck suka zama wakilan Underground Railroad yayin da suke tafiya cikin Amurka a lokacin yakin basasa don ceton dangin da aka bautar.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Walker|first1=David F.|last2=Anderson|first2=Marcus Kwame|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621145/big-jim-and-the-white-boy-by-david-f-walker-and-marcus-kwame-anderson/|title=Big Jim and the White Boy: An American Classic Reimagined|publisher=Ten Speed Graphic}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} === Majiya === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last=Bird |first=Tyson |date=January 28, 2021 |title=The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad |url=https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/ |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Texas Highways |language=en-US |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519021827/https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|title=Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory|date=2004|publisher=Smithsonian Books|isbn=1-58834-157-7|editor=Blight, David W.|editor-link=David W. Blight|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/passagestofreedo0000unse}} * {{cite book|last=Bordewich|first= Fergus M.|author-link=Fergus Bordewich|title=Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America|date=2005|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-06-052430-8|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforcanaanun00bord}} * {{cite book|first=William W.|last=Brown|author-link=William Wells Brown|title=Narrative of William W. Brown, a fugitive slave|location=Boston|year=1848|edition=2nd|publisher=The Anti-slavery Office|url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001881300/page/n1/mode/1up}} * {{Cite news |last=Burnett |first=John |date=February 28, 2021 |title=A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico |language=en |work=Georgia Public Broadcasting |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195907/https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico |url-status=live}} (heard on ''[[All Things Considered]]'') * {{cite book|last=Calarco|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|title=People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary|date=2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0313339240|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123339/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Calarco|first1=Tom |author1-mask=1|last2=Vogel|first2=Cynthia|last3=Grover|first3=Kathryn|last4=Hallstrom|first4=Rae|last5=Pope|first5=Sharron L.|last6=Waddy-Thibodeaux|first6=Melissa|date=2011|title=Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]|doi=10.5040/9798400697135|isbn=978-0313381461}} * {{cite book|title=Traveling the Underground Railroad: A Visitor's Guide to More Than 300 Sites|date=2000|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=0-8065-2093-0|last=Chadwick |first= Bruce|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad}} * {{Cite news |last=Contreras |first=Russell |date=September 16, 2020a|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/2020/09/16/2db8daa8-f82f-11ea-85f7-5941188a98cd_story.html |access-date=2021-07-07 |issn=0190-8286}} * {{cite news |last=Contreras |first=Russell|author-mask=1|date=September 17, 2020b|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention |language=en-US |work=Sentinel Colorado |url=https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183145/https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/ |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last=Crable |first=Margaret |date=February 1, 2021 |title=USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife |url=https://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/ |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Dornsife, University of Southern California |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185029/https://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Foner |title=Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. |year=2015 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/gatewaytofreedom0000fone_a5t8/page/6/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-393-35219-1}} * {{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Ella|year=1998|title=But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance|publisher=Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers|isbn=978-0965330817}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|url-access=registration|title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|last2=Osei|first2=Kwasi|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2007|isbn=978-0-374-16481-2|first1=Karolyn Smardz|last1=Frost}} * {{cite book |last=Griffler |first=Keith P. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC |title=Front Line of Freedom: African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2298-8 |access-date=November 20, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709150206/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|title=Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad|date=2004|publisher= Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-684-87066-5|last=Hagedorn|first=Ann }} * {{cite book |title=Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still |date=2003 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee Publisher |isbn=1-56663-546-2 |last1=Hendrick |first1=George |last2=Hendrick |first2=Willene |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fleeingforfreedo00geor }} * {{citation |last1=Hendrick |author1-mask=1|first1=George |last2=Hendrick |first2=Willene |author2-mask=1|title =Black refugees in Canada: accounts of escape during the era of slavery |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=AoFl4pNZzNgC |year =2010|publisher =McFarland & Co |isbn =9780786447336 |access-date =November 20, 2015 |archive-date =July 9, 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200709145147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoFl4pNZzNgC |url-status =live }} * {{cite book|last=Hudson |first=J. Blaine|title=Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland|date=2002|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=0-7864-1345-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fugitiveslavesun0000huds}} * {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=J. Blaine|author-mask= 1|title=Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad |date=January 9, 2015|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |isbn=9781476602301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKRI-GNca6oC |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425214455/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Underground_Railroad/AKRI-GNca6oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Maroon |url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance|date=2014|publisher= University of Illinois Press|location= Urbana, Illinois|last=LaRoche|first=Cheryl Janifer}} * {{Cite news |date=October 25, 2018 |first=Becky |last=Little |title=Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S. |language=en-US |work=Vallarta Daily News |url=https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185257/https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Little |first=Becky |author-mask=1|title=The Little-Known Underground Railroad That Ran South to Mexico |url=https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=HISTORY |date=January 29, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182027/https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Potter|first= David M.|author-link=David M. Potter|title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|url-access=registration|date=1976|isbn=0-06-131929-5|publisher=Harper & Row}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|title=Operating the Underground Railroad|website=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=January 29, 2007|archive-date=December 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091541/https://cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|title=Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad|work=Africans in America c. 1780–1862: Judgment Day|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|url-status=live}} {{Refend}} ==Ƙarin karatu== * {{cite book|last=Blackett|first=R.J.M.| date=2013 |title=Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery|location=Chapel Hill|publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-4696-0877-8}} * {{cite book|last=Bolton|first=S. Charles| date=2019|title=Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860|publisher=[[University of Arkansas Press]]|isbn=9781682260999}} * {{cite book|last=Clifford Larson|first=Kate |date=2004|title=Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero|location= New York|publisher= Ballantine Books|isbn= 0-345-45627-0|author-link=Kate Larson (historian)}} * {{cite book |url=https://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |title=Stories of the Underground Railroad |date=1941 |last=Curtis|first=Anna L. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331000922/https://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |archive-date=March 31, 2012 }} (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad) * {{cite book |last=Diemer |first=Andrew K.|title=Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2022 |isbn=9780593534380}} * {{cite book |title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|url-access=registration|first1=Karolyn Smardz |last1=Frost |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2007|isbn = 9780374531256}} * {{cite interview|last= Jones|first= Leesa Bailey|interviewer= Brooks, Ellen|title= Leesa Jones Interview|work= State Archives of North Carolina (Oral History)|date= January 7, 2020|location= Washington, N.C|url= https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p16062coll48/id/3/rec/1|access-date= February 27, 2021|archive-date= April 15, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025538/https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p16062coll48/id/3/rec/1|url-status= dead}} * {{cite book|title=The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr00lcstil|last=Still|first= William|author-link=William Still|location=Philadelphia |date= 1872|publisher=Porter & Coates}} (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia). ** {{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15263 | title=Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg}} ** {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DKC0088/page/n5 | title=Book at Internet Archive| date=1872}} ** {{librivox book | title=The Underground Railroad | author=William Still}} <!-- author: template extracts the last word in the name only --> * {{cite book|last=Strother|first=Horatio T.|date=1962|title=The Underground Railroad in Connecticut|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=9780819560124}} * {{cite book|last= Turner|first=Glennette Tilley|date=2001|title=The Underground Railroad in Illinois|publisher=Newman Educational Pub.|isbn=978-0938990055}} * {{cite book|editor-last= Walker|editor-first=Timothy Dale|date=2021|title=Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1625345936}} * {{cite book|last=Whitehead|first=Colson|author-link=Colson Whitehead|date=2016|title=[[The Underground Railroad (novel)|The Underground Railroad]]|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn=978-0-385-54236-4}}; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history. ===Tatsuniya da almara=== * {{cite web |url= https://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |website= historyofquilts.com |title= Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts |access-date= December 15, 2004 |archive-date= May 14, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514184559/https://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |url-status= dead }} * {{cite web|url=https://historiccamdencounty.com/ccnews11.shtml |website=Historic Camden County|title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|website=quilthistory.com|title=Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=February 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204013739/https://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|website=Womenfolk.com|url=https://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|title=Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=October 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102719/https://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|url-status=dead}} ==Mahaɗa== {{sisterlinks|d=Q868393|c=Category:Underground Railroad|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Underground Railroad|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the Underground Railroad}} * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/index.htm Underground Railroad] – National Park Service ** [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/language-of-slavery.htm/index.htm Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery] * [https://www.antislaverystudies.org Underground Railroad Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211082937/https://antislaverystudies.org/ |date=2025-02-11 }} * [https://www.fergusbordewich.com/underground-railroad-timeline.html Underground Railroad Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525170128/http://www.fergusbordewich.com/underground-railroad-timeline.html |date=2025-05-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715052736/https://www.fourr.org/ Friends of the Underground Railroad] * [https://www.freedomcenter.org National Underground Railroad Freedom Center] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515073420/https://www.ugrri.org/ Underground Railroad Research Institute at Georgetown College]}} * [https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/651523?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target= Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York]: A bibliography by The [[Buffalo History Museum]] * [https://www.newspapers.com/topics/civil-war/underground-railroad/ Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com] ihswaoveebpj4aahz3wsgtj41ucaddn José Jacinto Van-Dúnem 0 101108 882492 624160 2026-07-13T20:21:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''José Jacinto da Silva Vieira Dias Van-Dúnem''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Zé Van-Dúnem Filósofo''' <ref name="ATD">{{Cite web |title=José Jacinto Van-Dúnem |url=https://www.tchiweka.org/pessoas/jose-jacinto-van-dunem?page=83 |access-date=16 August 2024 |publisher=ATD}}</ref> (29 Agusta 1939 - 8 Yuli 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Angola]] ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da 'yan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Club-K">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Sita Vales, protagonista do "27 de Maio" – In memorium |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11252:sita-vales-protagonistas-do-27-de-maio-in-memorium&catid=41004&lang=pt&Itemid=1079 |publisher=Club-K}}</ref> Ya kasance kwamishinan siyasa na babbar ma'aikata na Sojojin Jama'a na Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}</ref> memba na kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA, da kwamishinan siyasa na Gabas ta Gabas (III Região Político-Militar). <ref name="Marques" /> Ya taka rawar gani sosai a yakin Angola na samun 'yancin kai da yakin basasar Angola. <ref name="Marques" /> Wani memba na reshen gurguzu na orthodox na MPLA, <ref name="Club-K">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Sita Vales, protagonista do "27 de Maio" – In memorium |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11252:sita-vales-protagonistas-do-27-de-maio-in-memorium&catid=41004&lang=pt&Itemid=1079 |publisher=Club-K}}</ref> Van-Dúnem kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar Nitista. An kama shi a wani yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a ƙasar Angola, an kashe shi tare da matarsa Sita Valles.<ref name="Club-K">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Sita Vales, protagonista do "27 de Maio" – In memorium |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11252:sita-vales-protagonistas-do-27-de-maio-in-memorium&catid=41004&lang=pt&Itemid=1079 |publisher=Club-K}}</ref> <ref name="Marques" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ɗan fari ne a wurin mahaifinsa mai suna Antónia Vieira Dias da Mateus Van-Dúnem, <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> José Jacinto Van-Dúnem ya fito ne daga dangin da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Angolan na zamani, <ref name="27maio.com" /> musamman game da kakansa, Manuel Pereira dos Santos Van-Dúnem, <ref name="27maio.com" /> da kuma babban kawunsa, Dia Manuel Iná. <ref name="27maio.com" /> 'Yar'uwarsa, Francisca Van Dunem, ita ce ministar gwamnatin Baƙar fata ta farko a [[Portugal]], tana aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Ministan Shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barra |first=Luís |date=11 June 2016 |title=Francisca Van Dunem: "O meu presente é o mais imprevisível de todos os futuros" |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2016-06-11-Francisca-Van-Dunem-O-meu-presente-e-o-mais-imprevisivel-de-todos-os-futuros |access-date=16 August 2024 |publisher=Expresso}}</ref> Van-Dúnem ya sami karatun firamare a wata makaranta da ke Sumbe yayin da danginsa ke zama a wurare bisa aikin da ubansa ke yi. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> Ya koma [[Luanda]] ya tafi ya zauna tare da kawunsa <ref name="27maio.com" /> don ya iya karatu a Liceu Nacional Paulo Dias de Novais (a halin yanzu Escola Angola Quiluanje). Daga baya ya yi karatu a Faculty of Medicine a [[Jami'ar Agostinho Neto|Jami'ar Luanda]]. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960s, saboda tasirin iyali, ya zama wani ɓangare na gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka tare da ƙungiyar Marxist MPLA, ya bar karatunsa a Faculty of Medicine. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Ya shiga yakin 'yancin kai na Angolan a matsayin jami'i a cikin basirar Sojojin Jama'a don 'Yantar da Angola (EPLA) da kuma mai gudanarwa na Kwamitin Yanki na Luanda (CRL), <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> yana shirya hanyar sadarwar salula tare da MPLA a Luanda. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Halinsa na hankali ya sa aka yi masa laƙabi "Filósofo" (Portuguese for philosopher).<ref name="Marques">{{Cite book |last=Inácio Luiz Guimarães Marques |url=https://www.historia.uff.br/stricto/td/1571.pdf |title=Memórias de um golpe: O 27 de maio de 1977 em Angola |date=2012 |publisher=Universidade Federal Fluminense}}</ref> <ref name="27maio.com" /> Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin ayyukan makamai, ciki har da kama wasu jiragen sama a shekarar 1969. <ref name="27maio.com" /> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin leƙen asiri na soja, Van-Dúnem ya shiga cikin sojojin Portuguese na mulkin mallaka a cikin Janairu 1970, yana samun damar samun bayanan sirri na soja. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki a [[Huambo]] da kuma a [[Kuito|Cuíto]] tare da ƙwararre a harbin sojan doki. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Ya shirya satar makamai da alburusai daga barikokin soji a Cuíto, wanda ya kai ga daure shi a Luanda daga baya a Moçâmedes. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Duk da cewa an ɗaure shi saboda yunƙurinsa na samun makamai don tawayen da ke ɗauke da makamai, ya sami shahara da mutuntawa a tsakanin sojojin EPLA saboda jajircewarsa da sha'awar shiga kasada. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Tare da juyin juya halin Carnation a Portugal a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu 1974, an fara aiwatar da tsarin mulkin mallaka. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> An 'yantar da Van-Dúnem, kuma ya zama, tare da [[Nito Alves]] da Daniel Chipenda, manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin MPLA don shiga da jagoranci a yakin neman 'yancin kai. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Tare da Alves, shi da Van-Dúnem sun fara gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Yanki na 1st Soja (Luanda, Dembos da Norte Angolano) na MPLA da sake kunnawa yankin na 4 (Malanje da Cuanza). <ref name="27maio.com" /> Har ila yau, sun sami damar mayar da martani ga muhimman kungiyoyin tantanin halitta a Luanda, Dokar Ayyuka na Luanda (COL), da wani ɓangare na daidaita al'amura a babban birnin ƙasar, <ref name="Marques" /> shirya sintiri don tabbatar da tsari, abubuwan da za su tabbatar da nasarar reshen Agostinho Neto na jam'iyyar yayin taron Lundoji. <ref name="Marques" /> A taron da aka yi a watan Yulin 1974, an zaɓi Van-Dúnem a matsayin Babban Kwamitin Jam’iyyar kuma ya zama ɗan ƙarami a cikin shugabancin MPLA. <ref name="27maio.com" /> A cikin watan Maris 1975, Agostinho Neto ya naɗa shi kwamishinan siyasa na ƙasa da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin FAPLA. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> A cikin muƙaminsa, shi ne na uku a kan muƙamin kwamandan manyan jami'an soji na jam'iyyar, bayan shugaban rundunar soji Iko Carreira da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin [[João Luís Xietu]]. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban 1975, aka ayyana ‘yancin kai na Angola, tare da MPLA a matsayin jam’iyya mai mulki. Bayan haka ne aka fara wani dogon yakin basasa tsakanin sabuwar ƙasar Angola da kungiyoyi daban-daban masu gaba da juna. Van-Dúnem ya halarci yaƙe-yaƙe na shekarar 1975 da 1976. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Ya zama memba na tawagar MPLA zuwa babban taro na 25 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka gudanar daga 24 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris 1976, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nito Alves. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> Van-Dúnem ya zama ma fi dacewa a akida tare da tsarin Soviet kuma ya ba da shawarar samar da tsarin gurguzu na al'ada. <ref name="27maio.com" /> Daga watan Maris 1976 zuwa gaba, Van-Dúnem ya fara sukar shugabannin jam'iyyar da na Angolan masu tasiri, musamman zanga-zangar adawa da "farar-mestiço elite", wanda yanzu Ministan Tsaro Iko Carreira ya misalta, da kuma mataimakin shugaban MPLA kuma shugaban majalisar juyin juya hali [[Lúcio Lara]].<ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}</ref> Daga baya ya sanya Agostinho Neto da kansa da gwamnatinsa gabaɗaya a matsayin masu sukar sa. <ref name="Marques" /> Wannan suka ya sa ya rasa tasiri a jam’iyyar, inda aka tura shi yankin ‘yan sandan soja na 3. <ref name="27maio.com">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem |url=https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ |publisher=Associação 27 de Maio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://27maio.com/homenagem-ha-70-anos-nascia-jose-van-dunem/ "Homenagem: Há 70 anos nascia José Van-Dunem"]. Associação 27 de Maio. 2009.</cite></ref> A cikin shekarar 1976, Van-Dúnem ya auri Sita Valles, wata mai fafutuka a cikin MPLA wadda ta kula da motsin matasa da motsin jama'a na jam'iyyar a Luanda. <ref name="Club-K">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Sita Vales, protagonista do "27 de Maio" – In memorium |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11252:sita-vales-protagonistas-do-27-de-maio-in-memorium&catid=41004&lang=pt&Itemid=1079 |publisher=Club-K}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11252:sita-vales-protagonistas-do-27-de-maio-in-memorium&catid=41004&lang=pt&Itemid=1079 "Sita Vales, protagonista do "27 de Maio" – In memorium"]. Club-K. 20 May 2012.</cite></ref> Suna da ɗa wanda suka sa masa suna João Ernesto "Che" Valles Van-Dúnem, sunansa shine haraji ga Che Guevara. <ref name="Club-K" /> Van-Dúnem yana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin kungiyar Nitista, lamarin da ya sa aka cire shi daga mukamansa na jam'iyyar da kuma jihar a tsakanin shekarun 1976 zuwa 1977. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagororin yunkurin juyin mulkin Angola a shekarar 1977. <ref name="Marques" /> An kama shi a lokacin ramuwar gayya da jihar ta yi kan yunkurin juyin mulkin, <ref name="Marques" /> an kashe Van-Dúnem da matarsa Sita Valles. <ref name="Marques" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8950y93zkuoqxre4c5bcmuagvkt6sps Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka 0 101630 882282 882270 2026-07-13T12:03:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, amma an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} i2rupbarad05bp9x0cefjuv3n0u9hex 882291 882282 2026-07-13T12:40:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} jev7h5xtxfq89xxw4eeknnmjtygx48a 882292 882291 2026-07-13T12:41:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na A2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} afj4urydtmbx58cbwqomfp0ck9ik5zk 882293 882292 2026-07-13T12:41:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Al 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 9z5qo0btfbelcpk5s9s06jx3dlpxb1p 882294 882293 2026-07-13T12:42:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Ali 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} frcg3b1ogtwexv7hq0roaafm7fxir1e 882295 882294 2026-07-13T12:42:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Alif 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 8zgfq2hucksn73pjh221bpkd422909f 882296 882295 2026-07-13T12:44:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Alif 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somaliya, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ikjt5h59lgd30zkppzrgclfkvwm2fur 882303 882296 2026-07-13T13:08:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu ammah har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Alif 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somaliya, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ir4n30dkui1dhpzsq43eqpi97ibfz3r 882304 882303 2026-07-13T13:09:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka.{{Spaced en dash}}[[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . <ref name="EAC_President_2010">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=One president for EA by 2010 |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031054042/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=402452 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=Sundayvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekarun Alif 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu ammah har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Vaughan2019">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan |first=Chris |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964 |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation%2C%201958-1964.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x18000407 |s2cid=158221888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065009/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9531/3/Freedom%20and%20Unity%20The%20politics%20of%20East%20African%20regionalism%20and%20federation,%201958-1964.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ikuya |first=James Magode |date=December 2017 |title=Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity |journal=Development |volume=60 |issue=3–4 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8 |s2cid=89891054 |id={{ProQuest|2086486348}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, ammah an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010501/https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101025553/https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watan Satumba na Alif 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. <ref name="East African 2">{{Cite web |last=Havyarimana |first=Moses |date=18 January 2020 |title=Regional experts draft confederation constitution |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306025719/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/East-africa-experts-draft-confederation-constitution/4552908-5422610-11fx1ge/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815052959/https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/03/east-african-federation-looks-set-for-further-delay/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=Global Risk Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. == Siffofin == A 5,449,717&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> (2,104,147 sq mi) {{Refn|name=somaliland|group=note}}, Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin [[Indiya]] . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na [[Rasha]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da [[Indonesiya]], za su zarce na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da [[Sin|China]] kawai . An gabatar da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. <ref name="EAC_President_2010"/> A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. <ref name=":22"/> Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira [[East African Monetary Institute (Eami)|Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami)]] . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan [[Najeriya]] da [[Misra|Masar]] . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya. Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, [[William Ruto]], shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=eac.int}}</ref> Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya. == Tsarin lokaci == === Fage === A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. <ref name=":0222" /> Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin. === 1960s shawara === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_proposed_-_1963.png|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s]] A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. [[Julius Nyerere]] ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya. A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika [[Julius Nyerere]] da Firayim Ministan Uganda [[Milton Obote]] a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya. A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, ammah Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. {{Sfn|Arnold|1974}} A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da [[Zanzibar]] sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama [[Tanzaniya]] . Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":02"/> Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). <ref name=":02" /> Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name="Vaughan2019"/> === Shawarar 2010-2020s === [[Fayil:East_African_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg|left|thumb| Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s]] A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikwati |first=James |date=14 June 2006 |title=The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=Africanexecutive.com |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=FACTBOX: East African common market begins |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An amince da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu . A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a [[Kampala]] da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa |url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223329/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173658/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412300998.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubwani |first=Zephania |date=6 May 2021 |title=EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412032827/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/business/-eac-must-raise-3-5m-to-keep-confederation-plan-on-course-3390396 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]}}</ref> yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda. A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Quick Facts |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010647/https://www.eac.int/eac-quick-facts |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int}}</ref> kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|tawaye]] da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. <ref name="rumoured exit" /> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki. [[Somaliya]] ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku. == Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka == '''Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka''' mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka. === Bayyani === Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda. Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1653-eac-constitutional-experts-hold-consultations-with-president-pierre-nkurunziza |title=EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza |work=East African Community |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20210424">{{cite press release |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/1976-eac-partner-states-to-largely-retain-their-national-sovereignty-under-the-proposed-eac-political-confederation |title=EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation |work=East African Community |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya. === Tarihi === Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.<ref name="eac-pf">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |title=Political Federation |work=East African Community |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.<ref name="eac-pf" /> Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.<ref name="eac-20230530" /> == Yanayin Ƙasa == A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.<ref name="CIAPop" /> Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni. EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Hart |first3=Neil |year=2021 |title=African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4890999M |doi=10.1029/2020GL090999 |s2cid=230529018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munday |first1=Callum |last2=Savage |first2=Nicholas |last3=Jones |first3=Richard G. |last4=Washington |first4=Richard |year=2023 |title=Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..276M |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 |pmid=36859546 |s2cid=257282295}}</ref> Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=Richard |last2=Hart |first2=Neil C. G. |last3=Maidment |first3=Ross I. |year=2019 |title=Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=24 |pages=8791–8811 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8791H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023 |date=31 December 2023 |publisher=East African Community |url=http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162915/http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/24500/EAC%20Statistics%20Quartely%20Bulletin_Issue%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.uschamber.com/international/the-lobito-corridor-building-africas-most-important-railway |access-date=10 June 2024 |last1=Ellington |first1=Arnold}}</ref> Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania. Somaliya, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.<ref name="CIAPop" />{{refn|name=somaliland|group=note|Ya haɗa da Somaliland.}} Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Kambale |first=Pascal |interviewer=Mvemba Phezo Dizolele |title=State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community |type=podcast |last2=Ochieng |first2=Beverly |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-eight-challenges-facing-east-africa-community |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Into Africa |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> == Shugabanci == == Fa'idoji == === Kasuwanni da Ciniki === Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillars of EAC Regional Integration |url=https://www.eac.int/integration-pillars |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=East African Community}}</ref> Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02"/> Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.<ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012) |url=https://afrobarometer.org/publications/tanzania-round-5-summary-results-2012 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=afrobarometer.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan Matasa === Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.<ref name=":42">{{Cite press release |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202065014/https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.<ref name=":42"/> Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.<ref name=":42"/> == Ƙalubale == === Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+ Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15) !Kasa !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />sosai" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka <br />kaɗan" !EAC<br />"yana<br />taimaka<br />da<br />ƙanƙanta" !EAC<br />baya<br />yi<br />komai !Ban<br />sani<br />ba |- |Uganda |20% |21% |15% |7% |37% |- |Kenya |16% |28% |27% |8% |20% |- |Tanzania |16% |28% |13% |16% |28% |} Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.<ref name="TZ Support">{{Cite journal |last=Knowles |first=Josie |date=July 2014 |title=East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno146.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=146}}</ref> Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.<ref name="TZ Support" /> A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.<ref name="TZ Support" /> Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.<ref name="KY Support">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaburu |first1=Mercy |last2=Logan |first2=Carolyn |date=23 August 2022 |title=Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AD544-East-African-Federation-faces-limited-awareness-and-support-in-Kenya-Afrobarometer-23aug22.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=544}}</ref> Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.<ref name="KY Support"/> Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".<ref name="KY Support"/> Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref name="KY Support"/> Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.<ref name="gen. support">{{Cite journal |last1=Olapade |first1=Markus |last2=Selormey |first2=Edem E. |last3=Gninafon |first3=Horace |date=25 May 2016 |title=Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'? |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno91_regional_integration_in_africa_en.pdf |journal=Afrobarometer |issue=91}}</ref> A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.<ref name="gen. support"/> Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.<ref name="gen. support"/> Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.<ref name="gen. support"/>{{refn|Binciken bai haɗa da zaɓin "EAC tana cutarwa" ba|name=survey|group=note}} Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.<ref name="rumoured exit"/> === Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe === Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,{{explain|date=March 2023}} inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Easterly |first1=William |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |date=November 1997 |title=Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1203–1250 |doi=10.1162/003355300555466 |jstor=2951270 |issn=0033-5533 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/112/4/1203/1911730 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC. === Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu === Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |access-date=2022-04-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president smashes his own election record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnk413ze07lo |last=Kupemba |first=Danai Nesta |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191042/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220204952/https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.<ref name=":112"/> Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191041/https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429191040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":14" /> === Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki === Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |access-date=2022-04-30 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143121/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=14 July 2021 |title=South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021519/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-meet-the-eac-integration-rules-3470506 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The EastAfrican}}</ref> Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.<ref name=":15" /> Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.<ref name=":15" /> == Alƙaluma== === Addini === {{Pie chart |caption= Addinai na EAF<ref name="pew estimates"/> |label1 = Kiristanci |value1 = 79.80 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = Musulunci |value2 = 15.97 |color2 = Green |label3 = Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = Gold |label4 = Babu Addini |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = Black |label5 = Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) |value5 = 0.27 |color5 = DarkOrange }} Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook<ref name="CIAPop" /> ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.<ref name="pew estimates">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> * Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17) * Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014) * Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019) * Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20) * Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) '''Lura''': Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008. * Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) * Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014) * Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022) * Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 5lmk32tbn2tnjg2wr5sbrucjlfsan7w Kerry McNamara 0 102550 882801 640375 2026-07-14T08:57:29Z Usman saadu 46863 882801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Polytechnic_of_Namibia_engineering_campus.jpg|thumb| Cibiyar Injiniya [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Namibia|ta Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Namibia]] a tsakiyar Windhoek. Kerry McNamara Architects ne ya tsara dukkan gine-ginen wannan harabar]] '''Kerry McNamara''' (Agusta 1940 a Kuruman - 16 ga Janairu shekara ta 2017 a Swakopmund) babban masanin [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|gine-ginen]] Namibiya ne kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. An haifi McNamara a watan Agusta 1940 a Kuruman a yankin Arewacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A cikin shekarar 1965 ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] kuma ya koma Afirka ta Kudu-maso-Yamma jim kaɗan bayan haka. Aikin gine-gine na farko shi ne Makarantar Fasaha a Ongwediva,<ref name=AZ>{{Cite news | title=Architekt Kerry McNamara verstorben |trans-title=Architect Kerry McNamara dies | language=German | newspaper=[[Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)|Allgemeine Zeitung]] | date=19 January 2017 | url=https://www.az.com.na/nachrichten/architekt-kerry-mcnamara-verstorben}}</ref> daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Ongwediva Training College|Kwalejin Koyarwa Ongwediva]].<ref name=Tribute>{{Cite news | title=Tribute to Kerry McNamara | last=Smuts | first=Dave | newspaper= [[The Namibian]] | date=19 January 2017 | page=7 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/50133/read/Tribute-to-Kerry-McNamara}}</ref> Ya kafa ''Kerry McNamara da Associates'' a cikin shekarar 1977, kamfani a cikin shekarar 1988 mai suna ''Kerry McNamara Architects''.<ref name=anti>{{Cite news | title=Anti-apartheid architect dies | last=Ngatjiheue | first=Charmaine | newspaper= [[The Namibian]] | date=18 January 2017 | page=3 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/50095/read/Anti-apartheid-architect-dies}}</ref> A lokacin aikinsa McNamara ya ba da gudummawar kusan 1,170 zane-zane na gine-gine, wanda aka fi sani da su shine Oshakati Open Market, gine-gine a harabar Injiniya ' [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Namibia]], nunin Meteorite na Hoba kusa da Grootfontein, da Cibiyar Ilimin Adult [[Rössing Foundation]] a [[Windhoek]]. Ya sami karɓuwa game da "saɓanin ƙirarsa na wuraren jama'a", <ref name="Tribute" /> kuma a matsayin "madaidaicin madaidaicin wuri akan shimfiɗar gine-ginen Namibiya".<ref name=farewell>{{Cite news | title=Namibia bids McNamara farewell | last=Kisting | first=Denver | newspaper= [[The Namibian]] | date=23 January 2017 | page=5 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/50256/read/Namibia-bids-McNamara-farewell}}</ref> Abokin aikinsa [[Natanael Araseb]] ya bayyana shi a matsayin "magani mai hangen nesa wanda ya yi aikin tsara birane tun kafin a yi tunanin". A cikin shekarar 2010 ya sami lambar yabo ta "Lifetime Achievement Award" daga Namibia Chamber of Architects. <ref name="AZ" /> Kerry McNamara sanannen mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata ne. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ruguza ''shirin zaman lafiya na Namibia 435'', wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman ganin an aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 435 na Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wanda ya yi kira ga neman '[[Yakin Iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu|yancin kai na Namibiya]] da kuma kawar da mulkin farar fata marasa rinjaye. Ofisoshin The Namibia, wata jarida mai sukar mamayar [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka]] ta Kudu ta Kudu-maso-Yamma da kuma goyon bayan jam'iyyar SWAPO da ake zalunta a lokacin, an ba shi hayarsa, duk da hare-haren bama-bamai da ya ɓarke da hawaye da 'yan tawaye masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata suka yi.<ref name=farewell>{{Cite news | title=Namibia bids McNamara farewell | last=Kisting | first=Denver | newspaper= [[The Namibian]] | date=23 January 2017 | page=5 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/50256/read/Namibia-bids-McNamara-farewell}}</ref> McNamara kuma ya haɗa hannu da Niko Bessinger, wani baƙar fata mai zane-zane kuma sanannen shugaban SWAPO, sanin cewa wannan haɗin gwiwar zai ba shi kwangila da yawa daga jihar da kuma daga masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Tribute" /> McNamara ya mutu daga [[Sankara|cutar kansa]] a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017 a gidansa mai ritaya a Swakopmund. Ya auri Shelagh McNamara; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya.<ref name=farewell>{{Cite news | title=Namibia bids McNamara farewell | last=Kisting | first=Denver | newspaper= [[The Namibian]] | date=23 January 2017 | page=5 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/50256/read/Namibia-bids-McNamara-farewell}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] nkb37twdku6ef3xpg1oos5q0w491zwh Yaƙin Elandslaagte 0 102768 882452 643087 2026-07-13T17:43:29Z Usman saadu 46863 882452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Elandslaagte''' (21 ga watan Oktoba 1899) ya faru ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun nasarorin da Birtaniyya suka samu a lokacin rikicin. A lokacin, Boers sun mamaye Natal, kuma sun mamaye tashar jirgin ƙasa a Elandslaagte. Don korar Boers daga matsayinsu, Sojojin Birtaniyya sun jagoranci kai hari ta hanyoyi biyu a cikin tsaunukan da Boers suka mamaye, wanda ya tilasta musu ja da baya. Duk da haka, sojojin Birtaniya sun ja da baya daga baya saboda tsoron wani karfi na Boer, suna watsar da damar su. == Gabatarwa == [[Fayil:Group_portrait_of_Boer_General_Kock_and_his_staff_before_the_battle_of_Elandslaagte_21_October_1899_(retouched).jpg|left|thumb| Janar Kock, da ma'aikatansa, da kuma jami'an rundunar Jamus a jajibirin yakin]] Lokacin da Boers suka mamaye Natal, dakaru ƙarƙashin Janar Johannes Kock sun mamaye tashar jirgin ƙasa a Elandslaagte a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 1899, don haka ya yanke hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin manyan sojojin Burtaniya a Ladysmith da wani ma'aikaci a Dundee. Sojojin De Kock sun ƙunshi galibin mazaje na Commando na Johannesburg tare da ƙungiyoyin Jamus, Faransa, Dutch, Amurkawa, da kuma Irish Boer masu aikin sa kai na ƙasashen waje. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} {{Sfn|Viljoen|1902}} Sanin cewa an yanke telegraph, Laftanar Janar Sir George White ya aika da kwamandan sojan doki, Manjo Janar John French don sake kwace tashar. Lokacin da suka zo jim kaɗan bayan wayewar gari a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, French ya sami Boers a cikin ƙarfi, tare da bindigogi biyu. Ya aika wa Ladysmith ta wayar tarho don ƙarfafawa, wanda jim kaɗan ya isa ta jirgin ƙasa. == Yakin == [[Fayil:Elandslaagte_1.jpg|left|thumb| Cajin Lancers na 5 a Elandslaagte, daga zane na Richard Caton Woodville]] [[Fayil:City_Hall_and_Francis_Farewell_Gardens,_Durban_VVV.jpg|left|thumb| Alamar tunawa da ke tunawa da rawar Natal Field Artillery a yakin]] Yayin da batura uku na bindigogin filin Birtaniyya suka yi bama-bamai a matsayin Boer, da Bataliya ta 1, Rundunar Devonshire ta ci gaba gaba da gaba a cikin tsari, babban harin da Kanar Ian Hamilton ya umarta (Bataliya ta farko, Rundunar Manchester, Battalion ta 2, Gordon Highlanders da Dimbin Horse na Imperial) sun koma kusa da Boers. Sararin sama ya ci gaba da yin duhu da gajimare, kuma yayin da turawan Ingila suka kai farmaki, guguwar ta fashe. A cikin rashin kyan gani da kuma ruwan sama, sojojin Biritaniya sun fuskanci shingen shinge na gonakin waya, inda aka ɗaure wasu mazaje da harbe-harbe. Duk da haka, sun yanke wayar ko karya ta, kuma sun mamaye babban ɓangaren Boer. {{Sfn|Pakenham|1979}} Sir George White ya tashi daga Ladysmith don lura da aikin, amma ya bar French don kada ya katse kan cin gashin kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conan Doyle |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Conan Doyle |date=September 1902 |title=The Great Boer War Chapter 6, Pt. I - Elandslaagte |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Great_Boer_War/Chapter_6 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu ƙananan jam'iyyun Boers sun riga sun nuna fararen tutoci lokacin da Janar Kock ya jagoranci kai hari, sanye da babbar hularsa da kuma Lahadi mafi kyau. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} Ya kori sojojin Biritaniya cikin ruɗani, amma sun taru, wanda Hamilton ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi (kuma an ruwaito shi, mai bugler na Manchesters da Pipe Major na Gordons) kuma an sake tuhumar su. An kashe Kock da abokansa ko kuma an yi musu mummunan rauni. Yayin da sauran Boers suka hau dokinsu kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su ja da baya, ƙungiyoyi biyu na sojan doki na Birtaniya (daga 5th Lancers da 5th Dragoon Guards) sun shiga cikinsu tare da lances da sabers, suna yanke da yawa. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin 'yan lokuta a lokacin yakin Boer wanda wani sojan doki na Birtaniya ya yi hulɗa. {{Sfn|Pakenham|1979}} Bindigogin filin Boer guda biyu sun faɗa hannun Birtaniya. An gano cewa asalinsu 'yan Burtaniya ne kuma Boers sun kama su bayan harin Jameson. {{Sfn|Gomm|1971}} == Bayan haka == [[Fayil:Elangslaagte.jpg|right|thumb| Filin yaƙi a Elandslaagte]] Hanyar yanzu ta fito fili ga rundunar Birtaniyya a Dundee ta koma kan babbar rundunar Burtaniya, amma Sir George White ya ji tsoron cewa Boers 10,000 daga Orange Free State na gab da kai hari Ladysmith, kuma ya umarci rundunar da ke Elandslaagte ta koma can. Turawan Ingila sun gaji kuma an kashe hafsoshi da yawa, kuma ja da baya ya zama tarzoma. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} An sake ware ma'aikatan a Dundee, kuma an tilasta musu yin wata hanya mai ban sha'awa kafin su kai ga tsira. Sojojin Boer sun sake mamaye Elandslaagte kwanaki biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Gillings|2003}} Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka kama Janar Kock kuma ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu jim kaɗan bayan yakin. Har ila yau, an kama Adolf Schiel, wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya zauna a Afirka ta Kudu tun a shekarar 1878. Schiel, wanda ke riƙe da kwamandan Laftanar Kanar, ya jagoranci kwamandojin Jamus a yakin. Schiel ya koma Jamus bayan yakin, amma ya mutu daga raunukan da ya samu a Elandslaagte a shekarar 1903. {{Sfn|Gomm|1971}} Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu a Burtaniya har da Kanar John James Scott-Chisholme, kwamanda a Dokin Haske na Imperial. An kashe shi ne yayin da yake jagorantar gaba da kuma ƙarfafa mutanensa ta hanyar daga sarƙa mai launi. Yaƙin ya kuma yi fice saboda kasancewarsa na farko kuma na ƙarshe na masu aikin sa kai [[Hollanderkorps]]. Hollanderkorps ruƙuni ne na ca. Masu aikin sa kai na Dutch 150 waɗanda aka kafa wata guda da ya gabata. A lokacin yakin Hollanderkorps sun sami asarar rayuka 9, ciki har da Herman Coster, tare da jami'in tsaro [[Cars Geerts de Jonge]] da sojoji bakwai: [[P.J. van den Broek|PJ van den Broek]], [[H. van Cittert]], [[J.A. Lepeltak Kieft|JA Lepeltak Kieft]], [[Jan Moora]], [[J.Th. Rummeling|J.Th.]] [[J.Th. Rummeling|Rummeling]], [[M. Schaink]], da [[F.W. Wagner|FW Wagner]]. An kuma kama wasu 35 daga cikin mutanen Holland a fursuna a hannun Birtaniya. {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} Daga cikin fursunonin akwai Willem Frederik Mondriaan (ɗan'uwan ɗan Holand Piet Mondrian) wanda ya ji rauni a yaƙin. Ko da yake ya iya yin rarrafe daga fagen fama ba da jimawa ba Turawan Ingila suka kama shi a matsayin fursuna. Daga baya an aika shi zuwa Saint Helena a matsayin fursuna na yaƙi, ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1903. {{Sfn|Bosch|2013}} Cornelis Vincent 'Cor' van Gogh, ɗan'uwan masanin zane na Holland [[Vincent van Gogh]], shi ma ya yi yaƙi a cikin yaƙin {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} inda ya ji rauni kuma aka kama shi a matsayin fursuna. Ya rasu ba da jimawa ba. Janar-janar ɗin Boer ba su ji daɗin aikin Hollanderkorps ba, kuma an wargaza shi bayan yakin, ko da yake masu sa kai na Holland dari da dama sun ci gaba da fafatawa a cikin rundunonin Boer. {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} An rubuta sunayen mutanen Hollanders da suka mutu, ciki har da Coster, a wani wurin tarihi da ke wurin da aka gwabza. ‘Yan ɓarna sun lalata wannan abin tunawa a shekarar 2014. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Battle_of_Elandslaagte.jpg|alt=Sketch of the Battle of Elandslaagte by Willem Frederik Mondriaan| Zane na Yaƙin Elandslaagte na Willem Frederik Mondriaan Fayil:Hollanderkorps_Memorial_at_Elandslaagte.jpg|alt=Monument to the members of the Hollanderkorps who died at the Battle of Elandslaagte before its destruction in 2014| Abin tunawa ga membobin Hollanderkorps waɗanda suka mutu a Yaƙin Elandslaagte kafin a lalata shi a cikin 2014 </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Tarihin soja na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{reflist}} === Sources === {{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{citation|url=https://rkddb.rkd.nl/rkddb/digital_book/201310959.pdf|title=Willem Frederik Mondriaan: 'n Biografiese Skets|language=af|trans-title=Willem Frederik Mondriaan: A Biographical Sketch|last=Bosch|first=Jan-Karel|publisher=RKD – Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis|year=2013}} *{{cite book|first=Ken|last=Gillings|title=Battles of KwaZulu-Natal|publisher= Art Publishers|location= Durban|date=2003}} *{{Cite journal|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol022ng.html|title=The German Commando in the South African War of 1899-1902 |publisher=South African Military History Society |journal =Military History Journal|volume=2|issue=2 |last=Gomm|first=Neville|date=1971}} *{{cite book|last=Kruger|first= Rayne|title=Goodbye Dolly Grey|publisher=New English Library|date= 1964|isbn=0-7126-6285-5}} *{{cite book|editor1-first=Martine |editor1-last=Gosselink |editor2-first=Maria |editor2-last=Holtrop |editor3-first=Robert John |editor3-last=Ross|title=Good Hope: South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enyCAQAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=Vantilt Publishers|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-94-6004-313-0| last=Kuitenbrouwer|first= Vincent|chapter=The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902}} *{{cite book|last=Pakenham|first= Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Boer War|publisher=Cardinal|date= 1979|isbn=0-7474-0976-5}} *{{cite book|last=Viljoen|first= B.|date= 1902|title= My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War|location=London |publisher= Hood, Douglas, & Howard|url=https://archive.org/details/myreminiscenceso00viljiala}} {{Refend}} == Kara karantawa == {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book|first=Arthur Conan|last= Doyle|author-link=Arthur Conan Doyle|title=The Great Boer War|date=1930|location=London|publisher=George Bell & sons|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.95843/2015.95843.The-Great-Boer-War#page/n1}} *{{cite book|last=McFadden|first=Pam|title=The Battle of Elandslaagte: 21 October 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IeDrgEACAAJ|date=2014|publisher=30° South Publishers|isbn=978-1-928211-40-2}} {{Refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t5al5flcewni2dog1rnyvsorla6oyck 882460 882452 2026-07-13T18:48:05Z Usman saadu 46863 882460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Elandslaagte''' (21 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1899) ya faru ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun nasarorin da Birtaniyya suka samu a lokacin rikicin. A lokacin, Boers sun mamaye Natal, kuma sun mamaye tashar jirgin ƙasa a Elandslaagte. Don korar Boers daga matsayinsu, Sojojin Birtaniyya sun jagoranci kai hari ta hanyoyi biyu a cikin tsaunukan da Boers suka mamaye, wanda ya tilasta musu ja da baya. Duk da haka, sojojin Birtaniya sun ja da baya daga baya saboda tsoron wani karfi na Boer, suna watsar da damar su. == Gabatarwa == [[Fayil:Group_portrait_of_Boer_General_Kock_and_his_staff_before_the_battle_of_Elandslaagte_21_October_1899_(retouched).jpg|left|thumb| Janar Kock, da ma'aikatansa, da kuma jami'an rundunar Jamus a jajibirin yakin]] Lokacin da Boers suka mamaye Natal, dakaru ƙarƙashin Janar Johannes Kock sun mamaye tashar jirgin ƙasa a Elandslaagte a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1899, don haka ya yanke hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin manyan sojojin Burtaniya a Ladysmith da wani ma'aikaci a Dundee. Sojojin De Kock sun ƙunshi galibin mazaje na Commando na Johannesburg tare da ƙungiyoyin Jamus, Faransa, Dutch, Amurkawa, da kuma Irish Boer masu aikin sa kai na ƙasashen waje. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} {{Sfn|Viljoen|1902}} Sanin cewa an yanke telegraph, Laftanar Janar Sir George White ya aika da kwamandan sojan doki, Manjo Janar John French don sake kwace tashar. Lokacin da suka zo jim kaɗan bayan wayewar gari a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, French ya sami Boers a cikin ƙarfi, tare da bindigogi biyu. Ya aika wa Ladysmith ta wayar tarho don ƙarfafawa, wanda jim kaɗan ya isa ta jirgin ƙasa. == Yakin == [[Fayil:Elandslaagte_1.jpg|left|thumb| Cajin Lancers na 5 a Elandslaagte, daga zane na Richard Caton Woodville]] [[Fayil:City_Hall_and_Francis_Farewell_Gardens,_Durban_VVV.jpg|left|thumb| Alamar tunawa da ke tunawa da rawar Natal Field Artillery a yakin]] Yayin da batura uku na bindigogin filin Birtaniyya suka yi bama-bamai a matsayin Boer, da Bataliya ta 1, Rundunar Devonshire ta ci gaba gaba da gaba a cikin tsari, babban harin da Kanar Ian Hamilton ya umarta (Bataliya ta farko, Rundunar Manchester, Battalion ta 2, Gordon Highlanders da Dimbin Horse na Imperial) sun koma kusa da Boers. Sararin sama ya ci gaba da yin duhu da gajimare, kuma yayin da turawan Ingila suka kai farmaki, guguwar ta fashe. A cikin rashin kyan gani da kuma ruwan sama, sojojin Biritaniya sun fuskanci shingen shinge na gonakin waya, inda aka ɗaure wasu mazaje da harbe-harbe. Duk da haka, sun yanke wayar ko karya ta, kuma sun mamaye babban ɓangaren Boer. {{Sfn|Pakenham|1979}} Sir George White ya tashi daga Ladysmith don lura da aikin, amma ya bar French don kada ya katse kan cin gashin kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conan Doyle |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Conan Doyle |date=September 1902 |title=The Great Boer War Chapter 6, Pt. I - Elandslaagte |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Great_Boer_War/Chapter_6 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu ƙananan jam'iyyun Boers sun riga sun nuna fararen tutoci lokacin da Janar Kock ya jagoranci kai hari, sanye da babbar hularsa da kuma Lahadi mafi kyau. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} Ya kori sojojin Biritaniya cikin ruɗani, amma sun taru, wanda Hamilton ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi (kuma an ruwaito shi, mai bugler na Manchesters da Pipe Major na Gordons) kuma an sake tuhumar su. An kashe Kock da abokansa ko kuma an yi musu mummunan rauni. Yayin da sauran Boers suka hau dokinsu kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su ja da baya, ƙungiyoyi biyu na sojan doki na Birtaniya (daga 5th Lancers da 5th Dragoon Guards) sun shiga cikinsu tare da lances da sabers, suna yanke da yawa. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin 'yan lokuta a lokacin yakin Boer wanda wani sojan doki na Birtaniya ya yi hulɗa. {{Sfn|Pakenham|1979}} Bindigogin filin Boer guda biyu sun faɗa hannun Birtaniya. An gano cewa asalinsu 'yan Burtaniya ne kuma Boers sun kama su bayan harin Jameson. {{Sfn|Gomm|1971}} == Bayan haka == [[Fayil:Elangslaagte.jpg|right|thumb| Filin yaƙi a Elandslaagte]] Hanyar yanzu ta fito fili ga rundunar Birtaniyya a Dundee ta koma kan babbar rundunar Burtaniya, amma Sir George White ya ji tsoron cewa Boers 10,000 daga Orange Free State na gab da kai hari Ladysmith, kuma ya umarci rundunar da ke Elandslaagte ta koma can. Turawan Ingila sun gaji kuma an kashe hafsoshi da yawa, kuma ja da baya ya zama tarzoma. {{Sfn|Kruger|1964}} An sake ware ma'aikatan a Dundee, kuma an tilasta musu yin wata hanya mai ban sha'awa kafin su kai ga tsira. Sojojin Boer sun sake mamaye Elandslaagte kwanaki biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Gillings|2003}} Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka kama Janar Kock kuma ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu jim kaɗan bayan yakin. Har ila yau, an kama Adolf Schiel, wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya zauna a Afirka ta Kudu tun a shekarar 1878. Schiel, wanda ke riƙe da kwamandan Laftanar Kanar, ya jagoranci kwamandojin Jamus a yakin. Schiel ya koma Jamus bayan yakin, amma ya mutu daga raunukan da ya samu a Elandslaagte a shekarar 1903. {{Sfn|Gomm|1971}} Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu a Burtaniya har da Kanar John James Scott-Chisholme, kwamanda a Dokin Haske na Imperial. An kashe shi ne yayin da yake jagorantar gaba da kuma ƙarfafa mutanensa ta hanyar daga sarƙa mai launi. Yaƙin ya kuma yi fice saboda kasancewarsa na farko kuma na ƙarshe na masu aikin sa kai [[Hollanderkorps]]. Hollanderkorps ruƙuni ne na ca. Masu aikin sa kai na Dutch 150 waɗanda aka kafa wata guda da ya gabata. A lokacin yakin Hollanderkorps sun sami asarar rayuka 9, ciki har da Herman Coster, tare da jami'in tsaro [[Cars Geerts de Jonge]] da sojoji bakwai: [[P.J. van den Broek|PJ van den Broek]], [[H. van Cittert]], [[J.A. Lepeltak Kieft|JA Lepeltak Kieft]], [[Jan Moora]], [[J.Th. Rummeling|J.Th.]] [[J.Th. Rummeling|Rummeling]], [[M. Schaink]], da [[F.W. Wagner|FW Wagner]]. An kuma kama wasu 35 daga cikin mutanen Holland a fursuna a hannun Birtaniya. {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} Daga cikin fursunonin akwai Willem Frederik Mondriaan (ɗan'uwan ɗan Holand Piet Mondrian) wanda ya ji rauni a yaƙin. Ko da yake ya iya yin rarrafe daga fagen fama ba da jimawa ba Turawan Ingila suka kama shi a matsayin fursuna. Daga baya an aika shi zuwa Saint Helena a matsayin fursuna na yaƙi, ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1903. {{Sfn|Bosch|2013}} Cornelis Vincent 'Cor' van Gogh, ɗan'uwan masanin zane na Holland [[Vincent van Gogh]], shi ma ya yi yaƙi a cikin yaƙin {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} inda ya ji rauni kuma aka kama shi a matsayin fursuna. Ya rasu ba da jimawa ba. Janar-janar ɗin Boer ba su ji daɗin aikin Hollanderkorps ba, kuma an wargaza shi bayan yakin, ko da yake masu sa kai na Holland dari da dama sun ci gaba da fafatawa a cikin rundunonin Boer. {{Sfn|Kuitenbrouwer|2017}} An rubuta sunayen mutanen Hollanders da suka mutu, ciki har da Coster, a wani wurin tarihi da ke wurin da aka gwabza. ‘Yan ɓarna sun lalata wannan abin tunawa a shekarar 2014. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Battle_of_Elandslaagte.jpg|alt=Sketch of the Battle of Elandslaagte by Willem Frederik Mondriaan| Zane na Yaƙin Elandslaagte na Willem Frederik Mondriaan Fayil:Hollanderkorps_Memorial_at_Elandslaagte.jpg|alt=Monument to the members of the Hollanderkorps who died at the Battle of Elandslaagte before its destruction in 2014| Abin tunawa ga membobin Hollanderkorps waɗanda suka mutu a Yaƙin Elandslaagte kafin a lalata shi a cikin 2014 </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Tarihin soja na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{reflist}} === Sources === {{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{citation|url=https://rkddb.rkd.nl/rkddb/digital_book/201310959.pdf|title=Willem Frederik Mondriaan: 'n Biografiese Skets|language=af|trans-title=Willem Frederik Mondriaan: A Biographical Sketch|last=Bosch|first=Jan-Karel|publisher=RKD – Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis|year=2013}} *{{cite book|first=Ken|last=Gillings|title=Battles of KwaZulu-Natal|publisher= Art Publishers|location= Durban|date=2003}} *{{Cite journal|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol022ng.html|title=The German Commando in the South African War of 1899-1902 |publisher=South African Military History Society |journal =Military History Journal|volume=2|issue=2 |last=Gomm|first=Neville|date=1971}} *{{cite book|last=Kruger|first= Rayne|title=Goodbye Dolly Grey|publisher=New English Library|date= 1964|isbn=0-7126-6285-5}} *{{cite book|editor1-first=Martine |editor1-last=Gosselink |editor2-first=Maria |editor2-last=Holtrop |editor3-first=Robert John |editor3-last=Ross|title=Good Hope: South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enyCAQAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=Vantilt Publishers|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-94-6004-313-0| last=Kuitenbrouwer|first= Vincent|chapter=The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902}} *{{cite book|last=Pakenham|first= Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Boer War|publisher=Cardinal|date= 1979|isbn=0-7474-0976-5}} *{{cite book|last=Viljoen|first= B.|date= 1902|title= My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War|location=London |publisher= Hood, Douglas, & Howard|url=https://archive.org/details/myreminiscenceso00viljiala}} {{Refend}} == Kara karantawa == {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book|first=Arthur Conan|last= Doyle|author-link=Arthur Conan Doyle|title=The Great Boer War|date=1930|location=London|publisher=George Bell & sons|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.95843/2015.95843.The-Great-Boer-War#page/n1}} *{{cite book|last=McFadden|first=Pam|title=The Battle of Elandslaagte: 21 October 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IeDrgEACAAJ|date=2014|publisher=30° South Publishers|isbn=978-1-928211-40-2}} {{Refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 469u0osxn1oz97gsi9kh872l76oa91i Afirka ta farko 0 102853 882557 644364 2026-07-13T23:39:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tarihin farko na Afirka''' ya taso ne tun daga farkon kasancewar ɗan adam a [[Afirka]] har zuwa [[Tsohuwar Afirka|zamanin da]] a [[tarihin Afirka]] . == Paleolithic == === Ƙananan Paleolithic === [[Fayil:Bienvenida_al_Museo_de_Lucy.jpg|thumb| Sake gina " Lucy "]] Na farko da aka sani hominids sun samo asali ne a Afirka. A cewar ilmin burbushin halittu, farkon hominids 'skull anatomy ya kasance kama da na gorilla da chimpanzee, manyan birai waɗanda kuma suka samo asali a Afirka, amma hominids sun karbi locomotion na bipedal wanda ya 'yantar da hannayensu. Wannan ya ba su muhimmiyar fa'ida, wanda ya ba su damar zama a cikin gandun daji biyu da kuma a kan buɗaɗɗen savanna a lokacin da Afirka ke bushewa kuma savanna ke mamaye wuraren dazuzzuka. A shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata, nau'in australopithecine hominid da yawa sun haɓaka a cikin [[Kudancin Afirka|Kudancin]], [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabas]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Sun kasance masu amfani da kayan aiki, kuma masu yin kayan aiki. Sun ɓata nama kuma sun kasance 'yan omnivores. {{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=2}} A kusan shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata, an fara amfani da kayan aikin dutse na farko don ɓata kisa da wasu mafarauta suka yi da kuma girbi gawa da bargo daga ƙasusuwansu. A cikin farauta, ''Homo habilis'' mai yiwuwa ba zai iya yin takara da manyan mafarauta ba kuma har yanzu ya fi farauta farauta. Wataƙila ''H. habilis'' ya saci ƙwai a cikin gida kuma yana iya kama ƙananan farauta kuma ya raunana babban ganima ('ya'ya da tsofaffin dabbobi). An rarraba kayan aikin a matsayin Oldowan . {{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=2–3}} Kusan shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka gabata, ''Homo ergaster'' ya fara bayyana a tarihin burbushin halittu a Afirka. Daga ''Homo ergaster'', ''Homo erectus'' ya samo asali ne shekaru miliyan 1.5 da suka wuce. Wasu daga cikin wakilan farko na wannan nau'in har yanzu suna da ƙananan ƙananan kwakwalwa kuma sun yi amfani da kayan aikin dutse na farko, kamar ''H. habilis'' . Daga baya kwakwalwar ta kara girma, kuma ''H. erectus'' a karshe ya kirkiro fasahar kayan aikin dutse mai sarkakiya mai suna Acheulean . Wataƙila mafarauta na farko, ''H. erectus'' ya ƙware fasahar yin wuta kuma shi ne hominid na farko da ya bar Afirka, ya mallaki mafi yawan [[Afro-Eurasia]] kuma wataƙila daga baya ya haifar da ''Homo floresiensis'' . Ko da yake wasu marubuta na baya-bayan nan sun yi nuni da cewa ''Homo georgicus'' shine homini na farko kuma na farko da ya taɓa rayuwa a wajen Afirka, masana kimiyya da yawa suna ɗaukar ''H. Georgicus'' a matsayin farkon memba na ''H. erectus'' . {{sfnmp|Shillington|2005|Ehret|2002|1p=3|2p=22}} === Tsakiyar Paleolithic === [[Fayil:Pieza_foliácea_africana.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Afirka (maganin mashi) wanda aka yi kwanan watan a zamanin ƙarshen Dutse]] Bayanan burbushin sun nuna ''[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]'' (wanda aka fi sani da "mutane na zamani" ko "mutane na zamani") suna zaune a Afirka kimanin shekaru 350,000-260,000 da suka wuce. Sanannen burbushin ''Homo sapiens'' na farko sun haɗa da ragowar Jebel Irhoud daga Maroko ( {{Circa|315,000 years ago}} ), <ref name="NAT-20170607a">{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewan |date=7 June 2017 |title=Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history |url=http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 June 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwanyar Florisbad daga Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Circa|259,000 years ago}} ), kuma [[Ragowar Omo|Omo ya kasance]] daga Habasha ( {{Circa|233,000 years ago}} ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=C. |year=2016 |title=The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1698 |page=20150237 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 |pmc=4920294 |pmid=27298468}}</ref> <ref name="HublinBen-Ncer2017">{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |last2=Ben-Ncer |first2=Abdelouahed |last3=Bailey |first3=Shara E. |last4=Freidline |first4=Sarah E. |last5=Neubauer |first5=Simon |last6=Skinner |first6=Matthew M. |last7=Bergmann |first7=Inga |last8=Le Cabec |first8=Adeline |last9=Benazzi |first9=Stefano |last10=Harvati |first10=Katerina |last11=Gunz |first11=Philipp |year=2017 |title=New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of ''Homo sapiens'' |url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/62267/1/Submission_288356_1_art_file_2637492_j96j1b.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=546 |issue=7657 |pages=289–292 |bibcode=2017Natur.546..289H |doi=10.1038/nature22336 |pmid=28593953 |s2cid=256771372}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scerri |first=Eleanor M. L. |last2=Thomas |first2=Mark G. |last3=Manica |first3=Andrea |last4=Gunz |first4=Philipp |last5=Stock |first5=Jay T. |last6=Stringer |first6=Chris |last7=Grove |first7=Matt |last8=Groucutt |first8=Huw S. |last9=Timmermann |first9=Axel |author-link9=Axel Timmermann |last10=Rightmire |first10=G. Philip |last11=d'Errico |first11=Francesco |date=1 August 2018 |title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter? |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=582–594 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 |issn=0169-5347 |pmc=6092560 |pmid=30007846}}</ref> <ref name="Vidal22">{{Cite journal |last=Vidal |first=Celine M. |last2=Lane |first2=Christine S. |author-link2=Christine Lane |last3=Asfawrossen |first3=Asrat |display-authors=etal |date=January 2022 |title=Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa |journal=Nature |volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=579–583 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..579V |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8 |pmc=8791829 |pmid=35022610}}</ref> Masana kimiya sun ce mai yiwuwa ''Homo sapiens'' ya taso tsakanin shekaru 350,000 zuwa 260,000 da suka wuce ta hanyar hadewar al'umma a [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabashin Afrika]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref name="NAT-20190910">{{Cite journal |last=Mounier |first=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |year=2019 |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmc=6736881 |pmid=31506422}}</ref> Shaida iri-iri iri-iri masu nuni ga zamanin zamani na Halayyar zuwa Zamanin Dutsen Tsakiyar Afirka, wanda ke da alaƙa da farkon ''Homo sapiens'' da fitowar su. Hotunan da ba za a iya gani ba, da faɗaɗa dabarun rayuwa, da sauran halaye na “zamani” an gano su tun daga wancan lokacin a Afirka, musamman Kudu, Arewa, da Gabashin Afirka. Wurin kogon Blombos a Afirka ta Kudu, alal misali, ya shahara da shingen ocher mai kusurwa huɗu da aka zana tare da zane-zane na geometric . Yin amfani da dabarun saduwa da yawa, an tabbatar da shafin yana kusa da 77,000 da 100-75,000 shekaru. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref> An samu kwantena harsashi kwai na jimina da aka zana tare da zane-zane na geometric tun shekaru 60,000 da suka gabata a Diepkloof, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref 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|first2=J |last3=Carlson |first3=KJ |last4=Jashashvili |first4=T |last5=Wadley |first5=L |last6=d'Errico |first6=F |year=2018 |title=The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=92 |issue=362 |pages=289–303 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2018.11 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> shekaru 90,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yellen |first=JE |last2=AS Brooks |last3=E Cornelissen |last4=MJ Mehlman |last5=K Stewart |date=28 April 1995 |title=A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire |journal=Science |volume=268 |issue=5210 |pages=553–556 |bibcode=1995Sci...268..553Y |doi=10.1126/science.7725100 |pmid=7725100}}</ref> Shaida kuma ta wanzu don tsarin zafin jiki na siliki don haɓaka ƙarfin sa don manufar yin kayan aiki, wanda ya fara kusan shekaru 164,000 da suka gabata a rukunin Pinnacle na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya zama ruwan dare a can don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin microlithic a kusan shekaru 72,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Kyle S. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Zenobia |last4=Schoville |first4=Benjamin J. |last5=Oestmo |first5=Simen |last6=Fisher |first6=Erich C. |last7=Bernatchez |first7=Jocelyn |last8=Karkanas |first8=Panagiotis |last9=Matthews |first9=Thalassa |year=2012 |title=An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa |journal=Nature |volume=491 |issue=7425 |pages=590–3 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..590B |doi=10.1038/nature11660 |pmid=23135405 |s2cid=4323569}}</ref> Makamai na farko da aka yi da dutse (wani kayan aiki na ''Homo sapiens'' ), tukwici na dutse ko jifar mashi, an gano su a cikin 2013 a wurin [[Gademotta]] na Habasha, kuma kwanan nan ya kasance kusan shekaru 279,000 da suka gabata. <ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal |last=Sahle |first=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |year=2013 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=e78092 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |pmc=3827237 |pmid=24236011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Homo_naledi_facial_reconstruction.jpg|thumb|190x190px| Wataƙila ''Homo naledi'' ya kasance tare da mutanen zamani a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka wuce.]] A cikin 2008, an gano wani bitar sarrafa ocher mai yuwuwar samar da fenti wanda ya kasance har zuwa ca. Shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata a Blombos Cave, Afirka ta Kudu. Bincike ya nuna cewa an samar da wani gauraya mai wadataccen launi kuma an adana shi a cikin bawoyin abalone guda biyu, kuma cewa ocher, kashi, gawayi, niƙa da duwatsun guduma suma sun zama wani ɓangaren kayan aikin. Shaida ga rikitarwar aikin sun haɗa da sayo da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa daga maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban (yana nufin suna da samfurin tunani na tsarin da za su bi), mai yiwuwa ta yin amfani da fasahar pyrotechnology don sauƙaƙe cire kitse daga kashi, ta yin amfani da girke-girke mai yuwuwa don samar da fili, da yin amfani da kwantena harsashi don haɗawa da adanawa don amfani daga baya. <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6053 |pages=219–222 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..219H |doi=10.1126/science.1211535 |pmid=21998386 |s2cid=40455940}}</ref> Halayen zamani, kamar yin ƙullun harsashi, kayan aikin ƙashi da kibau, da kuma yin amfani da launi na ocher, sun bayyana a wani wurin Kenya shekaru 78,000-67,000 da suka wuce. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shipton |first=C |last2=d'Errico |first2=F. |last3=Petraglia |first3=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=78,000-year-old record of Middle and Later Stone Age innovation in an East African tropical forest |journal=Nature Communications}}</ref> Fadada dabarun rayuwa fiye da farautar babban wasa da kuma bambance-bambancen da ke haifar da nau'ikan kayan aiki an lura da su azaman alamun zamani na ɗabi'a. Shafukan da yawa na Afirka ta Kudu sun nuna dogaro da farko kan albarkatun ruwa tun daga kifaye zuwa kifi. Pinnacle Point, musamman, yana nuna yadda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa a farkon shekaru 120,000 da suka wuce, watakila don mayar da martani ga mafi yawan yanayi na cikin gida. <ref name="Marean et al 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Marean |first=Curtis |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7164 |pages=905–908 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..905M |doi=10.1038/nature06204 |pmid=17943129 |s2cid=4387442}}</ref> Ƙaddamar da dogara ga ma'ajiyar kifin da ake iya faɗi, alal misali, na iya rage motsi da sauƙaƙe tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da halayen alama. Kogon Blombos da Site 440 a Sudan duka suna nuna shaidar kamun kifi. Canjin taphonomic a cikin kwarangwal na kifi daga kogon Blombos an fassara shi azaman kama kifin mai rai, a sarari halin ɗan adam na niyya. <ref name="McBrearty Brooks 2000"/> An san mutane a Arewacin Afirka ( Nazlet Sabaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oldest mine |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-mine |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> [[Misra|Masar]] ) suna yin aikin [[Hakar ma'adinai|haƙar]] ma'adinai, tun shekaru ≈100,000 da suka wuce, don gina kayan aikin dutse . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yvan Dionne |date=Aug 19, 2014 |title=5 Oldest Mines in the World: A Casual Survey |url=https://www.promine.com/blog/5-oldest-mines-in-the-world-a-casual-survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105054434/https://www.promine.com/blog/5-oldest-mines-in-the-world-a-casual-survey |archive-date=2019-01-05 |access-date=2019-10-31 |website=Promine AutoCAD Tip of the Week}}</ref> [[Fayil:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg|thumb|290x290px| Nasarar fadada ''Homo erectus'' (rawaya), ''Homo neanderthalensis'' (ochre) da ''[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]'' (ja).]] An samo shaida a cikin 2018, game da kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka wuce, a gidan Kenya na Olorgesailie, na farkon fitowar dabi'un zamani da suka hada da: hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci na nisa (wanda ya hada da kayayyaki irin su obsidian), amfani da pigments, da kuma yuwuwar yin abubuwan da ake iya gani. Mawallafa na bincike guda uku na 2018 a kan shafin sun lura cewa, shaidar waɗannan halayen sun kasance kusan zamani zuwa farkon sanannen burbushin ''Homo sapiens'' daga Afirka (kamar Jebel Irhoud da Florisbad), kuma suna nuna cewa halaye masu rikitarwa da na zamani sun fara a Afirka a kusa da lokacin bayyanar ''Homo sapiens'' . <ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an sami ƙarin shaidar farkon hadaddun makamai masu linzami a Afirka a Adouma, Habasha mai kwanan wata shekaru 80,000-100,000 da suka gabata, a cikin nau'ikan maki da ake ganin cewa na iya zama na darts da masu jefa mashi ke bayarwa. <ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS |year=2018 |title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=5 |page=e0216716 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416716S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216716 |pmc=6508696 |pmid=31071181 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babban Paleolithic === Kimanin shekaru 65-50,000 da suka gabata, yaduwar nau'in nau'in daga Afirka ya kaddamar da mulkin mallaka na duniya ta hanyar 'yan adam na zamani. <ref name="Posth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D, Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J |year=2016 |title=Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=827–833 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037 |pmid=26853362 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. |date=April 2015 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |journal=Genome Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |pmc=4381518 |pmid=25770088}}</ref> <ref name="Vai">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S |date=March 2019 |title=Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara |journal=Sci Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3530 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.3530V |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1 |pmc=6401177 |pmid=30837540}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C |date=June 2019 |title=A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa |journal=Genetics |volume=212 |issue=4 |pages=1421–1428 |doi=10.1534/genetics.119.302368 |pmc=6707464 |pmid=31196864}}</ref> A shekara ta 10,000 BC, ''Homo sapiens'' ya bazu zuwa mafi yawan kusurwoyin [[Afro-Eurasia]] . Ana gano tarwatsa su ta hanyar ilimin harshe, al'adu da shaidar [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] . {{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=2–3}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tishkoff |first=Sarah A. |last2=Reed |first2=Floyd A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=Françoise R. |last4=Ehret |first4=Christopher |last5=Ranciaro |first5=Alessia |last6=Froment |first6=Alain |last7=Hirbo |first7=Jibril B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=Agnes A. |last9=Bodo |first9=Jean-Marie |last10=Doumbo |first10=Ogobara |last11=Ibrahim |first11=Muntaser |last12=Juma |first12=Abdalla T. |last13=Kotze |first13=Maritha J. |last14=Lema |first14=Godfrey |last15=Moore |first15=Jason H. |name-list-style=amp |date=22 May 2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |pages=1035–1044 |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144}}</ref> Eurasian baya-hijira, musamman West-Eurasian backflow, ya fara a farkon Holocene ko riga a baya a cikin Paleolithic lokaci, wani lokacin tsakanin 30-15,000 shekaru da suka wuce, bi pre-Neolithic da Neolithic ƙaura taguwar ruwa daga [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], mafi yawa shafi Arewacin Afrika, kahon Afirka, da kuma fadi da yankuna na yankin Sahel. <ref name="Vicente 8–15">{{Cite journal |last=Vicente |first=Mário |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |date=2020-06-01 |title=African population history: an ancient DNA perspective |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |series=Genetics of Human Origin |language=en |volume=62 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008 |issn=0959-437X |pmid=32563853 |s2cid=219974966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pre-Neolithic_and_Neolithic_migration_events_in_Africa_(excluding_Basal-West-Eurasian_geneflow_during_the_Paleolithic).jpg|thumb| Pre-Neolithic da Neolithic abubuwan ƙaura a Afirka. <ref name="Vicente 8–15">{{Cite journal |last=Vicente |first=Mário |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |date=2020-06-01 |title=African population history: an ancient DNA perspective |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |series=Genetics of Human Origin |language=en |volume=62 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008 |issn=0959-437X |pmid=32563853 |s2cid=219974966 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVicenteSchlebusch2020">Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008|"African population history: an ancient DNA perspective"]]. ''Current Opinion in Genetics & Development''. Genetics of Human Origin. '''62''': <span class="nowrap">8–</span>15. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008|10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-437X 0959-437X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32563853 32563853]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219974966 219974966].</cite></ref>]] [[Affad Basin|Affad 23]] wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake yankin [[Affad Basin|Affad]] na kudancin Dongola Reach a arewacin [[Sudan]], <ref name="Osypiński">{{Cite journal |last=Osypiński |first=Piotr |last2=Osypińska |first2=Marta |last3=Gautier |first3=Achilles |date=2011 |title=Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=177–188 |doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10186 |issn=1612-1651 |jstor=43135549 |oclc=7787802958 |s2cid=161078189 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> wanda ke dauke da "gaske gabobin sansanonin tarihi na tarihi (kayan tarihi na tsohuwar bukkar buda a duniya) da [[farauta]] da tarawa daban-daban na kimanin shekaru 50,000". <ref name="Osypiński II">{{Cite web |last=Osypiński |first=Piotr |date=2020 |title=Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory |url=https://projekty.ncn.gov.pl/opisy/480275-en.pdf |publisher=National Science Centre}}</ref> Tabbacin farko na zahiri na aikin falaki na iya zama kalandar wata da aka samu akan kashin Ishango wanda aka yi kwanan watan tsakanin 23,000 zuwa 18,000 BC daga cikin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango]] a yanzu. Duk da haka, an yi sabani da wannan fassarar manufar abin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Judy |year=1992 |title=Not counting on Marshack: a reassessment of the work of Alexander Marshack on notation in the Upper Palaeolithic |journal=Journal of Mediterranean Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–16}}</ref> Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙi ya kasance ba a cikin mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam na baya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fry |first=Douglas P. |last2=Söderberg |first2=Patrik |date=2013-07-19 |title=Lethal Aggression in Mobile Forager Bands and Implications for the Origins of War |journal=Science |volume=341 |issue=6143 |pages=270–273 |bibcode=2013Sci...341..270F |doi=10.1126/science.1235675 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=23869015 |s2cid=24838669}}</ref> nan , kuma ya fito ne daga tsarin [[Kenya|siyasa]] masu sarƙaƙƙiya sakamakon rashin zaman lafiya, [[Gona|noma]], da sauransu. Rikicin tsakanin mutane yana da dogon tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahr |first=M. Mirazón |last2=Rivera |first2=F. |last3=Power |first3=R.K. |last4=Mounier |first4=A. |last5=Copsey |first5=B. |last6=Crivellaro |first6=F. |last7=Edung |first7=J.E. |last8=Fernandez |first8=J.M. Maillo |last9=Kiarie |first9=C. |year=2016 |title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726 |journal=Nature |volume=529 |issue=7586 |pages=394–398 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..394L |doi=10.1038/nature16477 |pmid=26791728 |s2cid=4462435}}</ref> == Bullowar noma da kwararowar hamadar Sahara == [[Fayil:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png|thumb|290x290px| Tsire-tsire da gawar ruwa a farkon Holocene (saman), tsakanin kimanin shekaru 12,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka wuce, da Eemiyan (kasa)]] Kusan 16,000 BC, daga tsaunin Bahar Maliya zuwa arewacin tsaunukan Habasha, ana tattara goro, ciyawa da tubers don abinci. Daga 13,000 zuwa 11,000 BC, mutane sun fara tattara hatsin daji. Wannan ya yadu zuwa [[Yammacin Asiya]], wanda ke kula da hatsin daji, alkama da [[sha'ir]] . Tsakanin 10,000 zuwa 8000 BC, [[arewa maso gabashin Afirka]] na noman alkama da sha'ir da kiwon tumaki da shanu daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya. Wani yanayin damina a Afirka ya mayar da tsaunukan Habasha zuwa dajin tsaunuka. Masu magana da omotic sun kasance cikin gida a cikin 6500-5500 BC. Kusan 7000 BC, mazaunan tsaunukan Habasha sun yi gida [[Jaki|jakuna]], kuma a shekara ta 4000 BC jakunan gida sun bazu zuwa kudu maso yammacin Asiya. Masu magana da harshen Cushitic, wani ɓangare suna juya baya daga kiwo, na gida da kuma [[Tamba|gero yatsa]] tsakanin 5500 zuwa 3500 BC. {{sfnmp|Diamond|1997|Ehret|2002|1pp=126–127|2pp=64–75, 80–81, 87–88}} A cikin karni na 11 na BP, an ƙirƙira tukwane da kansa a Afirka, tare da tukwane na farko a can tun kusan 9,400 BC daga tsakiyar Mali. <ref name="swissinfo">{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Simon |date=18 January 2007 |title=A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |website=Swiss Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Nan da nan ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kudancin [[Sahara]] da [[Sahel]] . <ref name="Pottery">{{Cite journal |last=Jesse |first=Friederike |year=2010 |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 |jstor=43135518}}</ref> A cikin tsaunuka da savannas na [[Sahara]] da [[Sahel]] a Arewacin Yammacin Afirka, masu magana da Nilo-Saharan da [[mutanen Mandé]] sun fara tattarawa da yin gida da gero, shinkafar Afirka da [[dawa]] tsakanin 8000 zuwa 6000 BC. Daga baya kuma, an tattara gours, kankana, [[Zirman|wake]], da [[auduga]] suma an tattara su a cikin gida. Mutanen sun fara kama shanun daji suna rike da su a shingen ƙaya, wanda ya haifar da zaman gida . {{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=64–75}} Sun kuma fara yin [[tukwane]] da gina ƙauyuka na dutse (misali, Tichitt, Oualata ). Kamun kifi, ta yin amfani da harpoons mai kashin kashi, ya zama babban aiki a cikin koguna da tafkuna masu yawa da aka samu daga yawan ruwan sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-22 |title=Katanda Bone Harpoon Point |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program}}</ref> An yaba wa al'ummar Mande da ci gaban aikin noma mai zaman kansa kimanin 4000-3000 BC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mande &#124; people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mande}}</ref> A yammacin Afirka, yanayin damfara ya haifar da faɗaɗa [[Dajin ruwan sama|dazuzzukan dazuzzuka]] da daji daga [[Senegal]] zuwa [[Kamaru]] . Tsakanin 9000 zuwa 5000 BC, [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|masu magana da Niger-Congo]] sun mallaki dabino mai da raffia . Tsire-tsire iri biyu, peas mai baƙar fata da voandzeia ( gyada na Afirka), an yi amfani da su cikin gida, sannan da [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da kola goro . Tun da yawancin tsire-tsire suna girma a cikin dazuzzuka, masu magana da Nijar da Kongo sun ƙirƙira gatari da aka goge don share dazuzzuka. {{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=82–84}} Yawancin [[Kudancin Afirka]] al'umman pygmy ne da [[Khoisan]] waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin farauta da tarawa sun mamaye su. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin fasahar dutsen su ne suka samar da su. {{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=94–95}} Tsawon shekaru dubu dari da dama Sahara ta yi mubaya’a tsakanin hamada da ciyayi na savanna a cikin zagayowar shekara 41,000 sakamakon sauye-sauye (“ gabatarwa ”) a cikin axis na duniya yayin da take zagaye da Rana wanda ya canza wurin damina ta Arewacin Afirka . Lokacin da damina ta Arewacin Afirka ta kasance mafi ƙarfi da hazo na shekara-shekara da kuma ciyayi na gaba a yankin Sahara suna ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da yanayin da aka fi sani da " Sahara kore ". Ga damina mai rauni na Arewacin Afirka, akasin haka, gaskiya ne, tare da raguwar hazo na shekara-shekara da ƙarancin ciyayi wanda ya haifar da wani lokaci na yanayin yanayin Sahara wanda aka fi sani da "Sahara hamada". Sahara ta kasance hamada tsawon shekaru dubu da dama, kuma ana sa ran za ta sake zama kore a kusan shekaru 15,000 (17,000 AD). [2] Kafin hamadar [[Sahara]], al'ummomin da suka ci gaba a kudancin Masar, a cikin ƙasar [[Sudan]], sun kasance cikakkun mahalarta a [[Neolithic Revolution|juyin juya halin Neolithic]] kuma sun yi rayuwa mai ma'ana ga rayuwar makiyaya, tare da tsire-tsire da dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith |url=http://stsmith.faculty.anth.ucsb.edu/research/nubia_history.html |website=stsmith.faculty.anth.ucsb.edu}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa megaliths da aka samu a Nabta Playa misalai ne na sanannun na'urori na archaeoastronomical na farko a duniya, waɗanda suka riga Stonehenge kusan shekaru 1,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PlanetQuest Education |url=http://www.planetquest.org/learn/nabta.html |website=www.planetquest.org}}</ref> Rikicin al'adun zamantakewar da aka lura a Nabta Playa kuma an bayyana ta matakai daban-daban na iko a cikin al'umma an ba da shawarar a matsayin tushen tsarin tsarin al'ummar Neolithic a Nabta da [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|Tsohon Masarautar Masar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Wendorf |last2=Schild |first2=Romuald |author-link2=Romuald Schild |name-list-style=amp |date=1998 |title=Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt |url=http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213184210/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html |archive-date=2008-02-13 |website=Comparative Archaeology}}</ref> A shekara ta 5000 BC, Afirka ta shiga yanayin bushewa, kuma yanayin yankin Sahara a hankali ya zama bushewa. Jama'a sun yi tattaki daga yankin Sahara ta kowane bangare, gami da zuwa [[Nil|kwarin Nilu]] da ke kasa da Cataract na biyu, inda suka yi matsuguni na dindindin ko na dindindin. Wani babban koma bayan yanayi ya faru, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan sama da ake ta fama da shi a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. == Karfe == [[Fayil:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|Shugaban ma'aikatan tagulla na ƙarni na 9 a cikin nau'in maciji na naɗe, [[Archaeology na Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo-Ukwu]], Nigeria]] Shaida na fara narkewar karafa{{Spaced en dash}}gubar, da tagulla, da tagulla{{Spaced en dash}}kwanakin daga karni na huɗu BC. {{sfnp|Nicholson|Shaw|2000|p=168}} Masarawa sun narkar da tagulla a lokacin predynastic, kuma tagulla ya fara aiki bayan 3,000 BC a ƙarshe {{sfnp|Nicholson|Shaw|2000|pp=149–160}} a Masar da Nubia . Nubia ya zama babban tushen jan karfe da [[Zinare|zinariya]] . <ref>Swami, Bhaktivejanyana (2013), ''Ithihaasa: The Mystery of Story Is My Story of History'', p. 98. Author House. {{ISBN|1-4772-4273-2|978-1-4772-4273-5}}.</ref> Yin amfani da zinare da azurfa a Masar ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da aka kayyade. {{sfnp|Nicholson|Shaw|2000|pp=161–165, 170}} {{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=136–137}} A cikin [[Tsaunukan Air|tsaunin Aïr]] na [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] a yau mutane sun narkar da tagulla ba tare da abubuwan da ke faruwa a kwarin Nilu tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 2,500 BC ba. Sun yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na yankin, wanda ke nuna cewa ba a kawo fasahar daga waje ba; ya zama mafi girma da kusan 1,500 BC. {{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=136–137}} A karni na farko BC aikin ƙarfe ya kai Arewa maso yammacin Afirka, Masar, da Nubia. Zangato da Holl sun rubuta bayanan da ke nuna cewa an yi wa ƙarfe ƙarfe a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] da [[Kamaru]] wanda zai iya kasancewa tun daga 3,000 zuwa 2,500 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zangato |first=É. |last2=Holl |first2=A.F.C. |year=2010 |title=On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa |url=http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&journal_id=24&pdf_id=172 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=7–23 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10153 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-06-21 |archive-date=2013-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226002521/http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&journal_id=24&pdf_id=172 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Assuriya|Assuriyawa]] masu amfani da makaman ƙarfe sun kori Nubians daga Masar a shekara ta 670 BC, bayan haka amfani da ƙarfe ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kwarin Nilu. Ka'idar cewa baƙin ƙarfe ya bazu zuwa [[yankin Saharar Afirka]] ta hanyar birnin Nubian na Meroe <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alpern |first=Stanley B. |date=2005 |title=Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065735 |journal=History in Africa |volume=32 |pages=41–94 |doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0003 |issn=0361-5413 |jstor=20065735 |s2cid=162880295 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ba a yarda da shi ba, kuma wasu masu bincike{{which|date=May 2021}} sun yi imani da cewa mutanen Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara sun kirkiro karfen karfe da kansu. An tsara aikin ƙarfe a yammacin Afirka tun daga shekara ta 2,500 BC a Egaro yammacin [[Termit Massif|Termit]] a Nijar, kuma an yi aikin ƙarfe a can a 1,500 BC. An dade ana narkar da ƙarfe zuwa 2,000 BC a kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] . <ref name="Eze-Uzomaka" /> [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ta ba da yuwuwar shaidar ƙarfe yana aiki tun farkon ƙarni na 3 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Heather |year=2009 |title=Seeking Africa's first Iron Men |journal=Science |volume=323 |issue=5911 |pages=200–202 |doi=10.1126/science.323.5911.200 |pmid=19131604 |s2cid=206583802}}</ref> An samu narkewar ƙarfe a yankin da ke tsakanin [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] da manyan tafkunan Afirka tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 600 BC, kuma a yammacin Afirka kusan 2,000 BC, da daɗewa kafin fasahar ta isa Masar. Kafin 500 BC, [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] a [[Jos Plateau]] sun riga sun narke ƙarfe. {{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=37–39}} <ref>O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002), ''Atlas of World History'', pp. 22–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-521921-X}}.</ref> <ref name="Stuiver">{{Cite journal |last=Stuiver |first=Minze |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=N.J. |year=1968 |title=Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=9 |pages=54–58 |doi=10.1086/200878 |s2cid=145379030}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tylecote |first=Ronald-Frank |author-link=Ronald F. Tylecote |year=1975 |title=The Origin of Iron Smelting in Africa |url=https://core.tdar.org/document/416171/the-origin-of-iron-smelting-in-africa |journal=West African Journal of Archaeology |publication-date=1975 |volume=5 |pages=1–9 |access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2021)"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span>]]''</sup> tono wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke ɗauke da tanderun da ake narkewa da ƙarfe a wuraren da ke yankin [[Nsukka]] na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a cikin [[Kasar Inyamurai|ƙasar Igbo]] : tun daga 2,000 BC a wurin [[Lejja]] (Eze [[Opi (shafin archaeological)|-]] Uzomaka 2009) <ref name="Eze-Uzomaka">{{Cite journal |last=Eze–Uzomaka |first=Pamela |title=Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja |url=https://www.academia.edu/4103707 |publisher=University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Holl-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin F. C. |date=6 November 2009 |title=Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=415–438 |doi=10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6 |s2cid=161611760}}</ref> 2009). <ref name="Holl-2009" /> Har ila yau, wurin Gbabiri (a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya) ya ba da shaida na karafa na ƙarfe, daga rage tanderun da aka yi da maƙera; tare da farkon kwanakin 896-773 BC da 907-796 BC bi da bi. <ref name="Eggert 2014 53–54" /> == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jodde7a9fnsw6c4gntk7o8qxqjwazsx Gershom Bassey 0 104180 882443 790982 2026-07-13T17:20:14Z Usman saadu 46863 882443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gershom Henry Bassey|birth_date={{birth-date and age|18 March 1962}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|office3=Chairman [[Cross River State]] Water Board|termstart3=1999|termend3=2014|office2=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart2=9 June 2015|termend2=9 June 2019|office1=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart1=2019 - 2023|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|vicepresident=[[Yemi Osinbajo]]|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|committees=Chairman,Senate Committee;FERMA,Vice Chairman, Senate Committee; Petroleum Resources (Upstream), Member, Senate Committee; Defence, Federal Character, National Planning, Local Content and Cooperation and Integration in Africa/NEPAD|parliamentarygroup=ECOWAS Parliament}} '''Sanata Cif Gershom Henry Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta1962 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa mai yawan miliyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Cross River: Rumbles in the Creek Ahead of 2019 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/20/cross-river-rumbles-in-the-creek-ahead-of-2019/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu Sanata a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] . Sanata ne a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] ta 8 da ta 9 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=30 countries for Calabar Carnival, says official |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/20/30-countries-for-calabar-carnival-says-official/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajagunna |first=Friday |date=2016-10-06 |title=Rowdy, hostile Senate session throws out Tinubu's bill on special status for Lagos |url=https://newmail-ng.com/rowdy-hostile-senate-session-throws-out-tinubus-bill-on-special-status-for-lagos/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=New Mail Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-08-01 |title=2019: Why lawmakers are defecting from APC to PDP - Senator Bassey |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/08/01/2019-lawmakers-defecting-apc-pdp-senator-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi == Gershom Bassey (an haife shi 18 Maris 1962) a [[Legas]], [[Najeriya]], ya fito ne daga [[Kalabar ta Kudu|karamar hukumar Calabar ta Kudu]] a [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . Yana auren Chioma Gershom-Bassey yana da 'ya'ya 5. Bassey ya halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da ke Legas inda ya yi makarantar firamare sannan ya wuce [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sokoto|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Sakkwato]] inda ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a 1977. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar A-Level daga Kwalejin Greylands, Isles of Wight, United Kingdom. Ya karanta Injiniya Production da Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff inda ya kammala karatunsa na 1st BSc a 1984. A cikin 1986, ya sami MSc a Gudanar da Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Brunel [[London]] tare da bambanci. A shekarar 2000 ya sami MBA daga MIT Sloan school of management. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ScoreCard |url=https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912214530/https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.nigeriascorecard.com}}</ref> Shi ma’aikaci ne a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NICE) kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Senator Gershom Bassey: The Indefatigable March of a Quintessential Leader |url=https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223959/https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey shi ne shugaban kamfanin Lilleker Nigeria Nigeria form 1999 - 2010 kuma shugaban hukumar ruwa [[Cross River|ta jihar Cross River]] a 1999-2015. Bassey ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Sanata na gundumar Kuros Riba ta Kudu a 2015. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2015 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 8. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2019 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 9. Ya kasance na 5 mafi kyawun sanatoci a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Yana da kimanin dala miliyan 30 da aka kiyasce shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a jihar Kuros Riba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2014-12-25 |title=Senator representing Cross River South dumps PDP after losing at primaries |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/12/25/senator-representing-cross-river-south-dumps-pdp-losing-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Cross River: Bassey wins PDP Southern Senatorial primary |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-bassey-wins-pdp-southern-senatorial-primary/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsare na [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Otu, Duke And Gershom Go For Senatorial Ticket |url=https://www.calitown.com/otu-duke-and-gershom-go-for-senatorial-ticket/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=www.calitown.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Power shift threatens politics of 'three wise men' |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/power-shift-threatens-politics-of-three-wise-men/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Bassey ya bayyana bukatarsa ta neman kujerar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Cross River ta kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eribake |first=Akintayo |date=2014-08-26 |title=Cross River 2015: The myth around Imoke, Duke and I — Gershom Bassey |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cross-river-2015-myth-around-imoke-duke-gershom-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2015, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kuros Riba ta Kudu Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-10 |title=Little-known politician beats Senator Otu in PDP senatorial primaries |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/little-known-politician-beats-senator-otu-in-pdp-senatorial-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why I Resigned From PDP – Sen. Bassey Otu |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/12/why-i-resigned-from-pdp-sen-bassey-otu.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=How I was elected despite suffering defeat in my unit, ward, LGA – Senator |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/189723-how-i-was-elected-despite-suffering-defeat-in-my-unit-ward-lga-senator.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> An kuma nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan albarkatun man fetur (Upstream). Yanzu dai Bassey shi ne shugaban hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). Wannan shi ne kwamitin da ke da alhakin kula da tituna a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-09 |title=Power Devolution, Key To Nigeria's Economic Growth – Bassey |url=https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143428/https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin da ake tunkarar zaɓen shekarar 2019 a lokacin zaben fidda gwani [[Peoples Democratic Party|na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]], Bassey ya samu arangama da abokin hamayyarsa Ntufam Ekpo Okon wanda a karshe ya kai ga dage zaɓen fidda gwani da kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata [[Cross River|na jihar Cross River]] ya yi. An kuma bayyana cewa magoya bayan Ntufam Ekpo Okon sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Bassey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Nsa |date=2018-10-03 |title=Senator Bassey, Opponent Exchange Blows Over Claims Of Missing Election Materials |url=https://www.independent.ng/senator-bassey-opponent-exchange-blows-over-claims-of-missing-election-materials/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Independent Newspapers Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Bassey, kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata na jihar Kuros Riba ya kore Ntufam Okon, kuma Bassey ne ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=PDP Senator calls on party to disqualify opponent from Senatorial race |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-senator-calls-on-party-to-disqualify-opponent-from-senatorial-race/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Ex-PDP chairman disqualified from Cross River senatorial primary over alleged violence |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/ex-pdp-chairman-disqualified-from-cross-river-senatorial-primary-over-alleged-violence/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Gershom Bassey Attacked, Wounded By Suspected Thugs In PDP Primary |url=http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=aitonline.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150904/http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da zaɓen kuma Bassey ya zama wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Sen. Bassey retains Cross River South Senatorial seat |url=https://punchng.com/sen-bassey-retains-cross-river-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isangedighi |first=Iyanam |date=2019-02-25 |title=APC candidate stops Cross River Speaker's bid for National Assembly seat |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-candidate-stops-cross-river-speakers-bid-national-assembly-seat-198107 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=TODAY.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lissafin da aka tallafa === A lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 8, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka haɗa da: 1. ''Gyara, Gyarawa da Cibiyar Sake Haɗuwa (kafa, da dai sauransu) Bill, 2016".'' 2. ''Kwalejin Fasaha da Bincike ta Tarayya, Akamkpa (kafa, da sauransu) Bill'' 3. Ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka mai suna " ''Bididdigar Dokar da za ta gyara Shari'ar Laifuka (Saki daga Tsaro) (Dokar Bayar da Kyauta ta Musamman, CAP C40 LFN 2011 da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa'' ", lissafin ya ci gaba har zuwa mataki na biyu na karatu. 4. Sauran takardun kudi da ya dauki nauyin karatun kawai sune " ''Wuta (Hazard'' '', Rigakafi da Tsaro) Bill'' ", " ''National Boundary Commission Act (gyara) Bill'' ", " ''tuta da tufafin dokar (gyara)'' ", " ''Federal Polytechnic Akpabuyo (Est.etc.) Bill'' " da kuma " ''Nigerian Research Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic, Bakassi (Est.etc) Bill'' " [., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plac Billstrack |url=http://placbillstrack.org/legislatorbills.php?getname=27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/844 Profile Gershom Bassey] {{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|group=note}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89ppfpltz3o45prjvvqyal2s94g4192 882446 882443 2026-07-13T17:22:41Z Usman saadu 46863 882446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gershom Henry Bassey|birth_date={{birth-date and age|18 March 1962}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|office3=Chairman [[Cross River State]] Water Board|termstart3=1999|termend3=2014|office2=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart2=9 June 2015|termend2=9 June 2019|office1=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart1=2019 - 2023|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|vicepresident=[[Yemi Osinbajo]]|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|committees=Chairman,Senate Committee;FERMA,Vice Chairman, Senate Committee; Petroleum Resources (Upstream), Member, Senate Committee; Defence, Federal Character, National Planning, Local Content and Cooperation and Integration in Africa/NEPAD|parliamentarygroup=ECOWAS Parliament}} '''Sanata Cif Gershom Henry Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta1962 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa mai yawan miliyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Cross River: Rumbles in the Creek Ahead of 2019 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/20/cross-river-rumbles-in-the-creek-ahead-of-2019/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu Sanata a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] . Sanata ne a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] ta 8 da ta 9 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=30 countries for Calabar Carnival, says official |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/20/30-countries-for-calabar-carnival-says-official/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajagunna |first=Friday |date=2016-10-06 |title=Rowdy, hostile Senate session throws out Tinubu's bill on special status for Lagos |url=https://newmail-ng.com/rowdy-hostile-senate-session-throws-out-tinubus-bill-on-special-status-for-lagos/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=New Mail Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-08-01 |title=2019: Why lawmakers are defecting from APC to PDP - Senator Bassey |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/08/01/2019-lawmakers-defecting-apc-pdp-senator-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi == Gershom Bassey (an haife shi 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1962) a [[Legas]], [[Najeriya]], ya fito ne daga [[Kalabar ta Kudu|karamar hukumar Calabar ta Kudu]] a [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . Yana auren Chioma Gershom-Bassey yana da 'ya'ya 5. Bassey ya halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da ke Legas inda ya yi makarantar firamare sannan ya wuce [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sokoto|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Sakkwato]] inda ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a shekara ta 1977. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar A-Level daga Kwalejin Greylands, Isles of Wight, United Kingdom. Ya karanta Injiniya Production da Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff inda ya kammala karatunsa na 1st BSc a 1984. A cikin 1986, ya sami MSc a Gudanar da Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Brunel [[London]] tare da bambanci. A shekarar 2000 ya sami MBA daga MIT Sloan school of management. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ScoreCard |url=https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912214530/https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.nigeriascorecard.com}}</ref> Shi ma’aikaci ne a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NICE) kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Senator Gershom Bassey: The Indefatigable March of a Quintessential Leader |url=https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223959/https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey shi ne shugaban kamfanin Lilleker Nigeria Nigeria form 1999 - 2010 kuma shugaban hukumar ruwa [[Cross River|ta jihar Cross River]] a 1999-2015. Bassey ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Sanata na gundumar Kuros Riba ta Kudu a 2015. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2015 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 8. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2019 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 9. Ya kasance na 5 mafi kyawun sanatoci a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Yana da kimanin dala miliyan 30 da aka kiyasce shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a jihar Kuros Riba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2014-12-25 |title=Senator representing Cross River South dumps PDP after losing at primaries |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/12/25/senator-representing-cross-river-south-dumps-pdp-losing-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Cross River: Bassey wins PDP Southern Senatorial primary |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-bassey-wins-pdp-southern-senatorial-primary/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsare na [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Otu, Duke And Gershom Go For Senatorial Ticket |url=https://www.calitown.com/otu-duke-and-gershom-go-for-senatorial-ticket/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=www.calitown.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Power shift threatens politics of 'three wise men' |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/power-shift-threatens-politics-of-three-wise-men/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Bassey ya bayyana bukatarsa ta neman kujerar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Cross River ta kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eribake |first=Akintayo |date=2014-08-26 |title=Cross River 2015: The myth around Imoke, Duke and I — Gershom Bassey |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cross-river-2015-myth-around-imoke-duke-gershom-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2015, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kuros Riba ta Kudu Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-10 |title=Little-known politician beats Senator Otu in PDP senatorial primaries |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/little-known-politician-beats-senator-otu-in-pdp-senatorial-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why I Resigned From PDP – Sen. Bassey Otu |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/12/why-i-resigned-from-pdp-sen-bassey-otu.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=How I was elected despite suffering defeat in my unit, ward, LGA – Senator |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/189723-how-i-was-elected-despite-suffering-defeat-in-my-unit-ward-lga-senator.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> An kuma nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan albarkatun man fetur (Upstream). Yanzu dai Bassey shi ne shugaban hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). Wannan shi ne kwamitin da ke da alhakin kula da tituna a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-09 |title=Power Devolution, Key To Nigeria's Economic Growth – Bassey |url=https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143428/https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin da ake tunkarar zaɓen shekarar 2019 a lokacin zaben fidda gwani [[Peoples Democratic Party|na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]], Bassey ya samu arangama da abokin hamayyarsa Ntufam Ekpo Okon wanda a karshe ya kai ga dage zaɓen fidda gwani da kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata [[Cross River|na jihar Cross River]] ya yi. An kuma bayyana cewa magoya bayan Ntufam Ekpo Okon sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Bassey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Nsa |date=2018-10-03 |title=Senator Bassey, Opponent Exchange Blows Over Claims Of Missing Election Materials |url=https://www.independent.ng/senator-bassey-opponent-exchange-blows-over-claims-of-missing-election-materials/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Independent Newspapers Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Bassey, kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata na jihar Kuros Riba ya kore Ntufam Okon, kuma Bassey ne ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=PDP Senator calls on party to disqualify opponent from Senatorial race |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-senator-calls-on-party-to-disqualify-opponent-from-senatorial-race/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Ex-PDP chairman disqualified from Cross River senatorial primary over alleged violence |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/ex-pdp-chairman-disqualified-from-cross-river-senatorial-primary-over-alleged-violence/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Gershom Bassey Attacked, Wounded By Suspected Thugs In PDP Primary |url=http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=aitonline.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150904/http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da zaɓen kuma Bassey ya zama wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Sen. Bassey retains Cross River South Senatorial seat |url=https://punchng.com/sen-bassey-retains-cross-river-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isangedighi |first=Iyanam |date=2019-02-25 |title=APC candidate stops Cross River Speaker's bid for National Assembly seat |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-candidate-stops-cross-river-speakers-bid-national-assembly-seat-198107 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=TODAY.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lissafin da aka tallafa === A lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 8, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka haɗa da: 1. ''Gyara, Gyarawa da Cibiyar Sake Haɗuwa (kafa, da dai sauransu) Bill, 2016".'' 2. ''Kwalejin Fasaha da Bincike ta Tarayya, Akamkpa (kafa, da sauransu) Bill'' 3. Ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka mai suna " ''Bididdigar Dokar da za ta gyara Shari'ar Laifuka (Saki daga Tsaro) (Dokar Bayar da Kyauta ta Musamman, CAP C40 LFN 2011 da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa'' ", lissafin ya ci gaba har zuwa mataki na biyu na karatu. 4. Sauran takardun kudi da ya dauki nauyin karatun kawai sune " ''Wuta (Hazard'' '', Rigakafi da Tsaro) Bill'' ", " ''National Boundary Commission Act (gyara) Bill'' ", " ''tuta da tufafin dokar (gyara)'' ", " ''Federal Polytechnic Akpabuyo (Est.etc.) Bill'' " da kuma " ''Nigerian Research Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic, Bakassi (Est.etc) Bill'' " [., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plac Billstrack |url=http://placbillstrack.org/legislatorbills.php?getname=27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/844 Profile Gershom Bassey] {{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|group=note}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6yul4rgpomd6fz1ryc5c9mlx26wqt94 882447 882446 2026-07-13T17:23:48Z Usman saadu 46863 882447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gershom Henry Bassey|birth_date={{birth-date and age|18 March 1962}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|office3=Chairman [[Cross River State]] Water Board|termstart3=1999|termend3=2014|office2=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart2=9 June 2015|termend2=9 June 2019|office1=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart1=2019 - 2023|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|vicepresident=[[Yemi Osinbajo]]|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|committees=Chairman,Senate Committee;FERMA,Vice Chairman, Senate Committee; Petroleum Resources (Upstream), Member, Senate Committee; Defence, Federal Character, National Planning, Local Content and Cooperation and Integration in Africa/NEPAD|parliamentarygroup=ECOWAS Parliament}} '''Sanata Cif Gershom Henry Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta1962 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa mai yawan miliyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Cross River: Rumbles in the Creek Ahead of 2019 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/20/cross-river-rumbles-in-the-creek-ahead-of-2019/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu Sanata a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] . Sanata ne a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] ta 8 da ta 9 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=30 countries for Calabar Carnival, says official |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/20/30-countries-for-calabar-carnival-says-official/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajagunna |first=Friday |date=2016-10-06 |title=Rowdy, hostile Senate session throws out Tinubu's bill on special status for Lagos |url=https://newmail-ng.com/rowdy-hostile-senate-session-throws-out-tinubus-bill-on-special-status-for-lagos/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=New Mail Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-08-01 |title=2019: Why lawmakers are defecting from APC to PDP - Senator Bassey |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/08/01/2019-lawmakers-defecting-apc-pdp-senator-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi == Gershom Bassey (an haife shi 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1962) a [[Legas]], [[Najeriya]], ya fito ne daga [[Kalabar ta Kudu|karamar hukumar Calabar ta Kudu]] a [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . Yana auren Chioma Gershom-Bassey yana da 'ya'ya 5. Bassey ya halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da ke Legas inda ya yi makarantar firamare sannan ya wuce [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sokoto|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Sakkwato]] inda ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a shekara ta 1977. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar A-Level daga Kwalejin Greylands, Isles of Wight, United Kingdom. Ya karanta Injiniya Production da Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff inda ya kammala karatunsa na 1st BSc a shekara ta 1984. A cikin shekara ta 1986, ya sami MSc a Gudanar da Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Brunel [[London]] tare da bambanci. A shekarar 2000 ya sami MBA daga MIT Sloan school of management. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ScoreCard |url=https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912214530/https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.nigeriascorecard.com}}</ref> Shi ma’aikaci ne a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NICE) kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Senator Gershom Bassey: The Indefatigable March of a Quintessential Leader |url=https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223959/https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey shi ne shugaban kamfanin Lilleker Nigeria Nigeria form 1999 - 2010 kuma shugaban hukumar ruwa [[Cross River|ta jihar Cross River]] a 1999-2015. Bassey ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Sanata na gundumar Kuros Riba ta Kudu a 2015. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2015 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 8. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2019 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 9. Ya kasance na 5 mafi kyawun sanatoci a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Yana da kimanin dala miliyan 30 da aka kiyasce shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a jihar Kuros Riba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2014-12-25 |title=Senator representing Cross River South dumps PDP after losing at primaries |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/12/25/senator-representing-cross-river-south-dumps-pdp-losing-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Cross River: Bassey wins PDP Southern Senatorial primary |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-bassey-wins-pdp-southern-senatorial-primary/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsare na [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Otu, Duke And Gershom Go For Senatorial Ticket |url=https://www.calitown.com/otu-duke-and-gershom-go-for-senatorial-ticket/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=www.calitown.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Power shift threatens politics of 'three wise men' |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/power-shift-threatens-politics-of-three-wise-men/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Bassey ya bayyana bukatarsa ta neman kujerar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Cross River ta kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eribake |first=Akintayo |date=2014-08-26 |title=Cross River 2015: The myth around Imoke, Duke and I — Gershom Bassey |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cross-river-2015-myth-around-imoke-duke-gershom-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2015, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kuros Riba ta Kudu Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-10 |title=Little-known politician beats Senator Otu in PDP senatorial primaries |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/little-known-politician-beats-senator-otu-in-pdp-senatorial-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why I Resigned From PDP – Sen. Bassey Otu |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/12/why-i-resigned-from-pdp-sen-bassey-otu.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=How I was elected despite suffering defeat in my unit, ward, LGA – Senator |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/189723-how-i-was-elected-despite-suffering-defeat-in-my-unit-ward-lga-senator.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> An kuma nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan albarkatun man fetur (Upstream). Yanzu dai Bassey shi ne shugaban hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). Wannan shi ne kwamitin da ke da alhakin kula da tituna a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-09 |title=Power Devolution, Key To Nigeria's Economic Growth – Bassey |url=https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143428/https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin da ake tunkarar zaɓen shekarar 2019 a lokacin zaben fidda gwani [[Peoples Democratic Party|na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]], Bassey ya samu arangama da abokin hamayyarsa Ntufam Ekpo Okon wanda a karshe ya kai ga dage zaɓen fidda gwani da kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata [[Cross River|na jihar Cross River]] ya yi. An kuma bayyana cewa magoya bayan Ntufam Ekpo Okon sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Bassey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Nsa |date=2018-10-03 |title=Senator Bassey, Opponent Exchange Blows Over Claims Of Missing Election Materials |url=https://www.independent.ng/senator-bassey-opponent-exchange-blows-over-claims-of-missing-election-materials/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Independent Newspapers Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Bassey, kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata na jihar Kuros Riba ya kore Ntufam Okon, kuma Bassey ne ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=PDP Senator calls on party to disqualify opponent from Senatorial race |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-senator-calls-on-party-to-disqualify-opponent-from-senatorial-race/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Ex-PDP chairman disqualified from Cross River senatorial primary over alleged violence |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/ex-pdp-chairman-disqualified-from-cross-river-senatorial-primary-over-alleged-violence/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Gershom Bassey Attacked, Wounded By Suspected Thugs In PDP Primary |url=http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=aitonline.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150904/http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da zaɓen kuma Bassey ya zama wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Sen. Bassey retains Cross River South Senatorial seat |url=https://punchng.com/sen-bassey-retains-cross-river-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isangedighi |first=Iyanam |date=2019-02-25 |title=APC candidate stops Cross River Speaker's bid for National Assembly seat |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-candidate-stops-cross-river-speakers-bid-national-assembly-seat-198107 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=TODAY.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lissafin da aka tallafa === A lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 8, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka haɗa da: 1. ''Gyara, Gyarawa da Cibiyar Sake Haɗuwa (kafa, da dai sauransu) Bill, 2016".'' 2. ''Kwalejin Fasaha da Bincike ta Tarayya, Akamkpa (kafa, da sauransu) Bill'' 3. Ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka mai suna " ''Bididdigar Dokar da za ta gyara Shari'ar Laifuka (Saki daga Tsaro) (Dokar Bayar da Kyauta ta Musamman, CAP C40 LFN 2011 da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa'' ", lissafin ya ci gaba har zuwa mataki na biyu na karatu. 4. Sauran takardun kudi da ya dauki nauyin karatun kawai sune " ''Wuta (Hazard'' '', Rigakafi da Tsaro) Bill'' ", " ''National Boundary Commission Act (gyara) Bill'' ", " ''tuta da tufafin dokar (gyara)'' ", " ''Federal Polytechnic Akpabuyo (Est.etc.) Bill'' " da kuma " ''Nigerian Research Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic, Bakassi (Est.etc) Bill'' " [., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plac Billstrack |url=http://placbillstrack.org/legislatorbills.php?getname=27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/844 Profile Gershom Bassey] {{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|group=note}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cx77px0i8d0spmx8u8kk56lc0bnb88l 882449 882447 2026-07-13T17:26:45Z Usman saadu 46863 882449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gershom Henry Bassey|birth_date={{birth-date and age|18 March 1962}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|office3=Chairman [[Cross River State]] Water Board|termstart3=1999|termend3=2014|office2=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart2=9 June 2015|termend2=9 June 2019|office1=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart1=2019 - 2023|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|vicepresident=[[Yemi Osinbajo]]|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|committees=Chairman,Senate Committee;FERMA,Vice Chairman, Senate Committee; Petroleum Resources (Upstream), Member, Senate Committee; Defence, Federal Character, National Planning, Local Content and Cooperation and Integration in Africa/NEPAD|parliamentarygroup=ECOWAS Parliament}} '''Sanata Cif Gershom Henry Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta1962 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa mai yawan miliyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Cross River: Rumbles in the Creek Ahead of 2019 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/20/cross-river-rumbles-in-the-creek-ahead-of-2019/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu Sanata a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] . Sanata ne a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] ta 8 da ta 9 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=30 countries for Calabar Carnival, says official |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/20/30-countries-for-calabar-carnival-says-official/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajagunna |first=Friday |date=2016-10-06 |title=Rowdy, hostile Senate session throws out Tinubu's bill on special status for Lagos |url=https://newmail-ng.com/rowdy-hostile-senate-session-throws-out-tinubus-bill-on-special-status-for-lagos/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=New Mail Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-08-01 |title=2019: Why lawmakers are defecting from APC to PDP - Senator Bassey |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/08/01/2019-lawmakers-defecting-apc-pdp-senator-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi == Gershom Bassey (an haife shi 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1962) a [[Legas]], [[Najeriya]], ya fito ne daga [[Kalabar ta Kudu|karamar hukumar Calabar ta Kudu]] a [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . Yana auren Chioma Gershom-Bassey yana da 'ya'ya 5. Bassey ya halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da ke Legas inda ya yi makarantar firamare sannan ya wuce [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sokoto|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Sakkwato]] inda ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a shekara ta 1977. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar A-Level daga Kwalejin Greylands, Isles of Wight, United Kingdom. Ya karanta Injiniya Production da Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff inda ya kammala karatunsa na 1st BSc a shekara ta 1984. A cikin shekara ta 1986, ya sami MSc a Gudanar da Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Brunel [[London]] tare da bambanci. A shekarar 2000 ya sami MBA daga MIT Sloan school of management. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ScoreCard |url=https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912214530/https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.nigeriascorecard.com}}</ref> Shi ma’aikaci ne a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NICE) kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Senator Gershom Bassey: The Indefatigable March of a Quintessential Leader |url=https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223959/https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey shi ne shugaban kamfanin Lilleker Nigeria Nigeria form 1999 - 2010 kuma shugaban hukumar ruwa [[Cross River|ta jihar Cross River]] a 1999-2015. Bassey ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Sanata na gundumar Kuros Riba ta Kudu a 2015. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 8. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2019 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 9. Ya kasance na 5 mafi kyawun sanatoci a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Yana da kimanin dala miliyan 30 da aka kiyasce shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a jihar Kuros Riba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2014-12-25 |title=Senator representing Cross River South dumps PDP after losing at primaries |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/12/25/senator-representing-cross-river-south-dumps-pdp-losing-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Cross River: Bassey wins PDP Southern Senatorial primary |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-bassey-wins-pdp-southern-senatorial-primary/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsare na [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Otu, Duke And Gershom Go For Senatorial Ticket |url=https://www.calitown.com/otu-duke-and-gershom-go-for-senatorial-ticket/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=www.calitown.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Power shift threatens politics of 'three wise men' |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/power-shift-threatens-politics-of-three-wise-men/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Bassey ya bayyana bukatarsa ta neman kujerar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Cross River ta kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eribake |first=Akintayo |date=2014-08-26 |title=Cross River 2015: The myth around Imoke, Duke and I — Gershom Bassey |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cross-river-2015-myth-around-imoke-duke-gershom-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2015, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kuros Riba ta Kudu Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-10 |title=Little-known politician beats Senator Otu in PDP senatorial primaries |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/little-known-politician-beats-senator-otu-in-pdp-senatorial-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why I Resigned From PDP – Sen. Bassey Otu |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/12/why-i-resigned-from-pdp-sen-bassey-otu.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=How I was elected despite suffering defeat in my unit, ward, LGA – Senator |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/189723-how-i-was-elected-despite-suffering-defeat-in-my-unit-ward-lga-senator.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> An kuma nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan albarkatun man fetur (Upstream). Yanzu dai Bassey shi ne shugaban hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). Wannan shi ne kwamitin da ke da alhakin kula da tituna a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-09 |title=Power Devolution, Key To Nigeria's Economic Growth – Bassey |url=https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143428/https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin da ake tunkarar zaɓen shekarar 2019 a lokacin zaben fidda gwani [[Peoples Democratic Party|na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]], Bassey ya samu arangama da abokin hamayyarsa Ntufam Ekpo Okon wanda a karshe ya kai ga dage zaɓen fidda gwani da kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata [[Cross River|na jihar Cross River]] ya yi. An kuma bayyana cewa magoya bayan Ntufam Ekpo Okon sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Bassey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Nsa |date=2018-10-03 |title=Senator Bassey, Opponent Exchange Blows Over Claims Of Missing Election Materials |url=https://www.independent.ng/senator-bassey-opponent-exchange-blows-over-claims-of-missing-election-materials/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Independent Newspapers Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Bassey, kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata na jihar Kuros Riba ya kore Ntufam Okon, kuma Bassey ne ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=PDP Senator calls on party to disqualify opponent from Senatorial race |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-senator-calls-on-party-to-disqualify-opponent-from-senatorial-race/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Ex-PDP chairman disqualified from Cross River senatorial primary over alleged violence |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/ex-pdp-chairman-disqualified-from-cross-river-senatorial-primary-over-alleged-violence/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Gershom Bassey Attacked, Wounded By Suspected Thugs In PDP Primary |url=http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=aitonline.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150904/http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da zaɓen kuma Bassey ya zama wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Sen. Bassey retains Cross River South Senatorial seat |url=https://punchng.com/sen-bassey-retains-cross-river-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isangedighi |first=Iyanam |date=2019-02-25 |title=APC candidate stops Cross River Speaker's bid for National Assembly seat |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-candidate-stops-cross-river-speakers-bid-national-assembly-seat-198107 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=TODAY.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lissafin da aka tallafa === A lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 8, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka haɗa da: 1. ''Gyara, Gyarawa da Cibiyar Sake Haɗuwa (kafa, da dai sauransu) Bill, 2016".'' 2. ''Kwalejin Fasaha da Bincike ta Tarayya, Akamkpa (kafa, da sauransu) Bill'' 3. Ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka mai suna " ''Bididdigar Dokar da za ta gyara Shari'ar Laifuka (Saki daga Tsaro) (Dokar Bayar da Kyauta ta Musamman, CAP C40 LFN 2011 da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa'' ", lissafin ya ci gaba har zuwa mataki na biyu na karatu. 4. Sauran takardun kudi da ya dauki nauyin karatun kawai sune " ''Wuta (Hazard'' '', Rigakafi da Tsaro) Bill'' ", " ''National Boundary Commission Act (gyara) Bill'' ", " ''tuta da tufafin dokar (gyara)'' ", " ''Federal Polytechnic Akpabuyo (Est.etc.) Bill'' " da kuma " ''Nigerian Research Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic, Bakassi (Est.etc) Bill'' " [., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plac Billstrack |url=http://placbillstrack.org/legislatorbills.php?getname=27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/844 Profile Gershom Bassey] {{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|group=note}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g0p8tmz39sshomnaudl9fqeh7hzhcei 882451 882449 2026-07-13T17:28:21Z Usman saadu 46863 882451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gershom Henry Bassey|birth_date={{birth-date and age|18 March 1962}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|office3=Chairman [[Cross River State]] Water Board|termstart3=1999|termend3=2014|office2=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart2=9 June 2015|termend2=9 June 2019|office1=Member of the [[Senate of Nigeria]] for Cross River South|termstart1=2019 - 2023|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|vicepresident=[[Yemi Osinbajo]]|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|committees=Chairman,Senate Committee;FERMA,Vice Chairman, Senate Committee; Petroleum Resources (Upstream), Member, Senate Committee; Defence, Federal Character, National Planning, Local Content and Cooperation and Integration in Africa/NEPAD|parliamentarygroup=ECOWAS Parliament}} '''Sanata Cif Gershom Henry Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta1962 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa mai yawan miliyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Cross River: Rumbles in the Creek Ahead of 2019 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/20/cross-river-rumbles-in-the-creek-ahead-of-2019/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu Sanata a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] . Sanata ne a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] ta 8 da ta 9 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=30 countries for Calabar Carnival, says official |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/20/30-countries-for-calabar-carnival-says-official/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajagunna |first=Friday |date=2016-10-06 |title=Rowdy, hostile Senate session throws out Tinubu's bill on special status for Lagos |url=https://newmail-ng.com/rowdy-hostile-senate-session-throws-out-tinubus-bill-on-special-status-for-lagos/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=New Mail Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-08-01 |title=2019: Why lawmakers are defecting from APC to PDP - Senator Bassey |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/08/01/2019-lawmakers-defecting-apc-pdp-senator-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi == Gershom Bassey (an haife shi 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1962) a [[Legas]], [[Najeriya]], ya fito ne daga [[Kalabar ta Kudu|karamar hukumar Calabar ta Kudu]] a [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . Yana auren Chioma Gershom-Bassey yana da 'ya'ya 5. Bassey ya halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da ke Legas inda ya yi makarantar firamare sannan ya wuce [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sokoto|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Sakkwato]] inda ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a shekara ta 1977. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar A-Level daga Kwalejin Greylands, Isles of Wight, United Kingdom. Ya karanta Injiniya Production da Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff inda ya kammala karatunsa na 1st BSc a shekara ta 1984. A cikin shekara ta 1986, ya sami MSc a Gudanar da Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Brunel [[London]] tare da bambanci. A shekarar 2000 ya sami MBA daga MIT Sloan school of management. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ScoreCard |url=https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912214530/https://www.nigeriascorecard.com/senator/view/gershome-bassey/27 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.nigeriascorecard.com}}</ref> Shi ma’aikaci ne a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NICE) kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Senator Gershom Bassey: The Indefatigable March of a Quintessential Leader |url=https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223959/https://crossrivertimes.com.ng/senator-gershom-bassey-the-indefatigable-march-of-a-quintessential-leader/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey shi ne shugaban kamfanin Lilleker Nigeria Nigeria form 1999 - 2010 kuma shugaban hukumar ruwa [[Cross River|ta jihar Cross River]] a 1999-2015. Bassey ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Sanata na gundumar Kuros Riba ta Kudu a 2015. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 8. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2019 aka rantsar da shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta 9. Ya kasance na 5 mafi kyawun sanatoci a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Yana da kimanin dala miliyan 30 da aka kiyasce shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a jihar Kuros Riba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2014-12-25 |title=Senator representing Cross River South dumps PDP after losing at primaries |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/12/25/senator-representing-cross-river-south-dumps-pdp-losing-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Cross River: Bassey wins PDP Southern Senatorial primary |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-bassey-wins-pdp-southern-senatorial-primary/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsare na [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Otu, Duke And Gershom Go For Senatorial Ticket |url=https://www.calitown.com/otu-duke-and-gershom-go-for-senatorial-ticket/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=www.calitown.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Power shift threatens politics of 'three wise men' |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/power-shift-threatens-politics-of-three-wise-men/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Bassey ya bayyana bukatarsa ta neman kujerar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Cross River ta kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eribake |first=Akintayo |date=2014-08-26 |title=Cross River 2015: The myth around Imoke, Duke and I — Gershom Bassey |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cross-river-2015-myth-around-imoke-duke-gershom-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kuros Riba ta Kudu Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-10 |title=Little-known politician beats Senator Otu in PDP senatorial primaries |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/little-known-politician-beats-senator-otu-in-pdp-senatorial-primaries/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why I Resigned From PDP – Sen. Bassey Otu |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/12/why-i-resigned-from-pdp-sen-bassey-otu.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=How I was elected despite suffering defeat in my unit, ward, LGA – Senator |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/189723-how-i-was-elected-despite-suffering-defeat-in-my-unit-ward-lga-senator.html |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> An kuma nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan albarkatun man fetur (Upstream). Yanzu dai Bassey shi ne shugaban hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). Wannan shi ne kwamitin da ke da alhakin kula da tituna a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-09 |title=Power Devolution, Key To Nigeria's Economic Growth – Bassey |url=https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143428/https://leadership.ng/2017/12/09/power-devolution-key-nigerias-economic-growth-bassey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin da ake tunkarar zaɓen shekarar 2019 a lokacin zaben fidda gwani [[Peoples Democratic Party|na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]], Bassey ya samu arangama da abokin hamayyarsa Ntufam Ekpo Okon wanda a karshe ya kai ga dage zaɓen fidda gwani da kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata [[Cross River|na jihar Cross River]] ya yi. An kuma bayyana cewa magoya bayan Ntufam Ekpo Okon sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Bassey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Nsa |date=2018-10-03 |title=Senator Bassey, Opponent Exchange Blows Over Claims Of Missing Election Materials |url=https://www.independent.ng/senator-bassey-opponent-exchange-blows-over-claims-of-missing-election-materials/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Independent Newspapers Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Bassey, kwamitin zaben fidda gwani na sanata na jihar Kuros Riba ya kore Ntufam Okon, kuma Bassey ne ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=PDP Senator calls on party to disqualify opponent from Senatorial race |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-senator-calls-on-party-to-disqualify-opponent-from-senatorial-race/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=The Nation Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Ex-PDP chairman disqualified from Cross River senatorial primary over alleged violence |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/ex-pdp-chairman-disqualified-from-cross-river-senatorial-primary-over-alleged-violence/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sen. Gershom Bassey Attacked, Wounded By Suspected Thugs In PDP Primary |url=http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=aitonline.tv |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150904/http://aitonline.tv/post-sen__gershom_bassey_attacked__wounded_by_suspected_thugs_in_pdp_primary |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da zaɓen kuma Bassey ya zama wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Sen. Bassey retains Cross River South Senatorial seat |url=https://punchng.com/sen-bassey-retains-cross-river-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isangedighi |first=Iyanam |date=2019-02-25 |title=APC candidate stops Cross River Speaker's bid for National Assembly seat |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-candidate-stops-cross-river-speakers-bid-national-assembly-seat-198107 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=TODAY.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lissafin da aka tallafa === A lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 8, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka haɗa da: 1. ''Gyara, Gyarawa da Cibiyar Sake Haɗuwa (kafa, da dai sauransu) Bill, 2016".'' 2. ''Kwalejin Fasaha da Bincike ta Tarayya, Akamkpa (kafa, da sauransu) Bill'' 3. Ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka mai suna " ''Bididdigar Dokar da za ta gyara Shari'ar Laifuka (Saki daga Tsaro) (Dokar Bayar da Kyauta ta Musamman, CAP C40 LFN 2011 da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa'' ", lissafin ya ci gaba har zuwa mataki na biyu na karatu. 4. Sauran takardun kudi da ya dauki nauyin karatun kawai sune " ''Wuta (Hazard'' '', Rigakafi da Tsaro) Bill'' ", " ''National Boundary Commission Act (gyara) Bill'' ", " ''tuta da tufafin dokar (gyara)'' ", " ''Federal Polytechnic Akpabuyo (Est.etc.) Bill'' " da kuma " ''Nigerian Research Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic, Bakassi (Est.etc) Bill'' " [., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plac Billstrack |url=http://placbillstrack.org/legislatorbills.php?getname=27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/844 Profile Gershom Bassey] {{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|group=note}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 46u1a8oz9v1386aranom60t676yoj1r Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopian 0 106103 882474 662789 2026-07-13T19:40:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Emperor Haile Selassie da aka ɗauka a 1942]] '''Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethopian''' wani yunkuri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Birtaniya]] wajen sake kafa ƙasar Habasha mai cin gashin kanta bayan korar sojojin Italiya da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Birtaniya da Habasha suka yi a shekarar 1941 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Akwai wata yarjejeniya ta Anglo-Ethiopian da aka sanya hannu a baya a cikin shekarar 1897. Wannan taron ya shafi Menelik II kuma ya shafi iyakar da ke tsakanin Hararghe (Ethiopia) da British [[Somaliland]]. == A karkashin yarjejeniyar == Bayan da Sarkin Habasha Haile Selassie ya koma kan ƙaragar mulki, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar wucin gadi ta Anglo-Ethiopia a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1942 tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu; Manjo Janar Sir Philip Euen Mitchell, babban jami'in siyasa na babban kwamandan sojojin Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka ya sanya hannu a madadin Burtaniya.<ref>Haile Selassie, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress Volume Two: Addis Abebe 1966 E.C.'' (Chicago: Frontline Distribution, 1999), p. 176</ref> Biritaniya ta aike da masu ba da shawara kan farar hula don su taimaka wa Selassie da ayyukan gudanarwa da kuma samar masa da masu ba shi shawara na soja don kiyaye tsaron cikin gida da inganta da kuma zamanantar da sojojin Habasha. Sharuɗɗan wannan yarjejeniya sun tabbatar da matsayin Habasha a matsayin ƙasa mai yanci, ko da yake yankin Ogaden, yankunan kan iyaka da [[French Somaliland|Faransan Somaliland]] (wanda aka sani da "Reserved Areas" ko Haud), hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, da Haud, za su ci gaba da zama na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya. Har ila yau Birtaniyya ta ɗauki nauyin kula da kuɗaɗen waje da na waje da kuma shigo da kaya da fitar da su.<ref name=LOC>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+et0030%29 "Ethiopia: Ethiopia in World War II"], Library of Congress website (accessed 30 January 2011)</ref> Duk da cewa ta sake tabbatar da wasu batutuwa na Yarjejeniyar Tripartite na shekarar 1906 da Klobukowski Yarjejeniyar 1908, ta kuma ɗauki matakai don juyawa, alal misali, kariyar da yarjejeniyar 1908 ta ba wa duk baƙi daga dokokin Habasha, duk da cewa yayin da ya nuna cewa shari'ar duk wani shari'ar da aka gabatar a kan baƙon ya zama alƙali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fanta |first=Esubalew Belay |date=2016 |title=The British on the Ethiopian Bench: 1942–1944 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/nortafristud.16.2.0067 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=67–96 |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.16.2.0067 |issn=0740-9133 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarshe dai yarjejeniyar ta kunshi wani batu da ya baiwa Habasha damar kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar ta hanyar ba da sanarwar na tsawon watanni uku. Ba da daɗewa ba Habashawa suka ga aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniya ba za su iya jurewa ba, ko da yake sun ga an ɗan inganta dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da ita, inda ake ɗaukar Habasha a matsayin ƙasa makiya da take mamaya. Haile Selassie ya bayyana wani bangare na dangantakar da ta gabata, "sun kwashe dukkan kayan aikin soja da aka kama a ƙasarmu... a fili da karfin gwiwa suna cewa bai kamata a bar shi don hidimar baƙar fata ba."<ref>Haile Selassie, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'', p. 173</ref> Wani batu na takaddama shi ne ikon da Birtaniya ke da shi na banki da kuɗi na Habasha, wanda ya buƙaci a buɗe duk wasiƙun bashi a Aden kuma ya buƙaci duk abin da aka fitar da shi ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa, yana samar da ribar riba a hukumance na 9-11%; Bugu da ƙari, duk dalolin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ana buƙatar a canza su kai tsaye zuwa fam ɗin Sterling.<ref>John Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years'' (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), p. 106</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba Sarkin sarakuna da ministocinsa suka fara jagorantar ƙoƙarinsu zuwa wasu takamaiman abubuwa guda uku: sabuwar yarjejeniya don maye gurbin wannan; sabon kuɗin da zai maye gurbin Shilling na gabashin Afirka da aka sanya wa Habasha a wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar; da kuma tushen taimakon soja wanda zai tabbatar da cewa Habasha ba za ta sake dogara ga Birtaniya ba.<ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 102; Mauri A., "The re-establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia", ''The South African Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 24, n. 2, p. 91</ref> Rundunar ‘yan sandan da Birtaniya ta horas da su daga ƙarshe ta maye gurbin tsoffin ‘yan sandan da ke hidimar gwamnonin larduna. An yi tawaye guda biyu a wannan lokaci: Tawayen Woyane a gabashin lardin Tigray, wanda aka danne tare da taimakon tallafin jiragen sama na Birtaniya; da kuma sauran a cikin ƙasar Ogaden da bataliyoyin sojojin Habasha biyu suka kakkaɓe.<ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 102; Mauri A., "The re-establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia", ''The South African Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 24, n. 2, p. 91</ref> == British Ogaden ==   Mulkin Soja na Burtaniya a Ogaden, ko kuma kawai ''British Ogaden'', shine lokacin mulkin Soja na Burtaniya daga shekarun 1941 zuwa 1955. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun zo ne don su mallaki Ogaden, daga baya kuma Haud ne kawai, bayan yakin Gabashin Afrika a shekarar 1941.<ref>Super powers in the Horn of Africa - Page 48, 1987, Madan Sauldie</ref> Manufar Birtaniya ita ce ta haɗa kan Birtaniya da yankin Ogaden da mulkin mallaka a Somaliland da kuma ƙasar da Italiya ta yi wa Somaliland mulkin mallaka, tare da samar da siyasa guda ɗaya. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya Ernest Bevin ne ya bayyana wannan manufa ta musamman. Duk da haka, a lokacin mulkin Birtaniya Haile Selassie ya gabatar da buƙatun yankuna da dama, kuma yayin da buƙatarsa na haɗewar tsohuwar Somaliland ta Italiya ta kasance wata dabara ce ta ciniki, yana da gaske game da mayar da yankunan Habasha a cikin Ogaden da kuma mamaye [[Eritrea]]. Ba a yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatun da Birtaniyya ba, waɗanda suka fifita ƙungiyar Eritrea ta daban, da babbar Somaliya. Koyaya, bayan ci gaba da shawarwarin Habasha da matsin lamba daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], an yi watsi da wannan manufar.<ref>Cahiers d'études africaines - Volume 2 - Page 65</ref><ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 142</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X - Page 1026, Siegbert Uhlig - 2010</ref> Tsarin dawo da illolin da yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar a Habasha bai kai ga ƙarewa ba sai a shekarar 1955, lokacin da aka mayar da Habasha kan iyakokin da kasashen duniya suka amince da ita a shekarar 1935, tun kafin mamayar Italiya. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya sun miƙawa ƙasar Ogaden a shekarar 1948 zuwa ƙasar Habasha, tare da barin sauran ikon da Birtaniyya ke da su a Haud a shekarar 1955.<ref>Vaughan, Sarah. "Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ogaden: Still a Running Sore at the Heart of the Horn of Africa." Secessionism in African Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 91-123.</ref> Bayan yanke shawarar miƙa yankin Ogaden ga Habasha an yi kira da yawa, da kuma tashe tashen hankula, da nufin sauya wannan shawarar. Yunkurin neman cin gashin kansa daga Addis Ababa ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 21.<ref>Vaughan, Sarah. "Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ogaden: Still a Running Sore at the Heart of the Horn of Africa." Secessionism in African Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 91-123.</ref> == Tattaunawar sabuwar yarjejeniya == Duk da yadda Habashan ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar, da Sarkin sarakuna da gungun ministocinsa na ciki ba su son a zahiri gabatar da sanarwar da ake buƙata don kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar. An yi watsi da jerin shawarwarin sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka gabatar wa Burtaniya a farkon shekara ta 1944. Kamar yadda John Spencer, wani Ba'amurke mai ba da shawara ga Habasha a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a wannan lokacin, ya bayyana, "Sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya ta hanyar sake mamaye lardin Tigré, kudancin Eritriya, da kuma na Sidamo da Gemu Gofa da ke kan iyaka da [[Kenya]], da kuma yiwuwar wasu yankuna a yamma kamar lardunan Wollega da Illubabor sun kasance suna tattaunawa tare da waɗannan batutuwa."<ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 143</ref> A ƙarshe, jami'an Habasha sun shawo kan firgicinsu kuma sun ba da sanarwar dakatarwa na watanni uku zuwa ga babban jami'in Birtaniya 25 May 1944 tare da buƙatar gaggawar tattaunawar sabuwar yarjejeniya. Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, Amurka ba kawai ta sake kafa ofishinta na diflomasiyya a Habasha ba, amma ta ayyana ƙasar ta cancanci Lamuni, wanda ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga jami'an Habasha a tattaunawarsu da Burtaniya.<ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 144</ref> Amsar Ingila ta farko tayi shiru. Sai dai bayan da gwamnatin Habasha ta tunatar da su game da ƙarewar yarjejeniyar a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta da kuma cewa suna sa ran samun mallakar layin dogo da gudanar da yankin Haud da Reserved Area, Birtaniya ta mayar da martani. Da farko dai Birtaniya ta yi yunkurin jinkirta kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar, inda ta ce ba za ta iya biyan buƙatun Habasha ba, sannan ta dage tsawaita wa'adin watanni biyu na ranar miƙa kadarorin. Tawagar tattaunawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Earl de la Warr ta isa ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, kuma a cikin watanni masu zuwa, ɓangarorin biyu sun yi gardama har zuwa ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 1944, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar Anglo da Habasha kuma Birtaniyya ta amince ta yi watsi da damammaki da ta samu a Habasha.<ref>Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', pp. 145-153</ref> Musamman Biritaniya za ta kawar da dakarunta, sai dai daga Ogaden; buɗe filayen jiragen sama na Habasha (yanzu an iyakance ga zirga-zirgar Birtaniyya) ga duk jiragen da ke kawance; kuma su daina sarrafa sashin Habasha na layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti kai tsaye.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081101102312/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791818,00.html "The Negus Negotiates"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' 1 January 1945 (accessed 14 May 2009)</ref> Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta kuma soke fifikon Birtaniyya akan sauran wakilan ƙasashen waje.<ref>Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 180</ref> Koyaya, watakila mafi mahimmanci shine amfani da kalmar "aboki" a cikin yarjejeniyar. Ba wai kawai wannan ya kawar da wani dalili na la'akari da "yankin abokan gaba" na Habasha kamar yadda Janar Mitchell ya yi ikirari amma kuma ya hana yiwuwar a hana Habasha kujera a taron zaman lafiya na gaba, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1947.<ref name="spencer">Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay'', p. 152</ref> == Duba kuma == * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Habasha == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3pqivqtsc2r3wlgi1s8xq4qwtr0j1aa Rashin albarkatun 0 107157 882752 669468 2026-07-14T07:42:26Z BnHamid 12586 882752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Tar_sands_in_alberta_2008.jpg|thumb|335x335px|Yashi na Tar a Alberta, 2008. Man yana daya dagadaga cikin albarkatun da mutane ke amfani dashda su]] '''Rashin albarkatun''' yana faruwa ne adai dai lokacin da aka cinye albarkatun halitta da sauri fiye da yadda za'a iya sake cika su. Darajar hanya ta dogara da kasancewarta a cikin yanayi da farashin cire ta. Ta hanyar dokar samarwa da buƙata, ƙarancin albarkatun ya zama mafi mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rimos |first=Shaun |last2=Hoadley |first2=Andrew F. A. |last3=Brennan |first3=David J. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Environmental consequence analysis for resource depletion |url= |journal=Process Safety and Environmental Protection |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=849–861 |bibcode=2014PSEP...92..849R |doi=10.1016/j.psep.2013.06.001 |issn=0957-5820}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan albarkatun da yawa, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ba: lalacewar wuri da yanayin halittu, rushewar ƙasa, lalacewar ruwa, da Yawan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Yi |last2=Zhao |first2=Fang |date=2023-06-01 |title=Impact of energy depletion, human development, and income distribution on natural resource sustainability |url= |journal=Resources Policy |volume=83 |pages=103531 |bibcode=2023RePol..8303531X |doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103531 |issn=0301-4207 |pmc=10132086 |pmid=37128260}}</ref> Rashin yawan namun daji ana kiransa defaunation.<ref name="def ant">{{Cite journal |last=Dirzo |first=Rodolfo |last2=Hillary S. Young |last3=Mauro Galetti |last4=Gerardo Ceballos |last5=Nick J. B. Isaac |last6=Ben Collen |date=2014 |title=Defaunation in the Anthropocene |url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=345 |issue=6195 |pages=401–406 |bibcode=2014Sci...345..401D |doi=10.1126/science.1251817 |pmid=25061202 |s2cid=206555761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511160501/https://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-11 |access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> Yana da batun bincike da muhawara game da yadda za a shafi bil'adama da kuma yadda nan gaba za ta kasance idan amfani da albarkatun ya ci gaba a halin yanzu, kuma lokacin da takamaiman albarkatun za su ƙare gaba ɗaya. == Tarihin lalacewar albarkatu == Rashin albarkatun ya kasance batun tun farkon karni na 19 a cikin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Farko]]. Cire albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ya karu sosai, fiye da yadda ake tsammani kafin masana'antu, saboda ci gaban fasaha da ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da karuwar bukatar albarkatun kasa.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Lotze |first=Heike K. |date=2004 |title=Repetitive history of resource depletion and mismanagement: the need for a shift in perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24867655 |url-status=live |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=274 |pages=282–285 |issn=0171-8630 |jstor=24867655 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323022342/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24867655 |archive-date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McQuade |first=Joseph |date=2019-04-18 |title=Earth Day: Colonialism's role in the overexploitation of natural resources |url=http://theconversation.com/earth-day-colonialisms-role-in-the-overexploitation-of-natural-resources-113995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323022335/http://theconversation.com/earth-day-colonialisms-role-in-the-overexploitation-of-natural-resources-113995 |archive-date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ko da yake raguwar albarkatun ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka da juyin juya halin masana'antu, abin ya kasance babban damuwa ne kawai tun daga shekarun 1970. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (April 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>  Kafin wannan, mutane da yawa sun yi imani da "tatsuniya na rashin ƙarewa", wanda kuma ya samo asali daga mulkin mallaka.  Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin imani cewa duka albarkatun ƙasa masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabunta su ba ba za su iya ƙarewa ba saboda da alama akwai yalwar waɗannan albarkatun.  Wannan imani ya sa mutane ba su yi tambaya game da raguwar albarkatu da rugujewar yanayin muhalli lokacin da abin ya faru ba, kuma yana ci gaba da jan hankalin al'umma don gano waɗannan albarkatun a wuraren da ba a ƙare ba tukuna..<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Lotze |first=Heike K. |date=2004 |title=Repetitive history of resource depletion and mismanagement: the need for a shift in perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24867655 |url-status=live |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=274 |pages=282–285 |issn=0171-8630 |jstor=24867655 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323022342/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24867655 |archive-date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mawle |first=Angela |date=2010-07-01 |title=Climate change, human health, and unsustainable development |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.12 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=272–277 |doi=10.1057/jphp.2010.12 |issn=1745-655X |pmid=20535108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061114/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jphp.2010.12 |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>{{excerpt|Deforestation}}A kokarin kawar da lalacewar albarkatu, masu ra'ayi sun zo da manufar lissafin lalacewar. Da yake da alaƙa da lissafin kore, lissafin ƙarancin yana da niyyar lissafin ƙimar yanayi daidai da tattalin arzikin kasuwa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Boyd |first=James |date=15 March 2007 |title=Nonmarket benefits of nature: What should be counted in green GDP? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=716–723 |bibcode=2007EcoEc..61..716B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.016}}</ref> Rashin lissafin albarkatun yana amfani da bayanan da kasashe suka bayar don kimanta gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata saboda amfani da su da raguwar babban birnin da suke da shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Jeffrey |date=February 2000 |title=Green accounting: from theory to practice |journal=Environment and Development Economics |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–24 |bibcode=2000EDevE...5...13V |doi=10.1017/S1355770X00000024 |s2cid=155001289}}</ref> Babban birnin halitta yana nufin albarkatun kasa kamar ajiyar ma'adinai ko katako. Abubuwan lissafi na raguwa a cikin tasiri daban-daban kamar yawan shekaru har zuwa gajiyawar albarkatu, farashin cire albarkatu, da buƙatun albarkatun.<ref name=":5" /> Masana'antun hakar ma'adanai sun kasance babban bangare na ayyukan tattalin arziki a Kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da matakan da suka fi girma na lalacewar albarkatu da lalacewar muhalli a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":5" /> Masu ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa aiwatar da lissafin ƙarancin albarkatu ya zama dole a kasashe masu tasowa. Rashin lissafi kuma yana neman auna darajar zamantakewar albarkatun kasa da tsarin halittu.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Banzhafa |first=Spencer |last2=Boyd |first2=James |date=August 2007 |title=What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/10586/files/dp060002.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=63 |issue=2–3 |pages=616–626 |bibcode=2007EcoEc..63..616B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923011436/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/10586/files/dp060002.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-23 |access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref> Ana neman auna darajar zamantakewa ta hanyar ayyukan muhalli, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin fa'idodin yanayi ga gidaje, al'ummomi da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":10" /> === Muhimmancinsa === Akwai kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke sha'awar lissafin ƙarancin kuɗi. Masu kula da muhalli suna da sha'awar lissafin ƙarancin kuɗi a matsayin hanyar bin diddigin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, riƙe gwamnatoci da lissafi, ko kwatanta yanayin muhalli da na wata ƙasa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Boyd |first=James |date=15 March 2007 |title=Nonmarket benefits of nature: What should be counted in green GDP? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=716–723 |bibcode=2007EcoEc..61..716B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.016}}</ref> Masana tattalin arziki suna so su auna raguwar albarkatu don fahimtar yadda ƙasashe ko kamfanoni masu dogaro da kudi ke kan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, ko ana iya ci gaba da wannan amfani da kuma matsalolin kudi na sauyawa zuwa albarkatun sabuntawa dangane da albarkatun.<ref name=":9" /> === Tambayoyi === Rashin lissafi yana da rikitarwa don aiwatarwa saboda yanayi ba a iya ƙididdigewa kamar motoci, gidaje, ko burodi ba.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Boyd |first=James |date=15 March 2007 |title=Nonmarket benefits of nature: What should be counted in green GDP? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=716–723 |bibcode=2007EcoEc..61..716B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.016}}</ref> Don ƙarancin lissafi don aiki, dole ne a kafa raka'a masu dacewa na albarkatun ƙasa don albarkatun halitta su iya zama masu aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Babban batutuwan da ke tasowa yayin ƙoƙarin yin hakan sune, ƙayyade wani asusun da ya dace, yanke shawarar yadda za a magance yanayin "haɗin kai" na cikakken tsarin halittu, tsara iyakar tsarin halittu. <ref name=":9" /> Wasu masana tattalin arziki suna so su hada da ma'auni na fa'idodin da ke fitowa daga kayan jama'a da aka bayar ta yanayi, amma a halin yanzu babu alamun kasuwa na darajar.<ref name=":9" /> A duniya, [[Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli|Tattalin arzikin muhalli]] bai iya samar da yarjejeniya game da ma'aunin ma'auni na ayyukan yanayi ba. == Rashin ma'adanai == {{excerpt|Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation}}Ana buƙatar Ma'adanai don samar da abinci, tufafi, da gidaje. Binciken Geological na Amurka (USGS) ya gano wani muhimmin yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin karni na 20 don albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kamar ma'adanai don samar da mafi yawan albarkatun kasa ga wadanda ba man fetur ba, wadanda ba abinci ba ne na tattalin arziki; misali shine mafi yawan amfani da dutse, yashi, da dutse da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gini. Babban amfani da ma'adanai ya fara ne a juyin juya halin masana'antu a kusa da 1760 a [[Ingila]] kuma ya karu da sauri tun daga lokacin. Ingantaccen fasaha ya ba mutane damar tonowa da zurfi da samun damar samun ƙananan maki da nau'ikan ma'adinai daban-daban a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=J |date=2011 |title=Decreasing metal ore grades: are they really being driven by the depletion of high-grade deposits? |journal=J Ind Ecol |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00334.x |s2cid=153886675}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Drielsma |first=Johannes A |last2=Russell-Vaccari |first2=Andrea J |last3=Drnek |first3=Thomas |last4=Brady |first4=Tom |last5=Weihed |first5=Pär |last6=Mistry |first6=Mark |last7=Perez Simbor |first7=Laia |date=2016 |title=Mineral resources in life cycle impact assessment—defining the path forward |journal=Int J Life Cycle Assess |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=85–105 |bibcode=2016IJLCA..21...85D |doi=10.1007/s11367-015-0991-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meinert |first=Lawrence D |last2=Robinson |first2=Gilpin R Jr |last3=Nassar |first3=Nedal T |date=2016 |title=Mineral Resources: Reserves, Peak Production and the Future |journal=Resources |volume=5 |issue=14 |pages=14 |bibcode=2016Resou...5...14M |doi=10.3390/resources5010014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin ƙarfe na masana'antu (kofi, baƙin ƙarfe, Bauxite, da dai sauransu), kazalika da ma'adanai na ƙasa da ba a saba gani ba, suna fuskantar iyakancewar samar da kayan aiki daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, saboda wadata ta haɗa da manyan saka hannun jari na gaba kuma saboda haka yana da jinkirin amsawa ga saurin karuwa a cikin buƙata.<ref name=":0" /> Ma'adanai da wasu suka tsara don shiga raguwar samarwa a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa: * Man fetur na al'ada (2005) * Man fetur duk ruwa (2017). Tsohon tsammanin: Gasoline (2023) * Jan ƙarfe (2017). Tsohon tsammanin: Copper (2024). <ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |last=Valero |first=Alicia |last2=Valero |first2=Antonio |year=2010 |title=Physical geonomics: Combining the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1074–1083 |bibcode=2010RCR....54.1074V |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.02.010}}</ref> Bayanai daga Binciken Yanayi na Amurka (USGS) sun nuna cewa ba zai yiwu ba cewa samar da jan ƙarfe zai kai kololuwa kafin 2040 .<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meinert |first=Lawrence D |last2=Robinson |first2=Gilpin R Jr |last3=Nassar |first3=Nedal T |date=2016 |title=Mineral Resources: Reserves, Peak Production and the Future |journal=Resources |volume=5 |issue=14 |pages=14 |bibcode=2016Resou...5...14M |doi=10.3390/resources5010014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Coal a kowace KWh (2017). Tsohon tsammanin kowace ton: (2060) <ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> * [[Zinc]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinc Depletion |url=http://www.roperld.com/science/minerals/zinc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827162745/http://www.roperld.com/science/minerals/zinc.htm |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu a cikin hydrometallurgy sun canza ajiyar zinc da ba sulfide ba (wanda aka yi watsi da shi har zuwa yanzu) zuwa manyan ajiyar kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkin |first=G. R. T. |last2=Lusty |first2=P. A. J. |last3=McDonald |first3=I |last4=Smith |first4=M. P. |last5=Boyce |first5=A. J. |last6=Wilkinson |first6=J. J. |year=2014 |title=Ore Deposits in an Evolving Earth |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/508092/1/265.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=393 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1144/SP393.13 |s2cid=53488911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103103045/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/508092/1/265.full.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hitzman |first=M. W. |last2=Reynolds |first2=N. A. |last3=Sangster |first3=D. F. |last4=Allen |first4=C. R. |last5=Carman |first5=C. F. |date=2003 |title=Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for Nonsulfide Zinc deposits |journal=Economic Geology |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=685–714 |bibcode=2003EcGeo..98..685H |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.685}}</ref> Ma'adanai da wasu suka tsara don shiga raguwar samarwa a cikin karni na yanzu: * Aluminium (2057) <ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |last=Valero |first=Alicia |last2=Valero |first2=Antonio |year=2010 |title=Physical geonomics: Combining the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1074–1083 |bibcode=2010RCR....54.1074V |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.02.010}}</ref> * Karfe (2068) <ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Irin waɗannan tsinkaye na iya canzawa, yayin da ake yin sabbin abubuwan da aka gano <ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |last=Valero |first=Alicia |last2=Valero |first2=Antonio |year=2010 |title=Physical geonomics: Combining the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1074–1083 |bibcode=2010RCR....54.1074V |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.02.010}}</ref> kuma yawanci ba daidai ba ne game da bayanan da ke akwai akan albarkatun ma'adinai da ma'adanai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Drielsma |first=Johannes A |last2=Russell-Vaccari |first2=Andrea J |last3=Drnek |first3=Thomas |last4=Brady |first4=Tom |last5=Weihed |first5=Pär |last6=Mistry |first6=Mark |last7=Perez Simbor |first7=Laia |date=2016 |title=Mineral resources in life cycle impact assessment—defining the path forward |journal=Int J Life Cycle Assess |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=85–105 |bibcode=2016IJLCA..21...85D |doi=10.1007/s11367-015-0991-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meinert |first=Lawrence D |last2=Robinson |first2=Gilpin R Jr |last3=Nassar |first3=Nedal T |date=2016 |title=Mineral Resources: Reserves, Peak Production and the Future |journal=Resources |volume=5 |issue=14 |pages=14 |bibcode=2016Resou...5...14M |doi=10.3390/resources5010014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Phosphorus (2048). Kashi 80% na ƙarshe na ajiyar duniya shine ma'adinai ɗaya kawai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Man fetur === == Kashe daji == * Ƙara amfani: A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO), abincin ruwa kamar kifi yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tsaron abinci da kuma shirye-shiryen kawo karshen yunwa a duniya. Koyaya, amfani da abinci na ruwa a duniya ya karu da sau biyu na yawan yawan jama'a tun daga shekarun 1960, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga raguwar kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record fisheries and aquaculture production makes critical contribution to global food security |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/record-fisheries-aquaculture-production-contributes-food-security-290622/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022634/https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/record-fisheries-aquaculture-production-contributes-food-security-290622/en |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=FAO |language=en}}</ref> * [[Canjin yanayi]]: Saboda canjin yanayi da karuwar yanayin zafi na teku, yawan kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa suna da mummunar tasiri. Wadannan canje-canje sun tilasta yawan kifaye su canza hanyoyin ƙaura, kuma ba tare da raguwa a cikin kamun kifi ba, wannan yana haifar da yawan kamun kiɗa da raguwa saboda ana kama adadin kifaye a yankunan da yanzu suna da ƙananan yawan kifaye.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=What Is Overfishing |url=https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/overfishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022635/https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/overfishing |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=MSC International - English |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Climate change and fishing |url=https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/climate-change-and-fishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022634/https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/climate-change-and-fishing |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=MSC International - English |language=en}}</ref> * Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba tare da rahoto ba, da ba a tsara su ba (IUU): Kifi ba tare da doka ba ya haɗa da gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi waɗanda ke karya dokoki da ka'idoji a matakin yanki da na duniya game da kamun kiɗa, gami da kamun kariya ba tare da lasisi ko izini ba, kamun kifa a wuraren da aka kare, da / ko kama nau'in kifi masu kariya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal And Destructive Fishing |url=https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/illegal-unreported-unregulated-iuu-destructive-fishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022636/https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/illegal-unreported-unregulated-iuu-destructive-fishing |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=MSC International - English |language=en}}</ref> Kifi da ba a bayar da rahoton ba ya haɗa da gudanar da aikin kamun kifi wanda ba a bayarwa ba, ko kuma ba a bayar ga hukumomi bisa ga Ƙungiyoyin Gudanar da Kifi na Duniya da na Yankin (RFMOs). Kifi mara tsari ya haɗa da gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi a yankunan da ba su da matakan kiyayewa, kuma ba za a iya sa ido sosai ba saboda rashin ka'idoji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=Understanding Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218103952/https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing |archive-date=2024-02-18 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=NOAA Fisheries |language=en}}</ref> * Taimako na kifi: Taimako shine taimakon kudi da gwamnati ta biya don tallafawa wani aiki, masana'antu, ko rukuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217092614/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm |archive-date=2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=WTO |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ba da tallafi don rage farashin farawa, motsa samarwa, ko ƙarfafa amfani. Game da tallafin kamun kifi, yana ba da damar Jiragen kamun kifi su kama ƙarin kifi ta hanyar kamun kifa a cikin ruwa, da kifi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4. WHAT IS A FISHERIES SUBSIDY? |url=https://www.fao.org/3/y4446e/y4446e0k.htm#:~:text=Fisheries%20subsidies%20are%20government%20actions,Box%201:%20WTO%20definition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022634/https://www.fao.org/3/y4446e/y4446e0k.htm#:~:text=Fisheries%20subsidies%20are%20government%20actions,Box%201:%20WTO%20definition |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=FAO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Fisheries Subsidies Agreement: What's the Big Deal? |url=https://pew.org/3pr0Eft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061543/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2023/05/fisheries-subsidies-agreement-whats-the-big-deal |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=Pew Research |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan ruwa == Yankunan ruwa sune yanayin halittu waɗanda sau da yawa ana cika su da isasshen ƙasa ko [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]] don kiyaye ciyayi wanda yawanci ya dace da yanayin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, kamar cattails, Bulrushes, jan maples, Shinkafa ta daji, blackberries, cranberries, da peat moss.<ref name="ncsu">{{Cite web |title=Major Causes of Wetland Loss and Degradation |url=http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/wetloss.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220532/http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/wetloss.html |archive-date=2018-07-27 |access-date=2016-12-11 |publisher=NCSU}}</ref> Saboda wasu nau'o'in filayen ruwa suna da wadataccen ma'adanai da abubuwan gina jiki kuma suna samar da fa'idodi da yawa na yanayin ƙasa da ruwa, suna dauke da nau'o-nau'i daban-daban kuma suna ba da tushe na musamman ga jerin abinci. Yankunan da ke da ruwa suna ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar muhalli da bambancin halittu.<ref name="ncsu" /> Yankunan ruwa sune albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba a kan lokacin ɗan adam kuma a wasu mahalli ba za a sake sabunta su ba.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=Nick C. |date=January 2014 |title=How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266388496 |url-status=live |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=60 |pages=936–941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223083611/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266388496 |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-04-09 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa asarar duniya na filayen ruwa na iya zama sama da 87% tun daga 1700 AD, tare da 64% na asarar filayen da ke faruwa tun daga 1900.<ref name=":11" /> Wasu asarar wuraren da ke da ruwa sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka haifar da lalacewa, raguwa, da hauhawar matakin teku.<ref name="ncsu" />&nbsp; [[Fayil:Sign_at_an_intermittent_wetland_in_Pilliga_National_Park_-5.jpg|thumb|Alamar a wani wuri mai laushi a cikin Pilliga National Park wanda ke ƙoƙarin rage raguwar albarkatu da lalacewar wuri mai lauri ta hanyar hana wasu ayyukan.]] Yankunan ruwa suna ba da sabis na muhalli ga: # Abinci da mazaunin # Inganta [[ingancin ruwa]] # Kifi na kasuwanci # Rage [[Ambaliya|Ruwan Ambaliyar]] ruwa # Tsayawa a bakin teku # Wasanni Wasu daga cikin yankunan noma mafi nasara a duniya sune wuraren da aka zubar da su kuma an canza su zuwa gonar gona don noma mai girma.<ref name="ncsu">{{Cite web |title=Major Causes of Wetland Loss and Degradation |url=http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/wetloss.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220532/http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/wetloss.html |archive-date=2018-07-27 |access-date=2016-12-11 |publisher=NCSU}}</ref> Babban zubar da ruwa na filayen ruwa yana faruwa don ci gaban ƙasa da birni. Sabanin haka, a wasu lokuta ana ambaliya wuraren da ake ruwa don a canza su zuwa tabkuna na nishaɗi ko samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="ncsu" /> A wasu ƙasashe masu kiwon dabbobi sun kuma motsa dukiyarsu zuwa wuraren da ake kiwo saboda wadatattun kayan abinci.<ref name=":12" /> Yankunan ruwa a Kudancin Amurka suma sun tabbatar da albarkatun da ke da amfani ga masu farauta, kamar yadda dabbobi masu fata masu daraja kamar Jaguars, kyarketai, Caimans, da [[Maciji|macizai]] ke janyewa zuwa wuraren da ke da ruwa.<ref name=":12" /> Har yanzu ba a san tasirin cire manyan masu cin nama ba a cikin wuraren da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":12" /> Mutane suna amfana daga wuraren da ke da ruwa a hanyoyi masu kai tsaye. Yankunan ruwa suna aiki ne a matsayin matattarar ruwa na halitta, lokacin da runoff daga ko dai tsarin halitta ko na mutum ya wuce, yankunan ruwa na iya samun sakamako mai hanawa. Idan wuri mai laushi yana tsakanin yankin noma da Tsarin halittu na ruwa mai laushi, ruwan da ke cikin taki zai shawo kan shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi don ciyar da jinkirin matakai da ke faruwa, a lokacin da ruwa ya kai tsarin halittu mai laushi ba za a sami isasshen taki don haifar da fashewar algae mai lalacewa wanda ke lalata yanayin halittu na ruwan sha ba.<ref name=":13" /> [[Fayil:Bramiana_Wetlands_Ierapetra.JPG|thumb|Yankunan ruwa na Bramiana]] === Abubuwan da ba na halitta ba ne na lalacewar wuri mai laushi === * Canjin ruwa zubar da ruwa ruwa ruwa ruwa zubar da ruwan ruwa zubar ruwa zubar ** Rashin ruwa ** hawan ruwa ** Gudanar da ruwa ** Rashin ruwa ** raƙuman ruwa ** zubar da kayan cikawacika kayan aiki ** raƙuman ruwa ** Rashin ruwa na ƙasa ** [[Madatsar ruwa|ajiya]] * Birane da ci gaban birane * Marinas / jiragen Ruwa * Masana'antu da Ci gaban masana'antu * [[Noma|Aikin noma]] * Silviculture / Girbi na katako * [[Hakar ma'adinai|Ma'adinai]] * Rashin sararin samaniya Don adana albarkatun da aka cire daga wuraren da ake amfani da su, dabarun yanzu sune sanya wuraren da ake da su kuma ba da fifiko ga kiyaye wuraren da ake kira tare da ƙarin ayyukan muhalli, ƙirƙirar ingantaccen ban ruwa ga wuraren da ake yi amfani da su don noma, da kuma ƙuntata damar zuwa wuraren da ake ciki ta masu yawon bude ido. == Ruwun kasa == [[Fayil:Groundwater_flow.svg|thumb|Hanyoyin kwararar ruwan karkashin kasa sun bambanta sosai a tsayi, zurfin da lokacin tafiya daga wuraren caji zuwa wuraren fitarwa a cikin tsarin ruwan karkashin kasa.]] Ruwa muhimmiyar hanya ce da ake buƙata don rayuwa. Samun ruwa yana da tasiri sosai a kan wadata da nasara a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Erik |last2=Posner |first2=Rachel |date=January 2010 |title=The World's Water Challenge |journal=Current History |volume=109 |issue=723 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1525/curh.2010.109.723.31 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ruwa mai zurfi ruwa ne wanda ke cikin yankuna masu cike da ƙasa, saman yankin da ke cike da ruwa ana kiransa teburin ruwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=What is groundwater? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403231526/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products |archive-date=2019-04-03 |access-date=2019-04-02 |publisher=USGS |language=en}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ruwa a cikin pores da karyewar kayan karkashin kasa kamar yashi, dutse da sauran dutse, ana kiran waɗannan kayan dutse aquifers.<ref name=":6" /> Ruwan ƙasa na iya gudana ta halitta daga kayan dutse ko kuma ana iya fitar da shi. Ruwan ƙasa yana samar da rijiyoyi da aquifers don masu zaman kansu, noma, da amfani da jama'a kuma fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar duniya suna amfani da shi kowace rana don ruwan sha. A duniya akwai cubic kilomita miliyan 22.6 na ruwan kasa; daga cikin wannan, kawai 0.35 miliyan na wannan ne mai sabuntawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |title=Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615151405/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |archive-date=2017-06-15 |access-date=2017-07-08 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> === Ruwa mai zurfi a matsayin hanyar da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba === Ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa a matsayin albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba saboda ƙasa da kashi shida cikin ɗari na ruwa a duniya ana sake cikawa kuma ana sabunta shi a cikin lokacin ɗan adam na shekaru 50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most groundwater is effectively a non-renewable resource, study finds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929020604/https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> Mutane sun riga sun yi amfani da ruwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba wanda ya kai dubban shekaru, a yankuna kamar Masar suna amfani da ruwan wanda watakila an sabunta shi shekaru miliyan daya da suka gabata wanda ba za a sake sabuntawa a kan lokutan ɗan adam ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |title=Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615151405/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |archive-date=2017-06-15 |access-date=2017-07-08 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> Daga cikin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don noma, 16-33% ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Wada |first=Yoshihide |last2=Beek |first2=Ludovicus P. H. van |last3=Kempen |first3=Cheryl M. van |last4=Reckman |first4=Josef W. T. M. |last5=Vasak |first5=Slavek |last6=Bierkens |first6=Marc F. P. |date=2010 |title=Global depletion of groundwater resources |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=20 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2010GeoRL..3720402W |doi=10.1029/2010GL044571 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=42843631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061543/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa tun daga shekarun 1960s hakar ruwan kasa ya ninka fiye da sau biyu, wanda ya kara raguwar ruwan kasa.<ref name=":7" /> Saboda wannan karuwar raguwa, a wasu yankunan da suka fi lalacewa amfani da ruwan kasa don ban ruwa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma ya zama mai hanawa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Konikow |first=Leonard F. |last2=Kendy |first2=Eloise |date=2005-03-01 |title=Groundwater depletion: A global problem |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=317–320 |bibcode=2005HydJ...13..317K |doi=10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8 |issn=1435-0157 |s2cid=21715061}}</ref> === Tasirin muhalli === Yin amfani da ruwa mai zurfi, tsofaffi ko matasa, na iya rage matakan ruwa na ƙasa da kuma bushe koguna, wanda zai iya samun babban tasiri a kan yanayin halittu a farfajiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |title=Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615151405/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 |archive-date=2017-06-15 |access-date=2017-07-08 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> Lokacin da aka cire ruwan da ya fi sauƙin dawo da shi wannan ya bar raguwa tare da ingancin ruwa mara kyau. Wannan wani bangare ne daga zubar da ruwa daga farfajiyar ƙasa, ƙuntata yadudduka ko aquifers da ke kusa da su waɗanda ke ƙunshe da saline ko ruwa mai gurbatawa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Konikow |first=Leonard F. |last2=Kendy |first2=Eloise |date=2005-03-01 |title=Groundwater depletion: A global problem |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=317–320 |bibcode=2005HydJ...13..317K |doi=10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8 |issn=1435-0157 |s2cid=21715061}}</ref> A duk duniya girman raguwar ruwan kasa daga ajiya na iya zama babba don zama mai ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar matakin teku.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Wada |first=Yoshihide |last2=Beek |first2=Ludovicus P. H. van |last3=Kempen |first3=Cheryl M. van |last4=Reckman |first4=Josef W. T. M. |last5=Vasak |first5=Slavek |last6=Bierkens |first6=Marc F. P. |date=2010 |title=Global depletion of groundwater resources |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=20 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2010GeoRL..3720402W |doi=10.1029/2010GL044571 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=42843631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061543/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> A halin yanzu, al'ummomi suna amsawa ga raguwar albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar canza manufofin gudanarwa daga wuri da haɓaka sabbin kayayyaki zuwa haɓaka kiyayewa da sake rarraba kayayyaki na yanzu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Konikow |first=Leonard F. |last2=Kendy |first2=Eloise |date=2005-03-01 |title=Groundwater depletion: A global problem |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=317–320 |bibcode=2005HydJ...13..317K |doi=10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8 |issn=1435-0157 |s2cid=21715061}}</ref> Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban guda biyu game da raguwar ruwan kasa, na farko shi ne cewa ana ɗaukar raguwa a zahiri kuma kawai a matsayin raguwa a cikin ƙarar ruwa a cikin yankin da aka cika, ba tare da la'akari da ingancin ruwa ba.<ref name=":8" /> Wani hangen nesa na biyu yana kallon raguwa a matsayin raguwa a cikin yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi a ajiya.<ref name=":8" /> Ƙara kayan aiki na iya nufin inganta ingancin ruwa ko ƙara yawan ruwa. Rashin jin daɗi saboda la'akari da inganci za a iya shawo kan magani, yayin da za'a iya rage raguwar ma'auni mai yawa kawai ta hanyar rage fitarwa ko ƙara caji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Konikow |first=Leonard F. |last2=Kendy |first2=Eloise |date=2005-03-01 |title=Groundwater depletion: A global problem |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=317–320 |bibcode=2005HydJ...13..317K |doi=10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8 |issn=1435-0157 |s2cid=21715061}}</ref> Sake caji na wucin gadi na guguwa da kuma tsabtace ruwan shara na gari, ya sami nasarar juyar da raguwar ruwan kasa.<ref name=":8" /> A nan gaba za a yi amfani da ingantaccen shigarwa da sake caji don kara yawan kama runoff da tsabtace ruwa. == Rashin albarkatun da makomar == Ranar Duniya (EOD) ita ce ranar da bukatar bil'adama don albarkatun muhalli ta wuce ikon Duniya na sake farfado da waɗannan albarkatun a cikin shekara guda. EOD ana lissafa shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya, da kuma kungiyar da ke haɓaka rahotanni na tasirin shekara-shekara, bisa ga amfani da albarkatun bayanai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana sanar da EOD a kowace shekara a ranar 5 ga Yuni, wanda shine Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, kuma yana ci gaba da samun farkon kowace shekara. Misali, Ranar Duniya ta 2023 ta kasance Agusta 2, idan aka kwatanta da a 2010 inda ta fadi a ranar 10 ga Agusta kuma a 2000 inda ta fadi ranar 17 ga Satumba.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day |url=https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412152119/https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/ |archive-date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Earth Overshoot Day |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya tana lissafin Ranar Kasuwancin Duniya ta hanyar raba ƙarfin halittu ta duniya ta hanyar sawun muhalli na duniya da ninka wannan da kwanaki 365 (kwana 366 a lokacin shekara mai tsalle). <ref name=":62" /> World biocapacity yana nufin jimlar albarkatun halitta da Duniya za ta iya sake farfadowa a cikin shekara guda. Saurin muhalli na duniya yana nufin jimlar albarkatun da al'umma ke amfani da su a cikin shekara guda, gami da abubuwa kamar makamashi, abinci, ruwa, gonar noma, ƙasar daji, da dai sauransu. Ranar Duniya ta Duniya za a iya lissafawa ga Duniya gaba ɗaya, amma kuma ga kowace ƙasa ɗai-ɗai. Misali, a cikin ƙasa mai matsakaicin kuɗi kamar Maroko, takamaiman ranar fitar da ƙasarsu ta 2023 ita ce 22 ga Disamba, idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da ke da babbar riba kamar Amurka wacce ke cinye ƙarin albarkatu, takamaicin ranar fitar da ƙasa ta 2023 ita ta kasance Maris 14.<ref name=":62" /> Manufar ita ce tura Ranar Duniya ta baya da nisa zuwa inda bil'adama za su rayu a cikin yanayin muhalli na Duniya kuma ba za su wuce abin da za su iya samarwa ba kowace shekara.<ref name=":62" /> === Ƙididdigar Duniya === A cewar The World Counts, wata majiya da ke tattara bayanai daga kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin bincike, da sabis na labarai, da kuma samar da agogon ƙidayar ƙididdiga waɗanda ke nuna munanan halaye da ke da alaƙa da muhalli da sauran ƙalubalen duniya, ɗan adam yana cikin matsala idan yanayin cin abinci na yanzu ya ci gaba.  A halin yanzu da al'umma ke amfani da su, ana buƙatar kusan ƙasa 1.8 don samar da albarkatu cikin ƙarfi mai ɗorewa, kuma akwai ƙasa da shekaru 26 har sai albarkatun sun ƙare har zuwa wani matsayi da ƙarfin duniya don tallafawa rayuwa zai iya rushewa.  An kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 29% na dukkan nau'o'in halittu a duniya a halin yanzu suna cikin hadarin bacewa.  Kazalika, an hako ton biliyan 25 na albarkatu a bana kadai, wannan ya hada da amma bai takaita ga albarkatun kasa kamar kifi, itace, karafa, ma'adanai, ruwa, da makamashi ba.  Kididdigar Duniya ta nuna cewa akwai shekaru 15 har sai duniya ta kare da ruwa mai dadi, kuma shekaru 23 har sai babu sauran kifi a cikin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Counts |url=https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/state-of-the-planet/the-end-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819024919/https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/state-of-the-planet/the-end-of-the-world |archive-date=2023-08-19 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=theworldcounts.com}}</ref> Akwai shekaru 75 kawai har sai da gandun daji suka tafi gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilgore |first=Georgette |date=2022-07-19 |title=How Many Trees Are Planted Each Year? Full List By Country, Type, Year |url=https://8billiontrees.com/trees/how-many-trees-are-planted-each-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061632/https://8billiontrees.com/trees/how-many-trees-are-planted-each-year/ |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=8 Billion Trees: Carbon Offset Projects & Ecological Footprint Calculators |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rashin albarkatun a matsayin matsala ta ɗabi'a == [[Fayil:Greed_Isn't_Green_-_RNC_Tampa_2012.jpg|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar suna ɗauke da alamar da ke cewa "Haɗayi ba kore ba ne, Duniya ba don sayarwa ba ce" game da ƙarancin albarkatu da canjin yanayi]] Rashin albarkatun yana haifar da babbar matsala ta ɗabi'a game da rarraba da rarraba albarkatun ƙasa. Gasar tana nufin cewa mafi ci gaba suna samun mafi yawan albarkatu, wanda sau da yawa yana nufin Yammaci mai ci gaba. Matsalar a nan ita ce Yamma ta bunkasa wani bangare ta hanyar aikin bayi da tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka, kuma wani bangare na hanyar manufofin kariya, wanda tare ya bar wasu kasashe da yawa, wadanda ba na Yamma ba su ci gaba ba. A nan gaba, hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wajen raba albarkatun kasa za su kara zama muhimmi.  Inda aka maida hankali kan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabunta su ba waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan buƙatu, muhimmin abu don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam shine isasshe kuma daidaitaccen rabo na ƙarancin.  Rashin daidaito, wanda aka ɗauka a cikinsa, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi, wanda zai iya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'umma har ma da rikici na makamai.  Masana da dama na ganin cewa tabbatar da samun ci gaba cikin adalci ita ce hanya daya tilo tabbatacciyar hanyar rarraba karanci cikin lumana.]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen rage albarkatun ita ce hadin gwiwar de-resourcification da resourcification. Inda mutum ke ƙoƙari ya kawo ƙarshen hanyoyin zamantakewa na juya abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba zuwa albarkatun, alal misali, albarkatun kasa marasa sabuntawa, ɗayan kuma yana ƙoƙari ya haɓaka hanyoyin juya abubuwa masu ɗorewa zuwa albarkatuna, alal misali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvellec |first=Hervé |last2=Paulsson |first2=Alexander |date=2023-03-01 |title=Resource shifting: Resourcification and de-resourcification for degrowth |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=205 |pages=107703 |bibcode=2023EcoEc.20507703C |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107703 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=254388285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9egrbgyp7zs39b736c4nq2cqdsl90vh Mary Mackey 0 107418 882481 836489 2026-07-13T20:06:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882481 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mary Lou <ref name="FictionDB">{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey Book List - Fiction DB |url=https://www.fictiondb.com/author/mary-mackey~4773.htm |access-date=August 3, 2019 |website=FictionDB}}</ref> Mackey''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945 <ref name="FictionDB" />) marubuci ce ta Amurka, mawaki, kuma masanin kimiyya. Ita ce marubuciyar tarin shayari guda takwas da litattafai goma sha huɗu, gami da A Grand Passion da The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, litattafan tarihi guda huɗu waɗanda suka ɗauki al'adun duniya, al'adun Allah-bauta na Neolithic Turai. A shekara ta 2012, tarin waƙoƙinta na shida, Sugar Zone, ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Literary Award . Wani tarin, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2018 Women's Spirituality Book Award daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta 2019 Eric Hoffer Small Press Award don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org">{{Cite web |title=Women's Spirituality Book Awards |url=http://womenrisingconference.org/index.php/wse-book-awards/ |website=womenrisingconference.org}}</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972), shi ne littafi na farko da aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Wave ta biyu. Tsawon damuwa da batutuwan muhalli, Mackey yana rubutu akai-akai game da gandun daji na [[Costa Rica]] da Amazon na [[Brazil]]. A farkon shekarun 1970s, a matsayin Farfesa na Turanci da Marubuta-In-Residence a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento, ta taimaka wajen kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS da Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Sashen Turanci na CSUS. Daga 1989-1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar reshen West Coast na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka inda ta shiga cikin tsaron kasa da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mary Mackey a Indianapolis, Indiana . Mahaifinta likita ne. Mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan sunadarai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Mead Johnson a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Mackey ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Harvard ''Magna cum laude'' tare da babban digiri a Turanci. Yayinda take can, ta zo ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifin ethnobotany na zamani, Richard Evans Schultes, wanda ta danganta da sha'awar rayuwarta a cikin botany da muhalli, jigogi waɗanda galibi suna bayyana a cikin litattafantafai da shayari. A lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin, ta zauna a tashoshin filin a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica.<ref name="Contemporary" /> Bayan ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Littattafan Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Michigan, ta koma California don zama Farfesa na Turanci da Mawallafi a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento (CSUS). Ta auri Angus Wright, <ref name="Contemporary" /> Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Muhalli na CSUS, tare da wanda take tafiya akai-akai zuwa Brazil. <ref name="Omnidawn">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2009 |title=Poetry Feature: Mary Mackey |url=http://omnidawn.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/poetry-feature-mary-mackey/ |website=Omnidawn Publishing Blog |publisher=Omnidawn Publishing}}</ref> Mackey na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS . Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Rubuce-rubuce ta CSUS tare da mawaki Dennis Schmitz da marubucin Richard Bankowsky . A shekara ta 1978 Mackey ya kafa The Feminist Writers' Guild tare da mawaƙa Adrienne Rich da [[Susan Griffin]], marubuciya [[Charlene Spretnak]], da marubuciya Valerie Miner . <ref name="Feminists" /> Daga 1989-1992, Mackey ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na West Coast Branch na PEN American Center wanda ya haɗa kanta a cikin tsaron kasa da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta.<ref name="Feminists" /> Mackey ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Jihar California a 2008. Ya zuwa 2020, ta ci gaba da rubuta litattafai da shayari.<ref name="MaryMackeyBooks">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://marymackey.com/books/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=Mary Mackey, author}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mackey shine marubucin litattafai goma sha huɗu da tarin shayari takwas. An san ta da tarihin tarihinta, musamman ga The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, jerin da aka kafa a Neolithic Turai wanda Mackey ya dogara da binciken masanin binciken kimiyya Marija Gimbutas. Har ila yau, an san ta da waƙoƙinta na waƙoƙi wanda Wendell Berry, Jane Hirshfield, Maxine Hong Kingston, Dennis Nurkse, Ron Hansen, Dennis Schmitz, da Marge Piercy suka yaba da shi saboda kyakkyawa, daidaito, asali, da kuma kewayon..<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref name="MarshHawkPress">{{Cite web |last=Mackey |first=Mary |date=2018 |title=Fever and Jungles: On Becoming A Poet |url=https://marshhawkpress.org/mary-mackey/ |website=Marsh Hawk Press |publisher=Marsh Hawk Press, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeppa |first=Mary |date=November 2006 |title=Breaking the Fever, poems by Mary Mackey |url=http://www.sacramentopoetrycenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/PN200611.pdf |journal=Poetry Now |location=Sacramento, California |publisher=Sacramento Poetry Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelly-Dewitt |first=Susan |date=2007 |title=Dreams of the Baby Boomers |journal=Poetry Flash |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25–26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=Carl |date=March 2007 |title=Hallucinations |journal=Small Press Review |location=Paradise, California |volume=39}}. Note that Frith’s review erroneously gave the title of Mackey’s collection ''Breaking The Fever'' as ''Breaking The Fire''. ''Small Press Review'' published a correction notice in its next issue.</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972) an kafa shi ne a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica . Yana ɗaukar a matsayin batunsa ilimin muhalli da mata, kuma an yi imanin cewa shi ne littafi na farko na mata wanda aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Amurka ta biyu. [bayanin 1] McCarthy's List wani labari ne mai ban dariya wanda aka kafa a Indianapolis a cikin shekarun 1950. ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'' ta sake ba da labari game da Inanna, allahiyar Sumerian na soyayya ta jima'i, haihuwa, da yaƙi. An kafa A Grand Passion da The Kindness of Strangers a Turai kuma suna ɗaukar al'ummomi uku da ke cikin zane-zane a matsayin batun su. Hudu daga cikin litattafan Mackey (The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring) sun hada da ''Jerin Waƙoƙin Duniya''. An kafa su a Turai a zamanin Neolithic, suna magance gwagwarmaya tsakanin al'adun allahiya masu bauta da duniya da mamaye makiyaya. Mackey's Season of Shadows an saita shi a Harvard a ƙarshen 60s kuma yana hulɗa da batutuwan siyasa daban-daban kamar su Civil Rights Movement da zanga-zangar adawa da shigar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. A cikin shekara ta 2003 da 2004, a cikin tashi daga salon da jigogi na baya, Mackey ta zaɓi rubuta The Stand-In da Sweet Revenge a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens". Dukansu litattafai ne masu ban dariya da aka kafa a Los Angeles. Ta rubuta litattafai biyu na yakin basasa, The Notorious Mrs. Winston da The Widow's War, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Andy |date=7 September 2009 |title=Mary Mackey on Writing Historical Fiction |url=http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908012724/http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |archive-date=8 September 2012 |website=Red Room}}</ref> waɗanda aka saita a Indiana da Kansas, bi da bi. Waƙoƙin Mackey suna da wuyar rarraba su. Masu sukar sun kira shi "mai tsananin gaske," "mai ban sha'awa," "mafi girman gaske," da kuma "mai lalata," kuma sun lura da ita "rashin fahimta" wanda shine "ci gaba da lalata hankali. " A cikin magana game da tarin Mackey Breaking The Fever, mawaki Jane Hirshfield ya lura: "Waƙoƙin da ke cikin Breaking the Fever yana ba da gaskiya da siyasa, wahayi da yawa da kuma tunaninsa suna nunawa a kan Oner Keon mai ji, ainihin ya rubuta, ana kiransa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey: Breaking the Fever |url=http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203064950/http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |archive-date=3 December 2006}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Marsh Hawk Press ta buga tarin waƙoƙin Mackey na shida, Sugar Zone wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles ta 2012. Tarin ta na takwas, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta Eric Hoffer Small Press don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> Mackey ta ce yawancin waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne ''''Rage zazzabi'''' mai tsanani da ta fuskanta a lokuta da yawa da kuma ayyukan marubuta da mawaƙa na Brazil, suna lura da cewa sau da yawa suna "haɗe Portuguese da Ingilishi a matsayin abin da za su iya haifar da sararin samaniya wanda ke tsakanin harsuna biyu. A cikin 2014 Marsh Hawk ya buga sabon tarin Mackey Travelers With No Tickety ko's ya ce: "Yana da za a iya yin amfani da ita" Mary Mackey mai suna neman zaɓar hotuna da ita: Mary ''PANK'', Mary Mary Mary Mary Pkey mai suna suna suna suna da kuma zaɓar hoton, Mary Mary Panking, Mary Maryy, Mary Mary Playing, Mary Pank. Mary Mary Maryyy, Mary Punking, Maryy suna suna suna nan gaba da zabary.<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=29 November 2011 |title=The Sugar Zone Is Bittersweet |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-sugar-zone-is-bitters_b_1117904 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=5 August 2019 |title=[REVIEW] The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams by Mary Mackey |url=https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=PANK |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820133822/https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana adana takardun wallafe-wallafen Mary Mackey a cikin ɗakin karatu na musamman na Sophia Smith, Kwalejin Smith, Northampton, MA. Tarin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na ƙananan litattafan waka na jarida waɗanda mawaƙa na Arewacin California suka rubuta an adana su a cikin Smith College Mortimer Rare Book Room. === Littattafai === * Immersion, San Lorenzo, CA: Shameless Hussy Press (1972) * ''Jerin McCarthy'', New York, NY: Doubleday (1979) * ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'', New York, NY: Putnam (1983) * A Grand Passion, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1986) * ''Alherin Baƙi'', New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1988) * ''Lokacin Inuwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Bantam (1991) * ''Shekarar dawakai suka zo'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1993) * ''Dawakai A Ƙofar'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1996) * ''Wutar bazara'', New York, NY: Penguin (1998) * The Stand-In (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2003) * Sweet Revenge (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2004) * The Notorious Mrs. Winston, New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2007) * ''Yaƙin Gwauruwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2009) * Garin Kasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, New York, NY: Lowenstein Associates (2016) === Tarin waƙoƙi === * Split Ends, Berkeley, CA: Ariel Press (1974) * ''Ɗaya daga cikin dare'' ya tsaya, Emeryville, CA: Effie's Press (1976) * Skin Deep, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]: Gallimaufry Press (1978) * The Dear Dance of Eros, Seattle WA: Fjord Press (1987) * Rashin zazzabi, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2006) * ''Yankin sukari'', New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2011) * Matafiya Ba tare da Tikiti ba Home, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2014) * Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin da Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2019 (Tare da Gabatarwa ta D. Nurske), New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2018) === Sauran ayyukan === * ''Shiru'' (ainihin allo). Fim din da John Korty ya shirya (1974) * ''Jerin McCarthy'' (zane-zane, daidaitawa da littafin Mackey). Warner Brothers (1980) * Good Behavior (ainihin rubutun tare da Ray Fox), (1982) * The Spy (ainihin rubutun, ɗan gajeren batu, wanda aka rubuta tare da Renée de Palma). Fim din da de Palma ya shirya (2000) * ''Creativity: Inda Waƙoƙi suka fara,'' New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2022) == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * An zaɓi Stand In don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim a bikin Fim na Mata na Birnin Mala'iku na 2023 a Los Angeles. * Creativity: Inda aka fara waƙoƙi don lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta 42 ta Arewacin California Book Award (NCBA) a cikin Creative Nonfiction na 2022. * 2022 City of Angels Kyautar Bikin Fim na Mata don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Fim don Lokaci''Lokaci na Lokaci'' * Eric Hoffer Small Press Award for The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018''Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin Waƙoƙi da Zaɓaɓɓu 1974 zuwa 2018'' * ''2012 PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Award for Literary Excellence for Sugar Zone.'' * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkanmu: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Ƙauyen Ƙasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ho0pbx40nvz9px6polpkxeuek8yb9nj 'Yancin Dan Adam a Belarus 0 107541 882288 864570 2026-07-13T12:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882288 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" ! class="sidebar-title" |<div class="adr">[[:en:Politics_of_Belarus|Politics of Belarus]]</div> |- ![[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020).svg|140x140px]] |- ! |- ! class="sidebar-heading" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span> [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States|CIS Member State]] ---- |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:Constitution_of_Belarus|Constitution]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> * [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Belarus|Constitutional court]] * [[:en:Human_rights_in_Belarus|Human rights]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:President_of_Belarus|Presidency]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''[[:en:President_of_Belarus|President]]''' [[:en:Alexander_Lukashenko|Alexander Lukashenko]] * [[:en:Presidential_Administration_of_Belarus|Presidential Administration]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:Government_of_Belarus|Executive]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''[[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Belarus|Prime Minister]]''' [[:en:Aleksandr_Turchin|Aleksandr Turchin]] ---- * [[:en:Government_of_Belarus|Government]] * [[:en:Security_Council_of_Belarus|Security Council]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus|National Assembly]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''[[:en:National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus|National Assembly]]''' * [[:en:Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)|Council of the Republic]] * [[:en:House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)|House of Representatives]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:All-Belarusian_People's_Assembly|All-Belarusian People's Assembly]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''[[:en:All-Belarusian_People's_Assembly|All-Belarusian People's Assembly]]''' * [[:en:Chairman_of_the_All-Belarusian_People's_Assembly|Chairman]] * [[:en:Presidium_of_the_All-Belarusian_People's_Assembly|Presidium]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> * [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Belarus|Supreme Court]] * [[:en:Economic_Court_of_Belarus|Economic Court]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> * [[:en:Regions_of_Belarus|Regions]] * [[:en:Districts_of_Belarus|Districts]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:Elections_in_Belarus|Elections]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''Presidential elections''' * [[:en:2006_Belarusian_presidential_election|2006]] * [[:en:2010_Belarusian_presidential_election|2010]] * [[:en:2015_Belarusian_presidential_election|2015]] * [[:en:2020_Belarusian_presidential_election|2020]] * [[:en:2025_Belarusian_presidential_election|2025]] ----'''Parliamentary elections''' * [[:en:2012_Belarusian_parliamentary_election|2012]] * [[:en:2016_Belarusian_parliamentary_election|2016]] * [[:en:2019_Belarusian_parliamentary_election|2019]] * [[:en:2024_Belarusian_parliamentary_election|2024]] ---- * [[:en:List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus|Political parties]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">[[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Belarus|Foreign relations]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">'''[[:en:Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belarus)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]''' Minister: [[:en:Maxim_Ryzhenkov|Maxim Ryzhenkov]] ---- * [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Belarus|Diplomatic missions of]] / [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Belarus|in Belarus]] ---- * [[:en:Belarusian_nationality_law|Nationality law]] * [[:en:Belarusian_passport|Passport]] * [[:en:Visa_requirements_for_Belarusian_citizens|Visa requirements]] * [[:en:Visa_policy_of_Belarus|Visa policy]] ---- * [[:en:Belarus–European_Union_relations|Belarus–European Union relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–NATO_relations|Belarus–NATO relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–China_relations|Belarus–China relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–Lithuania_relations|Belarus–Lithuania relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–Poland_relations|Belarus–Poland relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–Russia_relations|Belarus–Russia relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–Ukraine_relations|Belarus–Ukraine relations]] * [[:en:Belarus–United_States_relations|Belarus–United States relations]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-below" |<span class="nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg|link=|alt=flag|border|class=noviewer|32x32px]] </span>[[:en:Portal:Belarus|Belarus&#x20;portal]]<div class="hlist"> * [[:en:Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region|Other countries]] </div> |} [[Fayil:Solidarity_with_Belarus_concert.jpg|thumb|Fadar kasa ta 1918 da 1991-1995 ta zama alama ce ta adawa da mulkin shugaban kasar Alexander Lukashenko]]Shugaba [[Alexander Lukashenko]] ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai "tsarin mulkin mallaka". Kasashen Yamma<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2006 |title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3882843.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427193138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3882843.stm |archive-date=27 April 2006 |access-date=26 March 2006 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> sun bayyana Belarus a karkashin Lukashenko a matsayin "mulkin kama-karya na karshe na Turai"; gwamnati ta zargi irin wannan ikon Yammacin da ƙoƙarin sauya mulkin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mulvey |first=Stephen |date=10 September 2001 |title=Profile: Europe's last dictator? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/116265.stm |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Majalisar Turai ta hana Belarus zama memba tun daga shekara ta 1997 saboda jefa kuri'a mara dimokuradiyya da rashin daidaito a lokacin zabe a cikin raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki na Nuwamba 1996 da kuma zaben majalisa.<ref name="CoE">{{Cite web |date=17 January 1997 |title=Belarus suspended from the Council of Europe |url=http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a(97).htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426062531/http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a%2897%29.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |access-date=26 March 2006 |publisher=Press Service of the Council of Europe}}</ref> Dubban jami'an gwamnatin Belarus da ke da alhakin danniya na siyasa, tilasta bacewar jama'a, farfaganda, da zamba a zaben [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. sun fuskanci takunkumi na kansu. == Tsarin zabe == [[Fayil:Flag_of_Belarus_(1995-2012).svg|thumb|Sabuwar tutar Belarus da Alexander Lukashenko ya gabatar bayan raba gardama mai rikitarwa a shekarar 1995Tattaunawar raba gardama a shekarar 1995]] A ranar 10 ga Yulin 1994, an zabi [[Alexander Lukashenko]] a matsayin Shugaban Belarus . Ya lashe kashi 80.3% na kuri'un. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, ba a gudanar da wani zaben shugaban kasa ko na 'yan majalisa ko kuri'ar raba gardama ba a Belarus tun lokacin da OSCE, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai ko Amurka ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yanci da adalci. Manyan jami'an da ke da alhakin shirya zabe, ciki har da shugabar hukumar zabe ta tsakiya, Lydia Yermoshina, sun fuskanci takunkumi na kasa da kasa kan magudin zabe: {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon zaben Lukashenko a zaben shugaban kasa !9 ga Satumba 2001 !19 Maris 2006 !19 Disamba 2010 |- |75.6% |83% |79.6% |} === Zaben Disamba na 2010 === Zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2010 ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa da kuma murkushe 'yan sanda. Wasu gungun masu zanga-zangar sun yi kokarin kutsawa cikin wani babban ginin gwamnati, inda suka farfasa tagogi da kofofi kafin ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma su mayar da su baya.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2010 |title=Protesters try to storm government HQ in Belarus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12029814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220044005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12029814 |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Bayan harin da aka kai wa masu zanga-zangar an murkushe masu zanga-zangar da karfi. An kama daruruwan masu fafutuka da suka hada da 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da dama, 'yan sanda da kuma KGB na Belarus sun kama, duka da azabtarwa. Lukashenko ya soki masu zanga-zangar, yana zargin su da "fashi".<ref name="Russian">{{cite news |date=21 December 2010 |title=Belarus jails 600 activists over election unrest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12048520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223063614/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12048520 |archive-date=23 December 2010 |access-date=23 December 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rikicin 'yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar da kuma yadda aka gudanar da zaben gaba daya ya haifar da mummunar suka daga Amurka da EU. Fiye da masu yada farfaganda 200, jami'an tsaro na jihohi, ma'aikatan kwamitin tsakiya na zaben da sauran jami'ai an sanya su cikin jerin takunkumi na Tarayyar Turai: an dakatar da su daga shiga EU da kadarorinsu a cikin EU, idan akwai, za a daskare su. === Zaben Agusta 2020 === [[Fayil:2020_Belarusian_protests_—_Minsk,_16_August_p0035.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar Belarus ta 2020]] A cikin watan Yunin 2020, Amnesty International ta tattara bayanan tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da yin taro da ƙungiyoyi cikin lumana, gabanin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka shirya yi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2020. Kungiyar ta ba da rahoton tuhumar da ake yi na siyasa, tsoratarwa, cin zarafi da ramuwa ga 'yan takarar adawa da magoya bayansu. Hukumomin Belarusiya sun kai hari tare da tsoratar da masu fafutuka na farar hula da kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu. 'Yan siyasa biyu, Syarhei Tsikhanouski da Viktar Babaryka, an daure su a gidan yari kuma sun fuskanci shari'ar siyasa da ta shafi siyasa. Daruruwan masu zanga-zangar lumana, ciki har da magoya bayansu, an kama su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an ci tarar su mai yawa ko kuma a tsare su a cikin "tsarin mulki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Belarus: Full-scale attack on human rights ahead of presidential election |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/belarus-fullscale-attack-on-human-rights-ahead-of-presidential-election/ |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=BELARUS: GROWING CRACKDOWN ON HUMAN RIGHTS AHEAD OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR4926202020ENGLISH.pdf |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan 2020, Tarayyar Turai ta sanya takunkumi ga kowane jami'in Belarus, bayan rahotanni game da cin zarafi da azabtar da 'yan Belarus a cikin tashin hankali ga masu zanga-zangar. Sojojin tsaron Belarus sun doke kuma sun tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, wadanda suka shiga cikin zanga-zambe game da sakamakon zaben hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=EU moves toward Belarus sanctions after crackdown on protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/14/eu-considers-sanctions-after-crackdown-on-protests-in-belarus |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == 'Yanci == === 'Yanci na' yan jarida === [[Fayil:Katerina-borisevich.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Katsiaryna Barysevich ma'aikaciyar jarida ce mai zaman kanta Tut . Ta hanyar. An kama ta a watan Nuwamba 2020.]] [[Fayil:Katsyaryna_Andreyeva.jpg|thumb|269x269px|An yanke wa 'yar jaridar Belsat TV Katsyaryna Andreeva hukuncin shekaru 8 a kurkuku a shekarar 2022.]] Tun daga shekarun 2000, 'Yan Jarida Ba tare da iyakoki ba suna sanya Belarus a ƙasa da duk sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin Ƙididdigar' Yancin Labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reporters Without Borders: Belarus |url=https://rsf.org/en/belarus |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> Freedom House ta kimanta Belarus a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" a duk binciken da ta yi a duniya tun 1998, "Yanci a Duniya"; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarus - Country report – Freedom in the World – 1998 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/1998/belarus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623115739/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/1998/belarus |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=30 November 2017 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-world/2020 Freedom House 2023], Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> gwamnatin Lukashenko ta rage 'yancin' yan jarida, kungiyar ta ce. Kafofin yada labarai na jihar suna ƙarƙashin shugaban kasa. Matsi da tantancewa na kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun ne. A karkashin mulkin shugaban kasa Alexander Lukashenko, an kama 'yan jarida kamar Iryna Khalip, Natalya Radina, da Pavel Sheremet saboda aikinsu. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu kamar Nasha Niva an cire su daga cibiyoyin rarraba jihohi. A watan Fabrairun 2021, an daure 'yan jaridar Belsat TV guda biyu Katsyaryna Andreeva da Darya Chultsova na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda yawo a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da Lukashenko a Minsk.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/ru/news/2021/02/18/377916 В Беларуси двум журналисткам дали реальные сроки в отместку за их работу], Retrieved 16 June 2025.</ref> A watan Mayu 2021, babban shafin labarai tut.by wanda kusan kashi 40% na masu amfani da intanet a Belarus suka karanta an toshe shi kuma an tsare 'yan jarida da yawa. A watan Yulin 2021, an toshe Nasha Niva, shafin yanar gizo na labarai, tare da tsare editocin a lokaci guda. An bincika ofishin edita na Rediyo Free Europe / Rediyo Liberty a Minsk tare da fashewar kofofin, an kuma bincika gidajen 'yan jarida da yawa. Cutar wadannan hare-haren a kan kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu ta tashoshin talabijin na gwamnati ana daukar su a matsayin ƙoƙari na tsoratar da mutane. Kamar yadda jaridar Current Time TV ta ruwaito, kafofin yada labaran gwamnati sun yi zargin karya game da ayyukan 'yan jarida tare da kirkiro shaidun karya na laifinsu ba tare da an yi musu shari'a ba . [[Amnesty International]] ta yi tir da harin da hukumomin Belarus suka kai wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. A cikin Yuli 2021, an soke rajista na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Belarus, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida da kuma reshen ƙungiyar PEN na Belarushiyanci a matsayin wani ɓangare na kai hari kan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (duba #Matsa a kan sashe masu zaman kansu). === 'Yanci na addini === Ba Yahudawa ba ne kawai 'yan tsiraru da ake zargin an take musu hakkinsu a Belarus. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa, an haramta ibadar gida a cikin ƙasar, kuma a kwanan nan mambobin cocin Furotesta huɗu sun nemi gwamnati ta soke wata doka ta 2002 wadda ta hana su yin ibada daga gidajensu, ko da yake su mambobi ne na addinan da suka yi rajista. cewa ba mazhabobi ba, majami'u masu kwarjini doka ta shafi su sosai, tunda babu ɗayan waɗannan majami'u da ke da gine-gine. Kungiyoyin Furotesta kuma sun koka da yadda ake yi musu katsalandan saboda dokar hana shigo da littattafai ba tare da amincewar jami’an gwamnati ba..<ref>{{Cite web |title=FSU Monitor |url=http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/032604Belarus.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015225/http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/032604Belarus.shtml |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 September 2005}}</ref> The Christian Post ya ruwaito a cikin labarin 21 Afrilu 2005<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Post |url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/missions/1544/section/protestants.say.oppression.of.churches.continues.in.belarus/1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050422040548/http://www.christianpost.com/article/missions/1544/section/protestants.say.oppression.of.churches.continues.in.belarus/1.htm |archive-date=22 April 2005 |access-date=7 October 2005}}</ref> Kungiyoyin Furotesta sun kuma koka game da tantancewa saboda haramtacciyar shigo da wallafe-wallafen ba tare da amincewar jami'an gwamnati ba. A cewar Forum 18, litattafan da aka yi amfani da su sosai a makarantun Belarushiyanci (kamar na 2002) sun ƙunshi ra'ayoyin addini irin na waɗanda aka koya a cikin USSR:<blockquote>Addini ba ya koyar da mumini yin kokari wajen gudanar da rayuwa mai mutunci, yaki da ‘yancinsa ko yaki da mugunta da zalunci. Wannan duk abin da ya kamata a yi masa shi ne ta hanyar ƙarfin allahntaka, sama da duka, [[Allah]]. Abin da ya rage ga mumini shi ne ya zama mai roqonsa mai tausayi, ya zama talaka ko bawa... Alkawarin da addini ya yi na baiwa mutum duk wani abu da yake nema a cikinsa sai rudi da yaudara ne.</blockquote>Kungiyar ta kuma bayar da rahoton cewa majami'un Furotesta masu kwarjini (kamar cikakken Bishara) da Katolika na Girka da cocin Orthodox masu zaman kansu (kamar wadanda ba su da alaka da Cocin Orthodox na Rasha) sun fuskanci matsala wajen yin rajistar majami'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forum 18 News Service |title=Forum 18 Archive: BELARUS: Religious freedom survey, December 2004 – 16 December 2004 |url=http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=478 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, kungiyoyin Furotesta sun zargi gwamnatin Belarus da yin kamfen na lalata a kansu, suna gaya wa hukumar yada labarai ta [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ta Poland [[Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|KAI]] cewa an zarge su da kasancewa 'yan leƙen asiri Yamma da yin hadayar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2003 |title=John Mark Ministries – Belarus |url=http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11129.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223220107/http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11129.htm |archive-date=23 December 2004 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=jmm.org.au/}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar 97 ta ruwaito a watan Yulin 2004 cewa Baptists da suka yi bikin Ista tare da marasa lafiya a asibiti a Mazyr an ci su tarar kuma an yi musu barazanar kwace dukiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarusian Baptists were fined and their propriety confiscated :: Charter'97 :: News :: 29/07/2004 |url=http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2004/07/29/shtraf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202509/http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2004/07/29/shtraf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] 4,000 ne kawai ke zaune a Belarus, galibi kabilun Lipka Tatars waɗanda su ne zuriyar baƙi da fursunoni a ƙarni na 11 da 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=globalsecurity.org |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1999/nis/o7belrel.pdf}}</ref> Gwamnatin Musulmai a kasar, wacce aka soke a 1939, an sake kafa ta a 1994. Duk da haka, an hana musulmin Ahmadiyya (wanda aka fi sani da kungiyar da ba ta da tashin hankali) daga gudanar da addininsu a fili a kasar Belarus, kuma suna da irin wannan matsayi ga kungiyoyi kamar Scientology da Aum Shinrikyo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Forum 18 News Service |title=Forum 18 Archive: BELARUS: Ahmadiyya Muslims among banned religious organisations – 4 November 2003 |url=http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=175 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Ba a samu wasu manyan rahotanni kan zaluncin addini da ake yi wa al'ummar musulmi ba; duk da haka, saboda halin da ake ciki a Chechnya da makwabciyarta Rasha damuwa da Musulman Belarus suka bayyana cewa za su iya zama masu rauni. An kara wannan fargaba a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 2005 lokacin da aka tayar da bam a wajen wata tashar bas, wanda ya raunata mutane biyu. A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba wani bam ya tashi a wajen wani gidan cin abinci, wanda ya raunata kusan mutane 40. Ba a zargin musulmi a harin na baya, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "hooliganism". A cikin 2020, gwamnati ta matsa wa manyan kungiyoyin addinai bayan sun yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali a lokacin zanga-zangar. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2020, 'yan sanda na Belarus OMON sun toshe masu zanga-zangar da masu bi a cocin Roman Katolika a Minsk na sa'o'i da yawa.<ref name="dw.rel" /> Shugaban Cocin Orthodox na Belarus Metropolitan Paul an tilasta masa ya yi murabus bayan an soki 'yan sanda da hukumomi; an dauki mai sauya shi Veniamin a matsayin mutum mafi dadi ga Lukashenko. An dakatar da shugaban cocin Roman Katolika a Belarus Tadevuš Kandrusievič daga komawa Belarus daga Poland na watanni da yawa kuma an tilasta masa ya yi murabus jim kadan bayan dawowarsa. A cikin 2021, hukumomi sun shirya "Sallar All-Belarus" don shawo kan duk wani furci don yin addu'a. Alexander Lukashenko ya yi ƙoƙari ya dakatar da yin waƙar addini "Allah Mai Iko Dukka" (Belarus: Магутны Божа) yana gargadin limaman Katolika kada su yi ta. A cikin 2021, wata jaridar hukuma ta yankin Minsk ta buga wani zane mai ban dariya da ke nuna limaman Katolika na Roman a matsayin Nazis sanye da swastika maimakon giciye. A cikin 2023, Freedom House ya kimanta 'yancin addini na Belarus a matsayin 1 daga 4. === 'Yanci na tarayya === Hakkin kundin tsarin mulki na 'yancin ƙungiyoyi ba koyaushe ake aiwatar da shi ba. A cikin 2013, [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana dokokin Belarus game da rajistar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a matsayin "mafi yawan umarni". Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Belarus wacce ke da alhakin yin rajistar sabbin kungiyoyi tana amfani da ka'idoji biyu don kasuwanci da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gami da jam'iyyun siyasa.<ref name="z1" /> Tsohon yana buƙatar sanarwa kawai don fara aiki, na ƙarshe dole ne ya sami izini.<ref name="z1" /> Kungiyoyin siyasa, gami da jam'iyyun, duk da haka, suna da wahalar samun izini. An yi rajistar sabuwar jam'iyya ta ƙarshe a Belarus a cikin 2000, saboda daga baya ma'aikatar ta ki yin rajistar sabbin jam'iyyun saboda dalilai daban-daban.<ref name="er" /> Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Belarus ta yi ƙoƙari 7 don yin rajista, Jam'iyyar 'yanci da ci gaba - ƙoƙari 4; An kuma hana jam'iyyar People's Hramada daga yin rajista.<ref name="er" /> Ma'aikatar ta tabbatar da duk waɗannan shari'o'in ta hanyar dalilan da ake zaton na wucin gadi ne da rashin ƙarfi. Misali, ma'aikatar ta ki yin rajistar reshe na gida na Jam'iyyar BPF a Yankin Hrodna saboda "rashin daidaituwa na layi" a cikin takardun.<ref name="er">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=Как власти 20 лет подряд отказывают в регистрации новых партий |url=https://euroradio.fm/ru/kak-vlasti-20-let-podryad-otkazyvayut-v-registracii-novyh-partiy |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> A lokacin wani yunkuri na yin rajistar wannan reshe, ma'aikatar ta nemi ƙarin takardu waɗanda ba a ambata a cikin doka ba.<ref name="lawtrend">{{Cite web |script-title=ru:СВОБОДА АССОЦИАЦИЙ И ПРАВОВОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В БЕЛАРУСИ |url=https://www.lawtrend.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Cvoboda-assotsiatsij_Obzor_2012.pdf |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin kin amincewar da Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Belarus ta yi ya nuna rashin gida ko aiki ya ba da bayanai ga wasu daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar.<ref name="er" /> Wani ƙin yarda ya dogara ne akan wata sanarwa a cikin sashin jam'iyyar cewa membobinta ya kamata su zama "masu goyon bayan ra'ayi na duniya na Kirista".<ref name="amnesty2013" /> Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton shari'o'in matsin lamba don janye sa hannu da ake buƙata don yin rajistar jam'iyyar siyasa ta hukumomi da manajoji (a cikin kungiyoyin jihohi). <ref name="amnesty2013" /> An daure masu gwagwarmaya da yawa (ciki har da Zmitser Dashkevich) saboda "aikin ƙungiyoyin da ba a yi rajista ba".<ref name="amnesty2013" /> A cewar Cibiyar Canjin Shari'a, ma'aikatar ta kuma ki yin rajistar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.<ref name="lawtrend"/> A shekara ta 2009, ma'aikatar ta bayyana cewa an sauƙaƙa tsarin rajista, amma masana shari'a na jam'iyyun siyasa sun yi shakkar wannan sanarwa suna da'awar cewa ƙananan batutuwa ne kawai suka shafi. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ma'aikatar ta fara aiwatar da dakatar da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta hanyar ambaton wasikar babban birnin da ba daidai ba a kan hatimi ("Dobraya Volya" maimakon "Dobraya volya") a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan; ba da daɗewa ba aka dakatar da kungiya mai ba. A cikin 2011 da 2013, ma'aikatar ta ki yin rajistar Kungiyoyin LGBT; saboda haka Belarus ba ta da ƙungiyoyin LGBT.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suma sun kasa yin rajista, don haka Kwamitin Helsinki na Belarus da aka kafa tun da daɗewa shine kawai ƙungiyar da aka yi rajista a wannan yanki a matakin ƙasa.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> A watan Yulin da Agusta 2021, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Belarus ta fara aiwatar da rufe manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa, gami da Belarusian Popular Front, tsohuwar kungiyar da ke ci gaba da aiki a Belarus (wanda aka kafa a 1988, an yi rajista a 1991), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ministry of Justice wants to liquidate the NGO BNF |url=https://belsat.eu/en/news/19-08-2021-justice-ministry-seeks-to-close-down-one-of-the-oldest-socio-political-associations-in-belarus/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Belarus, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Belarus: Justice Ministry files lawsuit seeking the closure of the Belarusian Association of Journalists |url=https://ifex.org/belarus-justice-ministry-files-lawsuit-seeking-the-closure-of-the-belarusian-association-of-journalists/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=IFEX |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar PEN ta Belarus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Belarus Moves to Shut Down PEN Belarus |url=https://pen.org/press-release/belarus-moves-to-shut-down-pen-belarus/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=PEN America |language=en}}</ref> Kashewar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kore a Belarus, Ecohome (Darakta Marina Dubina), mambobin 46 na Yarjejeniyar Aarhus da kuma Taron ECO na Turai sun yi Allah wadai da shi. Sauran mambobin taron sun kada kuri'a don ba gwamnatin Belarus damar soke warwarewar kafin 1 ga Disamba 2021, suna barazanar dakatar da membobinta in ba haka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Belarus gets 'diplomatic slap on the wrist' by falling afoul of UN convention |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belarus-united-nations-alexander-lukashenko-ngo-aarhus-convention-ecohome/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Politico Europe |language=}}</ref> === 'Yanci na magana === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, bayan ganawa da Firayim Minista [[Pakistan|'Yan Pakistan]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]] a Minsk, Shugaban Belarus Alexander Lukashenko ya ba da sanarwar shirin bude Belarus ga ma'aikatan ƙaura 150,000 daga Pakistan. Hukumomin Belarus sun kaddamar da masu adawa da shige da fice na Pakistan zuwa Belarus kuma sun kama masu sukar manufofin shige da shige na Lukashenko. == Tsarin shari'a == Tsarin shari'a na Belarus yana da babban hukunci: a cikin 2020, 99.7% na shari'o'in aikata laifuka sun haifar da hukunci kuma kawai 0.3% - a cikin wankewa. Wannan adadin yana da kwanciyar hankali na shekaru da yawa. Tsarin shari'a yana da tsanani sosai ga mutanen da ke bayyana ra'ayoyinsu: daga cikin mutanen da ake tuhuma akwai 'yan jarida, masu fafutukar farar hula, mutanen da ke yin tsokaci na siyasa da ba'a a kan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kuma suna sanya emojis a can. Daga cikin "laifuka" da aka fi rikitarwa sune fararen takalma tare da jan layi, fararen gashi da ja, mutane 70 da aka kama a Brest saboda rawa (wasu daga cikinsu an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku). Shugaba na adawa kuma yana fuskantar mummunan rauni a kotuna wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da gwajin Stalinist.<ref name="opdem" /> === Hukuncin kisa === [[Fayil:Death_Penalty_laws_in_Europe.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Turai tana da mafi yawan jihohin abolitionist (blue). Taswirar yanzu kamar yadda na 2017 An soke shi don duk laifuka Yana riƙe hukuncin kisa{{Legend|#3f9bbb|Abolished for all crimes}}  {{Legend|#cc7662|Retains death penalty}}]] Belarus ita ce kawai ƙasar Turai da ke ci gaba da yin amfani da hukuncin kisa. Amurka da Belarus su ne kawai kasashe biyu daga cikin kasashe mambobi 56 na kungiyar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai da suka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a shekarar 2011. === Masu adawa da siyasa da fursunoni === A watan Disambar 2010, jami'an tsaro na musamman na Belarus sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar, suka yi wa masu fafutuka duka da kuma raunata da dama da sanduna tare da kame mutane sama da 600 bayan wani gangami a tsakiyar birnin Minsk don nuna rashin amincewa da sakamakon zaben da masu sa ido na yammacin Turai ke kallonsa a matsayin magudi. A cikin sanarwar ta hadin gwiwa, Hillary Clinton da Baroness Ashton sun yi kira da a gaggauta sakin masu zanga-zangar (ciki har da akalla 'yan takarar shugaban kasa bakwai na adawa) tare da yin kakkausar suka ga abin da suka kira amfani da karfi a kan masu zanga-zangar. Belarus ta fuskanci hari daga Amnesty International saboda yadda take bi da fursunonin siyasa, <ref name="Amnesty.org">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2000 |title=Amnesty.org |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur49/024/2000/en/?open&of=ENG-2EU}}</ref> gami da wadanda ke cikin reshen matasa na Belarusian Popular Front (jam'iyyar dimokuradiyya). A cikin wani rahoto mai kwanan wata 26 ga Afrilu 2005 Amnesty ta soki Belarus saboda yadda take bi da masu adawa, gami da wata mace da aka daure saboda wallafa waka mai ban dariya.<ref name="Amnesty.org" /> Wani fursunan siyasa wanda ya kasance a gidan yari na tsawon shekaru hudu (Yuni 2001 - Agusta 2005) shine Yury Bandazhevsky, masanin kimiyyar da aka daure kan zargin karbar cin hanci daga iyayen dalibai, ko da yake Amnesty International ta bayyana a shafinta na yanar gizo "An yi imanin hukuncin nasa yana da alaka da binciken da ya yi game da bala'in Chernobyl na Chernobyl da kuma bayyana sakamakon binciken kimiyya na Chernobyl. kan mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Gomel."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bellona |url=http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/envirorights/info_access/29685.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609233339/http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/envirorights/info_access/29685.html |archive-date=9 June 2003 |access-date=18 September 2005}}</ref> [[Fayil:Maria_Kalesnikava_2020-08.png|thumb|An yanke wa Maria Kalesnikava hukuncin shekaru 11 a kurkuku saboda ayyukanta na siyasa a watan Satumbar 2021]] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da rahoto a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2005 tana nuna damuwa game da bacewar (da yiwuwar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa) na 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar da Anatol Krasouski a 1999 da dan jarida Dzmitry Zavadski a 2000, da kuma ci gaba da faruwar kamawa da tsarewa ba tare da shari'a ba. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta kuma yi kira ga Belarus da ta ba da bayanai a bainar jama'a game da mutanen da aka kashe. Wani rahoto mai kwanan watan 31 ga Agusta 2005 daga Amnesty USA ya yi iƙirarin cewa, baya ga rikicin 'yan tsiraru na Poland a farkon wannan shekarar, an tsare wasu 'yan Georgia uku daga ƙungiyar matasa ta Kmara yayin da suke ziyartar Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries – Amnesty International USA |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/belarus/document.do?id=ENGEUR490102005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228050539/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/belarus/document.do?id=ENGEUR490102005 |archive-date=28 December 2005 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> An tsare masu fafutuka a ranar 24 ga Agusta tare da Uladimir Kobets, daga Zubr (ƙungiyar adawa ta Belarushiyanci). A cewar rahoton, an sake shi bayan sa'o'i biyu bayan an gaya masa cewa aikin 'yan sanda ya jagoranci "mutane daga Caucasus". An ayyana masu fafutuka da shugabannin siyasa masu zuwa a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a lokuta daban-daban: * Ales Bialiatski, Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa don 'Yancin Dan Adam kuma shugaban Cibiyar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Viasna <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHY IS ALES BIALIATSKI IN JAIL? &#124; Belarus: Civil society under attack &#124; Freeales.fidh.net |url=http://freeales.fidh.net/why-is-ales-bialiatski-in-jail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063541/http://freeales.fidh.net/why-is-ales-bialiatski-in-jail/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2016}}, Why Ales Bialiatski is in jail</ref> * Mikola Statkevich * Uladzimir Nyaklyayew * Andrei Sannikov * Sieviaryniets na Paval * Zmicier Dashkievich * Andrei Kim * Natalya Radina * Iryna Khalip * Alyaksandr Kazulin * Mikalay Autukhovich * Tsimafei Dranchuk * Syarhei Parsyukevich * Eduard Palčys A cikin 2017, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Viasna ta lissafa fursunonin siyasa guda biyu da aka tsare a Belarus, daga 11 a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of political prisoners &#124; The Human Rights Center "Viasna" |url=http://spring96.org/en/news/49539 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya zuwa 3 ga Yulin 2021, yawan fursunonin siyasa da Viasna ta amince da su ya karu zuwa 529; ya zuwa 22 ga Fabrairu - zuwa 1,078 . A watan Yulin 2024, Belarus ta saki fursunonin siyasa biyar, ciki har da dan adawa Rygor Kastusev, a cikin wani afuwa da ba kasafai ake yi ba a cikin ci gaba da danniya tun bayan zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 da ake takaddama a kai. Yayin da shugabar 'yan adawar da ke gudun hijira Svetlana Tikhanovskaya ta yi maraba da sakin, ta jaddada halin da ake ciki na sauran fursunonin siyasa 1,400, da dama da ke cikin mawuyacin hali.Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam na zargin hukumomin Belarus da sanya tsauraran sharudda, kamar amincewar jama'a da aikata laifuka, saboda sakin fursunonin siyasa, duk da alkawuran da suka yi na 'yantar da wasu fursunonin daga zanga-zangar 2020. === Amfani da shari'a ba tare da shari'ar ba === Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2008, yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Belarus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Belarus |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/Constitution-Belarus.pdf}}</ref> ya tanadi raba madafun iko, hukumar shari’a mai zaman kanta da kotuna marasa son rai (Mataki na 6 da 60), gwamnati ta yi watsi da wadannan tanade-tanaden idan ta dace da bukatunta na gaggawa; cin hanci da rashawa da rashin iya aiki da tsoma bakin siyasa sun yi katutu a bangaren shari’a; gwamnati na hukunta mutane bisa zargin karya da siyasa, kuma hukumomin zartarwa da na kananan hukumomi suna tsara sakamakon gwaji; Bangaren shari’a ba shi da ‘yancin kai, kuma sakamakon shari’a yawanci an kayyade shi; alkalai sun dogara da jami'an zartarwa na reshe don gidaje; kuma ana amfani da tsarin shari'a na laifi-adal a matsayin kayan aiki don rufe bakin masu kare hakkin bil'adama ta hanyar kame dalilai na siyasa, tsarewa, rashin bin ka'idoji da kuma rufe shari'ar siyasa. Ko da yake Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Belarus ya haramta amfani da azabtarwa, amma a aikace Belarus yana azabtar da fursunoni; yayin da Mataki na 26 ya tanadi zato na rashin laifi, sau da yawa wadanda ake tuhuma dole ne su tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi; yayin da Mataki na 25 ya haramta kamawa, tsarewa da dauri ba bisa ka'ida ba, gwamnatin Lukashenko na gudanar da kamawa, tsarewa da daure mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda dalilai na siyasa; yayin da sashe na 210(1) na kundin tsarin shari’a ya tanadi cewa dole ne a samu sammacin bincike kafin duk wani bincike, a aikace hukumomi na binciken gidaje da ofisoshi saboda dalilai na siyasa; yayin da sashe na 43 na kundin tsarin shari’a ya baiwa wadanda ake tuhuma ‘yancin halartar zaman shari’a, da fuskantar shaidu, da gabatar da shaidu a madadinsu, a aikace ana watsi da wadannan hakkokin. Masu gabatar da kara ba su da 'yanci, kuma rashin 'yancin kai yana sa kariyar da ta dace ta zama mara amfani; Mai gabatar da kara a kan wanda ake tuhuma yana da "wuta da yawa kuma ba ta da daidaito". :: "An ci gaba da kama, tsarewa, da kuma daure 'yan kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda dalilai na siyasa, sukar jami'ai, ko don halartar zanga-zangar. An kuma ci gaba da gudanar da wasu shari'o'in kotuna a bayan kofa ba tare da halartar masu sa ido masu zaman kansu ba. Bangaren shari'a ba shi da 'yancin kai kuma yawanci an riga an kayyade sakamakon shari'a". Sashe na Rahoton mai taken "Kame ko Tsari ba bisa ka'ida" ya lura cewa duk da cewa "dokar [Belarusia] ta iyakance tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba ... gwamnati ba ta mutunta wadannan iyakokin a aikace [kuma] hukumomi sun ci gaba da kama mutane saboda dalilai na siyasa". Ya kara da cewa a lokacin 2008 "Rashin laifi ya kasance babbar matsala"; "'Yan sanda na yawan tsare mutane tare da kama su ba tare da izini ba"; "Hukumomi sun tsare ko kama mutane da dama da suka hada da 'yan adawa da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, saboda wasu dalilai da ake ganin suna da alaka da siyasa". Sashe mai taken "Kin Hukuncin Shari'ar Jama'a" ya lura da cewa: "Tsarin mulki ya ba da damar yin shari'a mai zaman kanta; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta mutunta 'yancin shari'a a aikace. Cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aiki, da tsoma baki na siyasa sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin shari'a. Akwai shaidun cewa masu gabatar da kara da kotuna sun yanke wa mutane hukunci kan laifukan karya da siyasa, da kuma yanke hukunci ga hukumomi da hukumomi". :: "[Belarusian] alƙalai sun dogara da jami'an reshe na zartarwa don gidaje na mutum". :: "Rahoton na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2006 game da Belarus ya bayyana ikon masu gabatar da kara a matsayin "mafi yawa da rashin daidaituwa" kuma ya lura da "rashin daidaituwa na iko tsakanin masu gabatar da karar da tsaro". :: " lauyoyin karewa ba za su iya bincika fayilolin bincike ba, su kasance a lokacin bincike, ko bincika shaidu a kan wadanda ake tuhuma har sai mai gabatar da kara ya kawo karar kotu a hukumance"; :: "lawyers sun sami wahalar kiran wasu shaidu cikin tambaya saboda ƙwarewar fasaha tana ƙarƙashin ikon ofishin mai gabatar da kara"; Wadannan rashin daidaituwa na iko sun kara tsanantawa a farkon shekara "musamman dangane da shari'o'in aikata laifuka da na gudanarwa da suka shafi siyasa". :: "[b]y dokar shugaban kasa duk lauyoyi suna ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a [kuma] dokar ta hana lauyoyi yin aiki na sirri".[and] :: "[t]ya ba da izinin zaton rashin laifi; duk da haka, a aikace waɗanda ake tuhuma galibi dole ne su tabbatar da rashin laifi; :: "doka kuma ta samar da shari'o'in jama'a; a aikace, ana watsi da wannan akai-akai; "masu tuhuma suna da damar halartar shari'a, fuskantar shaidu, da kuma gabatar da shaidu a madadin su; duk da haka, a aikace waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba koyaushe ake girmama su ba"; :: "kotu sau da yawa sun ba da izinin bayanin da aka samu daga tambayoyin da aka tilasta don amfani da su akan wadanda ake tuhuma". Takaddun kasa da kasa suna nuna cewa kotunan Belarusian da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin zartarwa mai iko, suna watsi da tsarin doka akai-akai kuma suna wanzuwa ga yanke shawara na hatimin roba da aka yi a wajen kotun; wannan yana daidai da rashin wanzuwar kotuna a matsayin dandalin shari'a na rashin son zuciya. "Dokar" a Belarus ba ta zama dole ba, amma na zaɓi ne kuma bisa ga hankali. “Dokar” maras tushe wacce, a aikace, ba ta dauri, daidai yake da rashin wanzuwar doka. === Yin hulɗa da masu zanga-zangar da kuma gina sansanonin fursunoni === An ba da rahoton cin zarafin bil adama da dama bayan fara zanga-zangar Belarusiya ta 2020. A cewar Amnesty International, kwararrun kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun tattara shaidu 450 na azabtarwa, mugunyar cuta, wulakanci, cin zarafi, hana ruwa, abinci, agajin magunguna da kayayyakin tsafta. Hana hulɗa da lauyoyi da dangi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga waɗanda aka kama. <ref name="amn">[https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1032022021RUSSIAN.PDF Доклад Amnesty International 2020/21 Права человека в современном мире] (Amnesty International 2020/21 report), p. 79</ref> Hukumomi a maimakon haka sun kara matsin lamba ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. A watan Janairun 2021, an fitar da wani faifan faifan sauti wanda kwamandan sojojin cikin gida kuma mataimakin ministan cikin gida na Belarus Mikalai Karpiankou ya shaidawa jami'an tsaro cewa za su iya gurgunta, gurgunta da kuma kashe masu zanga-zangar don fahimtar da su ayyukansu. Wannan a cewarsa ya dace domin duk wanda ya fito kan tituna yana shiga wani irin yakin neman zabe. Bugu da kari, ya tattauna batun kafa sansanonin da aka yi wa kawanya, inda za a tsare masu zanga-zangar har sai abin ya lafa. Wata mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta buga tambarin faifan sautin a matsayin na bogi. Koyaya, binciken phonoscopic na rikodin sauti ya tabbatar da cewa muryar a rikodin ta Karpiankou ce. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai ta nuna damuwarta game da maganganun. A cewar Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, an yi amfani da irin wannan sansanin a kusa da garin Slutsk a cikin kwanaki daga 13 zuwa 15 ga Agusta 2020. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka tsare a can an ce an kawo su ne daga kurkukun Okrestina a [[Miniska|Minsk]]. Hukumomin Belarus sun buga bidiyo da yawa tare da mutanen da aka tsare suna furta da tuba a kan kyamara; ana iya yin waɗannan bidiyon ne a ƙarƙashin tilastawa. Roman Protasevich ya yi kama da rauni a bidiyon ikirarinsa kuma yana da yanka ko rauni a wuyan hannu. An ɗauka cewa an kama budurwar Roman Sofia Sapega ne kawai don matsa masa lamba. Darakta na Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya na Amnesty International Marie Struthers ya yi Allah wadai da tilasta ikirarin Protasevich kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa sakamakon rashin kulawa ne. An ruwaito cewa dan jarida mai goyon bayan Lukashenko na Sovetskaya Belorussiya - jaridar Segodnya ta Belarus Lyudmila Gladkaya ta yi wa mutanen da aka kama tambayoyi tare da jami'an 'yan sanda a cikin bidiyon ikirari da yawa. A cikin 2020, KGB na Belarushiyanci ya fara sanya 'yan ƙasar Belarus a cikin jerin 'yan ta'adda (ba tare da hukuncin kotu ba). Biyu na farko sune wadanda suka kafa tashar Telegram na Nexta Telegram Stepan Putilo [ru] da Roman Protasevich. Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2021, adadin mutanen Belarushiyanci a cikin jerin sun kasance 37, gami da Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Yuras Zyankovich.<ref name="kgblist">{{Cite web |title=КГБ за полгода внес в список террористов уже 37 беларусов. Кто они и в чем их обвиняют? |url=http://mediazona.by/article/2021/05/13/by-terror |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426004041/http://mediazona.by/article/2021/05/13/by-terror |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ana iya hukunta ta'addanci ta hanyar hukuncin kisa a Belarus, amma aƙalla wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin jerin ba a zarge su da labarin da ya dace na Dokar Laifuka ba. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2021, Janar kuma memba na karamar majalisar dokokin Belarus Oleg Belokonev ya yi kira da a kashe 'yan adawa 20-100 a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga mutuwar jami'an tsaron jihar. === Matsi ga lauyoyi === [[Fayil:First_press_conference_of_the_Coordination_Council_of_Belarus.jpg|right|thumb|Maxim Znak, Olga Kovalkova, da Maria Kolesnikova a lokacin taron manema labarai na farko na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Belarus]] Bayan farawar zanga-zangar Belarus ta 2020, wasu lauyoyi (masu gabatar da kara) wadanda suka kare masu fafutukar adawa sun kasance masu hanawa (sun hana matsayin mai ba da shawara) daga kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Shari'a: Alexander Pylchenko (Lauyan Viktar Babaryka da Maria Kalesnikava), Yuliya Levanchuk, Lyudmila Kazak (Lauyan Maria Kalesnikva), Sergey Zikracki (Lauyan Katsyaryna Andreeva).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Адвоката Сергея Зикрацкого лишают лицензии |url=https://officelife.media/news/20837-advokata-babariko-i-kolesnikovoy-mogut-lishit-litsenzii/part11/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426004043/https://officelife.media/news/20837-advokata-babariko-i-kolesnikovoy-mogut-lishit-litsenzii/part11/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Akalla an kori wasu lauyoyi uku bayan an kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar ko tsokaci a shafukan sada zumunta. An soki wannan aikin a matsayin keta 'yancin kai na aikin lauya.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Лаевский: В Беларуси адвоката могут в любой момент лишить лицензии за мнение по правовым вопросам |url=https://officelife.media/news/20837-advokata-babariko-i-kolesnikovoy-mogut-lishit-litsenzii/part6/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426004042/https://officelife.media/news/20837-advokata-babariko-i-kolesnikovoy-mogut-lishit-litsenzii/part6/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Dalilan hukuma na cirewa sun haɗa da "ƙananan ilimi" da "rashin cancanta". An kama masu gwagwarmayar adawa da lauyoyi Maxim Znak da Illia Salei (wanda ya kasance tsohon lauyan Maria Kalesnikava) a watan Satumbar 2020 kuma [[Amnesty International]] ta amince da su a matsayin fursunonin lamiri. Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Jamhuriyar Belarus kuma memba na majalisar dokokin Belarus Viktar Čajčyc ya goyi bayan hukumomi kuma ya kira lauyoyi "kada su shiga siyasa". A ranar 2 ga Maris 2021, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta nuna "damuwa mai zurfi game da karuwar hare-hare kan mulkin doka da kuma 'yancin aikin lauya a Belarus". A watan Mayu 2021, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta ABA ta bincika shari'o'i 4 na korar lauya a Belarus kuma ta kammala cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna wakiltar tsoratarwa, cikas, tsangwama mara kyau ga ayyukan lauyoyi kuma sun lalata mulkin doka a Belarus. A watan Mayu 2021, majalisar dokokin Belarus ta yi gyare-gyare ga dokokin kan aikin lauya (doka 113-Z da aka bayar a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021 da Lukashenko ya sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Mayu kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 30 ga Mayu). Gyaran sun haramta masu ba da shawara da kamfanonin lauyoyi (ofisoshin), suna mai da shawarwarin shari'a da aka tsara ta jihar shine kawai hanyar samar da ayyukan ba da shawara.<ref name="mzona">{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Больше контроля, меньше независимости, зеленый свет силовикам. Что меняют поправки в закон об адвокатской деятельности |url=https://mediazona.by/article/2021/04/22/advokatura |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426004039/https://mediazona.by/article/2021/04/22/advokatura |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> An ba ma'aikatar shari'a damar amincewa da 'yan takara zuwa shugabannin kungiyoyin lauyoyi na gida da shugabannin su.<ref name="mzona" /> An kuma lura cewa daya daga cikin gyare-gyaren na iya soke taimakon doka kyauta ("don 1 rubel") ga masu zanga-zangar da aka kama.<ref name="mzona" /> Lauyoyi masu zaman kansu, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da masana shari'a sun soki gyare-gyaren sosai.<ref name="mzona" /><ref name="bm" /> Lauyan lauya Sergey Gasoyan ya yi iƙirarin cewa gyare-gyaren "sun yi tambaya game da kasancewar bayar da shawarwari a matsayin cibiyar da ke kare dokoki, hakkoki da bukatun 'yan ƙasa". An kwatanta gyare-gyaren da kawar da bayar da shawarwari mai zaman kansa.<ref name="ngru" /><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:В Беларуси упраздняется институт независимой адвокатуры |url=https://officelife.media/news/25318-bnpa-predlozhila-obshchestvennoe-obsuzhdenie-izmeneniy-v-zakon-ob-advokature-/part2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407114231/https://officelife.media/news/25318-bnpa-predlozhila-obshchestvennoe-obsuzhdenie-izmeneniy-v-zakon-ob-advokature-/part2/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ba a gabatar da dokar don tattaunawar jama'a ba, amma akalla mutane 4,000 sun sanya hannu kan takardar neman izinin adawa da gyare-gyaren.<ref name="ngru" /> Lauyoyi na 'yan adawa sun ba da rahoton keta doka da yawa wanda ya hana su yin ayyukansu. A watan Disamba na 2020, an haramta wani lauya ya kasance a cikin bincike a gidan abokin ciniki. Lauyan Roman Protasevich ba zai iya ganin abokin ciniki ba har kwana 4 bayan da aka tsare shi a filin jirgin saman Minsk kuma daga baya ya ba da rahoton cewa ba za ta iya ganinsa ba har mako guda. Tsohon mai bincike Yevgeny Yushkevich kuma ba a yarda ya sadu da lauyansa ba a cikin kwanaki 4 na farko bayan tsare shi. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2021, gidan talabijin na ONT TV jihar ya buga wani ɓangare na tattaunawar sirri tsakanin Sergei Tikhanovsky da lauyansa Natallia Mackevich wanda daga baya ya shigar da korafi tare da Babban Lauyan game da keta haƙƙin lauya. === Matsi ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021, hukumomin Belarus sun kaddamar da hari kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na tushen Belarus wanda ya haifar da rusa kusan 40 daga cikinsu ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Shari'a tare da tsare wasu masu fafutuka da yawa.<ref name="ct1" /> An bayyana wannan kamfen ɗin a matsayin "cikakken tsabtace jama'a". An lura cewa an kaddamar da hari kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu nan da nan bayan ganawar Lukashenko da [[Vladimir Putin]]. Rushe kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun hada da "Imena" zamantakewar jama'a da kiwon lafiya dandali, da dama 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama kungiyoyin (Cibiyar Canjin Shari'a, Human Constanta, Youth Labor Rights, Gender Amsa da sauransu), 'yan jarida kungiyoyin (Belarusia Association of Journalists da Press Club Belarus), da dama kungiyoyin al'adu ciki har da "Mova Nanova" Belarusian harshen darussan da "Vedanta vada" Belarusian kungiyar darussa da kuma "Vedanta vada" kungiyar da ke inganta al'adun Belarus. makarantar kasuwanci Cibiyar PEN ta Belarus wacce wacce ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel Svetlana Alexievich ta rushe ta hanyar Kotun Koli ta Belarus a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2021. A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2021, Kwamitin Helsinki na Belarus, Barys Zvozskau [ru] Gidan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Belarusiya, Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Viasna da wasu kungiyoyi 3 masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama sun fitar da wata sanarwa don "dakatar da rugujewar kungiyoyin farar hula na Belarus", suna masu da'awar keta hakkokin kasa da kasa na Belarus a fagen 'yancin walwala da bayyana ra'ayi. A ranar 24 ga Satumba 2021, Kotun Koli ta Belarus ta rushe Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Belarus ta Duniya wacce ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Belarus da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Hukumomi sun kuma rushe babbar ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa "Perspektiva" <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:В Беларуси закрыли объединение предпринимателей "Перспектива" |url=https://marketing.by/novosti-rynka/v-belarusi-zakryli-obedinenie-predprinimateley-perspektiva/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407114210/https://marketing.by/novosti-rynka/v-belarusi-zakryli-obedinenie-predprinimateley-perspektiva/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> kuma sun kawar da Union of Belarusian Writers wanda aka yi la'akari da fansa ga Lukashenko ga matsayin marubuta mai zaman kansa. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, Kotun Koli ta tilasta wa Kwamitin Helsinki na Belarus. Kotun ta yi amfani da kayan wasu shari'o'in laifuffuka da ba a bayyana ba (wataƙila ba tare da yanke hukunci ba zuwa yanzu) don rushe BHC. BHC ita ce ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi wa rajista ta ƙarshe a Belarus (na ƙarshe shine Pravovaya iniciativa - The Legal Initiative, wanda kuma ke ƙarƙashin ruwa). A cikin Disamba 2021, Belarus Solidarity Foundation (BYSOL), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar tara kudade don ba da taimakon kudi ga wadanda aka zalunta a Belarus, an ayyana a matsayin "tsattsauran ra'ayi". Danniya na jihohi biyo bayan zanga-zangar Belarus na 2020 ya kara habaka dijital na kungiyoyin sa-kai. Kayan aikin kan layi sun zama mahimmanci, yana ba da damar shiga ga waɗanda ba za su iya halartar tarurrukan cikin mutum ba saboda aminci, nisa, ko ƙuntatawa ta jiki. Duk da tarwatsa ma'aikata da masu sa kai, yawancin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Belarus suna ci gaba da aiki ta hanyar amfani da fasaha. Misali, bayan da hukumomi suka kawar da su, kungiyar mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta "Ecohome" ta mayar da ofishinta zuwa Vilnius tare da daidaita ayyukanta. Wannan ya ba su damar ci gaba da lura da ingancin iska da radiation ta hanyar sadarwar sa kai (sadar da sadarwar Telegram) da kuma ba da shawarwarin haƙƙin muhalli na kan layi. Yunkurinsu da naɗaɗɗen ƙididdiga ya samo asali ne ta hanyar buƙatun tserewa daga zalunci da sauƙaƙe haɗin kai ta kan iyaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalavur |first=A. |date=2022 |title=How to Develop Connective Digital Platform for Urban Activism in Unfree Country: Case of “Robim Good” Project |url=https://doi.org/10.7494/human.2022.21.4.51 |journal=Studia Humanistyczne AGH |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=51-59 |doi=10.7494/human.2022.21.4.51 |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref> Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Belarusiya suna fuskantar haɗari saboda mulkin kama-karya, wanda A. Lukashenka ke jagoranta, ya sanya ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a matsayin barazana ga "juyin zaɓe," yana zargin tallafin kuɗi na waje. Sigina daga Lukashenka da alkaluma kamar tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje U. Makiej sun fara kamfen na "tabbatacce", yana kara danniya na tsari. Wannan 'rashin tabbas na cibiyoyi' yana tilasta wa gwamnati murkushe barazanar da ake gani a kwance. Saboda haka, kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 965 sun rufe ko kuma ana kawar da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalavur |first=A. |date=2022 |title=How to Develop Connective Digital Platform for Urban Activism in Unfree Country: Case of “Robim Good” Project |url=https://doi.org/10.7494/human.2022.21.4.51 |journal=Studia Humanistyczne AGH |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=51-59 |doi=10.7494/human.2022.21.4.51 |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref> === '''Matsi ga malamai da masana kimiyya''' === Bayan zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 da zanga-zangar da ta biyo baya, hukumomin Belarus sun kara matsa lamba kan al'ummar ilimi da kimiyya. Malamai, ma'aikatan jami'a, da daliban da suka fito fili suna adawa da tashin hankali ko kuma suka shiga zanga-zangar lumana sun fuskanci takunkumin gudanarwa da na laifuka, gami da kora, kora, da kama su.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=28 July 2021 |title=Как Лукашенко репрессировал беларусских ученых, выступивших за новые выборы |url=https://nash-dom.info/70491 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=НАШ ДОМ |language=ru-RU |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728192804/https://nash-dom.info/70491 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2020, sama da malaman Belarusian 1,500 sun rattaba hannu kan Ƙoƙarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Belarushiyanci, suna kira da a kawo karshen tashin hankali da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam. Irin wannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafawa da Ƙoƙarin Bidiyo na Masanan Kimiyya na Belarushiyanci, wanda masana kimiyya da malamai suka yi magana game da tashin hankali na jihohi, danniya na siyasa, da kuma hana 'yancin kai na hankali. Mahalarta wannan kararraki sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga hukumomin jami'o'i da jami'an tsaro, ciki har da gargadi, tambayoyi, da barazanar korarsu. Jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike sun kori ma'aikata saboda bayyana matsayin jama'a ko shiga cikin zanga-zangar. An kori daliban da suka halarci zanga-zangar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Вядомы хімік склаў партрэт рэпрэсаванага навукоўца. Некаторыя высновы нечаканыя |url=https://nashaniva.com/315714 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Наша Ніва |language=be}}</ref> Har ila yau, zalunci ya shafi fitattun mutane a cikin masana kimiyya. Misali, masanin kimiyyar sunadarai kuma ɗan jaridar kimiyya [[Siarhei Besarab]] bai sabunta kwangilarsa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Belarus ba bayan ya shiga matsayin gwani a cikin shari'ar Stsiapan Latypau, inda ya karyata zarge-zargen da aka yi wa wanda ake tuhuma. Besarab daga baya ya fuskanci ƙarin matsin lamba kuma an tilasta masa barin ƙasar. Masana ilimin harshe Alexander Lukashanets da Sergei Garanin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Будзьма беларусамі! » З Інстытута мовазнаўства звольнены акадэмік Аляксандр Лукашанец |url=https://budzma.org/news/zvolneny-akademik-alyaksandr-lukashanets.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=budzma.org}}</ref> wadanda suka halarci Kira na Bidiyo na Masana Kimiyya na Belarus, suma sun sami sakamako na sana'a da na gudanarwa don matsayinsu na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2022 |title=Пацвердзілася інфармацыя пра затрыманне выбітнага мовазнаўцы Сяргея Гараніна |url=https://nashaniva.com/302545 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Наша Ніва |language=be}}</ref> Matsi da ke gudana a kan masana kimiyya da masana kimiyya ya ba da gudummawa ga fitowar kwararru daga kasar kuma ya shafi 'yancin ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=Honest |last2=Научно-Технический·LAB-66 |date=20 March 2025 |title=Сергей Бесараб: «Беларуской науке нужна свобода» |url=https://honestby.substack.com/p/25e |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=*Честные люди}}</ref> hadin gwiwar bincike, da kuma yanayin kimiyya da ilimi a Belarus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Национальная академия наук Беларуси. Институциональный анализ |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388918026_Nacionalnaa_akademia_nauk_Belarusi_Institucionalnyj_analiz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621060941/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388918026_Nacionalnaa_akademia_nauk_Belarusi_Institucionalnyj_analiz |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=Honest |date=26 March 2025 |title=Таццяна Шчытцова: «Паліталогія, сацыялогія і філасофія сёння наўпрост абслугоўваюць ідэалагічныя інтарэсы рэжыму» |url=https://honestby.substack.com/p/4f1 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=*Честные люди}}</ref> == Dangantakar aiki == Yanayin Kungiyoyin kwadago da membobinsu a yankin Amnesty UK ta soki su, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=Amnesty UK |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/15340.shtml |access-date=25 July 2025 |archive-date=1 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101143119/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/15340.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da zargin cewa hukumomi sun tsoma baki a zaben kungiyar kwadago kuma an kori shugabannin kungiyar kwadago masu zaman kansu daga mukamin su. A cikin 2021, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta lissafa Belarus a cikin manyan ƙasashe 10 mafi muni ga masu aiki a duniya (Global Rights Index). Dalilan da suka sa halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa sun hada da cin zarafin jihar na ayyukan ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu, kamawa da gangan, manyan shari'o'i na babu ko ƙuntata damar yin adalci. Belarus ta riga ta kasance cikin manyan kasashe 10 mafi muni a cikin Global Rights Index a cikin 2015 da 2016. <ref name="ituc.report2021" /> A watan Yunin 2021, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta soki "rashin bin ka'idojin ma'aikata na kasa da kasa a Belarus" a lokacin taron ma'aikata ya kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a cikin ƙasar sun kasance ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa iri-iri, gami da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Working internationally – What we do – UNISON National |url=http://www.unison.org.uk/international/belarus.asp |access-date=25 July 2025 |archive-date=12 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212161434/http://www.unison.org.uk/international/belarus.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; haramtacciyar haramtacciya Tun daga shekarar 1999, duk kungiyoyin kwadagon da suka yi rajista a baya dole ne su sake yin rajista kuma su ba da adireshin hukuma na hedkwatar (wanda galibi ya hada da adireshin kasuwanci). Har ila yau, ana buƙatar wasiƙar daga ma'aikata, mai tabbatar da adireshin (yana sanya makomar kungiyar kwadago ta dogara da gudanarwa). Duk kungiyar da ta gaza yin hakan an haramta kuma ta rushe. A shekarar 2021, Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati "ta ci gaba da kin yin rajista ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu". ; Babban buƙata na membobin A wani mataki wanda kuma aka ce an yi amfani da shi kan kungiyoyin kare hakkin Yahudawa, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa duk wata sabuwar kungiyar kwadago dole ne ta kunshi mambobi akalla 500 kafin a amince da ita. Hakan ya sa aka yi wuya a iya kafa sababbin ƙungiyoyi. ; Harkokin shiga tsakani Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Duniya ta fitar da wani rahoto a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001 inda ta yi korafin katsalandan cikin tsanaki a cikin ayyukan kungiyoyin kwadago, gami da cin zarafi da kai hari kan kadarorin kungiyar. Ma'aikatan da ke cikin kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu a Belarus, a cewar Unison, an kama su saboda rarraba ƙasidu da sauran littattafai kuma sun fuskanci rasa ayyukansu. Ma'aikatan Belarusiya suna tsoratar da tsarin don barin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu, an kori membobin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ɗalibai daga jami'o'i. A cikin 2021, an tilasta wa shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta REP mai zaman kanta barin Belarus bayan 'yan sanda suka mamaye ofishin.<ref name="ilo.june.21" /> A cikin 2014, Lukashenko ya ba da sanarwar gabatar da sabuwar doka wacce za ta hana ma'aikatan kolkhoz (kimanin kashi 9% na jimlar ma'aikata) barin ayyukansu a son rai - canjin aiki da wurin zama zai buƙaci izini daga gwamnoni. Lukashenko da kansa ya kwatanta dokar da Bautar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Lukashenka promises "serfdom" in villages |url=http://charter97.org/en/news/2014/5/28/100271/ |publisher=Charter '97}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Pańszczyzna u Łukaszenki. Prezydent Białorusi chce zakazać kołchoźnikom odchodzić z pracy |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75477,16075099,Panszczyzna_u_Lukaszenki__Prezydent_Bialorusi_chce.html |publisher=Gazeta Wyborcza |language=pl}}</ref> An gabatar da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi don masana'antar gandun daji a cikin 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=In chase of upgrade: serfdom for woodworkers? |url=http://belsat.eu/en/wiadomosci/a,11316,in-chase-of-upgrade-serfdom-for-woodworkers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726234207/http://belsat.eu/en/wiadomosci/a%2C11316%2Cin-chase-of-upgrade-serfdom-for-woodworkers.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |publisher=[[Belsat]]}}</ref> A lokacin zanga-zangar Belarus ta 2020, kamfanoni da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su fara yajin aiki, amma sun sadu da zalunci mai tsanani. A cikin 2021, an daure ma'aikata uku na Byelorussian Steel Works saboda yunkurin shirya yajin aiki. On 28 May 2021 a law 114-Z was published that changed the Belarusian Labour code. It enabled to fire employees who served an arrest and who called to strike.<ref name="myf" /> A number of reasons for temporarily suspension from work including "calling to stop performing other employees' duties without good reason" were also added.<ref name="myf" /> Companies having any "hazardous production facilities" became completely prohibited to strike.<ref name="myf">{{Cite web |title=В Трудовой кодекс внесли изменения: разрешили увольнять за отбытие «административки» и призывы к забастовке |url=https://myfin.by/stati/view/v-trudovoj-kodeks-vnesli-izmenenia-razresili-uvolnat-za-otbytie-administrativki-i-prizyvy-k-zabastovke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422210839/https://myfin.by/stati/view/v-trudovoj-kodeks-vnesli-izmenenia-razresili-uvolnat-za-otbytie-administrativki-i-prizyvy-k-zabastovke |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Political slogans during strikes became banned entirely. WSWS characterized these amendments as making firing employees much easier.<ref name="wsws" /> A lokacin zanga-zangar Belarus ta 2020, 'yan sanda sun mamaye ofisoshin kungiyoyin kwadago wanda ya tilasta wa kungiyoyin kwadoro su canja bayanan sirri na membobin kungiyar ga' yan sanda. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'in sace wakilan ƙungiyar a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa aiki.<ref name="ituc.report2021" /> A cikin 2021, Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta yi iƙirarin cewa za a iya ganin sabbin ƙa'idodin gwamnati a matsayin "ƙuntatawar doka a kan dukkan tarurrukan jama'a da yajin aiki ga ƙungiyoyin kwadago".<ref name="ituc.report2021" /> A cikin Satumba 2021, an tsare ma'aikata da yawa na Grodno Azot, Belarusian Railway da Byelorussian Karfe Works. tsare su na da alaka da barazanar Alexander Lukashenko cewa za a daure ma'aikatan da suka bayyana hanyoyin kaucewa takunkumin a gidan yari na dogon lokaci. A cewar Nasha Niva, akalla biyu daga cikin mutanen da aka tsare an tuhume su da cin amana (mataki na 356 na Dokar Laifuka ta Belarus). <ref name="cur" /> == Daidaitu == === 'Yancin mata === A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2021, yayin harin da gwamnati ta jagoranta a kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (duba #Matsa a kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu), Kotun Koli ta Belarus ta tilastawa kungiyar "Ra'ayin Jinsi" NGO (Rasha: Гендерные перспективы) wanda ya inganta haƙƙin mata a Belarus ta hanyar jure wa nuna bambanci na cikin gida. GP ya hada kai da gwamnati kan al'amuran shari'a da suka shafi mata kuma ya dauki nauyin layin wayar tarho na kasa ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa wanda ya dauki c. Kira 15,000 a cikin shekaru 10. Bayan da kotun ta kori wannan kungiyar, tawagarta ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati "ba ta damu da bukatun mata masu yawa da ke fuskantar cin zarafi ko kuma nuna wariyar jinsi ba". A cikin 2023, 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada Patricia Lamanna ta soke kwantiraginta da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belarusian FC Minsk, Ta bar bayan watanni 3 ba a biya ta albashi ba, rashin tanadin wurin zama da kuma rashin iya amfani da katin kiredit na Kanada don yin mu'amala a Belarus saboda ƙuntatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constanta |first=Human |date=29 September 2023 |title=What is wrong with human rights in sport: the case of Belarus |url=https://humanconstanta.org/en/what-is-wrong-with-human-rights-in-sport-the-case-of-belarus/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Human Constanta}}</ref> === Jima'i === Belarus ta halatta liwadi a 1994; duk da haka, 'yan luwadi suna fuskantar wariya sosai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gudanar da faretin fahariyar gay a Minsk. An gudanar da fareti guda ɗaya a shekara ta 2001, lokacin da aka gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Koyaya, bisa ga OutRage! (Kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi da ke Biritaniya), taron 'yan luwadi da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 an soke shi bayan da hukumomi suka yi barazanar kama wadanda ke halartar taron. An rufe kulob din 'yan luwadi na kasar Oscar a shekara ta 2000 kuma a watan Afrilun 1999 ma'aikatar shari'a ta hana yunkurin kungiyar Belarus Lambda na neman rajista a hukumance. A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2005, hukumar yaki da batsa da tashin hankali ta Belarus ta sanar da cewa za ta toshe gidajen yanar gizo guda biyu na gay, www.gaily.ru da www.qguis.ru; an ce suna dauke da kalaman batsa da kuma "alamu na batsa". A cikin 1999, a cikin wani babban taro mai suna "The Pernicious Consequences of International Projects of Sexual Education", mambobin cocin Orthodox na Belarushiyanci rahotanni sun zargi UNESCO, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ƙarfafa "lalata", ayyukan "shaidan" (kamar amfani da kwaroron roba) da zubar da ciki. An ba da rahoton cewa wani limamin coci ya yi kira da a "hukumta dukkan 'yan luwadi a kan kujerar lantarki".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin watan Agusta 2004 da kasa da kasa 'yar kasar Sin ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Belarusies sun tilasta wa bikin gargajiya na gay, waterbow, za a soke barazanar tashin hankali; za a kori baki da suka shiga duk wani aiki mai alaka da su daga kasar. Bugu da kari, an yi zargin cewa kungiyoyin neo-Nazi sun matsa wa mahukunta lamba kan soke taron. Bill Schiller, kodinetan ILGCN, ya bayyana halin da ake ciki:<blockquote>Yayin da sauran kasashen Turai ke ci gaba, wannan mulkin kama-karya na karshe a Turai na kokarin tura al'ummarta na 'yan luwadi zuwa sansanin 'yan Nazi na shekarun 1930", in ji Schiller.</blockquote>Sau da yawa an hana al'ummar LGBT gudanar da fareti na alfahari a Belarus. An tsare masu fafutuka da yawa a cikin 2010 yayin da suke ƙoƙarin riƙe girman kai bayan haramtacciyar ta.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> A cikin 2011 da 2013, ma'aikatar ta ki yin rajistar Kungiyoyin LGBT; saboda haka Belarus ba ta da ƙungiyoyin LGBT.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> An bayar da rahoton hare-haren 'yan sanda a kan jam'iyyun gay, kuma ana yawan yin tambayoyi ga masu gwagwarmayar LGBT dangane da laifuka daban-daban.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> An yi wa daya daga cikin masu fafutuka duka a ofishin 'yan sanda, amma ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya ki fara bincike kan wannan shari'ar.<ref name="amnesty2013" /> == Nuna bambanci tsakanin kabilanci == === Rashin jinin Yahudawa === In 2004, Charter'97 reported that on some government-job applications, Belarusians are required to state their nationality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish leader alarmed at nationality clause in Belarus job applications :: Charter'97 :: News :: 11/05/2004 |url=http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2004/05/11/jewish |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> An ba da wannan a matsayin shaidar ƙiyayya ta jiha a yankin, saboda ana zargin ana amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka don nuna wariya ga Yahudawa a cikin USSR. Ana kuma buƙatar su bayyana bayanai game da danginsu da danginsu na kusa; ana zargin hakan sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ne. Sauran ƙasashe (kamar United Kingdom) kuma suna tambayar masu neman su bayyana ƙabilar su akan fom ɗin neman aiki a lokuta da yawa, kodayake ana amfani da wannan bayanin don dalilai na ƙididdiga kawai. Kasar Belarus dai ta sha suka daga kungiyar hadin kan Yahudawa a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da dama daga cikin 'yan majalisar dattawan Amurka da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama kan gina filin wasan kwallon kafa a Grodno a wurin wani makabartar Yahudawa mai dimbin tarihi. An kafa gidan yanar gizo, www.stopthedigging.org (tun lokacin da aka rufe), don adawa da wulakanta makabartar. Har ila yau gwamnatin Lukashenko ta fuskanci suka kan wannan batu daga mambobin majalisar dokokin kasar da kungiyoyin Yahudawa a Belarus. A cikin Janairu 2004, Forum 18 ya ruwaito cewa Yakov Gutman (shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Belarushiyanci Yahudawa) ya zargi Lukashenko da "hakin kansa na lalata wuraren tsarki na Yahudawa a Belarus", yana zargin hukumomi da ba da izinin lalata majami'a don gina gine-ginen gidaje, rushe wani tsohon shul don gina filin ajiye motoci na Yahudawa da yawa da kuma lalata biyu. A cewar rahoton, ‘yan sanda sun tsare shi kuma aka kai shi asibiti bayan da alamu ya samu bugun zuciya. A cikin Maris 2004, Gutman ya sanar da cewa zai bar Belarus zuwa Amurka don nuna rashin amincewa da nuna kyamar Yahudawa. Rahoton na UCSJ na Yuli na 2005 ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa wani mai taimaka wa Shugaban kasa (wani tsohon mai ra'ayin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, Eduard Skobelev) ya buga litattafai na adawa da Yahudawa tare da tallata bindigogi don magance abin da ya kira "matsalar Yahudawa". A shekarar 1997, Skobelev aka bai wa lakabin "girmama Figures na al'adu" da Lukashenko da kuma sanya a kula da mujallar Neman. Wakilin UCSJ a Belarus, Yakov Basin, ya rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da zargin da hukumomi ke yi na adawa da Yahudawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Problems of Xenophobia and Anti-Semitism in Modern Belarus |url=http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/072304BelarusReport.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803021643/http://fsumonitor.com/stories/072304BelarusReport.shtml |archive-date=3 August 2004 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=FSU Monitor}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Yakov Basin ya ce hukumomi suna "kusa da cewa ba su lura da halin adawa da Yahudawa tsakanin ma'aikatan gwamnati, masu ra'ayi da shugabannin Cocin Orthodox ba". Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da littattafan adawa da Yahudawa da Ikilisiyar ta buga. Cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta Yahudawa a Belarus (Cibiyar Humanities ta Duniya ta Jami'ar Jihar Belarus) an rufe ta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |title=BelReview |url=http://www.belreview.cz/articles/2713.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2004-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620000449/http://www.belreview.cz/articles/2713.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin abin da yawancin Yahudawa suka yi imanin cewa aiki ne da gangan na adawa da Yahudawa don lalata hakkinsu na ilimi da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Koyaya, ba ita kaɗai ce cibiyar ilimi da ta fuskanci rufewa a Belarus ba; jami'a mai zaman kanta ta ƙarshe a cikin ƙasar, Jami'ar Humanities ta Turai (cibiyar da ta karɓi kuɗi daga Tarayyar Turai), an rufe ta a watan Yulin shekara ta 2004. Masu sharhi sun nuna cewa wannan na iya zama wani ɓangare na yunkurin da Lukashenko ya yi don murkushe rashin amincewa na ciki. Masu lura da lamuran yahudawa sun yi nuni da kalaman kyama da ‘yan majalisa da sauran mambobin gwamnati, da gazawar hukumomi a Belarus wajen hukunta masu aikata laifukan yaki (ciki har da laifukan tashin hankali) a matsayin manuniyar manufar kyamar baki daga jihar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2007}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2007, shugaban kasar Belarus Lukashenko ya yi tsokaci game da al'ummar Yahudawa na Babrujsk:<blockquote>"Wannan birni ne na Yahudawa, kuma Yahudawa ba su damu da wurin da suke zaune ba. Sun juya Babrujsk zuwa gidan alade. Dubi Isra'ila - Ina can. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Matt |date=22 October 2007 |title=BELARUS JEWS STAY CALM IN FACE OF PRESIDENT'S ANTI-SEMITIC SLURS |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Belarus-Jews-stay-calm-in-face-of-presidents-anti-Semitic-slurs |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2007 |title=Belarus president 'anti-Semitic' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7053165.stm |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref></blockquote>Wannan sharhi ya haifar da zargi daga shugabannin Yahudawa da [[Isra'ila]]; Lukashenko daga baya ya aika da wakilai zuwa Isra'ila. A cikin 2015, Lukashenko ya sake yin wani sharhi a yayin wani jawabi na tsawon sa'o'i uku na TV, yana sukar gwamnan lardin Minsk saboda rashin kiyaye yawan Yahudawa na Belarus "a karkashin iko." Ya kuma kira Yahudawa “fararen kashi,” ma’ana ba sa jin daɗin aikin ƙasƙanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Belarus president raps Jewish governor for not keeping Jews 'under control' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/belarus-president-raps-jewish-governor-for-not-keeping-jews-under-control/ |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=Times of Israel}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Alexander Lukashenko ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Yahudawa sun yi nasara wajen sa duk duniya ta yi musu biyayya", wanda ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta Isra'ila ta soki.<ref name="haaretz2021" /> A wannan shekarar, jaridar gwamnatin Belarus 'Segodnya ta zargi kungiyoyin Yahudawa na Belarus da yunkurin lalata halin da ake ciki a kasar tare da taimakon Yahudawa a kasashen waje. === Rashin amincewa da mulkin mallaka === A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2005, an kama wani mai fafutuka da ke aiki da kungiyar Tarayyar Poles (wakiltan 'yan tsirarun al'ummar Poland) kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki 15 kuma Lukashenko ya zargi 'yan tsirarun Poland da yunkurin kifar da shi. Daga baya an yanke wa tsohon shugaban kungiyar ta Poles Tadeusz Gawin hukunci na biyu bisa zarginsa da dukan abokan zamansa (da'awar da ya musanta). A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2005 ne aka kai samame ofisoshin kungiyar ‘yan sanda a cikin rikicin da ya kunno kai a ranar da ta gabata, lokacin da aka kori Andrzej Olborski (wani jami’in diflomasiyyar Poland da ke aiki a Minsk) daga kasar—korar ta uku cikin watanni uku. Poland ta zargi Belarus da tsananta wa 'yan sanda 400,000 wadanda suka kasance wani yanki na Belarus tun lokacin da aka mayar da iyakokinta zuwa yamma bayan yakin duniya na biyu. === Rashin amincewa da Gida === Tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan ta'adda na Belarushiyanci suna da dokoki na yau da kullum ga mutanen Romani waɗanda suka haɗa da bincikar takardu na sabani, jarrabawar waya, duba gida ba tare da dalili ba. Kashi 80% na mutanen Romani a Belarus suna da'awar cewa sun fuskanci antiziganism (antigypsyism) ta 'yan sanda wadanda suka hada da tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, rajistar yatsa da yawa, kwace motoci.<ref name="ch97.roma" /> A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2019, an gano jami'in 'yan sanda na GAI ya mutu a kusa da Mahilioŭ. Nan da nan bayan haka, an shirya manyan hare-hare kan mutanen Romani na yankin.<ref name="roma1" /> An tsare har zuwa mutane 40 na Romani. An saki mata bayan dare a ofishin 'yan sanda, amma maza sun kasance a ofishin' yan sanda.<ref name="roma1" /> Ɗaya daga cikin matan Romani da aka saki ya ce an gaya mata cewa "maza za su kasance a kurkuku har sai mun [yan sanda] suka sami masu laifi. " Daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa jami'in 'yan sanda na GAI wanda mutuwarsa ta haifar da waɗannan tarurruka ya kashe kansa. <ref name="fidh" /> Ministan cikin gida Igor Shunevich ya ki ya nemi gafara ga al'ummar Romani saboda wannan lamarin. Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta kasa da kasa ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan tarzomar da aka yi wa mutanen Roma a Mailioŭ. === Nuna bambanci ga masu magana da yaren Belarus === Mambobin tsiraru masu magana da harshen Belarusanci sun koka kan yadda ake nuna wariya ga harshen Belarusanci a Belarus, da rashin ilimin harshen Belarusanci da bayanan mabukaci a Belarusian, duk da kasancewar matsayin harshen Belarus a matsayin harshen jihar baya ga Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Беларусы супраць дыскрымінацыі роднай мовы на заканадаўчым роўні |url=https://www.racyja.com/hramadstva/belarusy-suprats-dyskryminatsyi-rodn/ |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=[[Radio Racyja]] |language=be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Дыскрымінацыя беларускай мовы па-гарадзенску |url=https://www.racyja.com/hramadstva/dyskryminatsyya-belaruskaj-movy-pa-gar/ |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=[[Radio Racyja]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016 na 'yancin ɗan adam na ƙasar game da rahoton Belarus, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma bayyana cewa akwai " wariya ga ... waɗanda suka nemi yin amfani da harshen Belarushiyanci. <ref name="statedep2016">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265398#wrapper |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce "Saboda gwamnati na kallon yawancin masu goyon bayan harshen Belarus a matsayin abokan adawar siyasa, hukumomi sun ci gaba da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da kungiyoyin ilimi da al'adu wadanda suka nemi inganta Belarusian kuma suka yi watsi da shawarwari na fadada amfani da harshen."<ref name="statedep2016" /> Belarus tana da harsuna biyu na hukuma, amma an ba da rahoton shari'o'in gwaji a cikin Rasha duk da korafin wadanda ake tuhuma don amfani da harshen Belarusian. <ref>{{Cite web |title=В Минске судят Беляцкого: судья отклонил два ходатайства |url=https://telegraf.by/in-belarus/v-minske-sudyat-izvestnogo-pravozaschitnika/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407101643/https://telegraf.by/in-belarus/v-minske-sudyat-izvestnogo-pravozaschitnika/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2021, Mova Nanova darussan yaren Belarusian an rushe da karfi. A cikin Yuli 2021, hukumomi sun gudanar da bincike a ofishin Ƙungiyar Harshen Belarushiyanci, kuma a watan Agusta Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta nemi a rushe wannan al'umma a Kotun Koli ta Belarus. == Gudanar da garkuwa da gwamnati == Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalai na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa na gwamnatin Belarus shine sace-sacen, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma azabtar da lauyan Amurka Emanuel Zeltser <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emanuel Zeltser. American Russian Law Institute |url=http://www.russianlaw.org/directors_ez.htm |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> da mataimakinsa, Vladlena Funk . <ref>{{Cite web |title=VLADLENA BRUSKOVA |url=http://www.moscowtelegraph.com/lena.htm |website=www.moscowtelegraph.com |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407101644/http://www.moscowtelegraph.com/lena.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>A ranar 11 ga Maris 2008, jami'an KGB na Belarus sun sace Zeltser da Funk a Landan. Dukansu biyu sun yi amfani da kwayoyi kuma an kai su Belarus a cikin wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Boris Berezovsky, wani oligarch na Rasha kuma abokin Lukashenko wanda Interpol ke nema don zamba, satar kudi, shiga cikin shirya laifuka da laifukan kudi na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boris Berezovsky Backgrounder |url=http://russianlaw.org/berezovsky.htm |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>An kai su Amerikanka (wurin da ake tsare da su na zamanin Stalin Belarusian KGB), inda aka azabtar da su, an hana su magani kuma sun ce za su ci gaba da zama a gidan yari har abada sai dai idan Amurka ta dage takunkumi kan Lukashenko. An yi garkuwa da Zeltser da Funk tsawon kwanaki 473 da kwanaki 373, bi da bi. Kama su, azabtarwa da tsare su ya haifar da fushi na kasa da kasa da kuma manyan labaran manema labarai (a fili hukumomin Belarusian ba zato ba tsammani). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarusian Authorities Hold American Lawyer Hostage. MSNBC (9 September 2008) |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/MSNBC_Olbermann_transcript.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cfcartwright |date=12 January 2009 |title=Belarusian authorities hold American lawyer Emanuel Zeltser captive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLKPd1FKp0g&feature |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130213458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLKPd1FKp0g&feature |archive-date=30 November 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=25 July 2025 }}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da membobin Majalisa ta Amurka sun bukaci a saki wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. Shugabannin duniya, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa sun shiga kiran Amurka don sakin Funk da Zeltser nan take. Amnesty International ta ba da faɗakarwa ta gaggawa game da " azabtarwa da sauran rashin kulawa" na Zeltser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International alerts |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/AmnestyInternationalAlerts.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314155804/http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/AmnestyInternationalAlerts.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Ihar Rynkevich, kwararre kan harkokin shari'a na Belarushiya kuma sakataren yada labarai na hukumar Helsinki ta Belarus, ya ce a cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi: "Wannan kuma wani abin kunya ne ga bangaren shari'a na Belarus wanda fiye da ƙarni daya na masana shari'ar Belarus za su kyamaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rynkevich Interview. Belapan (1 August 2008) |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/Ihar--EXPERT-OPINION-1.pdf}}</ref> Wasikar ƙungiyar mashaya ta nuna "babban damuwa [] game da kamawa da tsare Mista Zeltser da Ms Funk da rahotanni na cin zarafin Mista Zeltser" kuma ta bayyana cewa wannan bai dace da wajibai na Belarus ba a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniya kan Torture da Sauran Inhumor ko Ragewa (CAT). Wasikar ta kuma lura cewa zargin da KGB ta kawo wa Zeltser da Funk "kamar ba su da tushe a gare ta", ba su da "duk wani bayani ko daki-daki" kuma "an ba da rahoton damuwa cewa wannan tuhuma ce da aka ƙirƙira, an kirkira don tabbatar da tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bar Association Letter |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/BarAssociationLetter.pdf}}</ref>{{Sic}} Ba a "kama" Funk ko Zeltser ba, "an tuhume su", "an gurfanar da su", "ana gwada su" ko "an yanke musu hukunci" a karkashin dokar Belarus ko ta duniya. An kama su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yi garkuwa da su, ta hanyar keta dokar kasa da kasa da dokar Belarus. A lokacin da aka tsare su Funk da Zeltser sun fuskanci azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci, a keta Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Belarus; dokar Amurka da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Karɓar Masu Garkuwa (Yarjejeniyar Hostage); Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karɓar Hakki; Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR); Yarjejeniyar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkin Jama'a (Yar Torture); <ref name="www2.ohchr.org" /> da Hakkin Bil'adarin Jama'adama ta Duniya). Satar Zeltser da Funk, tsarewa da cin zarafi a cikin tsare KGB wani yunƙuri ne na tilastawa Amurka ta ɗage takunkumin da aka saka wa Lukashenko (da sauran membobin gwamnatin Belarushiyanci) da kuma kamfanin man petrochemical na Belarusian Belneftekhim (wanda suka mallaka). Ayyukan Belarus sun kasance babban cin zarafi ga dokar kasashe da kuma ka'idojin da duniya ta amince da su na dokokin kasa da kasa na 'yancin ɗan adam, ciki har da dokokin da suka hana yin garkuwa da ta'addanci da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta. Baya ga bukatun kasashen duniya, Lukashenko ya saki Funk a ranar 20 ga Maris 2009 da Zeltser a ranar 30 ga Yuni (lokacin da wata tawaga daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta tafi Belarus don ganawa da Lukashenko game da rikicin garkuwa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABC News: US Lawyer Imprisoned in Belarus on Widely Denounced Charges Freed |url=http://russianlaw.org/hostage/ABCnews_US-lawyer.htm |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka a Belarus Jonathan Moore ya yi tsokaci bayan sakinsu: "Babu wani lokaci da hukumomin Belarus suka taba bayar da wata alama da ke nuna cewa tuhumar da ake yi wa Mista Zeltser da Ms Funk sun dace. A sakamakon haka, zan iya yanke hukuncin cewa tuhumar da ake yi a wannan shari'ar ba ta dace ba; kuma sakamakon wani dalili ne na karin doka. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonathan Moore Letter |url=http://russianlaw.org/hostage/Moore-letter.pdf}}</ref> Ko da yake Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sha nanata cewa ba ta amfani da 'yan kasarta a matsayin "kwanciyar hankali", da yawa a Belarus har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da Lukashenko (wanda ya sa shi sakin mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su don musayar IMF credits zuwa Belarus). Da yake bayyana a tashar talabijin ta NTV ta Rasha, Anatoly Lebedko (shugaban jam'iyyar Belarusian United Popular Party) ya ce: "An tilasta wa Washington ta biya kudin fansa ga 'yan kasarta [sic] ta hanyar ba Lukashenko lamunin IMF, mai tsabta da sauki; a zahiri, wannan yin garkuwa ne, al'adar, wacce ta yadu a Belarus ta daukaka kara zuwa matakin siyasa na kasa da kasa, amma ba wai kawai isar da sakon siyasa ba ne ga Lukashenko. 'yancin ɗan adam." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emanuel Zeltser – NTV "Крестный Батька Лукашенко" (God-Daddy Lukashenko) |url=http://russianlaw.org/hostage/God-Daddy.html |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>{{Sic}} == Rashin da aka tilasta == [[Fayil:Zniknąć_03_-_Czarownik_ciągnie_za_uszy.jpg|thumb|Zanga-zangar a Warsaw, tunatarwa game da bacewar 'yan adawa a Belarus]] A cikin 1999 shugabannin adawa Yury Zacharanka da Viktar Hanchar tare da abokin kasuwancinsa Anatol Krasouski sun bace. Hanchar da Krasouski sun bace ne a rana guda da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na kasar inda shugaban kasar Alexander Lukashenko ya umarci hafsoshin tsaronsa da su murkushe "zaman 'yan adawa". Ko da yake Kwamitin Tsaro na Jamhuriyar Belarus (KGB) yana sa ido a kai a kai, binciken da aka gudanar ya sanar da cewa ba za a iya magance lamarin ba. Binciken bacewar dan jarida Dzmitry Zavadski a shekara ta 2000 shi ma bai haifar da wani sakamako ba. An kwace kwafin rahoton Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya danganta manyan jami'an Belarus da shari'ar bacewar. A watan Satumba na 2004, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka sun ba da dokar hana tafiye-tafiye ga jami'an Belarus biyar da ake zargi da hannu a sace Zacharanka: Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida Vladimir Naumov, mai gabatar da kara Viktor Sheiman, Ministan wasanni da yawon shakatawa Yuri Sivakov, da Kanar Dmitry Pavlichenko daga ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Belarus. A watan Disamba na 2019, Deutsche Welle ya buga wani fim na gaskiya wanda Yury Garavski, tsohon memba na wani sashi na musamman na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Belarus, ya tabbatar da cewa rukuninsa ne suka kama, suka tafi da su tare da kashe Zecharanka kuma daga baya sun yi daidai da Viktar Hanchar da Anatol Krassouski. == Matsayi ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na sukar kasar Belarus da halin da take ciki. A mafi yawan lokutan Lukashenko, an lisafta shi a matsayin wanda ya jagoranci daya daga cikin gwamnatoci mafi zalunci a duniya. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Belarus a cikin manyan alamun 'yanci ! !2021 !2020 !2019 !2018 !2017 !2016 !2015 !2014 !2013 !2012 !2011 !2010 !2009 !2008 !2007 !2006 !2005 !2004 !2003 |- |'Yanci a Duniya | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da kashi: 11/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da kashi: 19/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da kashi: 19/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da kashi: 21/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da sakamako: 20/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba (ƙaddamar da sakamako: 17/100) | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">5</span> Ba kyauta ba |- |Lissafin 'Yanci na Tattalin Arziki | | | | style="background:red" |An hana shi (58.1, matsayi na duniya 108) | style="background:red" |An hana su | style="background:#fc9;" |Mafi yawa ba tare da 'yanci ba | style="background:red" |An hana su | style="background:red" |An hana su | style="background:red" |An hana su |- |Lissafin 'Yancin Labarai | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 158) 50.82<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 153) 49.75<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 153) <br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 155) 52.59<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 153) 52.43<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 157) 54.32<br /> | style="background:orange" | (Sashe na Duniya: 157) 47.98<br /> | style="background:orange" | (Sashe na Duniya: 157) 47.81<br /> | style="background:orange" | (Sashe na Duniya: 157) 48.35<br /> | style="background:purple" | (Sashe na Duniya: 168) 99.00<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 154) 57.00<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 151) 59.50<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 154) 58.33<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 151) 63.63<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 151) 57.00<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 152) 61.33<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 144) 54.10<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 151) 52.00<br /> | style="background:red" | (Sashe na Duniya: 124) 52.17<br /> |- |Lissafin Dimokuradiyya | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.13</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.13</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.13</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.13</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.54</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.62</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.69</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.04</span> Mai iko | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.04</span> Mai iko | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.16</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.34</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.34</span> Mai mulkin mallaka | | style="background:red" |<span style="display:none">3.34</span> Mai mulkin mallaka |- |'Yanci na' yan jarida (ra'ayi) | | | | | style="background:red" |83 (Ba 'Yanci ba) | style="background:red" |91 (Ba 'yanci ba) | style="background:red" |93 (Ba 'yanci ba) | style="background:red" |93 (Ba 'yanci ba) | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:red" |Ba 'Yanci ba |- |Jerin bayanan tsauraran ra'ayi | | | | style="background:red" |Tsarin Mulki | style="background:red" |Tsarin Mulki |- |[[World Index of Moral Freedom|Ƙididdigar Duniya ta 'Yanci na Ɗabi'a]] | | | | style="background:red" |45.7 maki (Rank 88, Rashin isasshen 'yancin ɗabi'a) | style="background:red" |Rashin isasshen 'yancin ɗabi'a |- |}   Kalaman abokantaka na 'yancin ɗan adam na Belarus ba su da goyan bayan ingantaccen haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin 2016. Hukuncin kisa yana ci gaba da amfani. Jami'ai na ci gaba da gurfanar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma 'yan jarida masu ra'ayin rikau a kan tuhume-tuhume. Gyaran dokar ya kara takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta hanyar fadada ma’anar “tsattsauran ra’ayi” da kuma hana yada wasu nau’ukan bayanai tsakanin yara a karkashin karya na kare su. Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun amince da wasu ci gaban da aka samu a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar na watan Satumba, amma sun yi kira da a kara yin garambawul. -  Rahoton Duniya na Human Rights Watch 2017[187]   Tsanani mai tsanani kan yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyance da gudanar da taro cikin lumana ya kasance a wurin. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kin yin aiki tare da wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan hakkin dan Adam a Belarus. Akalla mutane hudu aka zartar da hukuncin kisa kuma aka yankewa mutane hudu hukuncin kisa. — Rahoton Amnesty International 2016/2017[188] == International criticism of human rights in Belarus == Rahoton Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2007 ya lura cewa "Mai rahoto na musamman ya ci karo da, a cikin shekara ta uku a jere, cikakken kin ba da hadin kai a bangaren Gwamnatin Belarus ... duk kokarin da aka yi don shiga tattaunawa mai ma'ana ya kasance marar amfani"; "yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus kullum ya tabarbare"; "Gwamnatin Belarus ba ta yi la'akari da duk shawarwarin da mai ba da rahoto na musamman ya bayar" da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya (irin su kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama). Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman ya lura cewa "tsarin siyasa na Belarus yana da alama bai dace da ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam ba" kuma "Kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama ya kamata ya yi kira ga tsarin dimokuradiyya na tsarin siyasa da kuma canza halin siyasa na Gwamnatin [Blarus] ko kuma yarda cewa Belarus 'yancin ɗan adam ba za a iya inganta ba saboda cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam ya dace da yanayin siyasa na tsarin mulki. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman ya bayyana cewa "Belarus ba ta mutunta wajibcinta a karkashin ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa da ta yi aiki da su" ya kuma sake nanata shawararsa "cewa Kwamitin Sulhun ya dauki matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da girmamawar Jamhuriyar Belarus na wajibcin shari'a, ciki har da: * "a nan da nan kafa gungun masana shari'a don bincika ko manyan jami'an gwamnatin Belarus ne ke da alhakin bacewar da kisan 'yan siyasa da 'yan jarida da dama da kuma gabatar da shawarwari na zahiri don gurfanar da su, don kawo karshen rashin hukunta wadanda ke da hannu a irin wadannan laifuka; * don "kudi ... taimako ga masu kare hakkin bil'adama wadanda aka zalunta, zalunci ko gurfanar da su a siyasance"; * "domin bincikar da hannun manyan jami'an gwamnati a cikin shirye-shiryen laifuka na kasa da kasa da sayar da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba, sa ido kan kudaden kudi na kasa da kasa na Belarus da kuma, idan ya cancanta, daskare asusun ajiyar banki na kasashen waje na wadanda ke da hannu a fataucin ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma gurfanar da masu laifi." Wakilin na musamman ya jaddada cewa "dangantakar cinikayya da Belarus ba ta samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga 'yan kasar Belarus ba, amma a bar gwamnatin shugaba Lukashenko ta ci gaba da mulki ta hanyar take hakkin bil'adama da kuma yin barazana ga tsaron kasa da kasa" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "Tarayyar Turai da Amurka su kiyaye takunkumin tafiye-tafiye ga jami'an Belarus" kuma duk sauran kasashe mambobin kungiyar su dauki irin wannan matakan. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman ya lura cewa "ra'ayoyin da kimantawa na wakilin musamman game da halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus an tabbatar da su kuma mafi mahimmancin ƙungiyoyin Turai ko Yuro-Atlantic sun raba su, wato OSCE, Majalisar Majalisar Dokokin OSCE, Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Turai, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dokokin NATO ba za ta yiwu ba." Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly Ya ce: "Halin da yake da shi na 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus a cikin 2007 ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa sosai, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin rahotannin Ofishin Cibiyoyin Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai da rahoton Wakilin Musamman game da halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus, wanda ya gano cewa ana ci gaba da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus.[t]&nbsp; kuma ya nuna damuwa mai zurfi:   Ya ce: "Halin da yake da shi na 'yancin ɗan adam a Belarus a cikin 2007 ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa sosai, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin shirye-shiryen Cibiyoyin Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai da Wakilin Musamman game da halin da ake ciki na 'yan ɗan adam a Belarus, wanda ya gano cewa ana ci gaba da cin zarafin ɗan adam a Belarus.   (b) Game da gazawar gwamnatin Belarus don ba da cikakken haɗin kai tare da duk hanyoyin da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta yi, musamman tare da masu ba da rahoto na musamman game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Belarus, yayin da lura da tsananin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Belarus ... A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2020, [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta dauki mataki mai karfi don gudanar da bincike kan rikicin kare hakkin dan adam da ke karuwa a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Belarus: UN Human Rights Council must take strong action on escalating human rights crisis in the country |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/belarus-un-human-rights-council-must-take-strong-action-on-escalating-human-rights-crisis-in-the-country/ |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, babban kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kuduri wanda ya kara tsananta bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam da aka yi a Belarus yayin zanga-zangar lumana. Fiye da mutane 10000 aka kama a yayin zanga-zangar kamar yadda wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan Belarus ya tabbatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=UN approves motion on enhanced scrutiny of alleged human rights violations in Belarus |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/09/18/belarus-attempts-to-stop-testimony-at-urgent-un-human-rights-debate |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=Euro News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2022, Anaïs Marin, mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan yanayin kare hakkin bil'adama a Belarus, ya yi gargadin cewa tabarbarewar 'yancin dan Adam a Belarus na ci gaba da mamaye kasar cikin yanayi na tsoro da mulkin kama-karya. Yayin da take gabatar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara ga hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, ta yi nuni da manufofin gwamnati da suka tsaurara dokoki cikin tsari tare da tauye haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Belarus 'engulfed in fear', Human Rights Council hears |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/06/1121612 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=United Nations |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422223458/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/06/1121612 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === A cikin Maris 2006 Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kakaba takunkumi kan Lukashenko da sauran membobin gwamnatin Belarus, bayan "sun nuna rashin amincewa da gazawar hukumomin Belarus wajen cika alkawurran OSCE na zaben dimokiradiyya ... tare da yin Allah wadai da matakin da hukumomin Belarus suka dauka ... wajen kama masu zanga-zangar lumana da ke aiwatar da haƙƙin haƙƙinsu na 'yancin yin taro don nuna rashin amincewa a lokacin gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ...". A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2006, Majalisar ta zartar da tsauraran matakai a kan Lukashenko, jagorancin Belarushiyanci da jami'an da ke da alhakin keta ka'idojin zabe na kasa da kasa da kuma dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa don murkushe kungiyoyin fararen hula da 'yan adawa na dimokiradiyya, suna ba da shawarar dakatar da visa da kuma yiwuwar karin matakan. Matsayi na gama gari 2006/362 / CFSP yana ba da cewa albarkatun tattalin arzikin Lukashenko da manyan jami'an Belarusian da aka gano don wannan ya kamata a daskare su. A cikin sanarwar ta 8 ga Nuwamba 2006 Majalisar ta bayyana cewa Tarayyar Turai ta damu matuka game da daure shugabannin siyasa a gidan yari wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da hukumomin Belarus na ci gaba da mutunta ka'idojin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa, musamman 'yancin yin shari'a ta gaskiya. Tarayyar Turai ta kuma nuna damuwarta game da hana masu sa ido shiga shari'ar. kuma a cikin ƙaddamarwar ta 2009 ya ce: "Kwamitin ya yi nadama sosai game da rashin ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin magance damuwarta a fannin haƙƙin ɗan'in haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗanɗano na siyasa da mahimman bayanai na siyasa, gami da matsalolin zaman lafiya ...&nbsp; A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2024, Majalisar EU ta yanke shawarar sanya takunkumi kan ƙarin mutane 28 a Belarus saboda shigar da su cikin danniya da take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan takunkumin ya shafi manyan jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da suka hada da mataimaka biyu na babban ma’aikatar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa (HUBAZiK) da kuma jami’an shari’a da shugabannin cibiyoyin gyaran fuska. An kuma sanya wa wasu fitattun magoya bayan gwamnatin Lukashenka takunkumi, irin su babban daraktan kamfanin dillancin labarai na BelTA da sauran masu yada farfaganda. Matakan sun haɗa da daskare kadara, hana tafiye-tafiye, da ƙuntatawa kan hada-hadar kuɗi. Wadannan ayyuka sun kasance wani bangare na martanin EU game da danniya bayan zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 da kuma hannun Belarus a yakin Rasha da Ukraine. === Ƙasar Ingila === Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya Yuni 2008 Fitarwa kan 'yancin dan adam na Belarus ya bayyana: Rikicin 'yancin ɗan adam na Belarus tun lokacin da shugaba Lukashenka ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1994 ya kasance mara kyau. Rahoton Satumba na 2006 ... na Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman ... kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ya yi matukar suka ga lamarin. Wannan yana daya daga cikin rahotanni da yawa don ambaton yawancin cin zarafin bil'adama ... Halin da ake ciki yana ci gaba da tabarbarewa, yayin da hukumomin Belarusiya ke ci gaba da yin watsi da damuwar da EU da sauran su suka yi ... Ana ci gaba da kame da tsare-tsaren siyasa ... Birtaniya da EU suna ci gaba da tayar da batutuwan 'yancin ɗan adam tare da gwamnatin Belarushiyanci ta hanyar maganganun EU na yau da kullum, demarches da shugabannin EU na manufa a Minsk, da kuma OS7 na duniya ciki har da UN9CE. === Amurka === A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, tun daga shekarar 2016, manyan matsalolin 'yancin ɗan adam na Belarus sun ci gaba da kasancewa kamar haka:<blockquote>"'yan kasa ba su iya zabar gwamnatinsu ta hanyar zabe; a cikin tsarin da ba a bin diddigi da kuma daidaita al'amura, hukumomi sun yi ta cin zarafi; kuma 'yancin siyasa na tsofaffin fursunonin siyasa ya kasance mai takaitawa sosai yayin da gwamnati ta kasa yin la'akari da batutuwan da suka dade na bacewar siyasa."</blockquote>Baya ga haka, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta yi nuni da cin zarafin da jami'an tsaro ke yi, da rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari, kame-kamen siyasa, tsoma bakin siyasa a harkokin shari'a, tauye 'yancin jama'a da dai sauransu.<ref name="statedep2016"/> Amurka tana bin manufofin "Zaɓin shiga" tare da gwamnatin Belarus, yana iyakance damar da gwamnati ta samu ga jami'an gwamnatin Amurka a matakin mataimakin sakatare da ƙasa da kuma iyakance taimakon Amurka ga gwamnatin Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2008 US Department of State Background Note |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/US_StateDepartmentNoteBelarust.pdf}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, Shugaba George W. Bush ya ayyana gaggawa ta kasa dangane da ayyukan mambobin gwamnatin Belarus (ciki har da Lukashenko), ya ba da umarnin takunkumi ga Lukashenko, wasu mambobin gwamnatin Belarusian da Belneftekhim don "ƙuntata tsarin dimokuradiyya da kuma zama barazana mai ban mamaki ga tsaron kasa da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Order 13405 |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/bel-sanctions.pdf}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki mulkin Lukashenko akai-akai, tana bayyana shi a matsayin "mummunan mulkin kama karya wanda ya yi watsi da haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci na asali".<ref name="The UN Rapporteur Belarus Reports">{{Cite web |title=The UN Rapporteur Belarus Reports |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/UN-Rapporteur-reports.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152828/http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/UN-Rapporteur-reports.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>Kididdigar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Amurka da kungiyoyin Turai da na Turai da Turai suka yi, sun nuna rashin mutunta hakkin bil adama, biyayya ga kotunan Belarus ga gwamnatin Lukashenko da mambobin da'irar Lukashenko, da kuma amfani da tsarin shari'a na Belarus a matsayin kayan aiki don cimma manufofin siyasa da ba su dace ba da kuma biyan muradun tsarin mulki. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura cewa tsarin siyasar Belarus "bai dace da ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam ba". Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Condoleezza Rice ta kira Belarus "ƙarar mulkin kama-karya ta ƙarshe a tsakiyar Turai". Belarus tana ƙarƙashin takunkumin Amurka don "ƙuntata tsarin dimokuradiyya da kuma samar da barazana mai ban mamaki ga tsaron ƙasa da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka". Har ila yau, yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin da Tarayyar Turai ta ɗora don keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Belarus ta ƙaddara ta zama mai keta dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma karɓar ƙa'idodin halayyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Amurka, Ƙungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), Majalisar Dokokin OSCE, Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Turai, majalisar Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar Yuropa, Hukumar Tarayyar Amirka, da Majalisar Dokokin NATO. Kamar yadda mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana a kan Belarus, "ba zai yiwu a yi imani da cewa duk waɗannan mutane ba daidai ba ne ko kuma suna da son kai".<ref name="The UN Rapporteur Belarus Reports"/> Bayani na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2008: Belarus ta ce: {{Blockquote|[B] dangantakar da ke tsakanin juna ta yi sanyi bayan zaben shugaban kasar Lukashenka a watan Yuli 1994. Bayan zaben raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki na Nuwamba 1996 wanda ba a amince da shi ba a duniya, wanda ya haifar da rushe majalisar dokoki ta Belarus da kuma tsakiya na iko a cikin reshen zartarwa, Lukashenko ya haifar da rikicin diflomasiyya ta ... kwace wuraren zama na diflomasiyya, Jamus, Faransanci, Faransanci, Faransanci, Faransanci, Faransanci, Faransanci, da IM daga mazaunan). manufa ... Bugu da kari, Lukashenko ya yi amfani da sabon tsarin mulkin da ya kafa wajen tauye hakkin dan Adam a fadin kasar ***Tun lokacin da aka zabe shi a watan Yulin 1994 ... Lukashenka ya ci gaba da karfafa madafun iko a bangaren zartarwa ta hanyar kama-karya kuma ya mamaye dukkan sassan gwamnati. Ya yi amfani da kuri’ar raba gardama da ba ta demokradiyya ba a watan Nuwamba 1996, wajen gyara kundin tsarin mulkin 1994 don fadada ikonsa da tsawaita wa’adin mulki ba bisa ka’ida ba. *** A shekara ta 2004, ya ƙirƙira wata ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta yaudara wadda ta kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban ƙasa. *** A shekara ta 2006, Lukashenka ya sake "lashe" wani wa'adi a zaben da bai dace ba. A watan Janairun 2007, ya kara tabbatar da mulkinsa ta hanyar zaben kananan hukumomi da ya kasa cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa. - Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Bayanan Bayani: Belarus|U.S. State Department Background Note: Belarus}} Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Belarus na 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Belarus |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119069.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226075311/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119069.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>an lura da kabari, cin zarafi na al'ada da gwamnatin Belarushiyanci na 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma rashin kula da 'yancin magana, jarida, addini da ƙungiyoyi. Yana nuna rashin daidaituwa tsakanin dokar Belarus da hukunce-hukuncen kotu. Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta 2008 ya nuna biyayya ga kotunan Belarusiya ga gwamnatin Lukashenko da kuma abubuwan sirri na cikin da'irarsa, har ya kai ga "kotu" a Belarus sun kasance da suna kawai. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sune: Sashe na rahoton mai taken "Shisshigi ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da Sirri, Iyali, Gida, ko Watsa Labarai" ya lura cewa "dokar [Belarusia] ta haramta irin waɗannan ayyukan; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta mutunta waɗannan haramcin a aikace"; yayin da "doka na buƙatar sammacin bincike" KGB "sun gudanar da bincike ba tare da izini ba ... ba tare da izini ba" tare da "al'aura da dama da hukumomi suka binciko gidaje da ofisoshin saboda dalilai na siyasa". Ya lura cewa "rashin 'yancin kai na ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya sa kariyar da ta dace ta zama mara ma'ana". A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2009 gwamnatin Obama ta ci gaba da kakaba takunkumi kan Belarus, bisa ga "sanarwa game da Ci gaba da Gaggawa na Kasa tare da mutunta Ayyuka da Manufofin Wasu Membobin Gwamnatin Belarus da sauran mutanen da ke lalata Tsarin Dimokiradiyya ko Cibiyoyi a Belarus".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notice on Continuation of the National Emergency |url=http://russianlaw.org/Lukashenka/Continued-sanctions.pdf}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Belarus tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa / Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stanislav Shushkevich |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stanislav Shushkevich |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stanislav Shushkevich |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stanislav Shushkevich |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Alexander Lukashenko]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Alexander Lukashenko |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutane da kungiyoyi da aka sanyawa takunkumi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam a Belarus * Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na Belarus * Kwamitin Helsinki na Belarus * Sama da Shamaki * Viasna Human Rights Center * Mun Tuna Foundation * Ƙungiyar demokraɗiyya ta Belarus * Ranar Haɗin kai tare da Belarus * Juyin Juya Hali * == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7zb6al9j8l5ddlqh26tskajcwft7ofj Majalisar Ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu 0 108703 882537 678741 2026-07-13T22:14:12Z Merjoor 14653 882537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Majalisar Ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu''' ( '''COSAS''' ) ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai masu adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1979 bayan tashin hankalin Soweto na ranar 16 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1976 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == An kafa COSAS a watan Yuni 1979 bayan da aka dakatar da ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1977.<ref name="OMera">{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Rob|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0862322561_2/|title=The Struggle for South Africa.|last2=O'Meara|first2=Dan|last3=Dlamini|first3=Sipho|publisher=Zed Books|year=1984|isbn=0862322561|volume=2|location=London|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|371}}<ref>{{cite web | title=O'Malley | work= The Heart of Hope | url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03196.htm | access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref> Ta shirya tsara ɗaliban baƙaƙen fata a makarantun sakandare, dare, fasaha da makarantun horar da malamai da kwalejojin wasiƙa. <ref name="OMera" /> {{Rp|371}}Shugaba [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]] ne ya kafa COSAS daga gudun hijira kuma shugaban COSAS na farko shine [[Ifraimu Mogale|Ephraim Mogale]]. A cikin shekaru biyun farko COSAS ta gudanar da kamfen na tunawa guda biyu waɗanda hukumomi ke ganin suna goyon bayan [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta]] 1979: ratayewar 1979 na uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) guerrilla [[Solomon Mahlangu]] da kuma cika shekaru ɗari na nasarar Zulu kan sojojin Burtaniya a Isandhlwana.<ref name="OMera">{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Rob|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0862322561_2/|title=The Struggle for South Africa.|last2=O'Meara|first2=Dan|last3=Dlamini|first3=Sipho|publisher=Zed Books|year=1984|isbn=0862322561|volume=2|location=London|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|371}}<ref>{{cite web | title=O'Malley | work= The Heart of Hope | url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03196.htm | access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1982, COSAS ta ɗauki taken "Ayyukan Ma'aikata-Ɗalibai" tare da haɓaka kafa taron majalisar matasa don biyan buƙatun matasa ma'aikata da matasa marasa aikin yi. {{Rp|371}}Kungiyar ta ba da tallafi ga ma’aikata da ke yajin aiki da gwagwarmayar al’umma a kan batutuwan da suka haɗa da ƙaruwar sufuri, hawan haya da makamantansu. A cikin shekarar 1983, COSAS ta yi marhabin da kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da tsarin UDF na yanki a duk lardunan. Ta ga UDF a matsayin wakiltar dandalin gama gari don yin gwagwarmaya don samun 'yanci da dimokuraɗiyya Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekarun 1980, a ƙarƙashin tutar COSAS, ɗalibai sun aiwatar da dabarun juriya iri-iri kamar ƙauracewa yajin aiki. A Cradock, ɗaliban gabashin Cape daga makarantu bakwai sun ƙaurace wa sauya shekar [[Matthew Goniwe]], malami kuma [[Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata|mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata]] wanda jami'an tsaron mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata suka kashe daga baya. Shugaban COSAS na yanzu shine Thabang Mokoena. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Congress of South African Students |url=http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303221537/http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |archive-date=2015-03-03 |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref> '''COSAS''' tana da manufar da aka bayyana na haɗin kai da wakilcin ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu na matalauta da marasa galihu a "Mataki na Pre-Tertiary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Congress of South African Students |url=http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303221537/http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |archive-date=2015-03-03 |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref> Taken '''COSAS''' shine "Kowane ya Koyar da Ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Congress of South African Students |url=http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303221537/http://cosasofkzn.wozaonline.co.za/cosas+constitution |archive-date=2015-03-03 |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref> == Manazarta == 05100yvz3puvlmc170dfntk8n4mugwd Jam'iyyar Progressive (Afirka ta Kudu) 0 108737 882789 678888 2026-07-14T08:33:13Z Usman saadu 46863 882789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Ci gaba''' ([[Afrikaans]]: Progressiewe Party) jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu wacce a lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin reshe na hagu na majalisar farar fata baki ɗaya. Jam'iyyar ta wakilci masu adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu tsiraru. Ta yi adawa da manufofin ƙabilanci na jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki, kuma ta yi ƙaurin suna wajen [[Dokokin doka|bin doka da oda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News – Africa – Democratic Party return from the wilderness |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/360189.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru 13, mamba ɗaya tilo a majalisa ita ce Helen Suzman.<ref>In No Uncertain Terms – A South African Memoir, Helen Suzman, Alfred A Knopf, 1993</ref> Daga baya aka canza sunan jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party a shekarar 1975, sannan Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta zamani ta ɗauki jam'iyyar a matsayin farkon magabatanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Zille on the PFP and the DA – full text « the Wild Frontier |url=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002112032/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=2015-10-24}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Afirka ta Kudu ba za ta kasance cikin ruɗani da jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Cape Colony ba, wacce aka kafa a kan manufofi daban-daban, masu goyon bayan mulkin mallaka kuma wacce ta zama "Jam'iyyar Union" a shekarar 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903140533/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> == Kirkira == Membobin da suka bar jam'iyyar United Party ne suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party bayan taron jam'iyyar United Party Union da aka gudanar a [[Bloemfontein]] tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959. Wakilan jam'iyyar Congress Congress sun zartar da kudurorin siyasa da suka takaita 'yancin siyasa da jam'iyyar ke son baiwa 'yan asalin ƙasar. Progressives sun gano waɗannan kudurori ba su da karɓuwa. Ba su gamsu da matakin da jam'iyyar United Party ta ɗauka kan manufofin gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ba, wasu mambobi goma sha biyu masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar United sun ɓalle suka kafa Jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta ba da dama ga kowa da kowa tare da ƙwararrun ikon amfani da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar fasaha tare da jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a na kowa.<ref name="hsf.org.za">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201816/http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Progressive Group of MPs ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Bernard Friedman, ta shirya sabuwar jam'iyyar. Taron farko na ruƙunin ya faru ne a gidan Helen Suzman, MP don kujerar Transvaal na Houghton. An gudanar da wannan taro a ranakun 23 – 24 ga watan Agusta 1959. Jam’iyyar Progressive Party ta fara kafa Majalisa a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1959, a [[Johannesburg]]. Jan Steytler, tsohon shugaban Cape na jam'iyyar United Party, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar. A zaman majalisa a shekara ta 1960, jam'iyyar Progressive Party tana da 'yan majalisa goma sha biyu. An fara zaɓar 11 a Jam'iyyar United Party kuma ɗaya (Ɗan Majalisa Wakili) ya fice daga Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarshen waccan majalisar a shekarar 1961, ƙungiyar ta ragu zuwa goma sakamakon soke kujerun wakilan ‘yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarshen shekarar 1960 da kuma murabus ɗin ɗan majalisa ɗaya a watan Janairun 1961. == Tarihin zaɓe == A babban zaɓe, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1961, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta taka rawar gani sosai ga sabuwar jam'iyya, inda ta nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kan Jam'iyyar United a yawancin kujerun da ta yi takara, musamman a Transvaal da Natal. Duk da haka, tsarin zaɓen ya yi illa ga jam'iyyar, kuma ko da yake ya zo kusa sosai a Parktown, Helen Suzman a Houghton ita ce kawai 'yar takarar Progressive Party da aka zaɓa. Shekaru goma sha uku kafin ta sake samun abokan aikin jam'iyya a majalisar. A lokacin an sake zaɓar Suzman a shekarar 1966 da 1970. A waɗannan shekarun, ta yi aikin jam'iyyar adawa gaba ɗaya, kuma za ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a cikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma ƙasashen waje. Bayan sakamakon zaben, goyon bayan jam'iyyar a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a ya ragu sosai a shekarar 1966, kuma a maimakon haka ya koma wajen jawo kuri'u masu launi. Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta lashe kujeru biyu masu wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a masu launi a majalisar lardin Cape a shekarar 1965. Jam'iyyar ta kasa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar tsawaita wa'adin wakilan wakilai masu launin ƙasa guda huɗu, sannan daga ƙarshe ta soke wakilcin zaɓuka masu launi a shekara ta 1970, wanda hakan ya hana jam'iyyar samun kujerun. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a wasu mazaɓu na farar fata, Suzman ya sake zama ɗan majalisa ko MPC tilo. Jan Steytler ya ci gaba da zama shugaban jam'iyyar har zuwa watan Disamba 1970, amma kasancewarsa a wajen majalisar ba a ganinsa sosai fiye da Suzman. Harry Lawrence, tsohon Minista kuma mafi girma daga cikin 'yan majalisar da suka bar Jam'iyyar United a shekarar 1959, ya zama shugaban wucin gadi. A watan Fabrairun 1971 [[Colin Eglin]] daga Cape Town aka zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar. A babban zaɓe na gaba, ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu 1974, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta sami babban ci gaba. Baya ga Suzman, wanda aka sake zaɓar Houghton, wasu mambobi biyar sun samu kujeru ciki har da Colin Eglin. An zaɓi ɗan majalisa na bakwai a zaɓen da aka gudanar jim kaɗan bayan haka. Mambobi uku kuma sun samu kujeru a majalisar dokokin lardin Transvaal da Cape. Hakan ne ya fitar da jam’iyyar daga dajin siyasa tare da dora ta kan turbar zama ‘yan adawa a hukumance. === Sakamakon zaɓe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Zabe ! Jagora ! Ƙuri'u ! % ! Kujeru |- | 1961 | Jan Steytler | 69,045 #3 | 8.66% |{{Composition bar|1|160}} |- | 1966 | Jan Steytler | 39,717 #3 | 3.05% |{{Composition bar|1|170}} |- | 1970 | Jan Steytler | 51,742 #4 | 3.45% |{{Composition bar|1|166}} |- | 1974 | [[Colin Eglin]] | 72,479 #3 | 6.37% |{{Composition bar|6|169}} |} == Haɗewa da Jam'iyyar Reform == Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kawo sauyi sun ɓalle daga ɓangaren hagu na jam'iyyar United Party a watan Fabrairun 1975. 'Yan majalisa huɗu ƙarƙashin Harry Schwarz suka kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party. Jam'iyyar Reform ta haɗe da jam'iyyar Progressive Party don kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party, bayan majalisun da aka gudanar a Johannesburg a ranakun 25 da 26 ga watan Yuli 1975. Bayan haka, jam’iyyar PRP ta haɗe da wata ƙungiyar da ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar United Party, wacce ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta zama jam’iyyar Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Liberalism]] * Gudunmawa ga ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a duniya * Jerin jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7gcjen74up7v2gs3oqbq1k0gjhuzl7x 882790 882789 2026-07-14T08:34:51Z Usman saadu 46863 882790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Ci gaba''' ([[Afrikaans]]: Progressiewe Party) jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu wacce a lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin reshe na hagu na majalisar farar fata baki ɗaya. Jam'iyyar ta wakilci masu adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu tsiraru. Ta yi adawa da manufofin ƙabilanci na jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki, kuma ta yi ƙaurin suna wajen [[Dokokin doka|bin doka da oda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News – Africa – Democratic Party return from the wilderness |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/360189.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru 13, mamba ɗaya tilo a majalisa ita ce Helen Suzman.<ref>In No Uncertain Terms – A South African Memoir, Helen Suzman, Alfred A Knopf, 1993</ref> Daga baya aka canza sunan jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party a shekarar 1975, sannan Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta zamani ta ɗauki jam'iyyar a matsayin farkon magabatanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Zille on the PFP and the DA – full text « the Wild Frontier |url=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002112032/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=2015-10-24}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Afirka ta Kudu ba za ta kasance cikin ruɗani da jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Cape Colony ba, wacce aka kafa a kan manufofi daban-daban, masu goyon bayan mulkin mallaka kuma wacce ta zama "Jam'iyyar Union" a shekarar 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903140533/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> == Kirkira == Membobin da suka bar jam'iyyar United Party ne suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party bayan taron jam'iyyar United Party Union da aka gudanar a [[Bloemfontein]] tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959. Wakilan jam'iyyar Congress Congress sun zartar da kudurorin siyasa da suka takaita 'yancin siyasa da jam'iyyar ke son baiwa 'yan asalin ƙasar. Progressives sun gano waɗannan kudurori ba su da karɓuwa. Ba su gamsu da matakin da jam'iyyar United Party ta ɗauka kan manufofin gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ba, wasu mambobi goma sha biyu masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar United sun ɓalle suka kafa Jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta ba da dama ga kowa da kowa tare da ƙwararrun ikon amfani da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar fasaha tare da jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a na kowa.<ref name="hsf.org.za">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201816/http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Progressive Group of MPs ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Bernard Friedman, ta shirya sabuwar jam'iyyar. Taron farko na ruƙunin ya faru ne a gidan Helen Suzman, MP don kujerar Transvaal na Houghton. An gudanar da wannan taro a ranakun 23 – 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1959. Jam’iyyar Progressive Party ta fara kafa Majalisa a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1959, a [[Johannesburg]]. Jan Steytler, tsohon shugaban Cape na jam'iyyar United Party, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar. A zaman majalisa a shekara ta 1960, jam'iyyar Progressive Party tana da 'yan majalisa goma sha biyu. An fara zaɓar 11 a Jam'iyyar United Party kuma ɗaya (Ɗan Majalisa Wakili) ya fice daga Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarshen waccan majalisar a shekarar 1961, ƙungiyar ta ragu zuwa goma sakamakon soke kujerun wakilan ‘yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarshen shekarar 1960 da kuma murabus ɗin ɗan majalisa ɗaya a watan Janairun 1961. == Tarihin zaɓe == A babban zaɓe, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1961, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta taka rawar gani sosai ga sabuwar jam'iyya, inda ta nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kan Jam'iyyar United a yawancin kujerun da ta yi takara, musamman a Transvaal da Natal. Duk da haka, tsarin zaɓen ya yi illa ga jam'iyyar, kuma ko da yake ya zo kusa sosai a Parktown, Helen Suzman a Houghton ita ce kawai 'yar takarar Progressive Party da aka zaɓa. Shekaru goma sha uku kafin ta sake samun abokan aikin jam'iyya a majalisar. A lokacin an sake zaɓar Suzman a shekarar 1966 da 1970. A waɗannan shekarun, ta yi aikin jam'iyyar adawa gaba ɗaya, kuma za ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a cikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma ƙasashen waje. Bayan sakamakon zaben, goyon bayan jam'iyyar a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a ya ragu sosai a shekarar 1966, kuma a maimakon haka ya koma wajen jawo kuri'u masu launi. Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta lashe kujeru biyu masu wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a masu launi a majalisar lardin Cape a shekarar 1965. Jam'iyyar ta kasa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar tsawaita wa'adin wakilan wakilai masu launin ƙasa guda huɗu, sannan daga ƙarshe ta soke wakilcin zaɓuka masu launi a shekara ta 1970, wanda hakan ya hana jam'iyyar samun kujerun. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a wasu mazaɓu na farar fata, Suzman ya sake zama ɗan majalisa ko MPC tilo. Jan Steytler ya ci gaba da zama shugaban jam'iyyar har zuwa watan Disamba 1970, amma kasancewarsa a wajen majalisar ba a ganinsa sosai fiye da Suzman. Harry Lawrence, tsohon Minista kuma mafi girma daga cikin 'yan majalisar da suka bar Jam'iyyar United a shekarar 1959, ya zama shugaban wucin gadi. A watan Fabrairun 1971 [[Colin Eglin]] daga Cape Town aka zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar. A babban zaɓe na gaba, ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu 1974, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta sami babban ci gaba. Baya ga Suzman, wanda aka sake zaɓar Houghton, wasu mambobi biyar sun samu kujeru ciki har da Colin Eglin. An zaɓi ɗan majalisa na bakwai a zaɓen da aka gudanar jim kaɗan bayan haka. Mambobi uku kuma sun samu kujeru a majalisar dokokin lardin Transvaal da Cape. Hakan ne ya fitar da jam’iyyar daga dajin siyasa tare da dora ta kan turbar zama ‘yan adawa a hukumance. === Sakamakon zaɓe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Zabe ! Jagora ! Ƙuri'u ! % ! Kujeru |- | 1961 | Jan Steytler | 69,045 #3 | 8.66% |{{Composition bar|1|160}} |- | 1966 | Jan Steytler | 39,717 #3 | 3.05% |{{Composition bar|1|170}} |- | 1970 | Jan Steytler | 51,742 #4 | 3.45% |{{Composition bar|1|166}} |- | 1974 | [[Colin Eglin]] | 72,479 #3 | 6.37% |{{Composition bar|6|169}} |} == Haɗewa da Jam'iyyar Reform == Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kawo sauyi sun ɓalle daga ɓangaren hagu na jam'iyyar United Party a watan Fabrairun 1975. 'Yan majalisa huɗu ƙarƙashin Harry Schwarz suka kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party. Jam'iyyar Reform ta haɗe da jam'iyyar Progressive Party don kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party, bayan majalisun da aka gudanar a Johannesburg a ranakun 25 da 26 ga watan Yuli 1975. Bayan haka, jam’iyyar PRP ta haɗe da wata ƙungiyar da ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar United Party, wacce ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta zama jam’iyyar Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Liberalism]] * Gudunmawa ga ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a duniya * Jerin jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ttundo2zjrt0iq490ovf0vfx75oky3q 882791 882790 2026-07-14T08:36:43Z Usman saadu 46863 882791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Ci gaba''' ([[Afrikaans]]: Progressiewe Party) jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu wacce a lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin reshe na hagu na majalisar farar fata baki ɗaya. Jam'iyyar ta wakilci masu adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu tsiraru. Ta yi adawa da manufofin ƙabilanci na jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki, kuma ta yi ƙaurin suna wajen [[Dokokin doka|bin doka da oda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News – Africa – Democratic Party return from the wilderness |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/360189.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru 13, mamba ɗaya tilo a majalisa ita ce Helen Suzman.<ref>In No Uncertain Terms – A South African Memoir, Helen Suzman, Alfred A Knopf, 1993</ref> Daga baya aka canza sunan jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party a shekarar 1975, sannan Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta zamani ta ɗauki jam'iyyar a matsayin farkon magabatanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Zille on the PFP and the DA – full text « the Wild Frontier |url=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002112032/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=2015-10-24}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Afirka ta Kudu ba za ta kasance cikin ruɗani da jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Cape Colony ba, wacce aka kafa a kan manufofi daban-daban, masu goyon bayan mulkin mallaka kuma wacce ta zama "Jam'iyyar Union" a shekarar 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903140533/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> == Kirkira == Membobin da suka bar jam'iyyar United Party ne suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party bayan taron jam'iyyar United Party Union da aka gudanar a [[Bloemfontein]] tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959. Wakilan jam'iyyar Congress Congress sun zartar da kudurorin siyasa da suka takaita 'yancin siyasa da jam'iyyar ke son baiwa 'yan asalin ƙasar. Progressives sun gano waɗannan kudurori ba su da karɓuwa. Ba su gamsu da matakin da jam'iyyar United Party ta ɗauka kan manufofin gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ba, wasu mambobi goma sha biyu masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar United sun ɓalle suka kafa Jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta ba da dama ga kowa da kowa tare da ƙwararrun ikon amfani da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar fasaha tare da jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a na kowa.<ref name="hsf.org.za">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201816/http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Progressive Group of MPs ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Bernard Friedman, ta shirya sabuwar jam'iyyar. Taron farko na ruƙunin ya faru ne a gidan Helen Suzman, MP don kujerar Transvaal na Houghton. An gudanar da wannan taro a ranakun 23 – 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1959. Jam’iyyar Progressive Party ta fara kafa Majalisa a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1959, a [[Johannesburg]]. Jan Steytler, tsohon shugaban Cape na jam'iyyar United Party, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar. A zaman majalisa a shekara ta 1960, jam'iyyar Progressive Party tana da 'yan majalisa goma sha biyu. An fara zaɓar 11 a Jam'iyyar United Party kuma ɗaya (Ɗan Majalisa Wakili) ya fice daga Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarshen waccan majalisar a shekarar 1961, ƙungiyar ta ragu zuwa goma sakamakon soke kujerun wakilan ‘yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarshen shekarar 1960 da kuma murabus ɗin ɗan majalisa ɗaya a watan Janairun Shekara ta 1961. == Tarihin zaɓe == A babban zaɓe, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1961, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta taka rawar gani sosai ga sabuwar jam'iyya, inda ta nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kan Jam'iyyar United a yawancin kujerun da ta yi takara, musamman a Transvaal da Natal. Duk da haka, tsarin zaɓen ya yi illa ga jam'iyyar, kuma ko da yake ya zo kusa sosai a Parktown, Helen Suzman a Houghton ita ce kawai 'yar takarar Progressive Party da aka zaɓa. Shekaru goma sha uku kafin ta sake samun abokan aikin jam'iyya a majalisar. A lokacin an sake zaɓar Suzman a shekarar 1966 da 1970. A waɗannan shekarun, ta yi aikin jam'iyyar adawa gaba ɗaya, kuma za ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a cikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma ƙasashen waje. Bayan sakamakon zaben, goyon bayan jam'iyyar a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a ya ragu sosai a shekarar 1966, kuma a maimakon haka ya koma wajen jawo kuri'u masu launi. Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta lashe kujeru biyu masu wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a masu launi a majalisar lardin Cape a shekarar 1965. Jam'iyyar ta kasa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar tsawaita wa'adin wakilan wakilai masu launin ƙasa guda huɗu, sannan daga ƙarshe ta soke wakilcin zaɓuka masu launi a shekara ta 1970, wanda hakan ya hana jam'iyyar samun kujerun. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a wasu mazaɓu na farar fata, Suzman ya sake zama ɗan majalisa ko MPC tilo. Jan Steytler ya ci gaba da zama shugaban jam'iyyar har zuwa watan Disamba 1970, amma kasancewarsa a wajen majalisar ba a ganinsa sosai fiye da Suzman. Harry Lawrence, tsohon Minista kuma mafi girma daga cikin 'yan majalisar da suka bar Jam'iyyar United a shekarar 1959, ya zama shugaban wucin gadi. A watan Fabrairun 1971 [[Colin Eglin]] daga Cape Town aka zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar. A babban zaɓe na gaba, ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu 1974, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta sami babban ci gaba. Baya ga Suzman, wanda aka sake zaɓar Houghton, wasu mambobi biyar sun samu kujeru ciki har da Colin Eglin. An zaɓi ɗan majalisa na bakwai a zaɓen da aka gudanar jim kaɗan bayan haka. Mambobi uku kuma sun samu kujeru a majalisar dokokin lardin Transvaal da Cape. Hakan ne ya fitar da jam’iyyar daga dajin siyasa tare da dora ta kan turbar zama ‘yan adawa a hukumance. === Sakamakon zaɓe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Zabe ! Jagora ! Ƙuri'u ! % ! Kujeru |- | 1961 | Jan Steytler | 69,045 #3 | 8.66% |{{Composition bar|1|160}} |- | 1966 | Jan Steytler | 39,717 #3 | 3.05% |{{Composition bar|1|170}} |- | 1970 | Jan Steytler | 51,742 #4 | 3.45% |{{Composition bar|1|166}} |- | 1974 | [[Colin Eglin]] | 72,479 #3 | 6.37% |{{Composition bar|6|169}} |} == Haɗewa da Jam'iyyar Reform == Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kawo sauyi sun ɓalle daga ɓangaren hagu na jam'iyyar United Party a watan Fabrairun 1975. 'Yan majalisa huɗu ƙarƙashin Harry Schwarz suka kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party. Jam'iyyar Reform ta haɗe da jam'iyyar Progressive Party don kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party, bayan majalisun da aka gudanar a Johannesburg a ranakun 25 da 26 ga watan Yuli 1975. Bayan haka, jam’iyyar PRP ta haɗe da wata ƙungiyar da ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar United Party, wacce ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta zama jam’iyyar Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Liberalism]] * Gudunmawa ga ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a duniya * Jerin jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0dz1m4t6sm5157nh46qticcr3lkqqec 882792 882791 2026-07-14T08:38:01Z Usman saadu 46863 882792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Ci gaba''' ([[Afrikaans]]: Progressiewe Party) jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu wacce a lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin reshe na hagu na majalisar farar fata baki ɗaya. Jam'iyyar ta wakilci masu adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu tsiraru. Ta yi adawa da manufofin ƙabilanci na jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki, kuma ta yi ƙaurin suna wajen [[Dokokin doka|bin doka da oda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News – Africa – Democratic Party return from the wilderness |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/360189.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru 13, mamba ɗaya tilo a majalisa ita ce Helen Suzman.<ref>In No Uncertain Terms – A South African Memoir, Helen Suzman, Alfred A Knopf, 1993</ref> Daga baya aka canza sunan jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party a shekarar 1975, sannan Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta zamani ta ɗauki jam'iyyar a matsayin farkon magabatanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Zille on the PFP and the DA – full text « the Wild Frontier |url=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002112032/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/11/14/helen-zille-on-the-pfp-and-the-da-full-text/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=2015-10-24}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Afirka ta Kudu ba za ta kasance cikin ruɗani da jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Cape Colony ba, wacce aka kafa a kan manufofi daban-daban, masu goyon bayan mulkin mallaka kuma wacce ta zama "Jam'iyyar Union" a shekarar 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903140533/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/Irritating%20pebble.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> == Kirkira == Membobin da suka bar jam'iyyar United Party ne suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party bayan taron jam'iyyar United Party Union da aka gudanar a [[Bloemfontein]] tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959. Wakilan jam'iyyar Congress Congress sun zartar da kudurorin siyasa da suka takaita 'yancin siyasa da jam'iyyar ke son baiwa 'yan asalin ƙasar. Progressives sun gano waɗannan kudurori ba su da karɓuwa. Ba su gamsu da matakin da jam'iyyar United Party ta ɗauka kan manufofin gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ba, wasu mambobi goma sha biyu masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar United sun ɓalle suka kafa Jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta ba da dama ga kowa da kowa tare da ƙwararrun ikon amfani da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar fasaha tare da jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a na kowa.<ref name="hsf.org.za">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201816/http://hsf.org.za/about-us/helen-suzman/suz01.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Progressive Group of MPs ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Bernard Friedman, ta shirya sabuwar jam'iyyar. Taron farko na ruƙunin ya faru ne a gidan Helen Suzman, MP don kujerar Transvaal na Houghton. An gudanar da wannan taro a ranakun 23 – 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1959. Jam’iyyar Progressive Party ta fara kafa Majalisa a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1959, a [[Johannesburg]]. Jan Steytler, tsohon shugaban Cape na jam'iyyar United Party, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar. A zaman majalisa a shekara ta 1960, jam'iyyar Progressive Party tana da 'yan majalisa goma sha biyu. An fara zaɓar 11 a Jam'iyyar United Party kuma ɗaya (Ɗan Majalisa Wakili) ya fice daga Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarshen waccan majalisar a shekarar 1961, ƙungiyar ta ragu zuwa goma sakamakon soke kujerun wakilan ‘yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarshen shekarar 1960 da kuma murabus ɗin ɗan majalisa ɗaya a watan Janairun Shekara ta 1961. == Tarihin zaɓe == A babban zaɓe, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1961, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta taka rawar gani sosai ga sabuwar jam'iyya, inda ta nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kan Jam'iyyar United a yawancin kujerun da ta yi takara, musamman a Transvaal da Natal. Duk da haka, tsarin zaɓen ya yi illa ga jam'iyyar, kuma ko da yake ya zo kusa sosai a Parktown, Helen Suzman a Houghton ita ce kawai 'yar takarar Progressive Party da aka zaɓa. Shekaru goma sha uku kafin ta sake samun abokan aikin jam'iyya a majalisar. A lokacin an sake zaɓar Suzman a shekarar 1966 da 1970. A waɗannan shekarun, ta yi aikin jam'iyyar adawa gaba ɗaya, kuma za ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a cikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma ƙasashen waje. Bayan sakamakon zaben, goyon bayan jam'iyyar a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a ya ragu sosai a shekarar 1966, kuma a maimakon haka ya koma wajen jawo kuri'u masu launi. Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta lashe kujeru biyu masu wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a masu launi a majalisar lardin Cape a shekarar 1965. Jam'iyyar ta kasa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar tsawaita wa'adin wakilan wakilai masu launin ƙasa guda huɗu, sannan daga ƙarshe ta soke wakilcin zaɓuka masu launi a shekara ta 1970, wanda hakan ya hana jam'iyyar samun kujerun. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a wasu mazaɓu na farar fata, Suzman ya sake zama ɗan majalisa ko MPC tilo. Jan Steytler ya ci gaba da zama shugaban jam'iyyar har zuwa watan Disamba shekara ta 1970, amma kasancewarsa a wajen majalisar ba a ganinsa sosai fiye da Suzman. Harry Lawrence, tsohon Minista kuma mafi girma daga cikin 'yan majalisar da suka bar Jam'iyyar United a shekarar 1959, ya zama shugaban wucin gadi. A watan Fabrairun 1971 [[Colin Eglin]] daga Cape Town aka zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar. A babban zaɓe na gaba, ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1974, Jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta sami babban ci gaba. Baya ga Suzman, wanda aka sake zaɓar Houghton, wasu mambobi biyar sun samu kujeru ciki har da Colin Eglin. An zaɓi ɗan majalisa na bakwai a zaɓen da aka gudanar jim kaɗan bayan haka. Mambobi uku kuma sun samu kujeru a majalisar dokokin lardin Transvaal da Cape. Hakan ne ya fitar da jam’iyyar daga dajin siyasa tare da dora ta kan turbar zama ‘yan adawa a hukumance. === Sakamakon zaɓe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Zabe ! Jagora ! Ƙuri'u ! % ! Kujeru |- | 1961 | Jan Steytler | 69,045 #3 | 8.66% |{{Composition bar|1|160}} |- | 1966 | Jan Steytler | 39,717 #3 | 3.05% |{{Composition bar|1|170}} |- | 1970 | Jan Steytler | 51,742 #4 | 3.45% |{{Composition bar|1|166}} |- | 1974 | [[Colin Eglin]] | 72,479 #3 | 6.37% |{{Composition bar|6|169}} |} == Haɗewa da Jam'iyyar Reform == Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kawo sauyi sun ɓalle daga ɓangaren hagu na jam'iyyar United Party a watan Fabrairun 1975. 'Yan majalisa huɗu ƙarƙashin Harry Schwarz suka kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party. Jam'iyyar Reform ta haɗe da jam'iyyar Progressive Party don kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party, bayan majalisun da aka gudanar a Johannesburg a ranakun 25 da 26 ga watan Yuli 1975. Bayan haka, jam’iyyar PRP ta haɗe da wata ƙungiyar da ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar United Party, wacce ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta zama jam’iyyar Progressive Federal Party a shekarar 1977. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Liberalism]] * Gudunmawa ga ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a duniya * Jerin jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Liberalism a Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rfp4jv46jenb4ls5f2di60f0kho9nxj Rupert (shirn talabijin mai dogon zango) 0 109570 882855 706072 2026-07-14T10:36:12Z Mymoonseen 46868 882855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rupert''''' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na yara na Kanada-Birtaniya-Faransa wanda ya danganci halin Mary Tourtel ''[[Rupert Bear]]'', wanda aka watsa daga 7 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1991 zuwa 19 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1997 tare da abubuwan da suka faru na rabin sa'a 65. Nelvana ce ta samar da jerin, a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da Shirin Ellipse na farkon yanayi uku, tare da YTV Canada, Inc. (lokaci 1-3 da 5), da kuma masu ba da izini na ITV TVS Television (lokaci 1) da Scottish Television (lokacin 2-5). == Bayani game da shi == Rupert beyar mai basira ne kuma mai basira, kuma yana da abokai da yawa daga kowane kusurwar duniya. Kodayake yana zaune a wani karamin ƙauye da ake kira Nutwood, yana jin daɗin tafiya a duniya, gano sabbin al'adu, rayuwa mai girma, gano asiri da kuma fallasa masu laifi. Halin gani na zane-zane yana da abubuwa da yawa na Turai da Nordic, tare da manyan gidaje da yawa, birane da wasu nau'ikan tufafi, da kuma tatsuniyoyi kamar Elves da Loch Ness Monster. Yanayin littattafan Rupert Bear, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga jerin, ya dogara ne akan yankunan Snowdonia da Vale of Clwyd a arewacin [[Wales]]. == Abubuwan da suka faru ==  {{:List of Rupert episodes}} == Halin da ake kira == === Iyalin Rupert === * [[Rupert Bear]] mai hankali ne, mai basira, mai basirci, jarumi, amintacce, mai kirki wanda ya shahara sosai ga duk mazauna Nutwood. A wani lokaci, yana karya bango na huɗu yayin da yake magana da abubuwan da ya lura da kuma yin tsokaci ga mai kallo. * Mista Bear shine mahaifin Rupert. Ya fi rashin hankali kuma ya manta idan aka kwatanta da Rupert. Sau da yawa yana shan bututu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin shirin "Firebird" cewa duka Mr. Bear da mahaifin Podgy suna cikin ƙungiyar Nutwood Fire Brigade. * Misis Bear ita ce mahaifiyar Rupert. Kamar ɗanta, tana da hikima kuma sau da yawa tana ba da shawara ga Rupert wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a lokacin abubuwan da ya faru. === Haruffa masu maimaitawa === * Bill Badger shine aboki mafi kyau na Rupert, wanda, ba kamar Rupert ba, sau da yawa yana gabatar da kuskuren da yawa, kamar tsoro, rashin haƙuri, rashin jin daɗi, saurin fushi, da muryar waka mai ban tsoro. Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Toby, wanda ke son muryar Bill. * Podgy Pig alade ne mai farin ciki, duk da haka mai haɗama kuma ba mai haske ba tare da babban abinci. Yana da abokantaka sosai ga wasu kuma ya bayyana ba ya ganin cewa abokansa wani lokacin suna ganin shi mai ban haushi. Abinci a wasu lokuta na iya kai shi da abokansa cikin matsala, amma Rupert na iya kallon wannan don fita daga hanyarsa don taimakawa Podgy. * Pong Ping dan kasar Peking ne daga kasar Sin wanda ke da lif wanda zai iya tafiya a karkashin kasa har zuwa kasar Sin. Yana da wadataccen ilimin al'adun sa ciki har da dodanni da abubuwa daban-daban na sihiri. Har ila yau, yana da ƙwarewa a lissafi. * Tiger Lily ita ce matar Rupert kuma abokiyar kasar Sin. Ɗalibin ɗan adam kawai a makaranta kuma memba ne na ɗayan iyalan ɗan adam kaɗan a [[Rupert Bear|Nutwood]]. Ita da iyalinta suna da ilimi mai yawa game da abubuwa masu sihiri da sihiri. * Algy Pug aboki ne na Rupert, wani pug wanda sau da yawa ya wuce gona da iri kuma yana alfahari da kansa. Duk da kuskuren da yake da shi, an nuna shi aboki ne mai kyau da taimako ga Rupert da sauransu. * Edward Trunk wani aboki ne na Rupert. Giwa, mai kirki sosai, mai hankali kuma mai ƙarfi. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa wanda ke aiki a cikin famfo. * Gregory Guinea Pig alade ne mai kirki sosai kuma wani aboki na Rupert. Wani lokaci yana iya jin tsoro da tsoro, amma yana fuskantar kalubalen kai tsaye lokacin da abokansa ke buƙatar taimako. * Ottoline Otter abokiyar Rupert ce wacce ta fito ne daga zuriyar Scotland wacce ke son Shakespeare kuma tana zaune a cikin tsohuwar gidan sarauta wanda ke na kakanninta. Gidan yana da ƙofofin sirri da yawa da aka ɓoye a ko'ina. Ottoline yana da masaniya sosai game da wurin kowane ƙofar kuma zai fi son amfani da su maimakon matakala. * Freddy da Ferdy Fox su ne tagwayen tagwayen da suka yada mugunta a kauyen Nutwood. * Constable Growler [[kare]] ne kuma ɗan sanda ne na yankin wanda ke hawa [[keke]]. Kullum yana cewa yana buƙatar yin "duk abin da littafin ya sani" kuma Rupert da abokansa koyaushe suna juyawa zuwa duk lokacin da suke buƙatar taimako don kama mai laifi. * Farfesa masanin kimiyya ne mai abokantaka kuma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke zaune a cikin tsohuwar hasumiya a [[Rupert Bear|Nutwood]], wanda ya kirkiro na'urori masu ban mamaki da yawa a lokacin jerin. Rupert sau da yawa yana taimakawa tare da gwaje-gwajensa. Da zarar Farfesa ya fara gwaji, ba zai taɓa hutawa ba. Yana da kalmar da ta dace, "Ka yi la'akari da yiwuwar, ɗana (s)!" a duk lokacin da yake bayyana gwaje-gwajensa da duk fa'idodin da za su iya zuwa daga gare shi ga Rupert da abokansa. * Mai hikima na Um mai sihiri ne mai farin ciki wanda ya fito daga tsibirin Um kuma yana tashi a cikin laima mai juyawa. Abokin mahaifin Tiger Lily ne; Conjurer . * Odmedod mai magana ne mai ban tsoro wanda ke zaune a gonar Manomi Turbit kuma aboki ne na Rupert. * Reika yarinya ce ta ɗan adam ta Switzerland wacce ke zaune a Lapland tana kula da reindeer na Santa Claus kuma abokiyar Rupert da Pong Ping. === Masu laifi === * Billy Blizzard wani mummunan hali ne, wanda tare da taimakon muryar sihiri, yana shirin daskare mazaunan ƙauyen dusar ƙanƙara na Arewacin Pole da kuma mai mulkinsa, Sarki Frost kuma ya zama shugaban wurin. * Sir Humphrey Pumphrey mai haɗama ne, mai bincike mara tausayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin neman ko kwace dukiya don sha'awar son kai. == Muryar da aka jefa == * Ben Sandford a matsayin Rupert Bear (1991) * Julie Lemieux a matsayin Rupert Bear (1992-1997) * Guy Bannerman a matsayin Mr. Bear * Lally Cadeau a matsayin Mrs. Bear (1991-1992) * Valerie Boyle a matsayin Mrs. Bear (1992-1997) * Torquil Campbell a matsayin Bill Badger * Hadley Kay a matsayin Podgy Pig * Keith White a matsayin Algy Pug * Oscar Hsu a matsayin Pong Ping * Stephanie Morgenstern a matsayin Tiger Lily * Wayne Robson a matsayin Sage na Um * Colin Fox a matsayin Farfesa * Chris Wiggins a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na kasar Sin; Mai ba da shawara na kasar Sin, Kyaftin Bill; ƙarin muryoyi * Ho Chow a matsayin Tung Lai * Jeremy Ratchford a matsayin Botkin * Peter Wildman a matsayin Mr. Ribbons; Kyaftin Sir * Dan Hennessey a matsayin Tom * Stephen Ouimette a matsayin ƙarin muryoyi * Kristin LeMunyon a matsayin Clarice * Allen Stewart-Coates a matsayin Cedric Pig; Constable Growler; ƙarin muryoyi * Keith Knight a matsayin Timid Snowman; Mr. Chimp; The Sandman; ƙarin muryoyi * Rick Jones a matsayin Yum * Marla Lukofsky a matsayin Phoebe * Colin O'Meara a matsayin Billy Blizzard; ƙarin muryoyi == Fitarwa == Nelvana, Ellipse Programmé, da [[Television South|TVS]] ne suka samar da jerin don kakar wasa ta farko, tare da gidan [[Scottish Television|Talabijin na Scotland]] da ke karɓar matsayi na biyu daga baya lokacin da TVS ta rasa ikon mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupert |url=https://www.tvmaze.com/shows/17993/rupert |website=TVMAZE}}</ref> == watsa shirye-shirye ==   An watsa shi a cikin ƙungiya a kan YTV a Kanada. A Amurka, jerin sun fara watsawa a [[Nickelodeon]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nick Jr. block a 1995 kafin su koma [[CBS]] Asabar da safe a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Josef Adalian |date=December 13, 1998 |title=Nick vet CBS-bound as nets alter kidvid skeds |url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/nick-vet-cbs-bound-as-nets-alter-kidvid-skeds-1117489365/ |access-date=October 6, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Maimaita jerin sun zo Disney Channel a kan Playhouse Disney block, Toon Disney, da kuma Qubo daga Janairu 8, 2007, zuwa Yuli 25, 2020. An watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a cikin United Kingdom akan CITV, Tiny Pop, da KidsCo . A Portugal, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a cikin 1990s akan tashar RTP . A Ostiraliya, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen akan ABC, kuma daga baya akan Nickelodeon Australia, da kuma akan TV2 a New Zealand. An watsa shi akan RTÉ a Ireland a matsayin wani ɓangare na toshe 'ya'yansu ''The Den'' . A Kudancin Amirka, TV Cultura ta watsa shirye-shiryen a Brazil daga Fabrairu 2, 1998 zuwa 2006, <ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsPrime |title=Programação de TV de 2 de fevereiro de 1998 (SP) |url=http://tvhistoria.com.br/NoticiasTexto.aspx?idNoticia=2267 |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=2018-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622084057/http://tvhistoria.com.br/NoticiasTexto.aspx?idNoticia=2267 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da kololuwar masu sauraro tsakanin 2002 da 2004, a cewar tashar ''Folha de São Paulo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folha de S.Paulo – Programação de TV – 21/05/2003 |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq2105200305.htm |access-date=2018-06-22 |website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref> A Afirka ta Kudu, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a kan Bop TV da M-Net a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su na kunsa ga yara, ''KT.'' ''V.'' A Zimbabwe, jerin shirye-shiryen sun tashi a duka ZBC da ZTV. A Kenya, an watsa shi akan KBC . An kuma buga jerin shirye-shiryen a Namibiya akan NBC . ''Rupert'' kuma an watsa shi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa; an watsa shi ne a tashar iska ta Ingila ta Dubai 33. An kuma watsa jerin a kan RTB a Brunei. A [[Guam]], an nuna jerin a kan KUAM-LP. A Saudi Arabia, an buga jerin ne a tashar Saudiyya 2 Turanci, kuma a duniyar Larabawa, an watsa shi a kan Spacetoon daga 2000 zuwa 2014 a Larabci. == Taken da waƙar rufewa == Duka jigon da waƙar rufewa Milan Kymlicka ce ta shirya . Suna dogara ne akan Robert Schumann Manomin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B;</sup>'', Dawowa Daga Aiki a F manyan, Op. 68, Na 10'' . Lokacin da jerin shirye-shiryen suka fito akan Nickelodeon a Amurka, an yi amfani da waƙar jigo daban-daban, tare da waƙoƙi da muryoyi a cikin intro, da kayan aikin wannan waƙar a cikin fiɗa. Wannan abun da ke ciki, ''Rupert's Number One'', Sheree Jeacocke da Gerry Mosby ne suka rubuta shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Fim din == A cewar BBC News, Nelvana ta yi shiri a shekara ta 2000 don samar da fim din Hollywood wanda ya danganci dukiyar Rupert, amma ba a aiwatar da aikin ba. An saki fim din mai yiwuwa tsakanin 2001 da 2002. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] knjy911yxl7e1z9jh02jbyf67uc7eaw 882857 882855 2026-07-14T10:39:26Z Mymoonseen 46868 882857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rupert''''' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na yara na Kanada-Birtaniya-Faransa wanda ya danganci halin Mary Tourtel ''[[Rupert Bear]]'', wanda aka watsa daga 7 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1991 zuwa 19 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1997 tare da abubuwan da suka faru na rabin sa'a 65. Nelvana ce ta samar da jerin, a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da Shirin Ellipse na farkon yanayi uku, tare da YTV Canada, Inc. (lokaci 1-3 da 5), da kuma masu ba da izini na ITV TVS Television (lokaci 1) da Scottish Television (lokacin 2-5). == Bayani game da shi == Rupert beyar mai basira ne, kuma yana da abokai da yawa daga kowane kusurwar duniya. Kodayake yana zaune a wani karamin ƙauye da ake kira Nutwood, yana jin daɗin tafiya a duniya, gano sabbin al'adu, rayuwa mai girma, gano asiri da kuma fallasa masu laifi. Halin gani na zane-zane yana da abubuwa da yawa na Turai da Nordic, tare da manyan gidaje da yawa, birane da wasu nau'ikan tufafi, da kuma tatsuniyoyi kamar Elves da Loch Ness Monster. Yanayin littattafan Rupert Bear, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga jerin, ya dogara ne akan yankunan Snowdonia da Vale of Clwyd a arewacin [[Wales]]. == Abubuwan da suka faru ==  {{:List of Rupert episodes}} == Halin da ake kira == === Iyalin Rupert === * [[Rupert Bear]] mai hankali ne, mai basira, mai basirci, jarumi, amintacce, mai kirki wanda ya shahara sosai ga duk mazauna Nutwood. A wani lokaci, yana karya bango na huɗu yayin da yake magana da abubuwan da ya lura da kuma yin tsokaci ga mai kallo. * Mista Bear shine mahaifin Rupert. Ya fi rashin hankali kuma ya manta idan aka kwatanta da Rupert. Sau da yawa yana shan bututu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin shirin "Firebird" cewa duka Mr. Bear da mahaifin Podgy suna cikin ƙungiyar Nutwood Fire Brigade. * Misis Bear ita ce mahaifiyar Rupert. Kamar ɗanta, tana da hikima kuma sau da yawa tana ba da shawara ga Rupert wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a lokacin abubuwan da ya faru. === Haruffa masu maimaitawa === * Bill Badger shine aboki mafi kyau na Rupert, wanda, ba kamar Rupert ba, sau da yawa yana gabatar da kuskuren da yawa, kamar tsoro, rashin haƙuri, rashin jin daɗi, saurin fushi, da muryar waka mai ban tsoro. Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Toby, wanda ke son muryar Bill. * Podgy Pig alade ne mai farin ciki, duk da haka mai haɗama kuma ba mai haske ba tare da babban abinci. Yana da abokantaka sosai ga wasu kuma ya bayyana ba ya ganin cewa abokansa wani lokacin suna ganin shi mai ban haushi. Abinci a wasu lokuta na iya kai shi da abokansa cikin matsala, amma Rupert na iya kallon wannan don fita daga hanyarsa don taimakawa Podgy. * Pong Ping dan kasar Peking ne daga kasar Sin wanda ke da lif wanda zai iya tafiya a karkashin kasa har zuwa kasar Sin. Yana da wadataccen ilimin al'adun sa ciki har da dodanni da abubuwa daban-daban na sihiri. Har ila yau, yana da ƙwarewa a lissafi. * Tiger Lily ita ce matar Rupert kuma abokiyar kasar Sin. Ɗalibin ɗan adam kawai a makaranta kuma memba ne na ɗayan iyalan ɗan adam kaɗan a [[Rupert Bear|Nutwood]]. Ita da iyalinta suna da ilimi mai yawa game da abubuwa masu sihiri da sihiri. * Algy Pug aboki ne na Rupert, wani pug wanda sau da yawa ya wuce gona da iri kuma yana alfahari da kansa. Duk da kuskuren da yake da shi, an nuna shi aboki ne mai kyau da taimako ga Rupert da sauransu. * Edward Trunk wani aboki ne na Rupert. Giwa, mai kirki sosai, mai hankali kuma mai ƙarfi. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa wanda ke aiki a cikin famfo. * Gregory Guinea Pig alade ne mai kirki sosai kuma wani aboki na Rupert. Wani lokaci yana iya jin tsoro da tsoro, amma yana fuskantar kalubalen kai tsaye lokacin da abokansa ke buƙatar taimako. * Ottoline Otter abokiyar Rupert ce wacce ta fito ne daga zuriyar Scotland wacce ke son Shakespeare kuma tana zaune a cikin tsohuwar gidan sarauta wanda ke na kakanninta. Gidan yana da ƙofofin sirri da yawa da aka ɓoye a ko'ina. Ottoline yana da masaniya sosai game da wurin kowane ƙofar kuma zai fi son amfani da su maimakon matakala. * Freddy da Ferdy Fox su ne tagwayen tagwayen da suka yada mugunta a kauyen Nutwood. * Constable Growler [[kare]] ne kuma ɗan sanda ne na yankin wanda ke hawa [[keke]]. Kullum yana cewa yana buƙatar yin "duk abin da littafin ya sani" kuma Rupert da abokansa koyaushe suna juyawa zuwa duk lokacin da suke buƙatar taimako don kama mai laifi. * Farfesa masanin kimiyya ne mai abokantaka kuma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke zaune a cikin tsohuwar hasumiya a [[Rupert Bear|Nutwood]], wanda ya kirkiro na'urori masu ban mamaki da yawa a lokacin jerin. Rupert sau da yawa yana taimakawa tare da gwaje-gwajensa. Da zarar Farfesa ya fara gwaji, ba zai taɓa hutawa ba. Yana da kalmar da ta dace, "Ka yi la'akari da yiwuwar, ɗana (s)!" a duk lokacin da yake bayyana gwaje-gwajensa da duk fa'idodin da za su iya zuwa daga gare shi ga Rupert da abokansa. * Mai hikima na Um mai sihiri ne mai farin ciki wanda ya fito daga tsibirin Um kuma yana tashi a cikin laima mai juyawa. Abokin mahaifin Tiger Lily ne; Conjurer . * Odmedod mai magana ne mai ban tsoro wanda ke zaune a gonar Manomi Turbit kuma aboki ne na Rupert. * Reika yarinya ce ta ɗan adam ta Switzerland wacce ke zaune a Lapland tana kula da reindeer na Santa Claus kuma abokiyar Rupert da Pong Ping. === Masu laifi === * Billy Blizzard wani mummunan hali ne, wanda tare da taimakon muryar sihiri, yana shirin daskare mazaunan ƙauyen dusar ƙanƙara na Arewacin Pole da kuma mai mulkinsa, Sarki Frost kuma ya zama shugaban wurin. * Sir Humphrey Pumphrey mai haɗama ne, mai bincike mara tausayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin neman ko kwace dukiya don sha'awar son kai. == Muryar da aka jefa == * Ben Sandford a matsayin Rupert Bear (1991) * Julie Lemieux a matsayin Rupert Bear (1992-1997) * Guy Bannerman a matsayin Mr. Bear * Lally Cadeau a matsayin Mrs. Bear (1991-1992) * Valerie Boyle a matsayin Mrs. Bear (1992-1997) * Torquil Campbell a matsayin Bill Badger * Hadley Kay a matsayin Podgy Pig * Keith White a matsayin Algy Pug * Oscar Hsu a matsayin Pong Ping * Stephanie Morgenstern a matsayin Tiger Lily * Wayne Robson a matsayin Sage na Um * Colin Fox a matsayin Farfesa * Chris Wiggins a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na kasar Sin; Mai ba da shawara na kasar Sin, Kyaftin Bill; ƙarin muryoyi * Ho Chow a matsayin Tung Lai * Jeremy Ratchford a matsayin Botkin * Peter Wildman a matsayin Mr. Ribbons; Kyaftin Sir * Dan Hennessey a matsayin Tom * Stephen Ouimette a matsayin ƙarin muryoyi * Kristin LeMunyon a matsayin Clarice * Allen Stewart-Coates a matsayin Cedric Pig; Constable Growler; ƙarin muryoyi * Keith Knight a matsayin Timid Snowman; Mr. Chimp; The Sandman; ƙarin muryoyi * Rick Jones a matsayin Yum * Marla Lukofsky a matsayin Phoebe * Colin O'Meara a matsayin Billy Blizzard; ƙarin muryoyi == Fitarwa == Nelvana, Ellipse Programmé, da [[Television South|TVS]] ne suka samar da jerin don kakar wasa ta farko, tare da gidan [[Scottish Television|Talabijin na Scotland]] da ke karɓar matsayi na biyu daga baya lokacin da TVS ta rasa ikon mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupert |url=https://www.tvmaze.com/shows/17993/rupert |website=TVMAZE}}</ref> == watsa shirye-shirye ==   An watsa shi a cikin ƙungiya a kan YTV a Kanada. A Amurka, jerin sun fara watsawa a [[Nickelodeon]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nick Jr. block a 1995 kafin su koma [[CBS]] Asabar da safe a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Josef Adalian |date=December 13, 1998 |title=Nick vet CBS-bound as nets alter kidvid skeds |url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/nick-vet-cbs-bound-as-nets-alter-kidvid-skeds-1117489365/ |access-date=October 6, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Maimaita jerin sun zo Disney Channel a kan Playhouse Disney block, Toon Disney, da kuma Qubo daga Janairu 8, 2007, zuwa Yuli 25, 2020. An watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a cikin United Kingdom akan CITV, Tiny Pop, da KidsCo . A Portugal, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a cikin 1990s akan tashar RTP . A Ostiraliya, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen akan ABC, kuma daga baya akan Nickelodeon Australia, da kuma akan TV2 a New Zealand. An watsa shi akan RTÉ a Ireland a matsayin wani ɓangare na toshe 'ya'yansu ''The Den'' . A Kudancin Amirka, TV Cultura ta watsa shirye-shiryen a Brazil daga Fabrairu 2, 1998 zuwa 2006, <ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsPrime |title=Programação de TV de 2 de fevereiro de 1998 (SP) |url=http://tvhistoria.com.br/NoticiasTexto.aspx?idNoticia=2267 |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=2018-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622084057/http://tvhistoria.com.br/NoticiasTexto.aspx?idNoticia=2267 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da kololuwar masu sauraro tsakanin 2002 da 2004, a cewar tashar ''Folha de São Paulo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folha de S.Paulo – Programação de TV – 21/05/2003 |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq2105200305.htm |access-date=2018-06-22 |website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref> A Afirka ta Kudu, an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a kan Bop TV da M-Net a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su na kunsa ga yara, ''KT.'' ''V.'' A Zimbabwe, jerin shirye-shiryen sun tashi a duka ZBC da ZTV. A Kenya, an watsa shi akan KBC . An kuma buga jerin shirye-shiryen a Namibiya akan NBC . ''Rupert'' kuma an watsa shi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa; an watsa shi ne a tashar iska ta Ingila ta Dubai 33. An kuma watsa jerin a kan RTB a Brunei. A [[Guam]], an nuna jerin a kan KUAM-LP. A Saudi Arabia, an buga jerin ne a tashar Saudiyya 2 Turanci, kuma a duniyar Larabawa, an watsa shi a kan Spacetoon daga 2000 zuwa 2014 a Larabci. == Taken da waƙar rufewa == Duka jigon da waƙar rufewa Milan Kymlicka ce ta shirya . Suna dogara ne akan Robert Schumann Manomin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B;</sup>'', Dawowa Daga Aiki a F manyan, Op. 68, Na 10'' . Lokacin da jerin shirye-shiryen suka fito akan Nickelodeon a Amurka, an yi amfani da waƙar jigo daban-daban, tare da waƙoƙi da muryoyi a cikin intro, da kayan aikin wannan waƙar a cikin fiɗa. Wannan abun da ke ciki, ''Rupert's Number One'', Sheree Jeacocke da Gerry Mosby ne suka rubuta shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Fim din == A cewar BBC News, Nelvana ta yi shiri a shekara ta 2000 don samar da fim din Hollywood wanda ya danganci dukiyar Rupert, amma ba a aiwatar da aikin ba. An saki fim din mai yiwuwa tsakanin 2001 da 2002. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] cwelafrwhjvsmxcbq2v9endv89btaut 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Dominica 0 110322 882298 870879 2026-07-13T12:52:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]]''' sun zama' masu yancin farar hula da siyasa da' yanci da kare bisa kai doka a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma gwamnati ta tilasta su ta hanyar doka da doka. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen haƙƙin ɗan adam ana jagorantar su ne ta babbar kotun daukaka kara ta tsarin mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominica . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=The Dominican Republic's Tortured Relationship With Its Haitian Minority |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/19/dominican-republics-tortured-relationship-its-haitian-minority-0 |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki da 'yanci sun bunkasa a tsawon lokaci daidai da fadada Jamhuriyar Dominica daga tsohon mulkin mallaka na Spain na Kyaftin Janar na Santo Domingo zuwa tsarin jihar ta zamani. Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihar kuma an yi alama da sauye-sauye tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya, kamar shugabancin Danilo Medina na yanzu, da gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya, mafi mahimmanci mulkin kama-karya na Rafael Trujillo tsakanin 16 ga Agusta 1930 da 16 ga Agustan 1938. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic |url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/7session/A.HRC.7.19.Add.5.doc |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=United Nations Human Rights Council (2008)}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na Kungiyar Amurka da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Jamhuriyar Dominica tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa waɗanda ke yada ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'ummar duniya kuma sun haɗa mafi yawan waɗannan jagororin haƙƙin ɗanɗano a cikin dokokin cikin gida. Gwamnatoci daban-daban na Jamhuriyar Dominica a tarihi sun kasance cikin wuta saboda rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam mara kyau, wanda ya haɗa da kisan kai, azabtarwa, kamawa da tsare-tsare, hare-hare kan 'yancin' yan jarida da ƙuntatawa kan motsi na baƙi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277571.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307134244/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277571.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-07 |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref> Wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru a cikin al'ummar Dominican ciki har da' yan tsirarun kabilun Haiti, mata da' yan ƙasa na LGBTQI + sun kasance wadanda ke fama da mummunar cin zarafin haƙƙoƙinsu na ɗan adam, wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'ar duniya. Musamman, yadda gwamnati ke bi da Dominicans tare da iyayen Haiti ya ba kasar wuri a cikin "jerin baƙar fata" na Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, jerin da aka tanada ga ƙasashe da suka fi cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam.<ref name=":0"/> Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na 2013 wanda ya hana 'yan asalin ƙasar Haiti na zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma rashin iyawar gwamnati ta biya da kuma gyara bambancin nuna bambanci a yayin kukan kasa da kasa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/dominican-republic/report-dominican-republic/ |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin shari'a == === Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica na yanzu, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2015, ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen bayanin haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamhuriyarsa na sauye-sauyen siyasa tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na mulkin mallaka.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":10">"[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/DomRep/dominicanrepublic.html Dominican Republic: Constitutions]". <i>Pdba.georgetown.edu</i>. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</ref> Takardar kamar yadda take a halin yanzu tana dauke da kariya mai zurfi ga 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa kuma tana bin ka'idodin [[Rarabewar iko|rabuwa da iko]] da dubawa da ma'auni, kodayake halin da yake ciki na yau da kullun da ƙarancin tsarin mulki a matsayin akidar da ke tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa na Dominican yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin shakku game da ingancin sa.<ref>Jonathan Hartlyn. "Constitutional Development". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dotoc.html ''Dominican Republic: A country study''] (Richard A. Haggerty, ed.). [[Library_of_Congress]] [[Federal_Research_Division]] (December 1989). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[Public_domain]].</i></ref> [[Fayil:Hemiciclo_del_Senado.png|thumb|Gidan majalisar dattijai na Jamhuriyar Dominica.]] Mataki na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin siyasa na yanzu, yana mai cewa "ya sami kariya mai inganci ga haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma kula da hanyoyin ci gabansa a cikin tsarin 'yanci na mutum da adalci na zamantakewa wanda ya dace da manufofin jama'a, jin daɗi na gaba ɗaya da haƙƙin kowa an san su a matsayin manyan manufofin jihar".[t]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Pomares |first=Luis |date=March 2008 |title=The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System |journal=Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity |volume=2}}</ref> Wannan labarin ya haɗa da, a tsakanin wasu, takamaiman haramtacciyar azabtarwa, yana mai cewa " azabtarwa ko wani hukunci ko hanya mai cutarwa, ko haifar da asarar ko raguwar, amincin jiki ko lafiyar mutum ba za a iya kafawa ba, tilasta ko tilasta" da kuma 'yancin yin addini a yayin da ba a yi shi ba 'da kyau da rashin girmamawa".<ref name=":3" /> Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke bayyana yanayin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Dominica ke da ikon tsoma baki tare da iyakance haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara, gami da yanayin haɗari mai tsanani ga ikon mallakar ƙasar, rikice-rikicen jama'a ko bala'o'i.<ref name=":3"/> Bugu da kari, takardar ta bayyana mummunan sakamako a yayin da jami'in gwamnati ya tsoma baki ko ya ba da umarnin tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin' yan ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Hakkin shari'a na kasa da kasa === Jamhuriyar Dominica memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin waɗannan takardun an haɗa su cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa ta hanyar tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin Dominican ta tabbatar sun hada da: * Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) * [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) * Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1982) * Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci na launin fata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1983) * [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1991) * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] (an tabbatar da su 6 Disamba 2006) * [[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] (an tabbatar da su a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2009) * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2012) * Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (an tabbatar da ita 14 Oktoba 2014) * Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kawar da hukuncin kisa (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2016). <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Treaties |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=52&Lang=EN |website=United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner}}</ref> Jamhuriyar Dominica ta sanya hannu amma har yanzu ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukkanin Mutane daga Kashewa ba.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Yarjejeniyoyi biyu masu muhimmanci da kasar ba ta sanya hannu ba sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da Mambobin Iyalai da Yarjejeniyar kan Rage Rashin Kasuwanci, wanda ya jawo hankalin zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da ke kula da yadda gwamnatin ke kula da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti.<ref name=":1"/> Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Jihohin Amurka, tare da alƙalin Dominican wanda ya yi aiki a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka.<ref name=":1"/> == Kula da wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru == === Ƙananan launin fata na Haiti === Zaman jin daɗin bakin haure na Haiti da ƴan kabilar Haiti na Jamhuriyar Dominican batu ne mai gudana.  A tarihi, jiga-jigan siyasa na Jamhuriyar Dominican sun yi amfani da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti a matsayin abin kunya ga cututtuka na kasa, tare da rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'kawar da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki da kuma nau'i na rashin haƙuri' suna da'awar wanzuwar 'babban matsala mai zurfi na wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma.<ref name=":1" />  ga alakar mulkin mallaka ta tarihi tsakanin ’yan mulkin mallaka na Santo Domingo da bakar fata Haiti, da kuma kyamar Haiti da aka yi amfani da su wajen nuna goyon baya ga ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dominican Jamhuriyar Dominican bayan hayewar Haiti na 1822 na Santo Domingo.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Flegel |first=Peter |title=Dominican Republic: Justifying the unjustifiable |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/dominican-republic-justifying-unjustifiable-2013122983639790672.html |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>  1937 kisan kiyashi tsakanin ma'aikatan Haiti dubu tara da dubu ashirin a kusa da iyakar ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Parsley, wanda ya fara haifar da ci gaban kishin ƙasa na Dominican da kuma yunƙurin tarihin manyan Dominican don lalata tsirarun Haitian.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sagás |first=Ernesto |title=A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/misctopic/dominican/antihaiti.htm |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=Webster University |archive-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716211337/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/misctopic/dominican/antihaiti.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nick |date=2012-10-13 |title=The massacre that marked Haiti-Dominican ties |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19880967 |access-date=2019-05-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sun ce: [[Fayil:At_the_Border_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic_(8057179936).jpg|left|thumb|A kan iyakar Haiti da Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ''"....babu wani jin na bil'adama, ko dalili na siyasa, ko kuma wani yanayi mai sauƙi wanda zai iya tilasta mana mu dubi rashin kulawa da shiga Haiti. Wannan nau'in ba shi da kyau... 'Haitian wanda ya shiga [ƙasarmu] yana rayuwa da yawa da kuma babban abin da ke fama da cututtuka da raunin jiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa a mafi ƙasƙanci na wannan al'umma. "<ref>Peña Batlle, Manuel A (1954). Política de Trujillo. Ciudad Trujillo (Santo Domingo): Impresora Dominicana, pp. 67-68.</ref>'' Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun nace cewa ana kare 'yan gudun hijirar Haiti da zuriyarsu ta Haiti a karkashin sanarwar' yancin mutane na kasa ko kabilanci, addini da kuma harshe.<ref name=":1"/> Matsayin zama ɗan ƙasa na ƙabilar Haiti da zuriya ya kasance tushen babbar gardama. Hukuncin 2005 na [[Dilcia Yean and Violeta Bosico v. Dominican Republic|Dilcia Yean da Violeta Bosico v. Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ta Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Inter-American ta zargi gwamnatin Dominica da keta dokar kasa da kasa da kuma dokokin cikin gida dangane da ƙin zama ƙasa da ilimi ga yara da aka haifa ga iyalan Haiti a cikin jihar bisa la'akari da cewa an haife su ga baƙi 'a cikin wucewa'. "<ref name=":52" /> Kundin tsarin mulki da aka gabatar a watan Janairun 2010 ya kara samun zargi lokacin da ya fadada bambancinsa ga 'yan ƙasa don haɗawa da yara da aka haifa a Jamhuriyar Dominica ga iyaye marasa' yan ƙasa.<ref name=":52" /> A cikin Satumba 2013, Kotun Koli ta Kotun Tsarin Mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominican, ta ba da hukuncin TC 0168-13 wanda ya sake fassara dokokin zama ɗan ƙasa don hana babban adadin Haitian Dominican zama ɗan ƙasa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/dominican-republic/ |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref>  don yin rajista a manyan makarantu, iyawarsu don yin aiki ko samun damar samun ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya.<ref name=":7" />  Hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane sama da 200,000 da ba su da takardun shaida ne hukuncin kotun ya shafa.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Dominican Republic |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/dominican-republic |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>  Matakin dai ya gamu da tofin Allah tsine daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa tare da kiraye-kirayen a maido da 'yan kasarsu da kuma kawo karshen korar da aka yi musu na tilas.  A cikin 2014, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Dominican na yanzu, Danila Medina ya kafa Dokar 169/14 tare da aniyar da aka bayyana a bainar jama'a na yin aiki don maido da 'yan ƙasa na iyalai masu ƙaura da ba su da izini.  Sai dai kuma, an soki dokar sosai saboda gazawarta na maido da ‘yan asalin ƙasar Dominican kai tsaye, wanda a halin yanzu ya bar dubban mutane cikin yanayin rashin ƙasa da kuma lahani ga cin zarafinsu.<ref name=":82" /> A cikin Oktoba 2016, Kotun Inter-Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa na bakar fata, 'yan kabilar Haitian Dominicans da waɗannan dokoki suka kawo da kuma gazawar gwamnati don magance matsalolin zamantakewar al'umma ya keta Yarjejeniyar Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, kuma a cikin Afrilu 2017 kotu ta yi amfani da wannan dalili don tabbatar da sanya 'yancin ɗan adam a jerin sunayensu.'.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":82" /> === Mata === ==== Cin zarafin jima'i da cutarwa ==== Yaduwar tashin hankali na jinsi a Jamhuriyar Dominica ya ja hankalin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban na duniya. Wani rahoto na 2018 daga Babban Ofishin Mai Shari'a ya nuna cewa an gabatar da rahotanni sama da 71,000 na tashin hankali na jinsi a wannan shekarar kadai, kuma fiye da rahotanne 6,300 na laifukan jima'i.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Dominican police routinely rape and torture women sex workers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/dominican-republic-police-routinely-rape-torture-women-sex-workers/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na kasa sun ba da kididdiga a cikin rahoton Human Rights Watch a cikin 2016 wanda ya nuna cewa fiye da mutuwar 1,300 da aka rubuta tsakanin 2008 da 2014 sakamakon tashin hankali ne na jinsi.<ref name=":82" /> Koyaya, sanannen ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da shawarar cewa lambobin hukuma kaɗan ne kawai na ainihin adadi, suna ambaton al'adun cin zarafin jima'i da azabtarwa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Dominican da kuma ƙananan yiwuwar jami'an da ke fuskantar adalci saboda daidaitawa a cikin al'ummar Dominican.<ref name=":11" /> [[Fayil:2019_Mujeres_Latinoamericanas_en_Republica_Dominicana.jpg|left|thumb|Mambobin kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta yankin 'Mujeres Latinoamericanas' a Jamhuriyar Dominica]] A hukumance, dokar Jamhuriyar Dominica ta hukunta fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi, gami da cin zarafin dangi da cin zarafi, tare da hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafin da ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku.<ref name=":2"/> Dokar ta kuma sanya cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki a matsayin laifi wanda ke ɗauke da hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda da tarar kuɗi mai yawa, kodayake ma'aikatan ƙungiyar sun nuna shakku game da aiwatar da doka a wannan batun.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Mata tana aiki don rage tashin hankali na jinsi da haɓaka daidaito mai mahimmanci ta hanyar samar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da horar da masana'antu, da kuma aiki da mafaka na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name=":2" /> Koyaya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata da ke aiki a yankin, kamar su Mujeres Latinoamericanas, sun sanya shakku mai tsanani game da ingancin Ma'aikatar, suna sukar rashin kudade ga ayyukan da suka dace da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ƙasa.<ref name=":9"/> ==== Ma'aikatan jima'i ==== Ayyukan jima'i na kasuwanci a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican a halin yanzu laifi ne na laifi, tare da ma'aikatan jima'i suna samun kariya kaɗan daga mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam, a cewar rahoton 2019 na Amnesty International.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=28 Mar 2019 |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: "IF THEY CAN HAVE HER, WHY CAN'T WE?" : GENDER-BASED TORTURE AND OTHER ILL-TREATMENT OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN SEX WORK IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr27/0030/2019/en/}}</ref>  Bincike da Dan Danielsen da Karen Engle suka yi a cikin 1995 (kamar yadda aka ambata a Cabezas. 2002) ya nuna cewa tsananin matakan da gwamnati ta dauka kan karuwanci ya faru ne saboda bacin rai game da karkata daga ka'idojin dangantakar haihuwa guda daya, maza da mata wadanda suka mamaye al'ummar Dominican.<ref name=":122">Cabezas, A. L. (2002). Tourism, Sex Work and Women's Rights in the Dominican Republic. In Brysk, A. (Eds.) ''Globalization and Human Rights.'' University of California Press.</ref>  An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da cin zarafi, ta jiki da ta jima'i da ake yiwa ma'aikatan jima'i a cikin ƙasa da kuma yanki, wanda Erika Guevara-Rosas, daraktocin Amurka a Amnesty International suka bayyana, a matsayin 'annoba a fadin Latin Amurka da Caribbean'.<ref name=":11" />  Baya ga tashin hankalin da gwamnati ke yi, ma'aikatan jima'i suna fuskantar ƙarancin kariya daga tashin hankali daga ɓangarori na uku kamar abokan ciniki ko masu shiga tsakani, wanda Amalia Lucia Cabezas ta danganta da ra'ayin jama'a game da ma'aikatan jima'i a matsayin 'laifi' da rashin cancantar daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin doka.].  Rahoton ya kuma ambaci ci gaba da cin zarafi ga ma'aikatan jima'i masu rauni, musamman ma'aikatan jima'i wadanda suka fi dacewa da azabtarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su..<ref name=":122" /> ==== Hakkin haifuwa ==== [[Fayil:Four_Females_on_One_Bike_-_Jarabacoa_-_Dominican_Republic.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar Dominican tare da 'ya'ya mata uku tana hawa babur a Jarabacoa.]] Ya zuwa 2019, zubar da ciki ya kasance laifi ne a Jamhuriyar Dominica, bisa ga Mataki na 37 na kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu wanda ke ba da haƙƙin rayuwa "daga ɗauke da ciki zuwa mutuwa". A sakamakon haka, masu ba da zubar da ciki da mata da ke neman su suna fuskantar hukunci na laifi ba tare da la'akari da kiwon lafiya ko tasirin kudi ga mahaifiyar ko yanayin ciki ba.<ref name=":10" /> Ministan Lafiya na Jama'a ya fahimci cewa zubar da ciki da rikitarwa marasa aminci yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace, kuma wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata a duk duniya ta ba da rahoton yawan mace-momi guda daya da ke da alaƙa da ciki a kowace kwana biyu a farkon rabin shekara ta 2017, wanda ke sanya zargi akan karancin isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC A long way ahead: reproductive rights, discrimination of Dominicans of Haitian descent and the reform of the police |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5257b0b94.pdf |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Shugaba Danilo Medina ya inganta jerin sauye-sauye masu yawa ga dokar azabtarwa ta Jamhuriyar Dominica, tare da shawararsa mai rikitarwa don kawar da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, dangi da barazana ga rayuwar mahaifiyar da ke karɓar babban adadin kulawar kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na duniya.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic takes women's rights back to 1884 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/12/dominican-republic-takes-womens-rights-back-to-1884/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki a shekara mai zuwa ya yanke hukuncin sake fasalin ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya sake kafa haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan zubar da ciki. An soki shawarar a matsayin babban rauni ga ci gaban 'yancin mata a kasar, tasirin da Amnesty International ta bayyana a matsayin "babban bala'i ga mata da 'yan mata... wadanda za su ci gaba da zama masu laifi, su nuna musu kunya kuma su tilasta su nemi zubar da ciki mara lafiya saboda an hana su samun damar samun magani mai aminci da shari'a".<ref name=":13" /> Kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yawa ciki har da Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho game da azabtarwa sun yi Allah wadai da shawarar, suna zargin gwamnati da keta haƙƙin rayuwa da kiwon lafiya da kuma haifar da wahala ta jiki da ta hankali kamar azabtarwa ta hanyar ƙin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan.<ref name=":13" /> Halin da ake yi wa mata a Jamhuriyar Dominican ya sami ƙarin izgili daga al'ummomin duniya a cikin watan Agusta 2017, lokacin da Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ta sami takardar koke na neman a yi adalci ga mutuwar Rosaura Almonte Hernández a 2012.  maganin cutar sankarar bargo kan damuwa da tayin.<ref name=":9"/> === Hakkin LGBT === Duk da yake Dokar Laifuka ta Dominican ba ta haramta luwadi ko sutura ba, ba ta kuma magance nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi saboda yanayin Jima'i ko asalin jinsi, kuma ba ta amince da haɗin jima'i iri ɗaya a kowane nau'i ba, ko aure ne ko haɗin gwiwa. Gidajen da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda ke jagoranta ba su cancanci samun kowane hakki iri ɗaya da aka ba ma'auratan jinsi guda ba, kamar yadda aka haramta auren jinsi ɗaya a cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Reed M. |title=A Giant Step Backward: The Dominican Republic Reforms Its Constitution |url=https://nacla.org/news/giant-step-backward-dominican-republic-reforms-its-constitution |access-date=13 April 2016 |publisher=NACLA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, No. 10561 |url=http://daduye.com/constitucion/la-constitucion-republica-dominicana.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121110925/http://daduye.com/constitucion/la-constitucion-republica-dominicana.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |website=Gaceta Oficial |language=es |quote=El Estado promoverá y protegerá la organización de la familia sobre la base de la institución del matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer.}}</ref> Yawancin Dominicans suna da alaƙa da Cocin Katolika. Don haka, halayensu ga membobin al'ummar LGBT suna nuna halin ɗabi'ar Katolika. Duk da haka, mutanen LGBT sun sami ƙarin gani da karbuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daidai da yanayin duniya. Taimakon auren jinsi ya kai kashi 25% bisa ga kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na 2013/2014, amma ya karu zuwa kashi 45 cikin 100 a shekarar 2018. Bugu da kari, Jamhuriyar Dominican tana daure bisa doka a watan Janairu 2018 Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka, wacce ta ce auren jinsi da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutum bisa takaddun Amurka suna kare haƙƙin ɗan adam..<ref name="IACHR">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235924/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/ |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=[[Agence France-Presse]] |publisher=[[Yahoo7]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0w0ifabf3ncgml85sn2eecdm5kjurkw 'Yancin Dan Adam tsakanin Jima'i 0 110695 882308 703884 2026-07-13T13:26:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882308 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''<nowiki/>'[[Intersex]]_human_rights" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersex human rights">'Yancin ɗan adam tsakanin Jima'i''''' bincike ne game da' yancin dan adam na mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i a kasashe 12. Dan Christian Ghattas na {{Lang|de|Internationalen Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen}} (Ƙungiyar Intersex International (OII) a Jamus) ne ya rubuta shi kuma Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ce ta buga shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghattas |first=Dan Christian |last2=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |date=September 2013 |title=Human Rights Between the Sexes |url=http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/endf_human_rights_between_the_sexes.pdf |website=boell.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=Dr. Dan Christian Ghattas |url=http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/dr-dan-christian-ghattas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035114/http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/dr-dan-christian-ghattas/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=11 January 2014 |website=intersexualite.de |publisher=OII Germany |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals |url=http://oiieurope.org/a-preliminary-study-on-the-life-situations-of-inter-individuals/ |website=oiieurope.org |publisher=[[OII Europe]]}}</ref><ref name="boell-de">{{Cite web |date=October 2013 |title=Menschenrechte zwischen den Geschlechtern |url=http://www.boell.de/de/2013/10/18/menschenrechte-zwischen-den-geschlechtern |website=boell.de |publisher=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |language=de}}</ref> Kasashen da aka yi nazari sune Australia, Belgium, Faransa, Jamus, New Zealand, Serbia, Afirka ta Kudu, Taiwan, Turkiyya, Uganda, Ukraine da Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2013 |title=Heinrich Böll Foundation's Intersex Study: "Human Rights between Sexes" |url=http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=15099 |website=kaosgl.com |publisher=KAOS GL}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa rahoton shine farkon kwatankwacin kasa da kasa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen da ke da jima'i.<ref name="oii-au2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Human rights between the sexes, a study |url=http://oii.org.au/24360/human-rights-between-the-sexes-a-study/ |website=oii.org.au |publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] |access-date=4 August 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422202813/https://oii.org.au/24360/human-rights-between-the-sexes-a-study/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya gano cewa ana nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke tsakanin jinsi a duk duniya.<ref name="epd2">{{Cite web |title=Studie: Intersexuelle werden weltweit diskriminiert |url=http://www.epd.de/landesdienst/landesdienst-ost/schwerpunktartikel/studie-intersexuelle-werden-weltweit-diskriminiert |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111023739/http://www.epd.de/landesdienst/landesdienst-ost/schwerpunktartikel/studie-intersexuelle-werden-weltweit-diskriminiert |archive-date=2014-01-11 |website=epd.de |language=de}}, Evangelischer Pressedienst</ref> {{Blockquote|Intersex individuals are considered individuals with a "disorder" in all areas in which Western medicine prevails. They are more or less obviously treated as sick or "abnormal", depending on the respective society.}} Ghattas ya gano cewa: <ref name="oii-au">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Human rights between the sexes, a study |url=http://oii.org.au/24360/human-rights-between-the-sexes-a-study/ |website=oii.org.au |publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] |access-date=4 August 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422202813/https://oii.org.au/24360/human-rights-between-the-sexes-a-study/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Nicht Mann, niche Frau. Intersexuelle müssen sich nicht mehr festlegen |url=http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/nano/medizin/173068/index.html |website=3sat.de |publisher=[[3sat]] |language=de}}</ref> * Ayyukan tiyata na al'aura sun yadu: "Kusan a duk faɗin duniya, ana ɗaukar jikin jima'i a matsayin kusan, ko a'a, wanda zai iya shiga cikin tsarin zamantakewa. Saboda haka, ana yin tiyata ta al'aura daga jariri zuwa balaga a duk ƙasashen da aka bincika. " * Ana cire kwayar gonadal a yawancin ƙasashe tsakanin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Ana ba da maganin hormone. * Akwai ƙananan kulawa bayan kulawa. * Ana buƙatar rajistar haihuwa, tare da aikin jima'i, a yawancin ƙasashe cikin makonni huɗu na haihuwa. * Ana bi da jima'i a matsayin batun da ba a yarda da shi ba a duk ƙasashen da aka yi nazari. Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i suna fuskantar nuna bambanci, sau da yawa saboda halayyar da ba ta dace da jinsi ba. * An kafa gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne kawai kwanan nan, kuma yawan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu sa kai. {{Blockquote|Nearly all over the world, intersex bodies are considered to be barely, or not at all, capable of being integrated into the social order.}} Ghattas ya yanke shawara guda biyar ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam: # Bayar da hankali game da wanzuwar mutane masu jima'i. # Ƙara ganuwar mutane da yanayin rayuwa. # Karfafa mutane masu jima'i don tsara kansu da bukatun murya. # Inganta hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. # Yi la'akari da bukatun mutane masu jima'i a duk fannoni na aikin kare hakkin dan adam. An buga littafin a cikin Jamusanci a matsayin {{Lang|de|Menschenrechte zwischen den Geschlechtern}} . <ref name="boell-de"/> <ref name="epd">{{Cite web |title=Studie: Intersexuelle werden weltweit diskriminiert |url=http://www.epd.de/landesdienst/landesdienst-ost/schwerpunktartikel/studie-intersexuelle-werden-weltweit-diskriminiert |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111023739/http://www.epd.de/landesdienst/landesdienst-ost/schwerpunktartikel/studie-intersexuelle-werden-weltweit-diskriminiert |archive-date=2014-01-11 |website=epd.de |language=de}}, Evangelischer Pressedienst</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2013 |title=Menschenrechte zwischen den Geschlechtern – Vorstudie zur Lebenssituation von Inter*Personen; Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Berlin, 18.12.13 (Mi), 18 Uhr |url=http://www2.gender.hu-berlin.de/ztg-blog/2013/12/menschenrechte-zwischen-den-geschlechtern-vorstudie-zur-lebenssituation-von-interpersonen-heinrich-boell-stiftung-berlin-18-12-13-mi-18-uhr/ |website=gender.hu-berlin.de ZtG Blog |publisher=Gender Studies an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |language=de |access-date=4 August 2025 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060747/http://www2.gender.hu-berlin.de/ztg-blog/2013/12/menschenrechte-zwischen-den-geschlechtern-vorstudie-zur-lebenssituation-von-interpersonen-heinrich-boell-stiftung-berlin-18-12-13-mi-18-uhr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana iya sauke littafin kyauta a cikin Turanci ko Jamusanci. == Dubi kuma == * Dan Kirista Ghattas * Intersex * [['Yancin Dan Adam na Intersex]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.boell.de/en/ (a cikin Turanci) Shafin yanar gizon Heinrich Böll] * [https://oiigermany.org/ Shafin yanar gizon OII na Jamus] * [http://www.boell.de/en/2013/10/21/human-rights-between-sexes 'Yancin Dan Adam tsakanin Jima'i, Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll] * [http://www.boell.de/de/2013/10/18/menschenrechte-zwischen-den-geschlechtern Mutanen da suka yi nasara a cikin Geschlechtern, Heinrich Böll Stiftung] {{Intersex}}{{Discrimination}} cvvm52p0fvtshf4eds16isvsg57kj1p 'Yancin Dan Adam a Bangladesh 0 112149 882287 864483 2026-07-13T12:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882287 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Fadar Bangladesh]] An tanadi haƙƙin ɗan adam a Bangladesh a matsayin haƙƙoƙin asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bangladesh. Sai dai masana tsarin mulki da na shari'a na ganin da yawa daga cikin dokokin ƙasar na buƙatar garambawul don aiwatar da muhimman hakkokinsu da kuma nuna kimar dimokiradiyya a karni na 21. A lokacin daga 2009 zuwa 2023 a karkashin mulkin Awami League-led, mutane 2,699 sun sha wahala daga kisan gillar da ba a yi hukunci ba a [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:দেড় দশকে বিচারবহির্ভূত হত্যা ২,৬৯৯ ও গুম হন ৬৭৭ জন |url=https://bonikbarta.net/home/news_description/394733/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=[[Bonik Barta]] |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, mutane 677 [[Rashin da aka tilasta|An ɓace da karfi]], kuma mutane 1,048 sun mutu a tsare. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Odhikar ce ta bayyana wadannan kididdigar. Bugu da ƙari,<ref name=":23" /> kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa idan an haɗa mutuwar daga zanga-zangar adawa da nuna bambanci da abubuwan da suka faru daga 2024, jimlar mutuwar za ta wuce 3,000.<ref name=":23" /> A cikin 2024, Freedom House ta kima 'yancin ɗan adam na Bangladesh a kashi 40 cikin 100 (wani ɓangaren kyauta) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh/freedom-world/2024 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An gabatar da garambawul a cikin 2017 kuma sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ikon majalisa, 'yancin kai na shari'a, raba madafun iko, soke dokokin da ke hana 'yancin 'yan jarida da kuma rushe hukumomin tsaro da ke keta 'yancin jama'a.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rounaq Jahan |title=The Parliament of Bangladesh: Challenges and way forward |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-236719 |access-date=11 July 2017 |type=Opinion |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=M Rafiqul Islam |title=Independence of the judiciary- the Masdar case |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/independence-of-the-judiciary-the-masdar-case-14760 |access-date=11 July 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Bangladesh: Dissenting voices trapped between fear and repression |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/05/bangladesh-dissenting-voices-trapped-between-fear-and-repression/ |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2017 |title=After Narayanganj verdict, Bangladesh should disband RAB |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/19/after-narayanganj-verdict-bangladesh-should-disband-rab |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Kodayake Bangladesh tana da [[Musulunci]] a matsayin [[Addinin ƙasa|addinin jihar]] kuma tana da nassoshi na tsarin mulki ga Hindu, [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] da [[Buddha]]; tsarin siyasa an tsara shi azaman [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya ta duniya]]. Gwamnatoci gabaɗaya suna girmama [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Difficulties |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> ginshiƙin tsarin mulkin Bangladesh. Sai dai ‘yan sanda sun yi tafiyar hawainiya wajen mayar da martani da binciken hare-haren da ake kai wa ‘yan tsiraru, masu fafutuka na adawa da magoya bayansa da kuma zargin murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. A cewar Human Rights Watch, kusan mutane dari biyar ne suka bace tun shekaru goma da suka wuce. A kudu maso gabashin Bangladesh, Chittagong Hill Tracts ya kasance yanki ne na sojoji saboda wani rikici na tarihi. 'Yan kabilar a Bangladesh sun bukaci a amince da tsarin mulki.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2010 |title=Indigenous people demand constitutional recognition |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-129498 |access-date=11 July 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> A cewar Dokta Mizanur Rahman, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, kashi 70% na zargin cin zarafin bil'adama ya shafi hukumomin tilasta bin doka ne (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh's crisis of civil liberties and human rights |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=D+C Development + Cooperation}}</ref> Jami'an tsaron Bangladesh na daukar azabtarwa da bacewar tilastawa mutane aiki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnati ta danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai ta hanyar dokokin da ke kula da jaridu, tashoshin talabijin da intanet. ‘Yan majalisar da aka zaba a majalisar ba su da ‘yancin kada kuri’a. Makomar zabe dai wani lamari ne da ke damun al'ummar kasar, inda jam'iyyun adawa ke zargin cewa ba za a iya gudanar da zabe cikin adalci ba a karkashin gwamnati mai ci. Zaben kananan hukumomi da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya yi fama da zarge-zargen magudin zabe.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Mahmood |first=Syed Zain |date=29 April 2015 |title=Bangladesh Local Elections Marred by Vote-Rigging Allegations |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bangladesh-local-elections-marred-by-vote-rigging-allegations-1430289326 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Bangladesh ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin neman haƙƙin ma'aikata, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da tafiya. Kasancewar kungiyoyin kwadago masu aiki, raguwar yawan ma'aikatan yara, da kuma kafa kotunan aiki da tushe suna nuna ci gaba mai ban mamaki da Bangladesh ta yi wajen kare haƙƙin ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elahi |first=Shafiqul |title=Bangladesh making steady progress in ensuring labor rights |url=https://www.southasiamonitor.org/spotlight/bangladesh-making-steady-progress-ensuring-labor-rights |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=[[South Asia Monitor]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] ya kasance doka a Bangladesh. Hakkin ma'aikata yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haramtacciyar kungiyoyin kwadago a yankuna na tattalin arziki na musamman. Gwamnati sau da yawa ta yi niyya ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadago tare da tsanantawa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2017 |title=Bangladesh: Stop Persecuting Unions, Garment Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/15/bangladesh-stop-persecuting-unions-garment-workers |access-date=1 July 2017 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Hakkin jin daɗin al'adunsu, yin ikirarin da yin aiki da kuma aiwatar da addininsu, da kuma amfani da yarensu a bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a (Mataki na 2 (1)).<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2016 |title=Minority rights |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/minority-rights-1319188 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> == 'Yan ƙasa da' yan tsiraru == === Wadanda ba Bengalis ba === 'Yan tsiraru marasa 'yan Bengali galibi ana nuna musu wariya a al'adu da siyasa a kasar. Mataki na 23A na kundin tsarin mulki ya ci gaba da bayyana 'yan tsiraru a matsayin "ƙabilai" da "ƙananan jinsi", <ref>{{Cite web |title=23A. The culture of tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=41506 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> musamman Chakmas, Biharis, Garos, Santhals, Marmas, Manipuris, Tripuris, Tanchangyas, Bawms. Mataki na 6 na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "za a san mutanen Bangladesh da Bangalees a matsayin al'umma", an soki shi saboda nuna bambanci ga yawan mutanen da ba na Bengali ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6. Citizenship |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24554 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> an soki lamirin yadda ake nuna wariya ga dimbin al'ummar kasar wadanda ba 'yan kasar Bengali ba. Wani dan siyasar Chakma Manabendra Narayan Larma ya yi jawabi a lokacin da ake gudanar da taron majalisar wakilan Bangladesh a shekarar 1972, wanda ya shahara da shela cewa "Ba tare da wata ma'ana ko ma'ana ba Chakma zai iya zama dan Bengali ko Bengali ya zama Chakma....A matsayinmu na 'yan kasar Bangladesh, dukkanmu 'yan Bangladesh ne, amma kuma muna da wata kabila ta daban, wanda abin takaici shugabannin Awami League ba sa son fahimtar shugabannin Awami".<ref name="GuhathakurtaSchendel2013">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Rahnuma|editor-last1=Guhathakurta|editor-first1=Meghna|editor-last2=van Schendel|editor-first2=Willem|chapter=The Bengali Sense of Victimhood|title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA358|year=2013|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8|page=358}}</ref><ref name="SharmaOommen2000">{{cite book|author1=S. L. Sharma|author2=T. K. Oommen|title=Nation and National Identity in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feqXs6hvEesC&pg=PA192|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1924-4|page=192}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Hana Shams Ahmed |title=Our constitution |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-153616 |access-date=11 July 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> === 'Yan gudun hijira === Babban al'ummar Bihari kuma suna korafin ana nuna musu wariya. A cikin 2008, Babban Kotun Dhaka ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga al'ummar Pakistan da ba su da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2008 |title=Bangladesh: High Court Grants Citizenship to Stateless Bihari Refugees - Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/bangladesh-high-court-grants-citizenship-to-stateless-bihari-refugees/ |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> An soki Bangladesh saboda yanayin rayuwa mara kyau wanda aka ajiye 'yan gudun hijirar Rohingya daga [[Myanmar]] a kudu maso gabashin kasar. An yi kuka a duniya bayan sojoji da gwamnati sun shirya sake komawa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin da ke nesa a Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=Shaikh Azizur |date=2 February 2017 |title=Plan to move Rohingya to remote island prompts fears of human catastrophe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/feb/02/bangladesh-government-plan-move-rohingya-remote-island-human-catastrophe |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Akwai kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 22,000 da aka yi rajista da kuma' yan gudun hijira sama da 100,000 da ba a yi rajista ba har zuwa 2016. Bayan da aka yi wa jihar Rakhine a shekarar 2016 zuwa yanzu, 'yan gudun hijira miliyan 1.5 sun shiga Bangladesh daga Myanmar.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2017 |title=Bangladesh wants to move Muslim refugees to an island to stop them 'mingling' with citizens |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-muslim-refugees-bangladesh-aung-san-suu-kyi-a7554756.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London}}</ref> Bangladesh ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ba. === Tsanantawa ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba === {| class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" | class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;" |Wani ɓangare na [[:Category:Persecution of Hindus|jerin]] a kan |- ! class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FF9900;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;" |[[Persecution of Hindus|Rikicin da aka yi wa 'yan Hindu a Gabashin Pakistan da Bangladesh<br /><br />]] |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;" |Tambayoyi |- | class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;" | * [[Religious persecution|Tsanantawa ta addini]] * [[Ethnic relations in India|Dangantakar kabilanci]] * [[Freedom of religion|'Yanci na addini]] * [[Religious violence|Rikicin addini]] * [[Secularism|Rashin Addini]] * [[Religious intolerance|Rashin haƙuri da addini]] |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;" |Abubuwan da suka faru bayan 1947 - Gabashin Pakistan |- | class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;" | * [[1950 Barisal Riots|Rikicin Barisal na 1950]] * [[1962 Rajshahi massacres|1962 Kisan kiyashi na Rajshahi]] * [[1964 East-Pakistan riots|Rikicin Gabashin Pakistan na 1964]] * [[Anderson Bridge massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Anderson Bridge]] * [[Muladi massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Muladi]] |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;" |[[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 1971]] |- | class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;" | * [[Adityapur massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Adityapur]] * [[Akhira massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Akhira]] * [[Bagbati massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Bagbati]] * [[Baria massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Baria]] * [[Barguna massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Barguna]] * [[Bhimnali massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Bhimnali]] * [[Dakra massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Dakra]] * [[Demra massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Demra]] * [[Dhapdhup massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Dhapdhup]] * [[Gabha Narerkathi massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Gabha Narerkathi]] * [[Galimpur massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Galimpur]] * [[Golahat massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Golahat]] * [[Hasamdia massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Hasamdia]] * [[Ishangopalpur massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Ishangopalpur]] * [[Jandi massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Jandi]] * [[Jathibhanga massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Jathibhanga]] * [[Jogisho and Palsha massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Jogisho da Palsha]] * [[Ketnar Bil massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Ketnar Bil]] * [[Krishnapur massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Krishnapur]] * [[Nikli massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Nikli]] * [[Pomara massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Pomara]] * [[Ramna massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Ramna]] * [[Satanikhil massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Satanikhil]] * [[Sendia massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Sendia]] * [[Shankharibazar massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Shankharibazar]] * [[Shankharikathi massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Shankharikathi]] * [[Sree Angan massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Sree Angan]] * [[Suryamani massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Suryamani]] * [[Sutrapur massacre|Kisan kiyashi na Sutrapur]] |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;" |Abubuwan da suka faru bayan 1971 - Bangladesh |- | class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;" | * [[1989 Bangladesh pogroms|1989 Kisan kiyashi na Bangladesh]] * [[Nidarabad murder case|Shari'ar kisan gillar Nidarabad]] * [[1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|1990 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu]] * [[1992 Bangladesh violence|1992 Rikicin Bangladesh]] * [[2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|2013 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu]] * [[2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|2014 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu]] * [[2016 Nasirnagar Violence|2016 Rikicin Nasirnagar]] * [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|2021 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu]] * [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|2024 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu]] |- | class="sidebar-navbar" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles> |} Jerin kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa tsirarun addinai, galibi daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama: * Rikicin Noakhali na 1946 * 1971 Kisan kare dangi na Bangladesh na Hindu da Buddha * 1989 Kisan kiyashi na Bangladesh * 1990 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu * 1992 Rikicin Bangladesh * 2012 Rikicin Chirirbandar * 2012 Rikicin Fatehpur * 2012 tashin hankali na Hathazari * Rikicin Ramu na 2012 * 2013 Bangladesh Rikicin Hindu * 2014 Rikicin Bangladesh na adawa da Hindu * 2016 Rikicin Nasirnagar * 2021 Rikicin Jama'a na Bangladesh * Tsanantawa ga Hindu a Bangladesh * Tsanantawa ga Buddha a Bangladesh * Tsanantawa ga Kiristoci a Bangladesh * Tsanantawa ga masu musun wanzuwar Allah da masu ra'ayin Allah a Bangladesh === Tsanantawa ga 'yan tsiraru Musulmai === Kungiyoyin musulmi marasa rinjaye daban-daban galibi mafi rinjayen Ahlus-Sunnah suna kai hari kan rikicin addini, irin su Ahmadiyya da Shi'a na kasar. A shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta haramta duk wani rubutu na addini na al'ummar Ahmadiyya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ahmadiyya books banned |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/01/09/d4010901011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809194442/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/01/09/d4010901011.htm |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015, an jefa bam a wani taron [[Shi'a]] na [[Ashura]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=S.A. |year=2016 |title=Intolerant Bangladesh? How and why |journal=Society and Culture in South Asia |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=286–291 |doi=10.1177/2393861716641578}}</ref> == Hakkin aiki == Sanarwar kundin tsarin mulki na jamhuriya ta Jama'a da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=367 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> da Mataki na 10 <ref>{{Cite web |title=10. Socialism and freedom from exploitation |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24558 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> sun yi hannun riga da tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwa na 'yanci na Bangladesh a halin yanzu, ajin 'yan kasuwa, sassa daban-daban na kamfanoni da masu mallakar kadarori. Zabuka shida ne jam'iyyun siyasa masu goyon bayan kasuwa suka lashe, yayin da zabuka hudu suka samu na hannun hagu. Bangladesh ta zo ta 128 a cikin kasashe 178 a cikin kididdigar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=View Chart of Scores over Time |date=13 January 2017 |title=Bangladesh Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/bangladesh |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142235/http://www.heritage.org/index/country/Bangladesh |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=Heritage.org}}</ref> Duk da Mataki na 38 <ref name="minlaw1">{{Cite web |title=37. Freedom of assembly |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24585 |website=}}</ref> da ke kira ga 'yancin tarayya, shugabannin kungiyar kwadago daga Masana'antar masana'antu galibi suna fuskantar kamawa da kuma karar da aka yi wa siyasa. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> An haramta kafa kungiyoyin kwadago a Yankunan sarrafa fitarwa (EPZs), amma gwamnati ta yi alkawarin cire haramcin.<ref name="dhakatribune1">{{cite news |title=Govt to now allow trade unions in EPZ factories |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/business/regulations/2017/04/24/govt-allow-trade-union-epz/ |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> === Aikin tilasta === An haramta aikin tilas a karkashin Mataki na 34.<ref>{{Cite web |title=34. Prohibition of forced labour |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24582 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] sun zama ruwan dare a kasar, tare da yara miliyan 4.7 masu shekaru daga 5 zuwa 14 a cikin ma'aikata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Child labour in Bangladesh |url=https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_labour.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122204427/https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_labour.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2011 |access-date=24 December 2015 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> Kashi 93% na ma'aikatan yara suna aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba kamar ƙananan masana'antu da bita, a kan titi, a cikin kasuwancin gida da aikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh - Child Labour |url=http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/children_4863.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102022556/http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/children_4863.htm |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=24 December 2015 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Bangladesh ta zartar da Dokar Aiki da ta kafa mafi ƙarancin shekarun doka don aiki a matsayin 14.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beaubien |first=Jason |date=7 December 2016 |title=Study: Child Laborers In Bangladesh Are Working 64 Hours A Week |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/07/504681046/study-child-laborers-in-bangladesh-are-working-64-hours-a-week |work=NPR: Goats And Soda}}</ref> == 'Yanci na magana == An ba da 'yancin magana a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 39.<ref>{{Cite web |title=39. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24587 |website=}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma da rabi na ƙarni na 21, kafofin watsa labaru na Bangladesh sun sami 'yanci fiye da kowane lokaci a tarihi. Sai dai tun bayan zaben 2014 da jam'iyyar Awami mai ci ta lashe zaben da aka kaurace, 'yancin 'yan jarida ya ragu matuka. Jam’iyya mai mulki ta yi wa manyan jaridun kasar nan biyu The Daily Star da Prothom Alo tuhume-tuhume da dama tare da karfafa gwiwar ‘yan kasuwa da su daina talla a cikinsu. An tsare 'yan jarida masu goyon bayan 'yan adawa Mahmudur Rahman da Shafik Rehman na tsawon lokaci. Nurul Kabir, editan jaridar New Age, ya fuskanci barazana ga rayuwarsa. Mahfuz Anam, editan The Daily Star, ya fuskanci karar 83 tun daga shekara ta 2016. Reporters without Borders sun sanya Bangladesh a matsayi na 146 daga cikin kasashe 180 a cikin jerin sunayen 'yancin' yan jarida. A cewar Amnesty International, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu da 'yan jarida sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga gwamnati. 'Yan jarida da dama sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi saboda wallafa sukar firaminista Sheikh Hasina, danginta ko kuma gwamnatin Awami League. 'Yan jarida sun ba da rahoton karuwar barazanar daga jami'an gwamnati ko hukumomin tsaro. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da amfani da wasu dokoki na danniya domin tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Ya ƙara yin amfani da Dokar Fasahar Sadarwa da Watsa Labarai wanda ta hana bayyana ra'ayi akan layi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam Odhikar ta ba da rahoton karuwar kama mutane a karkashin dokar. An kai hari ga ‘yan jarida, ‘yan fafutuka, da sauran su. An tsare Dilip Roy, wani dalibi mai fafutuka, saboda sukar Firayim Minista a Facebook, amma daga baya aka bayar da belinsa. Majalisar ta amince da Dokar Ba da gudummawar Harkokin Waje (Ayyukan Sa-kai) na Ƙasashen Waje wanda ya ƙara yawan ikon gwamnati a kan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai tare da yi musu barazanar soke rajista saboda yin kalamai na "bangi" ko "ƙazanta" ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko ƙungiyoyin tsarin mulki. An gabatar da wasu kudurori da dama da ke yin barazana ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a majalisar dokoki, ciki har da Dokar Tsaro ta Digital da kuma Dokar hana Laifukan Yakin Yancin Yanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh 2016/2017 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/bangladesh/report-bangladesh/ |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin kasar ta kuma yi tafiyar hawainiya wajen gudanar da bincike kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa masu kishin addini a Bangladesh. A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2020, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kama wani yaro dan shekara 15 saboda sukar Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasina Wazed a wani sakon da ta wallafa a Facebook. An kama yaron a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Digital. An tura shi gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bukaci gwamnatin Bangladesh da ta umarci rundunar 'yan sandansu da kada ta kama mutane kan sukar gwamnati tare da sakin dukkan yaran da ake tsare da su a wuraren da ake tsare da kananan yara da kuma gidajen yari bisa kananan laifuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Bangladesh Arrests Teenage Child for Criticizing Prime Minister |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/26/bangladesh-arrests-teenage-child-criticizing-prime-minister |access-date=25 June 2020 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, hukumomin Bangladesh na ci gaba da tsare 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka da masu sukar gwamnati ta hanyar yin amfani da Dokar Tsaro ta Digital. Ana tsare da mutane ne saboda yada kalaman batanci ga jam'iyya mai mulki. HRW ta bukaci hukumar da ta saki fursunonin da ake tsare da su a karkashin DSA saboda sukar gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2020 |title=Bangladesh: Repeal Abusive Law Used in Crackdown on Critics |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/01/bangladesh-repeal-abusive-law-used-crackdown-critics |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2025, an kama sanannen mawaki, marubuci, masanin kimiyya, editan wallafe-wallafen da kuma mai fafutukar al'adu Sohel Hasan Galib bisa zargin cutar da ra'ayoyin addini a kan kafofin sada zumunta da kuma littafin waka. Pen Bangladesh ta yi Allah wadai da kama mawaki, tana mai cewa "ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi za a iya magance su ne kawai ta hanyar ra'ayoyin da ra'ayi, ba ta hanyar hana tunani ba". Mataki na 11 ya yi shelar cewa "Jamhuriya za ta zama dimokuradiyya wadda za a tabbatar da muhimman hakkokin bil'adama da 'yanci da mutunta mutunci da kimar dan Adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Democracy and human rights |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24559 |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, 'yan sanda sun nemi Firayim Minista ya soke dokar hana azabtarwa. Kodayake akwai 'yancin taro <ref name="minlaw1"/> a Bangladesh, sau da yawa ana hana 'yan adawar siyasa gudanar da tarurruka da tarurrukan jama'a da gwamnati. A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan harin da aka kai kan mambobin jam'iyyar adawa a da kuma gabanin zaben Bangladesh. == Dimokuradiyya == === Zabe === A shekara ta 2011, majalisar dokoki karkashin jagorancin Awami ta soke gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Bangladesh, wadda aka yi niyya ta zama mai bada garantin tsaka tsaki a lokacin babban zabe. 'Yan adawa, jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin kishin kasa ta Bangladesh sun yi nuni da cewa, ba za a iya gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci ba a karkashin gwamnatin Awami League mai ci, musamman bayan da kungiyar ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima domin a samu zaman majalisa yayin gudanar da zabe, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin Westminster. A cikin shekara ta 2015, an lalata zaɓen kananan hukumomi ta hanyar zargin magudi da tsoratar da masu jefa kuri'a da kafofin watsa labarai. Jam'iyyun adawa sun bukaci gwamnatin wucin gadi mai tsaka-tsaki a lokacin zaben. A mayar da martani, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar ƙuntata ayyukanta na siyasa yayin shirya da kuma gudanar da zabe. === Zaɓuɓɓuka na kyauta === [[Fayil:Sangshad_Assembly_Hall.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Ba a ba da izinin majalisa ta sami kuri'u kyauta saboda Mataki na 70]] An bayyana sashe na 70 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Bangladesh a matsayin daya daga cikin manya-manyan matsalolin da ke kawo cikas ga dimokradiyyar Bangladesh. Labarin ya takaita kada kuri'a a majalisa. Wannan yana nufin 'yan majalisar ba su da 'yancin yin zabe. A cewar labarin, 'yan majalisar za su rasa kujerunsu idan suka kada kuri'ar adawa da jam'iyyarsu. Masu suka dai sun ce labarin ya tattake ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a majalisar da kanta. A sakamakon haka, an kira majalisa hatimi na roba da kuma guragu. === Ikon gaggawa === Sashe na IXA na kundin tsarin mulki ya shafi Yanayin gaggawa. An kara ikon gaggawa a cikin gyare-gyare na biyu. An ayyana lokutan gaggawa uku a tarihin Bangladesh, ciki har da 1973, 1990 da 2007. Mataki na 141 (B) da Mataki na 141, (C) suna ba da izinin dakatar da haƙƙoƙi na asali a lokacin gaggawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=141B. Suspension of provisions of certain articles during emergencies |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24704 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=141C. Suspension of enforcement of fundamental rights during emergencies |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24705 |website=}}</ref> An yi suka sosai kan labaran. A cikin Janairu 2007, lokacin da rikicin siyasa na Bangladesh na 2006-2008 ya ga ayyana dokar ta-baci, New Age ya bayyana a cikin wani edita "... ta hanyar ayyana dokar ta-baci don warware kurakuransa, shi ne sake mutanen da shugaban ke cutar da su ta hanyar dakatar da haƙƙinsu na dimokuradiyya. 'Yan ƙasa ba su da laifi ga halin da ake ciki na siyasa kuma don haka kada gwamnati ta fuskanci halin da ake ciki na siyasa. don haka ya kamata shugaban kasa ya gaggauta dawo da muhimman hakkokin ‘yan kasa”. == Shari'a da adalci ==   === Kashe-kashen da ba a hukunta su ba === [[Fayil:Rapid_Action_Battalion_(04).jpg|thumb|Mambobin Rapid Action BattalionRukunin Ayyuka Masu Saurin Aiki]] Mataki na 32 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "babu wani mutum da za a hana rai ko 'yancin mutum sai dai bisa ga doka".<ref>{{Cite web |title=32. Protection of right to life and personal liberty |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24580 |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=}}</ref> A zahiri, Bangladesh tana da kashe-kashe da dama da kuma tilasta bacewar kowace shekara. Ana zargin Bataliya ta Rapid Action da kasancewa kan gaba wajen aikata irin wannan cin zarafin dan Adam, sai kuma rundunar ‘yan sandan Bangladesh, da Darakta Janar na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Sojoji da kuma Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa. === Hukuncin kisa === Hukuncin kisa ya kasance doka a [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=Death Penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209075925/http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=22 November 2015 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> An kashe mutane hudu a kasar a shekarar 2022, kuma hudu a shekarar 2021.<ref name="dpw">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh |url=https://deathpenaltyworldwide.org/database/#/results/country?id=6 |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=Database: People's Republic of Bangladesh |publisher=Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da shi ga kowa da ya wuce shekaru 16, amma a aikace ba a amfani da shi ba ga waɗanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba.<ref name="dpw" /> Ana iya amfani da hukuncin kisa a matsayin horo ga laifuka kamar kisan kai, tayar da kayar baya, laifuka da suka shafi mallaka ko fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, laifukan da suka shafi fataucin mutane, cin amana, leken asiri, laifukansu na soja, fyade, satar jiragen sama, sabuntawa, ko [[ta'addanci]].<ref name="hoc">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000495 |access-date=22 November 2015 |publisher=Hands Off Cain}}</ref> Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ratayewa da harbi; hukumomi yawanci suna amfani da ratayewa kawai.<ref name="dpw"/> Bangladesh ba wata jiha ba ce ga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa kan soke hukuncin kisa. Tsohon Ministan Shari'a na Bangladesh Anisul Huq ya nuna da doka a ikon gwamnati a karkashin wannan hanyar za a sanya mafi girman girman girman wadanda ake zargi da fyade. Wannan yanke shawara ya biyo bayan fushin jama'a game da bidiyon wata mace da aka samo a kan layi wanda ke nuna maza da ke cin iya ta. Daga baya aka gano cewa 'yan matan sun yi wa yarinyar fyade akai-akai. == 'Yancin mata == Kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Bangladesh ta gano "rashin kwanciyar hankali na aure" a matsayin babban dalilin talauci da talauci "mai tsanani da matsananci" tsakanin iyalai masu shugaban mata. Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Bangladesh ta ce mata na iya zama matalauta bayan sun rasa namiji da ke samun kuɗi saboda watsi ko saki.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Women's Rights in Bangladesh |url=http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/bd-w-sit.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216022655/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/bd-w-sit.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2011 |access-date=22 December 2012 |website=Online Women in Politics}}</ref> Mata a Bangladesh suna da matukar damuwa ga wani nau'i na tashin hankali na gida da aka sani da jefa acid, wanda aka jefa acid mai mahimmanci a kan mutum (yawanci a fuska) tare da manufar matsanancin lalacewa da warewar zamantakewa. A Bangladesh, ana nuna mata a matsayin masu nuna bambanci: bisa ga wani binciken, daga 1999 zuwa 2009, kashi 68% na wadanda suka tsira daga Harin acid mata ne / mata. A shekara ta 2010, an gabatar da wata doka ta hana cin zarafi a cikin gida, wadda ta bayyana haifar da "asara ta tattalin arziki" a matsayin tashin hankali a cikin gida kuma ta amince da 'yancin zama a cikin gidan aure. Dokar ta kuma baiwa kotuna damar ba da kulawa na wucin gadi ga wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankalin gida. A cikin 2012, Hukumar Shari'a ta Bangladesh, wanda ma'aikatar shari'a, shari'a da harkokin majalisa ta goyi bayan, ta kammala bincike a duk faɗin ƙasar game da gyare-gyare ga dokokin musulmi, Hindu, da Kiristanci. A watan Mayun 2012, majalisar zartaswa ta amince da daftarin doka don yin rajistar auren Hindu na zaɓi. Ma'aikatar shari'a, shari'a da harkokin majalisa tana kuma duba yiwuwar yin garambawul ga tsarin kotunan farar hula - musamman kan bada sammaci wanda zai inganta ingancin kotunan iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Aruna |date=17 September 2012 |title=Will I Get My Dues ... Before I Die? |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/109683/section/3 |access-date=22 December 2012 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Bangladesh na da yawan auren wuri. Gwamnati ta sha alwashin kawo karshen aurar da yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 a shekara ta 2021. Amma a watan Fabrairun 2017, an kafa wata doka da ta bai wa ‘yan matan da ba su kai shekara 18 damar yin aure a “na musamman,” kamar “batsa” ko “ciki ba bisa ka’ida ba,” tare da izinin iyayensu da kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=Bangladesh Events of 2017 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/bangladesh |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> == Hakkin LGBT == A cikin 2014, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta amince da hijras a matsayin jinsi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blaustein |first=Jonathan |date=18 March 2015 |title=Bangladesh's Third Gender |url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/bangladeshs-third-gender/ |website=Lens Blog}}</ref> Har yanzu dokar hukunta laifuka ta Burtaniya ta Raj-era tana aiki a Bangladesh. Sashi na 377 na kundin ya haramta luwadi da madigo. A shekarar 2016, kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda sun dauki alhakin kashe editan mujalla na LGBTQ na farko a Bangladesh Xulhaz Mannan da abokin aikinsa Tanay Majumdar. == Cin hanci da rashawa == A cikin 2017, Bangladesh ta samu kashi 28 cikin 100 (0 da ke cin hanci da rashawa da kuma 100 masu tsabta), a cikin "Index na Ra'ayin Cin Hanci da Rashawa" ta Transparency International, kuma ta kasance ta 143 mafi cin hanci da rashawa cikin kasashe 180. A 2016, sun ci 16, kuma a 2015 sun ci 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/corruption-perceptions-index-2017 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website= |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ana iya samun cin hanci da rashawa a asibitoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da kantin magani ta hanyar cin hanci. A cikin 2018 kadai, an kiyasta cewa an yi maganin TK 10,688 ta hanyar cin hanci. Sama da kashi 66% na gidaje sun yi iƙirarin cin hanci da rashawa a cikin masana'antun sabis. Hakanan ana samun cin hanci da rashawa a cikin jami'an tsaro, inda sama da kashi 72% na gidajen suka yi iƙirarin cin hanci da rashawa a game da jami'an tsaro. Wadanda suka fada cikin cin hanci da rashawa sun gano cewa jami’an da suka fi cin hanci da rashawa sun kasance a ofisoshin jami’an tsaro da fasfo, suna bukatar cin hanci da rashawa domin a gudanar da ayyukanku. Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa, akwai kuma cin hanci da rashawa ta fuskar fafutuka, a harkar iskar gas, da ilimi, da samar da ruwa, da na wutar lantarki, da sauran manyan masana’antu. Cin hanci jigo ne mai tushe, yana haɗa matsalolin tare. Har ila yau, aikin bayi ya zama ruwan dare a Bangladesh, tare da tilasta wa mutane sama da miliyan 1.5 yin aiki, kai tsaye ya karya haramcin aikin tilas. Kashi 85% na bayi maza ne, kuma kashi 15% mata ne, wanda ya sa Bangladesh ta kasance ta 4 dangane da yawan bayi a duniya, Indiya, China da Pakistan ne kawai suka fi su. Yawancin maza suna aiki a masana'antun aiki kamar noma ko gini, yayin da mata da 'yan mata da yawa ke bautar gidajen karuwai. Da yake komawa ga cin hanci, an gano masu gidan karuwai suna cin hanci ga 'yan sanda don shawo kansu cewa yaran suna da akalla 18, shekarun doka don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jima'i a Bangladesh. Wadannan mata da 'yan mata suna samun kuɗi kaɗan, yayin da masu gidan karuwai ke riƙe da mafi yawan ribar. Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ma'aikatan jima'i a Bangladesh sun shiga fagen sakamakon sayar da su ko tilasta musu yin bautar.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Mahisha}}</ref> === Rashin amincewa da hukumomin kasa da kasa === Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Bangladesh, ta sami ci gaba mai iyaka a kan ajanda na haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Bangladesh: Year since Hasina Fled, Rights Challenges Abound |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/07/30/bangladesh-year-since-hasina-fled-rights-challenges-abound |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da abubuwan da suka faru na bacewar bacewar jama'a da fargabar yaduwa suka ragu tun daga gwamnatin da ta gabata, ana ci gaba da nuna damuwa kan tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da ayyukan siyasa, da kuma rashin yin garambawul. Gwamnatin rikon kwarya na ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin farar hula don magance cin zarafi da aka yi a baya, da tabbatar da bin doka da oda, da aiwatar da gyare-gyaren shari'a da aka dade ba a yi ba, don kare muhimman hakkoki da mulkin dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year since Hasina fled, rights challenges abound in Bangladesh: HRW |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/817007 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=daily-sun |language= |archive-date=2025-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801050211/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/817007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Shari'a da Sulhu (Bangladesh) * Tsanantawa na Biharis a Bangladesh * Karuwanci a Bangladesh * Crossfire (Bangladesh) * Gidan baƙi (Bangladesh) * HIV / AIDS a Bangladesh * Jerin shari'o'in ɓata sunan addini a karkashin sashi na 57 a Bangladesh * Tsananta 'yan jarida a karkashin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Bangladesh (2024-25) * Takunkumin Amurka a kan Bangladesh == Bayani da nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nuu5201dnpjc2w1heozomh1jbfgkyfu Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata 0 112413 882490 723812 2026-07-13T20:20:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta ƙunshi preamble da labarai 30 waɗanda galibi aka sani da dokar haƙƙin mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana nau'ikan wariya ga mata tare da samar da ajanda don kawo karshen wannan wariya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a cikin 1979 kuma an kafa shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1981, tun lokacin da jihohi 189 suka amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW Ratifications and Obligations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/#:~:text=Countries%20that%20have%20ratified%20or,comply%20with%20their%20treaty%20obligations |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}</ref> Yarda da Yarjejeniyar na buƙatar Jihohi da su himmatu wajen kawo ƙarshen wariya ga mata ta kowace fuska ta hanyar ɗaukar matakai kamar: 1) haɗa ƙa'idar daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a cikin tsarin shari'a da soke dokokin wariya da suka rigaya, 2) kafa kotunan shari'a da cibiyoyin jama'a don tabbatar da ingantaccen kariya ga mata daga wariya, kawar da duk wani wariya na dindindin, 3) korar mace ta dindindin. kungiyoyi, ko kamfanoni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaties |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/intl-treaties.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Sama da kasashe 50 da suka amince da yarjejeniyar sun yi hakan ne bisa wasu furucin, dagewa, da ƙin yarda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW Reservations by Country |url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women via Wayback Machine |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222104936/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Misali, 38 na wadancan kasashe sun ki amincewa da aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da tara, wanda ke magana kan hanyoyin sasanta rigingimun da suka shafi fassarar ko aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW Reservations by Country |url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women via Wayback Machine |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222104936/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Sanarwar Ostiraliya ta lura da iyakancewar ikon gwamnatin tsakiya sakamakon tsarin tsarin mulkin tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://women.ca.gov/about/ |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=California Commission on the Status of Women and Girls}}</ref> Amurka da Palau sun rattaba hannu kan CEDAW, amma ba su amince da yarjejeniyar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEDAW Ratifications and Obligations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/#:~:text=Countries%20that%20have%20ratified%20or,comply%20with%20their%20treaty%20obligations |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}</ref> Mai Tsarki, [[Iran]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], Sudan, da [[Tonga]] ba su sanya hannu kan CEDAW ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member States |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> A halin yanzu Ana Pelaez Narvaez yana riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin CEDAW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Opens 2025 Session |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/meeting-summary/2025/02/committee-elimination-discrimination-against-women-opens |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=UN Geneva}}</ref> == Babban taron == === Takaitawa === Yarjejeniyar tana da irin wannan tsari ga Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata, "dukansu dangane da iyakokin muhimman ayyukanta da hanyoyin sa ido na kasa da kasa". An tsara taron a sassa shida tare da jimillar labarai 30. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507222247/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=2015-05-08 |website=ohchr.org}}</ref> * '''Sashe na I''' (Labarai na 1-6) yana mai da hankali kan rashin nuna bambanci, ra'ayin jima'i, da fataucin jima'i. * '''Sashi na II''' (Mataki na 7-9) ya zayyana yancin mata a fagen jama'a tare da mai da hankali kan rayuwar siyasa, wakilci, da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. * '''Sashe na uku''' (Mataki na 10-14) ya bayyana haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar mata, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi, aiki, da lafiya. Kashi na uku kuma ya kunshi kariya ta musamman ga matan karkara da matsalolin da suke fuskanta. * '''Sashe na hudu''' (Mataki na 15 da 16) ya bayyana ‘yancin mata na samun daidaito a cikin aure da rayuwar iyali tare da ‘yancin daidaito a gaban doka. * '''Sashi na V''' (Mataki na 17-22) ya kafa kwamitin kawar da wariya ga mata da kuma tsarin bayar da rahoton jam’iyyu na jihohi. * '''Sashe na VI''' (Mataki na 23 – 30) ya bayyana illolin da taron zai yi kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin, da jajircewar jam’iyyun jihohi da gudanar da taron. == CEDAW tare da UNSCR 1325 da 1820 == [[Fayil:Map5.1Discrepant_Behavior_compressed.jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna ƙasashe ta hanyar aiwatar da CEDAW, 2010]] '''Sharuɗɗa 1325 Abubuwan da suka faru na cika shekaru 10 suna nuna amfani da hanyoyin CEDAW <ref name="gnwp">{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Ensuring Accountability to UNSCR 1325 and 1820 using CEDAW reporting mechanisms |url=http://www.gnwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Cedaw-1325-1820-synergy2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501140626/http://www.gnwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Cedaw-1325-1820-synergy2.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-01 |access-date=5 July 2014 |website=gnwp.org |publisher=Global Network of Women Peacebuilders}}</ref>''' Bikin cika shekaru 10 na ƙudiri mai lamba 1325 a watan Oktoban 2010 ya nuna ƙarin buƙatu na yin lissafin kudiri mai lamba 1325 kan Mata, Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro. Mutane da yawa sun nuna damuwa game da yadda kasashe 22 Membobi ne kawai daga cikin 192 suka amince da tsare-tsaren ayyukan kasa. Har yanzu mata ba su da wakilci, idan ba a nan gaba ɗaya ba, a yawancin shawarwarin zaman lafiya na hukuma da cin zarafin mata a lokacin zaman lafiya da rikice-rikice na ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Waɗannan haƙiƙanin sun jaddada buƙatar amfani da hanyoyin doka na waje don ƙarfafa aiwatar da SCR 1325, musamman CEDAW. Ingantattun ingantattun hanyoyin CEDAW - rahoton yarda da Jihohin Membobi da tsarin ba da rahoton inuwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a an kawo su azaman kayan aiki mai yuwuwa don tabbatar da alhaki. == Yadda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ta Zama Dokar Amurka == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da wannan yarjejeniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaties |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/intl-treaties.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Shugaban Amurka ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, wanda ke nuni da aniyar Amurka na amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Ma'aikatar Jiha tana shirya rahoton doka tare da shawarwarin tanadi, fahimta, da sanarwa (RUDs). Shugaban kasa ya aika da yarjejeniyar zuwa majalisar dattawa don neman shawara da amincewarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaties |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/intl-treaties.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> === Rahotanni === [[Fayil:UNO_New_York_3.jpg|thumb|Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] A doka ta 18 ta CEDAW dole ne jihohin su kai rahoto ga kwamitin kan ci gaban da suka samu wajen aiwatar da CEDAW a cikin jiharsu. <ref name="Rules2">{{Cite web |last=U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Rules of Procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW_Rules_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707073126/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW_Rules_en.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Kamar yadda yawancin bayanan da kwamitin ke aiki da su ke fitowa daga waɗannan rahotanni, an samar da jagororin da za su taimaka wa jihohi shirya sahihan rahotanni masu amfani. <ref name="Methods2">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women |title=Overview of the current working methods of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/wk-methods/Overview-English.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022084310/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/wk-methods/Overview-English.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Ana buƙatar rahotanni na farko da ke magana game da halin yanzu na nuna wariya ga mata a cikin jihohin da aka ba da rahoto don magance kowane labarin na CEDAW, kuma ya ƙunshi fiye da shafuka ɗari. <ref name="Rules2" /> Ana buƙatar jihohi su shirya da gabatar da waɗannan rahotannin farko a cikin shekara ɗaya na tabbatar da CEDAW. <ref name="Fact Sheet2">{{Cite web |last=U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Fact Sheet No. 22, Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47947740d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407070611/http://www.refworld.org/docid/47947740d.html |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci da ke bayyana ci gaban da jihar ke samu wajen bin kasidun CEDAW bai kamata su wuce shafuka saba'in da biyar ba kuma ya kamata su mai da hankali kan takamaiman lokacin tun daga rahoton karshe na jihar. <ref name="Rules2" /> Jam'iyyar CEDAW yawanci ana buƙatar su ba da rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci a kowace shekara huɗu, amma idan kwamitin ya damu da halin da ake ciki a wannan jihar za su iya neman rahoto a kowane lokaci. <ref name="Fact Sheet2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2h2wo1ptr4d5iz83uetbiepzvi8nfib A cikin jirgin ruwa dawo da tururi 0 112769 882383 696137 2026-07-13T15:35:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin dawo da tururi na jirgin (ORVR) tsarin kula da fitar da man fetur ne. Yana kama abubuwan da ke da lahani (VOCs) yayin mai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EPA |first=US |title=US Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov |access-date=2015-10-20 |website=www3.epa.gov}}</ref> Ba tare da irin wannan tsarin ba, za a saki tururin mai da aka kama a cikin tankunan gas a cikin yanayi, a duk lokacin da aka cika abin hawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Retooling the Vapor Recovery System: Part 1 - Looking Back with PE& - PetrolPlaza - Technology corner |url=http://www.petrolplaza.com/technology/articles/MiZlbiYxMDQ2MSY2JjEmMSYm |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=www.petrolplaza.com}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sarrafa fitar da tururi na motar guda biyu: ORVR, da tsofaffi, marasa inganci "Stage II" tsarin dawo da tururi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stage II Vapor Recovery {{!}} Petroleum Equipment Institute |url=https://www.pei.org/wiki/stage-ii-vapor-recovery |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=pei.org |publisher=[[Petroleum Equipment Institute]] |archive-date=2015-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005141459/http://www.pei.org/wiki/stage-ii-vapor-recovery |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsarin ORVR yana da fa'idar da aka kara da ita na iya riƙe waɗannan hayaki, ta hanyar isar da su zuwa cikin motar da ke cike da carbon. Daga baya sai ya zubar da tururi ta hanyar ƙara su a cikin injin inlet manifold yayin aiki na al'ada - kuma ta haka ne ga cakuda man fetur / iska da ke samar da injin.<ref name=":0"/> == Tarihi == William F. Woodcock, William E. Ruhig, Jr., da Loren H. Kline suna riƙe da takardun shaida don tsarin ORVR. A cewar Freda Fung da Bob Maxwell, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) tana sarrafa hayaki tsakanin Amurka tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=theicct.org |url=http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ORVR_v4_0.pdf |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Sun aiwatar da ka'idojin da za su iyakance adadin tururin mai da aka saki cikin yanayi yayin da ake amfani da motar mota. Kafin a sanya kowane umarni na EPA a aiki, California ta tsara nata ka'idoji, a gaban kowane jiha, da shekaru 16, lokacin da ta buƙaci aiwatar da tsarin dawo da tururi na Mataki na II. Ana buƙatar tsarin ORVR amma bai karɓi iko nan take ba; a maimakon haka, EPA ta yanke shawarar cewa tsarin kula da Mataki na II ya zama dole ga duk wuraren da ba a kai su ba (yanki da aka ɗauka yana da ingancin iska mafi muni fiye da Ka'idodin Ingancin Air na Kasa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Gyaran Dokar Tsabtace Air na 1970) har sai Dokar Tsabtar Air ta 1990 ta sauke abin da ake buƙata.<ref name=":12" /> A Amurka, an ba da umarnin ORVR a kan dukkan motocin fasinja (a cikin shekarun samfurin 1998-2000) da manyan motoci har zuwa 10,000 lbs nauyin nauyin abin hawa (a cikin shekaru na samfurin 2001-2006) ta EPA. Yayin da shekaru suka wuce, tsarin ORVR ya zama gama gari a duk faɗin Amurka, cewa tsarin Mataki na II ya zama tsohon yayi. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2012 Masu Gudanar da EPA sun fitar da dokokinsu na ƙarshe wanda ya amince da isasshen tsarin ORVR suna aiki don cire ƙarin buƙatun tsarin Mataki na II. Koyaya, ya bar zaɓi a buɗe ga waɗancan jihohin da suka ji cewa amfani da Mataki na II har yanzu yana da mahimmanci ga takamaiman yankin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cincinnati |first=OARM |title=Useful sites in addition to NSCEP |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100F2E3.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2011%2520Thru%25202015&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%253A%255CZYFILES%255CINDEX%2520DATA%255C11THRU15%255CTXT%255C00000005%255CP100F2E3.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%257C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%257Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%2520page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=4 |access-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> == Fa'idodi == # A cewar EPA, motocin ORVR suna aiki a 98% yadda ya kamata, yayin da ingancin tsarin Mataki na II ya kasance daga 62% zuwa 92% .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=theicct.org |url=http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ORVR_v4_0.pdf |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> # Tsarin ORVR ba shi da tsada sosai fiye da tsarin Mataki na II.<ref name=":1" /> # Tsawon rayuwa da dorewar tsarin ORVR ya fi na Mataki na II System. Wannan yana fassara zuwa ƙananan farashin kulawa don tsarin ORVR.<ref name=":1" /> # Tsarin Mataki na II ba zai iya tattara hayaki na rana ba, yayin da tsarin ORVR zai iya. == Matsalolin tsakanin ORVR & Stage II == Tsarin ORVR na motoci suna da halaye na ƙira waɗanda ba su dace da tsarin taimakon iska na Mataki na II ba. Lokacin da waɗannan tsarin biyu ke aiki tare, ingancin gaba ɗaya yana raguwa sosai, idan aka kwatanta da kowane tsarin da ke aiki da kansa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7hfoeuckcv2dpobgoim7qrd0z5dtq0 Rashin amfani da man fetur 0 112886 882480 696429 2026-07-13T20:04:54Z Usman saadu 46863 882480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fasahar man fetur shine ƙaddamar da raguwar duniya a hankali na amfani da samar da man fetur zuwa sifili, don rage gurɓataccen iska, [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]], da ƙarfafa '[[canjin makamashi]]. Yana daga cikin ci gaba da sauya makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kasashe da yawa suna rufe Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly a quarter of the operating U.S. coal-fired fleet scheduled to retire by 2029 |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54559 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.eia.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia hastens coal plant closures to catch up on climate |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Climate-Change/Australia-hastens-coal-plant-closures-to-catch-up-on-climate |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Our members |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/members/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=PPCA |language=en}}</ref> kuma ana zaton samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da burbushin halittu sun kai kololuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuff |first=Madeleine |title=Renewables supply 30 per cent of global electricity for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2429430-renewables-supply-30-per-cent-of-global-electricity-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Amma samar da wutar lantarki ba ya motsawa daga kwal da sauri don cimma burin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal-Fired Electricity – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-fired-electricity |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa sun sanya ranakun dakatar da sayar da man fetur da motocin diesel da manyan motoci, amma ba a amince da jadawalin dakatar da konewar gas ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=No EU agreement on fossil phase-out text |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220224005/https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Argus Media |language=en}}</ref> Kokarin yanzu a cikin fasahar [[Biofuel|man fetur]] ya haɗa da maye gurbin man fetur tare da tushen [[Makamashi mai ɗorewa]] a fannoni kamar sufuri da dumama. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don amfani da man fetur sun hada da wutar lantarki, hydrogen mai kore da man fetutattun abubuwa. Manufofin da aka fitar sun haɗa da matakan buƙata da na wadata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=F. |last2=Denniss |first2=R. |year=2018 |title=Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |journal=Climatic Change |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |bibcode=2018ClCh..150...73G |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2162-x |s2cid=59374909 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganin cewa hanyoyin da ake buƙata suna neman rage amfani da man fetur, shirye-shiryen samarwa suna neman hana samarwa don hanzarta saurin canjin makamashi da rage hayaki. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a zartar da dokoki don sa kamfanonin man fetur su binne adadin carbon kamar yadda suke fitarwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/12/fossil-fuel-producers-must-be-forced-to-take-back-carbon-say-scientists |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa don cimma matsaya ta carbon a tsakiyar karni, saka hannun jari na duniya a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa dole ne ya ninka sau uku a shekara ta 2030, ya kai sama da dala tiriliyan 4 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Renewable energy – powering a safer future |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2024 amfani da man fetur na duniya yana ƙaruwa, yana ci gaba da yanayin tun shekara ta 1965, idan ba a baya ba. Duk da yake ana fitar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin hanyoyin sunadarai (misali samar da sabbin tubalan gini don filastik) yayin da ake bunkasa tattalin arzikin zagaye da tattalin arzikin biobased (misali [[Bioplastic|Bioplastics]]) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=EU's circular economy action plan released in 2020 A.D. |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175239/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> don rage [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], matakin man fetur na burbushin halittu musamman yana da niyyar kawo karshen konewar man fetur kuma sakamakon samar da iskar hayaki. Sabili da haka, ƙoƙarin rage amfani da mai da iskar gas a cikin masana'antar filastik ba su zama wani ɓangare na fashewar man fetur ko rage shirye-shiryen. == Nau'o'in man fetur == === Karfe === Don saduwa da manufar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] na kiyaye dumamar duniya zuwa ƙasa da {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change|1}} ° C (3.6 ° F), amfani da kwal yana buƙatar raguwa daga 2020 zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216161651/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2017, kwal ya samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na makamashi na farko na duniya da kuma kusan kashi 40% na hayakin gas daga man fetur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014437/https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=iea.org}}</ref><ref name="phys2018">{{Cite web |title=China's unbridled export of coal power imperils climate goals |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206221936/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Kashe kwal yana da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da muhalli wanda ya wuce farashi, kuma ba tare da shi ba za a iya cika burin 2 ° C a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] ba; amma wasu ƙasashe har yanzu suna son kwal, kuma akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da yadda ya kamata a fitar da shi da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs – PIK Research Portal |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324183652/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=pik-potsdam.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Production Gap Executive Summary |url=http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121014850/http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |author-link=Johan Rockström |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=A roadmap for rapid decarbonization |url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=355 |issue=6331 |pages=1269–1271 |bibcode=2017Sci...355.1269R |doi=10.1126/science.aah3443 |pmid=28336628 |s2cid=36453591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085820/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa 2018, kasashe 30 da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da yawa na kasa sun zama mambobi na Powering Past Coal Alliance, kowannensu yana yin sanarwa don ci gaba da sauyawa daga ba tare da raguwa ba (ƙananan hanyoyin tare da kama carbon da ajiya (CCS), amma kusan dukkanin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba su ragu ba kamar yadda CCS yake da tsada sosai) samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance members list |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090900/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance declaration |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202224054/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, duk da haka, ƙasashen da ke amfani da mafi yawan kwal ba su shiga ba, kuma wasu ƙasashe suna ci gaba da gina da kuma tallafawa sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki. [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|Bankin Turai don sake ginawa da ci gaba]] yana tallafawa sauyawa daga kwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EBRD's just transition initiative |url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926025355/https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019 Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata kasashe su daina gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki daga 2020 ko kuma su fuskanci 'babban bala'i'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2019 |title=UN Secretary-General calls for end to new coal plants after 2020 |url=https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519042403/https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=Business Green |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, kodayake China ta gina wasu shuke-shuke, an yi ritaya da karin wutar lantarki a duniya fiye da yadda aka gina: Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata ƙasashen OECD su daina samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal a shekara ta 2030 da sauran duniya a shekara ta 2040. == Manazarta == 2f5ckwdsy5oj7usym2k1j7xieyjpeio 882482 882480 2026-07-13T20:07:38Z Usman saadu 46863 882482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fasahar man fetur shine ƙaddamar da raguwar duniya a hankali na amfani da samar da man fetur zuwa sifili, don rage gurɓataccen iska, [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]], da ƙarfafa '[[canjin makamashi]]. Yana daga cikin ci gaba da sauya makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kasashe da yawa suna rufe Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly a quarter of the operating U.S. coal-fired fleet scheduled to retire by 2029 |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54559 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.eia.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia hastens coal plant closures to catch up on climate |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Climate-Change/Australia-hastens-coal-plant-closures-to-catch-up-on-climate |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Our members |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/members/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=PPCA |language=en}}</ref> kuma ana zaton samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da burbushin halittu sun kai kololuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuff |first=Madeleine |title=Renewables supply 30 per cent of global electricity for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2429430-renewables-supply-30-per-cent-of-global-electricity-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Amma samar da wutar lantarki ba ya motsawa daga kwal da sauri don cimma burin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal-Fired Electricity – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-fired-electricity |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa sun sanya ranakun dakatar da sayar da man fetur da motocin diesel da manyan motoci, amma ba a amince da jadawalin dakatar da konewar gas ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=No EU agreement on fossil phase-out text |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220224005/https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Argus Media |language=en}}</ref> Kokarin yanzu a cikin fasahar [[Biofuel|man fetur]] ya haɗa da maye gurbin man fetur tare da tushen [[Makamashi mai ɗorewa]] a fannoni kamar sufuri da dumama. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don amfani da man fetur sun hada da wutar lantarki, hydrogen mai kore da man fetutattun abubuwa. Manufofin da aka fitar sun haɗa da matakan buƙata da na wadata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=F. |last2=Denniss |first2=R. |year=2018 |title=Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |journal=Climatic Change |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |bibcode=2018ClCh..150...73G |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2162-x |s2cid=59374909 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganin cewa hanyoyin da ake buƙata suna neman rage amfani da man fetur, shirye-shiryen samarwa suna neman hana samarwa don hanzarta saurin canjin makamashi da rage hayaki. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a zartar da dokoki don sa kamfanonin man fetur su binne adadin carbon kamar yadda suke fitarwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/12/fossil-fuel-producers-must-be-forced-to-take-back-carbon-say-scientists |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa don cimma matsaya ta carbon a tsakiyar karni, saka hannun jari na duniya a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa dole ne ya ninka sau uku a shekara ta 2030, ya kai sama da dala tiriliyan 4 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Renewable energy – powering a safer future |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2024 amfani da man fetur na duniya yana ƙaruwa, yana ci gaba da yanayin tun shekara ta 1965, idan ba a baya ba. Duk da yake ana fitar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin hanyoyin sunadarai (misali samar da sabbin tubalan gini don filastik) yayin da ake bunkasa tattalin arzikin zagaye da tattalin arzikin biobased (misali [[Bioplastic|Bioplastics]]) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=EU's circular economy action plan released in 2020 A.D. |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175239/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> don rage [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], matakin man fetur na burbushin halittu musamman yana da niyyar kawo karshen konewar man fetur kuma sakamakon samar da iskar hayaki. Sabili da haka, ƙoƙarin rage amfani da mai da iskar gas a cikin masana'antar filastik ba su zama wani ɓangare na fashewar man fetur ko rage shirye-shiryen. == Nau'o'in man fetur == === Karfe === Don saduwa da manufar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] na kiyaye dumamar duniya zuwa ƙasa da {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change|1}} ° C (3.6 ° F), amfani da kwal yana buƙatar raguwa daga 2020 zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216161651/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2017, kwal ya samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na makamashi na farko na duniya da kuma kusan kashi 40% na hayakin gas daga man fetur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014437/https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=iea.org}}</ref><ref name="phys2018">{{Cite web |title=China's unbridled export of coal power imperils climate goals |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206221936/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Kashe kwal yana da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da muhalli wanda ya wuce farashi, kuma ba tare da shi ba za a iya cika burin 2 ° C a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] ba; amma wasu ƙasashe har yanzu suna son kwal, kuma akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da yadda ya kamata a fitar da shi da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs – PIK Research Portal |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324183652/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=pik-potsdam.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Production Gap Executive Summary |url=http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121014850/http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |author-link=Johan Rockström |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=A roadmap for rapid decarbonization |url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=355 |issue=6331 |pages=1269–1271 |bibcode=2017Sci...355.1269R |doi=10.1126/science.aah3443 |pmid=28336628 |s2cid=36453591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085820/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa 2018, kasashe 30 da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da yawa na kasa sun zama mambobi na Powering Past Coal Alliance, kowannensu yana yin sanarwa don ci gaba da sauyawa daga ba tare da raguwa ba (ƙananan hanyoyin tare da kama carbon da ajiya (CCS), amma kusan dukkanin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba su ragu ba kamar yadda CCS yake da tsada sosai) samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance members list |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090900/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance declaration |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202224054/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, duk da haka, ƙasashen da ke amfani da mafi yawan kwal ba su shiga ba, kuma wasu ƙasashe suna ci gaba da gina da kuma tallafawa sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki. [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|Bankin Turai don sake ginawa da ci gaba]] yana tallafawa sauyawa daga kwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EBRD's just transition initiative |url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926025355/https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2019 Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata kasashe su daina gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki daga shekara ta 2020 ko kuma su fuskanci 'babban bala'i'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2019 |title=UN Secretary-General calls for end to new coal plants after 2020 |url=https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519042403/https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=Business Green |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, kodayake China ta gina wasu shuke-shuke, an yi ritaya da karin wutar lantarki a duniya fiye da yadda aka gina: Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata ƙasashen OECD su daina samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal a shekara ta 2030 da sauran duniya a shekara ta 2040. == Manazarta == gj2qro6p9ntfv3la32emeyto73ruysg 882483 882482 2026-07-13T20:08:42Z Usman saadu 46863 882483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fasahar man fetur shine ƙaddamar da raguwar duniya a hankali na amfani da samar da man fetur zuwa sifili, don rage gurɓataccen iska, [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]], da ƙarfafa '[[canjin makamashi]]. Yana daga cikin ci gaba da sauya makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kasashe da yawa suna rufe Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly a quarter of the operating U.S. coal-fired fleet scheduled to retire by 2029 |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54559 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.eia.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia hastens coal plant closures to catch up on climate |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Climate-Change/Australia-hastens-coal-plant-closures-to-catch-up-on-climate |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Our members |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/members/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=PPCA |language=en}}</ref> kuma ana zaton samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da burbushin halittu sun kai kololuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuff |first=Madeleine |title=Renewables supply 30 per cent of global electricity for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2429430-renewables-supply-30-per-cent-of-global-electricity-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Amma samar da wutar lantarki ba ya motsawa daga kwal da sauri don cimma burin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal-Fired Electricity – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-fired-electricity |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa sun sanya ranakun dakatar da sayar da man fetur da motocin diesel da manyan motoci, amma ba a amince da jadawalin dakatar da konewar gas ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=No EU agreement on fossil phase-out text |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220224005/https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Argus Media |language=en}}</ref> Kokarin yanzu a cikin fasahar [[Biofuel|man fetur]] ya haɗa da maye gurbin man fetur tare da tushen [[Makamashi mai ɗorewa]] a fannoni kamar sufuri da dumama. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don amfani da man fetur sun hada da wutar lantarki, hydrogen mai kore da man fetutattun abubuwa. Manufofin da aka fitar sun haɗa da matakan buƙata da na wadata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=F. |last2=Denniss |first2=R. |year=2018 |title=Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |journal=Climatic Change |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |bibcode=2018ClCh..150...73G |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2162-x |s2cid=59374909 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganin cewa hanyoyin da ake buƙata suna neman rage amfani da man fetur, shirye-shiryen samarwa suna neman hana samarwa don hanzarta saurin canjin makamashi da rage hayaki. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a zartar da dokoki don sa kamfanonin man fetur su binne adadin carbon kamar yadda suke fitarwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/12/fossil-fuel-producers-must-be-forced-to-take-back-carbon-say-scientists |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa don cimma matsaya ta carbon a tsakiyar karni, saka hannun jari na duniya a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa dole ne ya ninka sau uku a shekara ta 2030, ya kai sama da dala tiriliyan 4 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Renewable energy – powering a safer future |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2024 amfani da man fetur na duniya yana ƙaruwa, yana ci gaba da yanayin tun shekara ta 1965, idan ba a baya ba. Duk da yake ana fitar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin hanyoyin sunadarai (misali samar da sabbin tubalan gini don filastik) yayin da ake bunkasa tattalin arzikin zagaye da tattalin arzikin biobased (misali [[Bioplastic|Bioplastics]]) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=EU's circular economy action plan released in 2020 A.D. |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175239/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> don rage [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], matakin man fetur na burbushin halittu musamman yana da niyyar kawo karshen konewar man fetur kuma sakamakon samar da iskar hayaki. Sabili da haka, ƙoƙarin rage amfani da mai da iskar gas a cikin masana'antar filastik ba su zama wani ɓangare na fashewar man fetur ko rage shirye-shiryen. == Nau'o'in man fetur == === Karfe === Don saduwa da manufar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] na kiyaye dumamar duniya zuwa ƙasa da {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change|1}} ° C (3.6 ° F), amfani da kwal yana buƙatar raguwa daga 2020 zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216161651/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2017, kwal ya samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na makamashi na farko na duniya da kuma kusan kashi 40% na hayakin gas daga man fetur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014437/https://www.iea.org/statistics/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=iea.org}}</ref><ref name="phys2018">{{Cite web |title=China's unbridled export of coal power imperils climate goals |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206221936/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Kashe kwal yana da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da muhalli wanda ya wuce farashi, kuma ba tare da shi ba za a iya cika burin 2 ° C a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] ba; amma wasu ƙasashe har yanzu suna son kwal, kuma akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da yadda ya kamata a fitar da shi da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs – PIK Research Portal |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324183652/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=pik-potsdam.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Production Gap Executive Summary |url=http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121014850/http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |author-link=Johan Rockström |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=A roadmap for rapid decarbonization |url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=355 |issue=6331 |pages=1269–1271 |bibcode=2017Sci...355.1269R |doi=10.1126/science.aah3443 |pmid=28336628 |s2cid=36453591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085820/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; Ya zuwa 2018, kasashe 30 da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da yawa na kasa sun zama mambobi na Powering Past Coal Alliance, kowannensu yana yin sanarwa don ci gaba da sauyawa daga ba tare da raguwa ba (ƙananan hanyoyin tare da kama carbon da ajiya (CCS), amma kusan dukkanin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba su ragu ba kamar yadda CCS yake da tsada sosai) samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance members list |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090900/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Powering Past Coal Alliance declaration |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202224054/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Poweringpastcoal.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, duk da haka, ƙasashen da ke amfani da mafi yawan kwal ba su shiga ba, kuma wasu ƙasashe suna ci gaba da gina da kuma tallafawa sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki. [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|Bankin Turai don sake ginawa da ci gaba]] yana tallafawa sauyawa daga kwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EBRD's just transition initiative |url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926025355/https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2019 Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata kasashe su daina gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki daga shekara ta 2020 ko kuma su fuskanci 'babban bala'i'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2019 |title=UN Secretary-General calls for end to new coal plants after 2020 |url=https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519042403/https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |website=Business Green |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2020, kodayake China ta gina wasu shuke-shuke, an yi ritaya da karin wutar lantarki a duniya fiye da yadda aka gina: Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce ya kamata ƙasashen OECD su daina samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal a shekara ta 2030 da sauran duniya a shekara ta 2040. == Manazarta == l06ij6ios6qcis5dvs5mbxmh5azu150 Hukumar kula da Tallace-tallace 0 113559 882400 704276 2026-07-13T16:24:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar kula da Tallace -tallacen''' ( '''ARB''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce membobin masana'antar sadarwar talla ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara kuma take ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi. Manufarta ita ce kulawa da tsarin na Afirka ta Kudu na talla. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2018 aka samar da ARB bayan tsaurara wanzar da Tsayayyar Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta kasar Afrika ta kudu (ASA) Ta zarce ASA ta bangaren dokar sadarwar zamani ta ƙa'idojin aikin talla A cikin shekarar 2021, ARB ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Hukumar Sadarwar Mai Zaman Kanta ta Afirka ta Kudu don haɓaka batutuwan iznin watsa shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da talla. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICASA and the Advertising Regulatory Board (ARB) MOU - 2021 – Independent Communications Authority of South Africa |url=https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/icasa-and-the-advertising-regulatory-board-arb-mou |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.icasa.org.za |language=en-us}}</ref> == Membobin kungiya == Membobin dasuka kafa ta sune: * Ƙungiyar Sadarwa da Talla * Ofishin Tallace-tallacen Sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu === Membobi === * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Masu Zaman Kansu * Ƙungiyar masu kayan sha ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Masu Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa * Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Abinci ta Kudancin Afirka * Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Haɓaka ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar masu Kayan kwalliya turaren Wuta dana Kamshi ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Afirka ta Kudu == Iyakoki == A cikin Satumba na shekarar 2017, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta yanke hukunci a ''Herbex (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Talla'' cewa ASA ce kawai take da ikon ba da umarni kan membobin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller-Mabuza |first=Robyn |date=2019-01-07 |title=Is the new Advertising Regulatory Board a redo of the ASA, or better? |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/arb-advertising-ruling/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schimmel |first=Gail |date=1 June 2016 |title=A blow to the ASA is a blow to consumers : advertising |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC192388 |journal=Without Prejudice |publisher=JetBlue Publishers |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=20-21 |issn=1681-178X}}</ref> A cikin wani hukunci da a kayi a shekarar 2022, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta tabbatar a cikin ''Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Tallace-tallace ta NPC da Sauransu'' cewa ARB na da ikon ba da umarni (don amfanin membobinta) kan duk wani talla (ciki har da tallace-tallacen da ba memba ba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papadopoulos |first=Andrew |date=2022-04-28 |title=Advertising watchdog gets its teeth back in SCA judgment |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/advertising-dispute-judgment/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA: Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Advertising Regulatory Board NPC and Other (Summary) |url=https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2023/19media.pdf}}</ref> acikin bayanin sashi na 55 na dokar sadarwar zamani tace ARB tana da hurumin shugabantar masu yada tallar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mzouxn19q8mnuh22b9t1ov9yqg3948z 882401 882400 2026-07-13T16:25:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar kula da Tallace -tallacen''' ( '''ARB''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce membobin masana'antar sadarwar talla ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara kuma take ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi. Manufarta ita ce kulawa da tsarin na ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu na talla. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2018 aka samar da ARB bayan tsaurara wanzar da Tsayayyar Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta kasar Afrika ta kudu (ASA) Ta zarce ASA ta bangaren dokar sadarwar zamani ta ƙa'idojin aikin talla A cikin shekarar 2021, ARB ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Hukumar Sadarwar Mai Zaman Kanta ta Afirka ta Kudu don haɓaka batutuwan iznin watsa shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da talla. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICASA and the Advertising Regulatory Board (ARB) MOU - 2021 – Independent Communications Authority of South Africa |url=https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/icasa-and-the-advertising-regulatory-board-arb-mou |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.icasa.org.za |language=en-us}}</ref> == Membobin kungiya == Membobin dasuka kafa ta sune: * Ƙungiyar Sadarwa da Talla * Ofishin Tallace-tallacen Sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu === Membobi === * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Masu Zaman Kansu * Ƙungiyar masu kayan sha ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Masu Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa * Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Abinci ta Kudancin Afirka * Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Haɓaka ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar masu Kayan kwalliya turaren Wuta dana Kamshi ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Afirka ta Kudu == Iyakoki == A cikin Satumba na shekarar 2017, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta yanke hukunci a ''Herbex (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Talla'' cewa ASA ce kawai take da ikon ba da umarni kan membobin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller-Mabuza |first=Robyn |date=2019-01-07 |title=Is the new Advertising Regulatory Board a redo of the ASA, or better? |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/arb-advertising-ruling/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schimmel |first=Gail |date=1 June 2016 |title=A blow to the ASA is a blow to consumers : advertising |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC192388 |journal=Without Prejudice |publisher=JetBlue Publishers |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=20-21 |issn=1681-178X}}</ref> A cikin wani hukunci da a kayi a shekarar 2022, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta tabbatar a cikin ''Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Tallace-tallace ta NPC da Sauransu'' cewa ARB na da ikon ba da umarni (don amfanin membobinta) kan duk wani talla (ciki har da tallace-tallacen da ba memba ba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papadopoulos |first=Andrew |date=2022-04-28 |title=Advertising watchdog gets its teeth back in SCA judgment |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/advertising-dispute-judgment/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA: Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Advertising Regulatory Board NPC and Other (Summary) |url=https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2023/19media.pdf}}</ref> acikin bayanin sashi na 55 na dokar sadarwar zamani tace ARB tana da hurumin shugabantar masu yada tallar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmkr4x9i4loys0t0hhq4k6vf8tr3b1s 882402 882401 2026-07-13T16:26:12Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar kula da Tallace -tallacen''' ( '''ARB''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce membobin masana'antar sadarwar talla ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara kuma take ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi. Manufarta ita ce kulawa da tsarin na ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu na talla. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2018 aka samar da ARB bayan tsaurara wanzar da Tsayayyar Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta ƙasar Afrika ta kudu (ASA) Ta zarce ASA ta ɓangaren dokar sadarwar zamani ta ƙa'idojin aikin talla A cikin shekarar 2021, ARB ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Hukumar Sadarwar Mai Zaman Kanta ta Afirka ta Kudu don haɓaka batutuwan iznin watsa shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da talla. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICASA and the Advertising Regulatory Board (ARB) MOU - 2021 – Independent Communications Authority of South Africa |url=https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/icasa-and-the-advertising-regulatory-board-arb-mou |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.icasa.org.za |language=en-us}}</ref> == Membobin kungiya == Membobin dasuka kafa ta sune: * Ƙungiyar Sadarwa da Talla * Ofishin Tallace-tallacen Sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu === Membobi === * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Masu Zaman Kansu * Ƙungiyar masu kayan sha ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Masu Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa * Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Abinci ta Kudancin Afirka * Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Haɓaka ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar masu Kayan kwalliya turaren Wuta dana Kamshi ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Afirka ta Kudu == Iyakoki == A cikin Satumba na shekarar 2017, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta yanke hukunci a ''Herbex (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Talla'' cewa ASA ce kawai take da ikon ba da umarni kan membobin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller-Mabuza |first=Robyn |date=2019-01-07 |title=Is the new Advertising Regulatory Board a redo of the ASA, or better? |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/arb-advertising-ruling/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schimmel |first=Gail |date=1 June 2016 |title=A blow to the ASA is a blow to consumers : advertising |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC192388 |journal=Without Prejudice |publisher=JetBlue Publishers |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=20-21 |issn=1681-178X}}</ref> A cikin wani hukunci da a kayi a shekarar 2022, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta tabbatar a cikin ''Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Tallace-tallace ta NPC da Sauransu'' cewa ARB na da ikon ba da umarni (don amfanin membobinta) kan duk wani talla (ciki har da tallace-tallacen da ba memba ba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papadopoulos |first=Andrew |date=2022-04-28 |title=Advertising watchdog gets its teeth back in SCA judgment |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/advertising-dispute-judgment/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA: Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Advertising Regulatory Board NPC and Other (Summary) |url=https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2023/19media.pdf}}</ref> acikin bayanin sashi na 55 na dokar sadarwar zamani tace ARB tana da hurumin shugabantar masu yada tallar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwtg3whipfeo51vcrm5c9dufd0ipnk1 882403 882402 2026-07-13T16:28:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar kula da Tallace -tallacen''' ( '''ARB''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce membobin masana'antar sadarwar talla ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara kuma take ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi. Manufarta ita ce kulawa da tsarin na ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu na talla. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2018 aka samar da ARB bayan tsaurara wanzar da Tsayayyar Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta ƙasar Afrika ta kudu (ASA) Ta zarce ASA ta ɓangaren dokar sadarwar zamani ta ƙa'idojin aikin talla A cikin shekarar 2021, ARB ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Hukumar Sadarwar Mai Zaman Kanta ta Afirka ta Kudu don haɓaka batutuwan iznin watsa shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da talla. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICASA and the Advertising Regulatory Board (ARB) MOU - 2021 – Independent Communications Authority of South Africa |url=https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/icasa-and-the-advertising-regulatory-board-arb-mou |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.icasa.org.za |language=en-us}}</ref> == Membobin kungiya == Membobin dasuka kafa ta sune: * Ƙungiyar Sadarwa da Talla * Ofishin Tallace-tallacen Sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu === Membobi === * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Masu Zaman Kansu * Ƙungiyar masu kayan sha ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Masu Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa * Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Abinci ta Kudancin Afirka * Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Haɓaka ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar masu Kayan kwalliya turaren Wuta dana Kamshi ta Afirka ta Kudu * Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Afirka ta Kudu == Iyakoki == A cikin Satumba na shekarar 2017, Kotun Koli ta ɗaukaka ƙara ta yanke hukunci a ''Herbex (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Talla'' cewa ASA ce kawai take da ikon ba da umarni kan membobin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller-Mabuza |first=Robyn |date=2019-01-07 |title=Is the new Advertising Regulatory Board a redo of the ASA, or better? |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/arb-advertising-ruling/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schimmel |first=Gail |date=1 June 2016 |title=A blow to the ASA is a blow to consumers : advertising |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC192388 |journal=Without Prejudice |publisher=JetBlue Publishers |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=20-21 |issn=1681-178X}}</ref> A cikin wani hukunci da a kayi a shekarar 2022, Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara ta tabbatar a cikin ''Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Hukumar Kula da Tallace-tallace ta NPC da Sauransu'' cewa ARB na da ikon ba da umarni (don amfanin membobinta) kan duk wani talla (ciki har da tallace-tallacen da ba memba ba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papadopoulos |first=Andrew |date=2022-04-28 |title=Advertising watchdog gets its teeth back in SCA judgment |url=https://www.golegal.co.za/advertising-dispute-judgment/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Insights into The Law in South Africa {{!}} Welcome to Go Legal |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA: Bliss Brands (Pty) Ltd v Advertising Regulatory Board NPC and Other (Summary) |url=https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2023/19media.pdf}}</ref> acikin bayanin sashi na 55 na dokar sadarwar zamani tace ARB tana da hurumin shugabantar masu yada tallar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h1lnzj3rdx2q3qzb5sbccyx6rnj5nx1 'Yancin Dan Adam a Arewacin Cyprus 0 113708 882286 868729 2026-07-13T12:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin tsarin mulki na [[Arewacin Cyprus]] yana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="const30">[http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713224250/http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc |date=2018-07-13 }}, Article 30, Retrieved 2011-05-05: "Yasa, insan haklarına, demokrasi, sosyal adalet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine dayanan laik devletin, ulusal güvenliğin ve genel ahlakın korunması halleri dışındaki bir dene dayanarak, halkın bu araçlarla Haber almasını, düşünce ve kanaatlara ulaşmasını ve kamuoyunun serbestçe oluşumunu engelleyici kayıtlar koyamaz".</ref> Koyaya, an sami rahotanni game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan tsiraru,' yancin dimokuradiyya,' yanci daga nuna bambanci,' yancen motsi,' yankan addini,' yanƙin magana, haƙƙin ilimi, haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin dukiya, da haƙƙin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="Scribd">European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary pp. 160–163.], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012225604/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary Link from Internet Archive]</ref><ref>European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Case of Cyprus v. Turkey, Application no. 25781/94, Judgement (Just Satisfaction), May 12, 2014,[https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-144151/ Cyprus v. Turkey, Application No. 25781/94, Judgment (Just Satisfaction, Grand Chamber, 12/05/2014]</ref> Hakkin mutanen Girka da suka yi hijira ta hanyar mamayewar Turkiyya ta 1974 a Cyprus, musamman hakkinsu na dukiya da haƙƙin dawowa, yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan tattaunawa masu gudana don warware batun Cyprus.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A cewar rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2001, ana mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya, kodayake ana samun matsaloli ta fuskar ayyukan 'yan sanda, da hana zirga-zirga.<ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2002 |title=Cyprus: Population of Kurds in Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus; their treatment by the government of Turkey and its agents |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,CYP,,3df4be297,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520030616/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CIRBC%2C%2CCYP%2C%2C3df4be297%2C0.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa rabon da ake ci gaba da yi a Cyprus yana ci gaba da shafar 'yancin ɗan adam a duk tsibirin "... ciki har da 'yancin motsi, 'yancin ɗan adam da ya shafi batun mutanen da suka ɓace, wariya, 'yancin rayuwa, 'yancin yin addini, da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.<ref name="ohchr">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus] 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011</ref> == 'Yanci == === 'Yanci na Dimokuradiyya === Freedom House ta rarraba matakin da aka fahimta na 'yancin dimokuradiyya da siyasa a Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" tun daga shekara ta 2000 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World.<ref name="freeh">[https://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf Freedom in the World 2011 Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124031819/http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf|date=2011-01-24}} Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2011 Report, page 29</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Freedom House ta sake rarraba Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" a cikin 'yancin siyasa da' yancin jama'a.<ref>''[https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2024 Freedom in the World 2024]'', Freedom House, January 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta ba da rahoton cewa: "An haramta 'yan Cypriot na Girka da mazauna Maronite [na Arewacin Cyprus] daga shiga cikin zaben "na kasa" na Turkiyya Cypriots.<ref name="tchrf">[http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/|date=2011-07-27}} Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</ref> Ma'aikatar Har ila yau ta rubuta cewa "An haramci 'yan C Cyprus da mazauna Mutanen Maronite daga shiga cikin zaɓen "na kasa";<ref name="2010report2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414012944/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154419.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Cyprus"], US Department of State, Retrieved 24 April 2011.</ref> sun cancanci yin zabe a cikin 'yancin Cypriotes na Girka amma dole ne su tafiyar da aka ruwaitoci a yankin da ita don yin amfani da wannan dama ba da ita a cikin wannan dama na siyasa a cikin' yancin Cyprus ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> === 'Yanci daga azabtarwa === A watan Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya (TCHRF), ta amince da cewa: “‘Yan sanda na yawan kai rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin bil’adama, kuma lauyoyi da TCHRF suna matsawa hukumomi lamba don su bincikar su da gaske."<ref name="tchrf" /> === 'Yanci na addini === Tsarin mulki na Arewacin Cyprus yana kare 'yancin addini, kuma ya bayyana cewa Arewacin Cyprus ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta.<ref>[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/main/polsyst/constitution/ The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus], Articles 23 and 30, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa doka ta kare 'yancin addini a Arewacin Cyprus kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama' yancin addini.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> Rahoton 'yancin addini a cikin 2007 ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma bayyana cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya gabaɗaya suna girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace" kuma aikin addini gabaɗaya kyauta ne.<ref name="2007report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90170.htm Cyprus International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2009, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa na duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya sun girmama' yancin addini gabaɗaya".<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1873&tmpl=printpage Cyprus Overview], Minority Rights Group International, Retrieved April 21, 2011.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2011, wakilai 68 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Turai, a cikin rubutacciyar sanarwar no. 467, ya yi Allah wadai da: "Katse taron Kirsimeti a arewacin Cyprus da sojojin Turkiyya suka mamaye da kuma hana 'yancin yin addini da ibada. "<ref name="coe467">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225181325/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc11/EDOC12505.pdf Interruption of the Christmas mass in the northern occupied part of Cyprus by Turkish troops and restrictions to the right to freedom of religion and worship] Written Declaration No. 467, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 12505, 27 January 2011.</ref> Inda aka lura cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun tilasta wa limamin cocin da ke gudanar da hidimar a Agios Synesios, da ke Rizokarpaso ya cire rigunansa kuma ya umarci kowa da kowa ya bar cocin don haka ya keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]].<ref name="coe467" /><ref>[http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154 Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165728/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154|date=2011-07-24}} Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe, Senate, 25 January 2011.</ref> === 'Yanci na magana da na' yan jarida === A ranar 6 ga Yulin 1996, Kwamitin Kare ’Yan Jarida ya ba da rahoton cewa, an harbe Kutlu Adali, dan jaridan jaridar Yeni Duzen, har lahira a wajen gidansa. Ya soki manufofin gwamnati na shige da fice.<ref>[http://www.cpj.org/killed/europe/cyprus/ Kutlu Adali] Committee to Protect Journalists, 6 July 1996.</ref> Matar Adali ta garzaya kotu a kotun Turai sakamakon gazawar da hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suka yi wajen gudanar da bincike kan kisan maigidanta.<ref>[http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument Adali v. Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807115634/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument|date=2011-08-07}} Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, 31 March 2005.</ref> Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa ana mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai gaba daya a Arewacin Cyprus kuma akwai jaridun ‘yan adawa wadanda galibi suna sukar gwamnati.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> World Press Freedom Index 2010 ya sanya Cyprus da Arewacin Cyprus 45 da 61 bi da bi.<ref>[http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html World Press Freedom Index 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124050702/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html|date=November 24, 2010}}, Reporters Without Borders.</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa an sake girmama 'yancin' yan jarida gabaɗaya, babu ƙuntatawa a intanet, kuma kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu suna aiki kuma suna nuna ra'ayoyi iri-iri ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasa da Kasa ta ba da rahoton cewa, Mutlu Esendemir, editan labarai na gidan talabijin na Turkiyya-Cypriot ''Kanal T'', da kuma mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar yaren Turkiyya ''Kıbrıs'', dukansu sun ji rauni a cikin bam din mota. Esendemir ya gamsu cewa harin yana da alaƙa da labaran da suka shafi batutuwan tsara gari a Kyrenia.<ref name="jmdjit2">[http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522 Car bomb injures Cypriot journalist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310080105/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522|date=2012-03-10}} International News Safety Institute, 15 April 2011.</ref> Kemal Darbaz, shugaban Basin Sen, kungiyar 'yan jarida, ya lura cewa hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="jmdjit2" /> == Hakki == === Hakkin ilimi === A cikin shekarar karatu ta 2004/5, an bude dakin motsa jiki, wanda ya kara da makarantar firamare ta Girka daya tilo da ke Arewacin Cyprus, domin al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka a Rizokarpaso, wannan ita ce makarantar sakandaren al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka ta farko da al'ummar ta samu tun bayan da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus a 1974.<ref name="moec2008">[http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf Annual Report 2008 of the Ministry of Education, p. 276] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053808/http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf|date=2016-03-04}}, Republic of Cyprus Ministry of Education, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_09/03/2005_53848 In the same school year a nursery school was also opened for the Greek Cypriot community Teaching tolerance, Northern Cyprus hosts first Greek-language schools in three decades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204822/http://www.eworx.gr/|date=2016-03-03}}, Kathimerini newspaper, 9 March 2005.</ref> A cikin 2008, jaridar Cypriot Financial Mirror ta rubuta cewa, gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana malaman makaranta komawa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpaso. <ref>[http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/11314 School year begins in Cyprus primary education]{{Dead link|date=November 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}, Financial Mirror, 4 September 2008.</ref> A cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa "ba a sami wasu lokuta da aka rubuta na nuna bambanci a hukumance ko al'umma ba bisa [...] damar samun ilimi".<ref name="2010report2" /> === Hakkin LGBT === Jima'i tsakanin mata masu girma sun yarda a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="ilga">[http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf State-sponsored Homophobia, A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults, by Daniel Ottoson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122235101/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf|date=2010-11-22}}, The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, May 2010.</ref> Har yanzu ana aikata laifuka a Arewacin Cyprus har zuwa Janairu 2014, yayin da aka soke dokar adawa da luwadi da ke aiki a Jamhuriyar Cyprus bayan hukuncin 1993 na Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (''Modinos v. Cyprus''). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-14 |title=Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation |url=http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=ktihv.org}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2014 ne 'yan majalisar dokokin Cyprus Turkiyya suka amince da wani gyare-gyare na soke dokar da aka kafa a zamanin mulkin mallaka da ta hukunta masu luwadi da madigo da daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ta hanyar wani sabon kundin tsarin laifuka. Wannan shi ne yanki na ƙarshe a Turai da ya lalata alaƙar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, manyan maza. A martanin da aka kada, Paulo Corte-Real daga kungiyar 'yan madigo ta kasa da kasa, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, Trans da Intersex Association, wata kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ta ce "Muna maraba da zaben na yau kuma a karshe za mu iya kiran Turai a matsayin nahiyar da ta kubuta daga dokokin da ke haramta luwadi da madigo".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-27 |title=Northern Cyprus becomes last European territory to decriminalize... |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115130809/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=2019-07-10 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin' yan tsiraru === A cikin 2008, an buɗe majami'a a Kyrenia don ƙaramin al'ummar Yahudawa a Arewacin Cyprus wanda galibi ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ba mazauna ba. Ba a samu rahoton hare-haren Anti-Semitic ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> Ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomin Girka da Maronite suna rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka kuma suna fama da lahani na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. An ba da rahoton cewa ƙananan Kurdawa na fuskantar wariya a aikin yi. Kungiyoyin biyu dai sun koka da yadda hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suke sa ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Cyprus: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Dokar Arewacin Cyprus ta haramta tashin hankali na cikin gida a karkashin wani hari / tashin hankali / batir a cikin dokar aikata laifuka,<ref name="2010report2" /> kodayake ba a riga an zartar da dokar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ba a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 Cyprus Human Rights Practices, 1995: Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606044615/http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 |date=2020-06-06 }} Hellenic Resources network, U.S. Department of State, March 1996.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ''Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya'', ta lura cewa mata ba su da daidaito kamar maza, kuma ba sa rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayi kamar maza, musamman idan sun yi aure. Ana hana mata jin daɗin hakkinsu ta hanyar al'ummar da ke da iko. Wani rahoto na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin 2010 ya nuna cewa kodayake hukumomi sun kula da shari'o'in fyade yadda ya kamata, tashin hankali a kan mata lamari ne kuma babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da za su tallafa wa wadanda aka yi wa fyade.<ref name="2010report2" /> == Tarihi ==   === Batutuwan da suka shafi matsalar Cyprus === A shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ce ba a yi wa 'yan tsiraru na Girka na Cyprus da Maroniyawa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="UNHCR"/> Duk da haka, wani rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta sassauta takunkumin da aka yi wa tsiraru kuma tana mutunta haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje da ƙaura. A watan Afrilun 1998, gamayyar kasa da kasa mai fafutukar yaki da fataucin bakin haure da ke da hedkwata a Birtaniya ta bayyana cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun aiwatar da manufar hijira ta tilas inda Kurdawa suka tilasta wa Arewacin Cyprus mulkin mallaka daga Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, kuma Hukumar Shige da Fice da Kasa ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1999 ta ce ba a nuna wa Kurdawan wariya kuma suna cin gajiyar wasu hakkokinsu na siyasa da addini.<ref name="UNHCR" /> Shari'ar Class Action, Girkanci Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wanda 'yan gudun hijirar Cyprus Girka suka fara daga mamayar Turkiyya a Cyprus a 1974, Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford sun hada da Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford wadanda suka biya amma ba a taba ba su takardar doka ba ga gidajen da suka saya a arewacin tsibirin.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides, «International Law, Human Rights and Realpolitik, the Case of Cyprus», (in cooperation with Thalia Tassou), in Etudes Helléniques/Hellenic Studies, vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.northcyprusdaily.com/news/Life/Buyers-of-property-in-the-north-join-US-lawsuit-195451.asp Buyers of property in the north join US lawsuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182944/http://northcyprusdaily.com/news/Life/Buyers-of-property-in-the-north-join-US-lawsuit-195451.asp |date=2010-12-16 }}, 17 January 2010, NorthCyprusDaily.com</ref> Hukumar Kula da Kaya ta Arewacin Cyprus ta ba da damar siyan kaddarorin mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan su kai tsaye idan an gabatar da bukatar hukumar amma ba ta yarda a mayar da mutanen da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa kadarorinsu ko filayensu ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> '''Kashe-kashen da ba su da dalili:''' A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1996, yayin zanga-zangar da aka yi a yankin Buffer Zone na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an harbe Solomos Solomou, 'yan gudun hijira Girka na Cyprus, kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake hawa tutar don cire tutar Turkiyya. Lamarin ya faru ne kawai 'yan kwanaki bayan jana'izar dan uwansa Tassos Isaac, wanda aka kashe 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata, da' 'Yan kasar Turkiyya na kungiyar Grey Wolves, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta gabata.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html Arrest warrants issued for murder of Tassos Isaac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224075330/http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html |date=2007-02-24 }} Republic of Cyprus Press & Information Office press release, 22 November 1996.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2005, game da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Kakoulli v. Turkiyya a Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai:<blockquote>"Kotu ta yanke hukunci, tare da haɗin kai, cewa akwai: · keta Mataki na 2 (dama ga rayuwa) na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam game da kisan dangi na' yan neman da wani sojan Turkiyya ya yi a yankin da ke tsakanin arewa da kudancin Cyprus; · keta Mataki na 2 game da rashin isasshen bincike game da mutuwarsa ... "<ref name="echr">[http://www.coe.int/T/D/Kommunikation_und_politische_Forschung/Presse_und_Online_Info/Presseinfos/2005/20051122-631-GH-KakoulliT%C3%BCrkei.asp Chamber Judgement Kakoulli v. Turkey], European Court of Human Rights, 22 November 2005.</ref></blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa:<blockquote>"Matsayin Andreou v. Turkiyya (45653/99) ya shafi kisan kai ba tare da dalili ba a yankin yankin mamayar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Panayi v. Turkiyaa (45388/99) a yankin shigarwa a yankin mamayar UN. "<ref name="ohchrp10">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus, p.10], 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011.</ref></blockquote>'''Mutanen Girka da suka rasa muhallinsu:''' Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta yanke hukunci kan shari'ar Loizidou da Turkiyya game da 'yancin da 'yar Cyprus ta Girka Titina Loizidou ke da shi na komawa gidanta, tun lokacin da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus, sannan kuma ta nuna gazawar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta biya Loizidou Loizidou bayan yanke hukunci a wani taron kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Turai: "... cewa hukumomin Turkiyya sun ci gaba da hana ta samun damar samun wasu kadarori a arewacin Cyprus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 1999 |title=H54-1 - Loizidou against Turkey, Judgments of 18 December 1996 and 28 July 1998, Application of Article 54 of the ECHR |url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=417773&Site=CM |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Council of Europe, Human Rights Meeting}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2001, Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR) ta yanke hukunci:<blockquote>"... cewa Turkiyya ce ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Cyprus wanda ya samo asali ne daga shigar da sojoji na Turkiyya ta 1974. Sakamakon korafin da Gwamnatin Cyprus ta yi, shawarar ta ki amincewa da gardamar Turkiyya cewa "TRNC" ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta kuma a maimakon haka ta yanke hukuncin cewa "karamar hukuma ce ta Turkiyya da ke aiki a arewacin Cyprus".</blockquote>'''The Enclaved:''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Turai ta Turai (ECHR) ta nuna cewa Turkiyya ta yi watsi da hukunce-hukuncen da ta yanke na farko game da ’yancin ilimi.<ref name="edu">[http://www.right-to-education.org/node/676 Cyprus v Turkey Application no. 25781/94 European Court of Human Rights May 2001] RIGHTtoEDUCATION project.</ref> ECHR ta kuma bayyana, a cikin wasu laifuka, guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye ga haƙƙin ilimi, inda na biyu a taƙaice ya bayyana abin da aka yiwa malaman firamare na Rizokarpaso (da iyalansu):<blockquote>"... keta Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniya No. 1 (dama ga ilimi) game da Girkanci Cypriots da ke zaune a arewacin Cyprus har zuwa lokacin da babu wuraren makarantar sakandare da suka dace da su; ... keta Mataki ya 3 cewa Girkanci C Cyprus da ke zaune da yankin Karpas na arewacin Cyprus sun kasance ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci wanda ya kai ga lalacewar kulawa;"<ref name="edu" /> </blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, ECHR ta lura da tauye littattafan makaranta da kuma hana karatun sakandare ga waɗanda ke kewaye. Hukumar ta ECHR ta yi kira ga mahukuntan Turkiyya da su daina tantance litattafan harshen Girka tare da sanar da su cewa rufe makarantun da ake amfani da su na yaren Girka tamkar tauye hakkin ilimi ne.<ref name="edu" /> A cikin 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Al'adu ta Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta lura a cikin rahotonta cewa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpasso ita ce makarantar firamare ta Girka kawai a Arewacin Cyprus kuma tana da malamai uku da dalibai ashirin da biyar. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2003, a Majalisar Turai, a Strasbourg, a lokacin " jawabai na minti daya kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa ", 'yan majalisar Turai biyu sun nuna damuwarsu game da korar da hukumomin gida suka yi, na malaman makarantar firamare na Rizokarpaso biyu (Alexia da Grigoris Koukotsikas) tare da 'ya'yansu. An ba da haske game da hane-hane a cikin wani rahoto da ya gabata, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya:<blockquote>"... Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin rahotonsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995 ya bayyana cewa Girka Cypriots da Maronites a cikin yankin da aka mamaye sun kasance "abin da ke da ƙuntatawa sosai wanda ya rage yin amfani da 'yanci da yawa na asali kuma yana da tasirin tabbatar da cewa, ba tare da wucewar lokaci ba waɗannan al'ummomin za su daina wanzuwa a arewacin tsibirin. "</blockquote><blockquote>"Sakatare Janar, a cikin rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tsaro mai kwanan wata 30 ga Nuwamba 1991 (S/24050), ya ce: "... a lokuta da yawa an hana UNFICYP ... yayin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai don tallafawa Girka Cypriots a arewa. Samun damar zuwa ga Girka Cypriots da ke zaune a yankin Karpas ta hanyar ma'aikatan agaji na UNFICYP da 'yan sanda farar hula an hana su a lokuta da yawa ... ba tare da katsewa ba 'yancin motsi wajen aiwatar da ayyukanta da kuma muhimman ayyukan jin kai da alhakin" ... "</blockquote> === Ra'ayoyin Jamhuriyar Cyprus === Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta yi iƙirarin a cikin wani rahoto na 1994 cewa ana tauye haƙƙin ƴan sa-kai na Girka. Rahoton ya kunshi ikirari na hana likitocin Cyprus na Girka hakkin zama a yankin ko kuma kai ziyara akai-akai, da takaita zirga-zirgar dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu sharuddan da ake zargin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su na ficewa daga kauyukansu da kuma kai rahoto ga ofishin 'yan sanda a mako-mako, ana sanya su tsaftace tashar da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan wani bangare ne na "manufofin musgunawa, wariyar launin fata, tsoratarwa da tilastawa". Rahoton ya kuma ja hankali game da rabon kadarorin Cyprus da hukumomin Turkiyya suka yi a matsayin take hakkin mallaka, da kuma ci gaba da hana 'yan Cyprus 200,000 da suka yi gudun hijira komawa gidajensu. == Sauran batutuwa == Kullum mayar da hankali kan rarraba tsibirin wani lokacin yana rufe wasu batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam. Karuwanci ya yi kamari, kuma ana sukar tsibirin saboda rawar da take takawa a cinikin jima'i a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin safarar mutane daga gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Christou |title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacqueline Theodoulou |title=A shame on our society |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> A cikin Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta lura da damuwa game da fataucin mutane:<blockquote>"Fataucin mutane wani yanki ne da ake iya gani na take hakkin dan Adam a Arewacin Cyprus kasar da ke zama kasar da ake fataucin mata daga kasashe irin su Ukraine da Moldova da kuma Rasha. Da alama fataucin mutane yana karuwa a Arewacin Cyprus kamar yadda ake yi a duniya".</blockquote> == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cyprus]] * Tsarkakewar Intanet da sa ido a Cyprus * Loizidou v. Turkiyya, shari'ar shari'a ta 1989 game da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da ke son komawa gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu na dā. * Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wani mataki na aji da Greek Cypraots da sauransu suka kai karar don "ƙaryata samun dama da jin daɗin ƙasa da dukiya da aka gudanar a arewa". * Kormakitis, wani karamin ƙauye a arewacin tsibirin Cyprus. * Rizokarpaso, wani gari ne a Yankin Karpass a arewa maso gabashin Cyprus . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|32em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ktihv.org/ Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya] {{Human rights in Europe}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sipm7hf077ul2p5qgcojw0ihcgxeoqf Amariyanna Copeny 0 113978 882828 700325 2026-07-14T09:43:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Barack_Obama_hugs_Mari_Copeny.jpg|thumb|Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya rungumi Mari Copeny, mai shekaru 8, a bayan fage a makarantar sakandare ta Arewa maso yamma a Flint, Michigan, ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2016.]] '''AMariyanna ''Mari'' Copeny''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007), wanda aka fi sani da Little Miss Flint, 'yar Afirka ce ta Afirka daga Flint, Michigan . An fi saninta da wayar da kan jama'a game da Rikicin ruwa na Flint da kuma tara kudade don tallafawa yara marasa galihu a cikin al'ummarta da kuma fadin kasar == Ayyuka == === Rikicin ruwa na Flint === Lokacin da Copeny ke da shekaru 8, ta rubuta wasika ga Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] don jawo hankali ga Rikicin ruwa a garinsu na Flint, Michigan . <ref name="Mason">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Heather |date=22 August 2017 |title=Meet Smart Girl Mari Copeny aka 'Little Miss Flint' |url=https://amysmartgirls.com/meet-smart-girl-mari-copeny-aka-little-miss-flint-4131419a31bd |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=Amy Poehler's Smart Girls }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wasikar ta ta haifar da martani daga shugaban kasa, wanda ya ce "wasiku daga yara kamar ku ne abin da ya sa ni da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar". A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2016, Obama ya ziyarci Flint don ganin kusa da lalacewar rayuwar 'yan ƙasar Flint sakamakon samar da ruwan da ke da guba.<ref name="Suggs" /><ref name="MacBride">{{Cite web |last=MacBride |first=Katie |date=22 March 2018 |title=Getting to Work With Little Miss Flint |url=https://www.shondaland.com/inspire/a19485789/getting-to-work-with-little-miss-flint/ |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=Shondaland }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ziyarar ta ba da gudummawa ga wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da ake ciki a birnin. Daga ƙarshe Obama ya ba da izini ga dala miliyan 100 don gyara rikicin.<ref name="Lowry">{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Mary Pauline |date=11 December 2018 |title=This Is How One Sixth Grade Girl Helped Improve Flint's Water Crisis |url=https://www.oprahmag.com/life/a25383285/mari-copeny-barack-obama-flint-water-crisis/ |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=Oprah Magazine}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an dauki matakai don taimakawa wajen kawar da matsalar, amma mazaunan Flint suna ci gaba da jin tasirin da gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci, ga ababen more rayuwa ba za su cika ba har zuwa 2020 da wuri. Da ta hau kan wani dandamali na kasa, a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2017, ta yi jawabi ga babban taron jama'a a taron "Stand Up to Trump" a gaban Fadar White House a Washington, DC, tana gaya musu cewa, a lokacin yakin neman zabe na 2016, dan takarar Donald Trump ya yi wa mutanen Flint alkawari, gami da kanta da kanta, cewa zai gyara rikicin ruwa. Ta bayyana cewa Shugaba Trump bai cika alkawarinsa na yakin neman zabe ba. Ba ta iyakance shawararta ga garinsu ba, ta kuma yi magana game da manufofin shige da fice na Trump. A kokarin ci gaba da gwagwarmayar Flint a idon jama'a da kuma samar da ruwa mai aminci har yanzu ana buƙata, a cikin 2018, Copeny da Pack Your Back sun sake haɗuwa don The Little Miss Flint & PYB Water Drive, ƙoƙarin GoFundMe don tara kuɗi don ruwan kwalba, yayin da Gwamnan Michigan Rick Snyder ya dakatar da shirin ruwan kwalba kyauta na jihar ga mazaunan Flint. Kusan $ 50,000 an tara shi a lokacin yakin neman zabe na tsawon wata, wanda ya isa fiye da kwalabe 200,000 na ruwa.<ref name="Muhammad" /> A cikin 2019, Copeny ta fara sabon kamfen ɗin bayar da gudummawa, Asusun Ruwa Mai Tsabtace na Little Miss Flint, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hydroviv, kamfanin tace ruwa, yana ba mai tara kuɗi damar kara tasirin kudaden da aka ba da gudummawar da kuma kawar da amfani ɗaya na [[Gurbacewar Robobi|Sharar filastik]] da ke da alaƙa da ruwa mai kwalliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Little Miss Flint's Filter Donation Program {{!}} Hydroviv |url=https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/hydroviv-s-water-filter-donation-program-with-little-miss-flint |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.hydroviv.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta sadu da burinta na farko na $ 100,000 a watan Satumbar 2019, kuma daga baya ta sadu da burin $ 250k a watan Yuni, 2020, da $ 500k a Ranar Duniya 2021. Ta ci gaba da tara kudade tare da sabon burinta na $ 1M saboda al'ummomi da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar suna buƙatar matattarar ruwa don samun ruwa mai tsabta a duk faɗakarwa yayin da ake sabunta kayan aikin ruwa. Labaran kafofin watsa labarai game da aikin Copeny sun ambaci ta a matsayin "Little Miss Flint", sunan laƙabi wanda aka ƙirƙira bayan nasarar da ta samu a gasar kyakkyawa a shekarar 2015. === Tattara kudade na al'umma === Kafin bude shekarar makaranta a duka 2016 da 2017, Copeny ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Pack Your Back, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da daliban Jami'ar Michigan ta Tsakiya suka kafa a 2016, kuma ta tara kuɗi don taimakawa dalibai daga Flint. Copeny ta tattara gudummawa don samar da jakunkuna cike da kayan makaranta. A cikin 2016, ta tara isasshen kuɗi don jakunkuna 100, kuma, a cikin 2017, ta tara $ 10,000 don tallafawa jakunkuna 1,000 ga yara na gida.<ref name="Mason"/> Ta fara wani kamfen na GoFundMe a cikin 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na # BlackPantherChallenge, ta tara fiye da $ 16,000 don samar da dama ga daruruwan yara masu karamin karfi don ganin ''Black Panther'' da samun kayan fim, tare da fatan samar da mafi yawan masu sauraron Black da kyakkyawan hoto da burin kai. Copeny's other initiatives include the Dear Flint Kids project, a request for letters of encouragement to the children of Flint; a crowdsourcing effort to distribute free copies of the book, ''A Wrinkle in Time'';<ref name="Lowry"/> Christmas parties and Easter baskets for the underprivileged; and supporting local school systems to provide anti-bullying programming.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kgqcqp9e8nj6pwqlc4zlhuzoearcfkf Sangama (ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam) 0 114090 882456 700341 2026-07-13T18:24:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sangama''' kungiya ce ta kare hakkin LGBT da ke zaune a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Indiya]] . Lokacin da ya fara a 1999, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Love and let love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/love-and-let-love/cid/1553141 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Sangama ya yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar rubuce-rubuce amma tun daga lokacin ya girma ya zama NGO na kare hakkin LGBT da rigakafin [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] wanda ke tattara yaki da cin zarafin jima'i da nuna bambanci kuma yana gudanar da tarurruka da shirye-shiryen rigakafin HIV. Kungiyar tana aiki tare da wadanda ba Ingilishi ba, ma'aikatan jima'i masu aiki da mutanen LGBT da mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV (PLHIV) a [[Karnataka]] da [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NGO Launches Fundraising Campaign to Help Sex Workers, Transpersons in Karnataka |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sex-workers-karnataka-coronavirus |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=The Wire}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Manohar Elavarthi]] ne ya kafa Sangama a cikin 1999 a matsayin cibiyar da ke ba da shawarwari ga 'yan tsiraru na jima'i da kayan bincike ga malaman batutuwan LGBT a yankin [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. Sauran mambobi a cikin kwamitin farko sun hada da Arunesh Maiyer, Shubha Chacko da Arvind Narrain . Maiyer ita ce shugabar hukumar ta yanzu daga shekarar 2016. Kungiyar ta dauki nauyin tattaunawa wanda ya jawo hankalin masu fafutuka na zamantakewa da masu magana da Ingilishi na LGBT. A cikin shekaru da yawa, kungiyar ta fadada ikonta daga ba da sabis na ba da shawara, don samar da bayanan HIV/AIDS, tallafawa haƙƙin masu canza jinsi ta hanyar tarurruka da kuma yin aiki a matsayin amintaccen shiga ga mutanen LGBT a Karnataka. Kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan kare hakkin bil'adama ta karfafa hankalinta kan mayar da hankali kan Kothis da Hijra da ba sa jin Turanci daga al'ummomin da ba su da galihu a Indiya wadanda ke cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau da cin zarafi. == Ayyuka == === Haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin al'umma === Sangama yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi kaɗan a cikin aikin rigakafin cutar kanjamau mai suna Lasyakairali Pehchan. Aikin yana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara da al'umma akan dabarun rigakafin HIV/AIDS a cikin al'ummominsu na LGBT. Samara ƙungiya ce ta al'umma wacce ke aiwatar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar kanjamau a cikin Bangalore Urban Gundumar ita ce haɓakar Sangama. === Bayyanawa === Sangama ya kafa ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a guda biyu, daya don isa ga masu luwadi da sauran don isa ga masu canza jinsi. Ma'aikatan filin jirgin suna zuwa wuraren shakatawa don sauraron matsalolin da mutane da ma'aikatan jima'i ke fuskanta a kan titunan Bangalore. Shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a sun taimaka wa Sangama ya sami ƙarin mambobi don zama na shiga. Tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jima'i ta Karnataka da Fina-finan Tafiya, Sangama ya fitar da wani fim mai tsayi mai suna Let the butterflies fly, a cikin 2012. An ƙi fim ɗin a bikin fina-finai na Bangalore amma ya sami lambar yabo a bikin Kashish [[Mumbai]] Festival. === Ayyukan shari'a === Sangama tana ba da taimako na shari'a ga 'yan tsiraru na jima'i waɗanda' yan sanda ke cin zarafinsu da kuma cin zarafansu ko kuma ana tuhumansu da laifuka saboda yanayin jima'i. Baya ga ayyukan shari'a, kungiyar ta kuma bi diddigin cin zarafin 'yan sanda da tsare-tsaren mutane na LGBT a Karnataka. A shekara ta 2008, yayin da suke zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda don tallafawa hijras 5 da aka kama, an tura wakilan Sangama zuwa wani ofishin inda aka yi musu duka. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da magana game da nuna bambanci na jima'i da haƙƙin mutanen da ke canza launin fata a Indiya. === Taimako na Corona === Tare da gudummawar Rs.1.5 lakh daga Arundhati Roy, Sangama ya tattara kusan Rs.10 lakh don ba da agajin Rs.2000 kowannensu ga ma'aikatan jima'i da masu zaman kansu a gundumomin Bangalore Rural, Hasan, Bidar, Yadgir, Ramanagara, Haveri, Gadag, Raichur, Koppalamagal Kannada da Chik. Ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jima'i biyu Karnataka Sex Workers Union (KSWU) da Uttar Karnataka Mahila Ookutta (UKMO) sun taimaka tare da rarrabawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NGO Launches Fundraising Campaign to Help Sex Workers, Transpersons in Karnataka |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sex-workers-karnataka-coronavirus |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=The Wire}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://thewire.in/rights/sex-workers-karnataka-coronavirus "NGO Launches Fundraising Campaign to Help Sex Workers, Transpersons in Karnataka"]. ''The Wire''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Tsaro don Transgender a Karnataka == Bayan yunƙurin bayar da shawarwari na Sangama, gwamnatin Karnataka ta gyara ƙa'idodin daukar ma'aikata a watan Mayu 2021 don ba da izinin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari ga masu canza jinsi a cikin nau'in cancanta, tsararrun ƙabila, ƙabila da aka tsara da nau'ikan azuzuwan baya. Sangama da jami'in shirye-shiryen sa Nisha Gulur sun tunkari babban kotu kuma gwamnati ta bayyana sanarwar ranar 13 ga Mayu 2021 ga kotun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y Maheswara |date=2021-06-21 |title=Quota for transgenders welcome |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/quota-for-transgenders-welcome/articleshow/83700624.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == p7r0erb1eaeodr0rx4s8iztrg5ky382 'Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin (ƙungiya) 0 114125 882307 871103 2026-07-13T13:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin''' (a sauƙaƙan Sinanci: 中国人权; Sinawa na gargajiya: 中國人權; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénquán) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, mai zaman kanta (NGO) mai hedkwata a birnin New York na Amurka, wadda ke magana kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Sin.<ref>Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Luisa Vierucci, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VIJ1ewEP1NQC&pg=PA83 NGOs in International Law: Efficiency in Flexibility?], p. 83</ref><ref name="mission">HRIC: [http://www.hrichina.org/about/mission Mission and approach] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307091944/http://www.hrichina.org/about/mission|date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Ƙungiyar memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya.<ref name="fidhOrg">{{Cite web |title=International Federation for Human Rights |url=https://www.fidh.org/organisation/human-rights-in-china-hric?lang=en |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=fidh.org}}</ref><ref>[[Human Rights League (France)|LDH]], [http://www.ldh-france.org/Visite-officielle-de-M-Hu-Jintao Visite officielle de M. Hu Jintao en France : les droits humains doivent enfin être abordés !]</ref> A cewar Fang Lizhi, HRIC tana ɗaukar hanya mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta siyasa ba.<ref>Garry Rodan, op. cit., p. 212</ref> An kafa shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1989 ta dalibai da malamai na kasar Sin, HRIC yana ba da bincike da bayani game da [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|Batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam a kasar Sin]] kuma yana ba da shawara a madadin mutane a kasar Sin.<ref name="mission" /><ref name="challenges">Human Rights Watch: [https://china.hrw.org/timeline/2005/devastating_blows/acknowledgements CHINA'S OLYMPIAN HUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721182314/http://china.hrw.org/timeline/2005/devastating_blows/acknowledgements|date=2011-07-21}}</ref><ref>[[Garry Rodan]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLxQMo0_x8C&pg=PA197 Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia], Asia Research Centre, p. 197.</ref> A shekara ta 2005, HRIC ta kasance Tech Award Laureate wanda Gidan Tarihi na Tech na Innovation ya amince da shi don amfani da fasaha.<ref>[http://www.thetech.org/about-us/media-room/twenty-five-global-innovators-named-2005-tech-museum-awards-laureates Twenty Five Global Innovators Named as 2005 Tech Museum Awards Laureates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103200633/http://www.thetech.org/about-us/media-room/twenty-five-global-innovators-named-2005-tech-museum-awards-laureates|date=2013-01-03}}, The Tech Museum</ref> HRIC tana da ofisoshi a [[Hong Kong]] da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref name="offices">US Asia Law Institute: [http://www.usasialaw.org/?p=2365 Fellowship Opportunity for NYU Law Graduates: Robert L. Bernstein Fellowship in International Human Rights]</ref> Har ila yau, tana karɓar bakuncin Robert L. Bernstein Fellowship a cikin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, shirin da ke cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China and International Human Rights Law Research Program {{!}} NYU School of Law |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/bernstein-institute/china-International-program |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.law.nyu.edu}}</ref> Babban Darakta na HRIC shine Zhou Fengsuo (2023-yanzu). Tsoffin shugabannin zartarwa sun hada da Sharon Hom (2002–2023) da Xiao Qiang (1991–2002). == Ayyuka == HRIC tana buga rahotanni da bayanai game da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa a kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRIC Publications {{!}} Human Rights in China 中国人权 {{!}} HRIC |url=https://www.hrichina.org/en/hric-publications |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.hrichina.org}}</ref> Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana magance batutuwan gyare-gyare na fasaha, shari'a, da gudanarwa ta hanyar ba da shawarwarin daidaikun mutane da kuma tsarin tsare-tsare da manufofi. Shirye-shiryen da rahotanni na HRIC sun fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan hakkin da suka shafi mazauna yankunan karkara na kasar Sin,<ref>{{cite web |author=HRIC |date=April 14, 2005 |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Implemention}} of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the PRC Executive Summary |url=http://ir2008.org/article.php?sid=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614233551/http://ir2008.org/article.php?sid=118 |archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref> ma'aikatan baƙi,<ref>HRIC: [http://hrichina.org/public/contents/10323 INSTITUTIONALIZED EXCLUSION: The tenuous legal status of internal migrants in China's major cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121060745/http://hrichina.org/public/contents/10323|date=2008-11-21}} A report by Human Rights in China November 6, 2002</ref> tsirarun kabilu,<ref>HRIC: [http://hrichina.org/fs/downloadables/Xinjiang%20Report?revision_id=21519 Xinjiang Report: Devastating Blows Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502041350/http://www.hrichina.org/fs/downloadables/Xinjiang%20Report?revision_id=21519|date=2009-05-02}}</ref> mata,<ref>HRIC: [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090501223243/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/14196 Report on implementation of CEDAW in the People's Republic of China], by Human Rights in China, Asia Monitor Resource Centre, China Labour Bulletin, Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee</ref> da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HRIC |date=April 14, 2005 |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Implemention}} of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the PRC Executive Summary |url=http://ir2008.org/article.php?sid=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614233551/http://ir2008.org/article.php?sid=118 |archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref> Har ila yau, HRIC ta fassara wasu muhimman dokoki daga kasar Sin da Hong Kong don samar da albarkatu ga 'yan wasan kungiyoyin farar hula don tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da muhimman hakkokinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=law-and-policy |url=https://new.hrichina.org/our-work/law-and-policy |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=new.hrichina.org}}</ref> === Gudanar da Gida === Ayyukan HRIC a cikin kasar Sin sun hada da samar da wakilci na shari'a da taimako ga masu gwagwarmaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRIC: Defenders & Civil Society – Supporting Forces for Change |url=https://new.hrichina.org/our-work/defenders-and-civil-society |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=Human Rights in China}}</ref> HRIC tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasar Sin na cikin gida kuma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin kasar Sin don sake tantance zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da kisan kiyashi na 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=June Fourth Overview |url=https://www.hrichina.org/en/june-fourth-backgrounder |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=Human Rights in China}}</ref> HRIC tana tallafawa kungiyoyin cikin gida kamar Tiananmen Mothers kuma tana sauƙaƙa haɗin kai tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya a China da tattaunawar kasa da kasa, gami da ƙoƙarin ɗaga Takunkumin makamai na Tarayyar Turai a kan China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-13 |title=EU-China Arms Embargo: Don't Sabotage Human Rights Activists in China, says Amnesty to EU |url=https://www.amnesty.eu/news/eu-china-arms-embargo-don-t-sabotage-human-rights-activists-in-china-says-amnesty-to-eu-0176/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=European Institutions Office}}</ref> HRIC ta kan layi Yuni 4 Archive ya rubuta tarihin zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square ta 1989 da kisan kiyashi.<ref>HRIC: [http://64memo.org/ June 4th Archive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204308/http://64memo.org/|date=2014-02-01}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana kula da Fill the Square, takardar neman izini ta kan layi da ke tallafawa bukatun Uwayen Tiananmen.<ref>HRIC: [http://www.fillthesquare.org/ Fill the Square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226073619/http://www.fillthesquare.org/ |date=2020-02-26 }}, petition "Support a call for truth and justice for the 1989 Tiananmen Square victims".</ref> === Gudanar da Ƙasashen Duniya === HRIC tana shiga cikin tattaunawa kan manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani da rahotanni ga ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa, da tsarin WTO, da tattaunawar EU da China. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, HRIC ta gabatar da kararraki sama da 40 na zargin take hakkin dan Adam ga reshen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; 13 daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in sun haifar da yanke hukunci, wadanda dukkansu ke ganin tsarewar ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>HRIC: "[http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.1.2007/CRF-2007-1_Action.pdf Take Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729201216/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.1.2007/CRF-2007-1_Action.pdf|date=2009-07-29}}", ''China Rights Forum'' (2007, no. 1).</ref> HRIC ta zayyana ayyuka ga kamfanonin IT da ke aiki a China game da manufofin amfani da fasahar bayanai da sa ido. === Shawarwarin kan layi === HRIC tana aiki da uwar garken wakili wanda aka tsara don kewaye Babban Firewall, samar da damar ga masu amfani a China. Har ila yau, tana buga mujallar mako-mako. HRIC:<ref>[http://shuangzhoukan.hrichina.org shuangzhoukan.hrichina.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173516/http://shuangzhoukan.hrichina.org/ |date=2014-02-02 }} (Chinese)</ref> Aikin ya haɗa da shafukan yanar gizo guda shida da ke nuna wallafe-wallafen Sinanci na kan layi da albarkatun bayar da shawarwari. == Littattafan da ke gudana == Dandalin Kare Hakkokin kasar Sin, mujallar HRIC ce ta shekara-shekara mai harsuna biyu. Tun daga shekarar 1990, ta ba da labarin ci gaban kare hakkin dan Adam na kasar Sin. Ana samun labarai akan layi. Dandalin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Sin, wata makala ce ta yanar gizo da ta yi nazari kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan Adam da kasar Sin ke fuskanta. Ba ta buga wani sabon abun ciki ba tun 2015. China Rights Human Weekly (中国人权双周刊) jarida ce ta kan layi a duk mako-biyu na harshen Sinanci. Ba ta buga wani sabon abun ciki ba tun 2020 HRIC Daily Brief wani zaɓi ne na kan layi na harshen Ingilishi na Sinanci da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da sharhi daga labarai da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi. Ba ta buga wani sabon abun ciki ba tun 2022. == Kudade == HRIC tana samun tallafi daga tushe masu zaman kansu da mutane. Ya sami tallafi daga kungiyoyi ciki har da National Endowment for Democracy, Open Society Institute, <ref name="fidhOrg"/> Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ci gaban Dimokuradiyya, Gidauniyar 'Yancin Mutum ta Turai, Human Rights Watch, da Asia Watch.<ref>Garry Rodan, op. cit., p. 202</ref><ref>NED: {{Cite web |title=Democracy Projects Database |url=http://www.ned.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/projects-search.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624024627/http://www.ned.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/projects-search.htm |archive-date=2009-06-24 |publisher=The [[National Endowment for Democracy]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York ta kafa Robert L. Bernstein Fellowship a cikin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, wanda ke tallafawa zumunci tare da HRIC.<ref>Human Rights in China, Robert L. Bernstein Fellowship in International Human Rights. [http://www.hrichina.org/en/fellowship]</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] * Gao Wenqian == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.hrichina.org/en 'Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}} * [http://www.hrichina.org/chs 'Yancin kai na kasar Sin] (a cikin Sinanci) * Hakkin dan kasar Sin (a cikin Sinanci) * HRIC Biweekly 中国人权双周刊) An adana shi 2010-05-01 a - mujallar Sinanci ta HRIC ta mako biyu. (a cikin Sinanci) * China Rights Forum - Jaridar HRIC ta shekara-shekara ta harsuna biyu. * {{YouTube|Human Rights in China}} gxakneb69ubl2gqlbnoptxxgzbgy9ui Adetunwase Adenle 0 115383 882543 711284 2026-07-13T22:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adetunwase Adenle''', malami ne na Najeriya mai koyar da ilimin fasaha, mai fasaha kuma tsohon mai riƙe da [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Records]]. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Slum Art Foundation, kuma na Ecole de Dessin School of Art. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-18 |title=Slum Art Foundation marks world skills day with art exhibition |url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/slum-art-foundation-marks-world-skills-day-with-art-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Slum Art Foundation starts construction of school using pet bottles |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/slum-art-foundation-starts-construction-of-school-using-pet-bottles/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alawode |first=Abisola |date=2020-06-10 |title=Meet Adetunwase Adenle, the Nigerian teacher with 4 Guinness World Records |url=https://www.legit.ng/1153963-nigerian-teacher-adetunwase-adenle-4-guinness-world-records.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi == Adetunwase ya karanta Fine and Applied Art a [[Kwalejin Ilimi da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akoka|Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Technical) Akoka]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-03-10 |title=Meet the Nigerian teacher who has 4 Guinness World Records |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/adetunwase-adenle-meet-the-nigerian-teacher-who-has-4-guinness-world-records/vbv78x2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518204945/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/adetunwase-adenle-meet-the-nigerian-teacher-who-has-4-guinness-world-records/vbv78x2 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Nasarorin da ya samu == Adetunwase ya taɓa riƙe kambun mafi yawan yaran da suka fi karatu da wani babba a wuri guda. Adetunwase Adenle, [[Adejoke Orelope-Adefulire]] da Ecole De Dessin tare da yara 4,222 ne suka kafa tarihin a Oregun, [[Ikeja]], Legas, Najeriya a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2011 don tunawa da Ranar Karatu ta Duniya. Manufar wannan nasara ita ce karfafa karatu tsakanin ƙananan yara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-08 |title=Most children reading with an adult (single location) |url=https://world-records.org/most-children-reading-with-an-adult-single-location/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=Orelope-Adefulire: A fitting honour for a trailblazer |url=https://www.thecable.ng/orelope-adefulire-a-fitting-honour-for-a-trailblazer |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan rikodin ya zarce lokacin da yara 4,695 suka karanta a bayyane tare da Aamer Naeem da Salma Patel a filin wasa na Bhimber, Azad Kashmir, [[Pakistan]] a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Most children reading with an adult in 24 hours (single venue) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.es/world-records/most-children-reading-with-an-adult-(single-location) |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Guinness World Records |language=es-ES |archive-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112002110/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.es/world-records/most-children-reading-with-an-adult-(single-location) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adetunwase kuma ya taɓa riƙe tarihin shine tambari na musamman mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kai 2.448 m <sup>2</sup> (26).&nbsp;ft <sup>2</sup> 50 in <sup>2</sup> ). Adenle da School of Art ya kirkiro tambarin makarantar Top Laurel da ke Legas a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba 2016. An yi aikin ne don tunawa da cika shekaru 50 da kirkiro jihar Legas. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title=BusinessDay 16 Mar 2019 by BusinessDay - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/businessdayresearch/docs/businessday_17_mar_2019 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin Walt Disney na Italiya ya doke tarihin a Lucca, Italiya a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2019 wanda ya zana babban tambari na musamman mai auna 4.11 m <sup>2</sup> (44)&nbsp;ft <sup>2</sup> 34 in <sup>2</sup> ) don murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwar Donald Duck shekaru 85. Wanda ke riƙe da rikodin a halin yanzu shine Saudi Post tare da tambarin sa na musamman wanda ya kai 5.95 m <sup>2</sup> (64)&nbsp;ft <sup>2</sup> 7 in <sup>2</sup> ). An samu wannan tarihin a [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Masarautar Saudiyya]] a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest special stamp |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-stamp-special |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ecole De Dessin na Adetunwase ya taimaka kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness don yawan mutanen da suka wanke hannayensu a lokaci guda. An tattaro ɗalibai 37,809 domin kafa tarihi a wani taron da [[Unilever Nigeria Plc|Unilever Nigeria]] Lifebuoy Team da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya]] suka shirya a [[Tafawa Balewa Square|dandalin Tafawa Balewa]], Onikan a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, 2011. An yi niyyar koyawa yara tsaftar hannu a matsayin hanyar magance [[Gudawa|zawo]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Most people washing their hands |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-washing-their-hands |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title="I be di only Nigerian wey get four Guinness world record" |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-43124301 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Ecole De Dessin na Adetunwase shi ma ya taɓa riƙe kambun zane mafi girma da mafi yawan mutane suka zana. Zanen, wanda ya auna 3,130.55 m <sup>2</sup> (mita 63.5 x 49.3, ko 33,696&nbsp;ft <sup>2</sup> 138.2 in <sup>2</sup> ) an kammala shi a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 2020, ta Ecole de Dessin a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Najeriya a bikin 50. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Information |date=2018-03-04 |title=Meet Nigerian Man Who Is A 4 Guinness World Records Holder (Photos) |url=https://www.informationng.com/2018/03/meet-nigerian-man-who-is-a-4-guinness-world-records-holder-photos.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Information Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu sa kai 350 ne suka kirkiro zanen. Ya nuna, da dai sauransu, an zana [[tutar Najeriya]] a kewayen taswirar ƙasar. Ecole de Dessin tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|gwamnatin jihar Legas]] ne suka kaddamar da shi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamban 2010 domin murnar zagayowar ranar tarihin duniya ta Guinness na shekarar 2010. An yi zanen ne domin murnar cikar Najeriya shekaru 50 da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai (Najeriya)|samun ‘yancin kai]]. An kuma yi niyya don wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Najeriya, tare da koyar da yara marasa gata yadda ake zane da fenti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=daniel |date=2012-10-04 |title=Largest Painting By Numbers In The World On Display In Lagos |url=https://www.informationng.com/2012/10/largest-painting-by-numbers-in-the-world-on-display-in-lagos.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Information Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin an soke rikodin a bikin Matasa na Punjab a [[Lahore]], Punjab, Pakistan a ranar 14 ga watan Maris 2013 lokacin da mahalarta 1,557 suka ba da gudummawa ga zane mai auna 3,717 m <sup>2</sup> (40,009.29).&nbsp;ft <sup>2</sup> ) sama da awanni 6. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest painting by numbers |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-painting-by-numbers |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0r45wsfqulgvpudlsu16ig8y6dutyjz Abdullah Mohamed Darf 0 115813 882453 711529 2026-07-13T17:52:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882453 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|suna=Abdullah Mohammed Darf|makaranta=University of Khartoum|organisation=Ministry of Justice (Sudan)}}'''Abdullah Mohammed Daraf Ali''' ya Kasance ɗan siyasan Kasar Sudan ne kuma Ministan Shari'a na yanzu na a Kasar Sudan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2025-07-11 |title=Sudan PM names more new cabinet members, retaining key figures from armed groups |url=https://sudantribune.com/article302749/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=التحرير |first=فريق |date=2025-07-11 |title=شخصية قانونية وسياسية.. من هو عبدالله درف وزير العدل الجديد في حكومة الامل بالسودان ؟ السيرة الذاتية |url=https://almashhadalsudani.com/sudan-news/sudan-today/133552/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=المشهد السوداني |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An haifi Daraf a Khashm El-Girba, aJihar Kassala, a gabashin Kasar Sudan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=سيرة ومسيرة.. من هو د. عبد الله درف وزير العدل الجديد ؟ |url=https://sudan-press.net/archives/92722 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=سودان برس |language=ar}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun firamare sa a Hashm El-Girba ,ya kuma yi karatun sakandare sa a birnin Kassala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=السوداني |first=المشهد |date=2025-07-11 |title=شخصية قانونية وسياسية.. من هو عبدالله درف وزير العدل الجديد في حكومة الامل بالسودان ؟ السيرة الذاتية |url=https://www.sudanakhbar.com/1668544 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=اخبار السودان |language=ar}}</ref> Ya sami digirin sa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Khartoum <ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan sa Da Matsayinsa == Daraf ya yi aiki da Ofishin Masu Shari'a na Kasar Sudan a tsakanin shekarar 1995 zuwa shekarar 2004. A shekarar 2005, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Kassala tare kuma da bashi matsayin Minista. A shekarar 2012, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Ministan Lafiya na Jihar Kassala, an kuma nada Shi a matsayin ministan Shari'a na tarayya ta Kasar Sudan a shekarar 2025 . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan appoints 5 new ministers amid efforts to form full cabinet |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/sudan-appoints-5-new-ministers-amid-efforts-to-form-full-cabinet/3628271 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-11 |title=تعرف على عبدالله درف وزير العدل الجديد |url=https://alwandaily.net/newspaper/22673/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=صحيفة ألوان |language=ar}}</ref> == In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mrpd78ipqx6h41p1dfn9wmcltybuldr Nasim Hasan Shah 0 116933 882505 726702 2026-07-13T20:45:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg|thumb|Kotun kolin Pakistan]] '''Nasim Hasan Shah''' ( [[Urdu]] : '''{{Nastaliq|نسیم حسن شاہ}}''' ) (15 Afrilu 1929 - 3 Fabrairu 2015) masanin shari'a ne [['Yan Pakistan|dan Pakistan]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin Pakistan . An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a hukuncin da aka yanke wa Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, wanda shi ne firaministan Pakistan na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya, wanda ya haifar da hukuncin kisa. Wani babban hukuncin da ya yanke shi ne na maido da majalisar dokokin Pakistan da shugaba Ghulam Ishaq Khan ya rusa. Kotun ƙolin ta ce an rusa umarnin ne a bisa rashin fahimtar aikin da aka ba shugaban da kuma ikon da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba shi. Firayim Minista ba shi da amsa ga shugaban ƙasa. Hasali ma, shugaban ƙasa ne ya wajaba ya yi aiki da shawarar Firayim Minista sai dai a inda tsarin mulki ya ba shi damar da ya dace. Mutum mai ban sha'awa a jiki 56&nbsp;inci tsayi da 50&nbsp;Inci a girth, ya yi nasara a kansa ya zama Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli na Pakistan daga 17 Afrilun shekarar 1993 zuwa 14 Afrilu 1994. Bayan aikin ilimi mai haske da digiri na Doka (tare da bambanci) daga Jami'ar [[Faris|Paris]], ya sami nasarar aiwatar da aikin shari'a lokacin da aka nada shi Alkalin Kotun Koli yana da shekaru 39, kuma ya yi ritaya daga Kotun Ƙoli na Indiya goma a kowane lokaci mai tsawo a tarihin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indiya. subcontinent]] . Mai shari’a Asif Saeed Khosa mai ritaya, surukin marigayi Mai shari’a Naseem Hasan Shah ne. == Ilimi == An haifi Nasim Hasan Shah a [[Lahore]] ga Syed Mohsin Shah, fitaccen mai ba da shawara kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. * Makarantar Farko na Cathedral Lahore: 1933 zuwa shekarar 1941 Central Model School, Lahore ya wuce Matriculation a Division FIRST * Ya shiga Kwalejin Gwamnati, Lahore a 1943 yana sauke karatu daga ita a 1947. An ba shi lambar yabo: Ƙwararrun Ilimin Daraja * Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) daga Jami'ar Punjab, 1949 (Ajin FARKO) * Jagora a Arts (MA) a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Kwalejin Gwamnati, 1951 (Ajin Farko na Farko) * Doctorate a cikin Shari'a "Docteur-en-droit" tare da ambaton " Tres Bien " daga Jami'ar Paris ( Sorbonne ) * Doctorate a Kimiyyar Siyasa: "Institute Des Hautes Etudes Internationales" (Mataki na Farko) daga Jami'ar Paris, 1954 * Diploma na Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hague, 1954 * Taron Shari'a na [[Jami'ar Harvard]], 1957 == Bambance-bambance == * Wanda ake wa lakabi da "Mutumin Shekaru Goma" don hidima ga Dimokuradiyya da [[Dokokin doka|Doka]] ta Amurka Pakistan Alliance, Washington DC 26 Satumba 1993 * An sanya suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda Pakistan ta zaɓa a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration a [[Hague]] a 1959 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1977. * Ya yi aiki a matsayin Editan Rahoton Kotun Koli daga shekara ta 1960 zuwa 1963 * An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Lauyoyin Yammacin Pakistan a 1964 da kuma na Majalisar Lauyoyin Pakistan a 1966 * An daukaka matsayin Alkalin Babbar Kotun Yammacin Pakistan a ranar 11 ga Maris 1968 * Alkalin da aka nada (ad hoc) Kotun Koli ta Pakistan a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1977 kasancewarta mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin Kotun Ƙoli ta Pakistan. An nada shi Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli na dindindin a ranar 14 ga Yunin shekarar 1979 * Zaɓaɓɓen Shugaban [[SAARCLAW]] (Pakistan) Janairu 1992 da Shugaban SAARCLAW na yankin Saarc gabaɗaya (1993-1995), Dokar Patron Saarc: 1997 * Shugaban BCCP 1992 zuwa 1994 * An nada Alkalin Alkalan Pakistan kuma shugaban Hukumar Dokokin Pakistan a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1993. * Zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa "Markazzia Majilis-i-Iqbal" (Kwamitin Iqbal ta Tsakiya): 21 Afrilu 1994 * Zaɓaɓɓen Shugaban Ƙasa "Ƙungiyar Quaid-e-Azam" 3 Yuni 1994 * Zaɓaɓɓen shugaban dandalin wutar lantarki, 1996 * Zaɓaɓɓen Shugaban Tsohon Ravians Association, 1997 * An nada Farfesa mai ziyara a Kulliyah of Laws, Jami'ar Islama ta kasa da kasa Malaysia don gabatar da darasi kan Musuluntar Dokoki a Pakistan (1997). * An naɗa Shugaban Kafa na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a, 1998 * Zaɓaɓɓen Shugaban Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-[[Musulunci|Islam]] (Association for Islam Service),1998 == Rigimar shari'ar Bhutto == Watakila lokaci guda a tarihin shari'ar Pakistan da aka shigar da kara a gaban wani tsohon babban alkalin kotun kolin Pakistan, yana neman a yi masa rajista bisa zarginsa da hannu a "kisan" tsohon Firayim Minista Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Wani benci wanda ya hada da alkalai Sheikh Abdur Rashid da Bilal Khan sun ce karar ba ta cancanci yin aiki ba saboda ba za a iya ci gaba da shari'ar alkali a shari'ar da aka riga aka yanke ba. ‘Yan majalisar dai na ganin cewa da kyar mai shigar da kara Hanif Tahir na kungiyar lauyoyin jama’a (PLF) ba shi da shiri don magance batutuwan da suka shafi shari’a da kuma tambayoyin da suka taso daga ƙarar. A maimakon haka, yana tada batutuwan doka ta hanyar siyasa. Wani memba na benci ya ce; : ''A halin da ake ciki inda hukuncin shari'a ya yi tasiri don yin nuni a matsayin maƙasudi, wata maƙarƙashiyar bayani ta ɗaya daga cikin mambobin kwamitin alkalan da ke sauraron ƙarar, ba za ta iya yin watsi da hukuncin ba bayan shekaru ashirin. Idan aka bar irin waɗannan abubuwa su faru, tsarin shari’a duka za su ruguje'' . Mai shigar da kara Hanif Tahir ya ambato tsohon babban alkalin alkalan ƙasar a wata hira da manema labarai guda biyu yana cewa hukuncin da kotun kolin kasar ta yanke a karar da marigayi Bhutto ya shigar kan hukuncin kisa da babbar kotun Lahore ta yanke hukunci ne da bai dace ba kuma hakan ya dace a rage masa hukunci. Mai shigar da kara ya gabatar da cewa Mista Shah na cikin kotun kolin mai mutane 7 da suka amince da hukuncin kisa. Ya kara da cewa kalaman tsohon alkalin alkalan sun yi daidai da ikirari kuma bai nuna irin wannan ra'ayi ba yayin da ya amince da mafi rinjayen ra'ayin kotun kolin da ta tabbatar da hukuncin kisa na Mista Bhutto. Lokacin da aka fara shari’ar, mai shigar da ƙara ya buƙaci kotun da ta kafa wani babban benci domin sauraren karar da ke da matukar muhimmanci. Kotu ta ki amincewa da bukatar, kotun ta sanar da Mista Tahir cewa koke-koke na neman rajistar ''FIRs'' yawanci ana saurare ne ta hanyar benci guda. Saboda yanayin shari'ar ne babban alkalin kotun ya kafa benci na rabon. Daga baya, mai shigar da kara ya nemi a ba shi lokaci don tattara shaidu kuma ya nemi a dage shari’ar. Kotun ta ki amincewa da hakan, ta kuma umarce shi da ya yi gardama a kansa domin ya kamata ya tattara shaidu kafin ya zo kotun. Mai shigar da ƙarar ya fara da zantuka daga hirar Mr Shah. Kotun ta tambaye shi ko irin wadannan kalaman da aka dauka daga wata hira da aka yi da su ta talabijin, suna da wata ma'ana ta shari'a. Lokacin da mai shigar da ƙara ya gabatar da cewa rubutun hirar “takardar jama’a ce”, kotun ta buƙaci lauyan da ya fayyace halaccin takardun jama’a kuma ta ce batutuwan da aka gabatar a cikin ƙarar sun dogara ne akan ji. Dangane da ƙarar da mai shigar da ƙara na cewa Mista Shah ya yi furuci ne a cikin hirar da ya yi da shi, kotun ta umarce shi da ya binciki dokar da ta dace don sanin mene ne bayanin ikirari da kuma idan yana da nauyi a shari’a idan aka bayar da shi a wani taron da ba na shari’a ko kuma ba na shari’a ba. Dole ne kuma ya bambanta tsakanin sanarwar manema labarai da bayanin shari'a da aka rubuta a kotu. Kotun Koli ta Lahore a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2004 ta kori a limina. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaba Asif Ali Zardari ya ce a cikin [[Quetta]] : "Na yi imani tsohon mai shari'a Naseem Hassan Shah a matsayin wanda ya kashe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Business Recorder |url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=1024882&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |access-date=2025-09-25 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308152900/http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=1024882&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rikodin sabis na jama'a == == Shugaban Hukumar Cricket ta Pakistan ==   Mai shari'a Nasim Hasan Shah ya ci gaba da zama shugaban hukumar tsakanin shekarar 1993 zuwa 1994 kuma a lokacinsa an sanya wani kwamiti na wucin gadi a [[Karachi]] City Cricket Association (KCCA) wanda aka dakatar da alaka da hukumar bayan firgita da ikirari a wata hira ta gidan talabijin da Dr Nasim Hasan Shah, memba na Kotun Koli, wanda ya ki amincewa da . Matakin ya kai ga kashe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . == Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a ta Pakistan == Dr. Nasim Hasan Shah shi ne ya kafa hukumar == Markazzia Majilis-i-Iqbal (The Central Iqbal Committee) == Zababben shugaban ƙasa bayan zamansa na babban alkalin kotun koli == Ayyukan da aka buga == * Tsarin Mulki, Doka da Harkokin Pakistan (1986) * Doka, Adalci da Musulunci (1989) * Hukunci akan Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Doka na Doka da Dokar Martial a Pakistan (1993) * Tsarin Mulki, Doka da Tsarin Shari'a na Pakistan (1999) * Tunani da Tunani == Duba kuma == * Alkalan Pakistan * Kotun kolin Pakistan * List of Kashmiris * Jerin 'yan Pakistan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Hukuncin Gwamnati : Kotuna da Siyasar Tsarin Mulki a Pakistan, na Paula R. Newburg {{S-start}} {{s-legal}} {{S-bef|before=[[Muhammad Afzal Zullah]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of Pakistan]]|years=1993–1994}} {{S-aft|after=[[Saad Saud Jan]]<br /><small>Acting</small>}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dp6jtzb292er1quft68e9orsgjsh4yn Achimota Forest 0 117719 882511 852412 2026-07-13T21:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882511 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Dajin Achimota''' wani daji ne a Achimota a cikin karamar hukumar Okaikwei ta Arewa a cikin [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban yankin Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Laud |date=2021-06-13 |title=MCE vows to protect Achimota Forest |url=https://3news.com/mce-vows-to-protect-achimota-forest/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=3NEWS.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Achimota Forest |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/05/portions-of-achimota-forest-declassified-to-be-developed-for-other-uses/achimota-forest/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da kusan {{Convert|7.6|km|mi}} daga Accra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Philip Kyeremanteng: Why Achimota Forest must be reserved - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/philip-kyeremanteng-why-achimota-forest-must-be-reserved/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana ƙarƙashin kariya daga amfani da shi ba tare da izini ba kamar farauta, gina gidaje, farauta da manyan kantuna na mutane da ƙungiyoyi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin koren wurare a Accra yana taimakawa tare da sarrafa iskar carbon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Achimota Forest not sold — Jinapor |url=https://skyypowerfm.com/achimota-forest-not-sold-jinapor/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Skyy Power FM |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409212917/https://skyypowerfm.com/achimota-forest-not-sold-jinapor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An buga gandun daji a cikin 1930 kuma yana da jimlar girman hekta 494.95 (1,223.0 acres). A halin yanzu, girman ajiyar gandun daji kusan hekta 360 ne (acre 890).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Nana Benyin: On the Achimota Forest Reserve lands and related matters - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/nana-benyin-on-the-achimota-forest-reserve-lands-and-related-matters/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa wannan ajiyar gandun daji don ƙirƙirar shinge mai kore tsakanin [[Accra|Birnin Accra]] da Makarantar Achimota. Yawancin dabbobi daga Zoo na Accra an tura su zuwa ajiyar gandun daji lokacin da aka gina [[Gidan Jubilee|Fadar Shugaban kasa]]. A halin yanzu, ana sarrafa shi azaman arboretum da Cibiyar Ceto namun daji. Ana iya samun dabbobi kamar pythons, raƙumi, ostriches, hyenas, birai da sauransu a cikin ajiyar gandun daji.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Awuni |first=Manasseh Azure |title=Inside The Achimota Forest Reserve |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/503788/inside-the-achimota-forest-reserve.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == A halin yanzu == Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Ghana ta shirya canza wurin ajiyar gandun daji zuwa cibiyar yawon shakatawa ta muhalli da ake kira "Accra Eco Park".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwofie |first=Raymond |date=15 November 2013 |title=Ghana: Government Is Developing the Achimota Forest Into a Major Ecotourism Destination |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201311150840.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> Ana sa ran samun wuraren ban ruwa, gishiri, dandamali na kallo, shimfidar wuri, likitan dabbobi, gabatar da namun daji, wuraren da ke da bambancin halittu, wuraren shakatawa, hanyar sadarwa, wuraren muhalli da shinge.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=An open letter to Prez Mahama: Stop the destruction of Achimota Forest |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/an-open-letter-to-prez-mahama-stop-the-destruction-of-achimota-forest.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Fa'idodi == * Kula da nau'ikan dabbobi wanda ke ba da damar dabbobi da tsuntsaye su kasance a cikin wuraren zama na halitta. * Kudin shiga daga yawon bude ido * Inganta makamashi mai tsabta ta hanyar lafiyar mutum da ingancin muhalli. * Inganta nau'o'in halittu daga halaka. * Ingantaccen iska da ingancin ruwa, wadataccen mazaunin ƙasa da ruwa, yanayin iska mai sanyi. * Rashin tanadin tsire-tsire masu magani kamar adana tsire-shuke da ganye wanda ke da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya. * Rage matakan radiation ta hanyar kara iskar gas. == Rikici == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an ba da rahoton cewa an sake rarraba wasu sassan gandun daji a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oforiwaa |first=Porcia |date=2022-05-17 |title=Achimota Forest loses status as forest reserve |url=https://atinkaonline.com/achimota-forest-loses-status-as-forest-reserve/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Atinka Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135353/https://atinkaonline.com/achimota-forest-loses-status-as-forest-reserve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Samuel Abu Jinapor]] ya musanta cewa Gwamnati ta buga wani kayan aiki na zartarwa (E.I.) don amincewa da sake sanyawa, siyarwa ko ci gaban ajiyar gandun daji.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Achimota Forest not sold — Jinapor |url=https://skyypowerfm.com/achimota-forest-not-sold-jinapor/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Skyy Power FM |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409212917/https://skyypowerfm.com/achimota-forest-not-sold-jinapor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Why Achimota Forest Reserve Is Trending On Twitter |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202205/466952.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520000536/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202205/466952.php |archive-date=2022-05-20 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Achimota Forest not sold -Jinapor – The Chronicle News Online |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/achimota-forest-not-sold-jinapor/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Why govt decided to declassify parts of the Achimota forest |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/general-news/why-govt-decided-to-declassify-parts-of-the-achimota-forest.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref> Wata iyali da ake kira Owoo ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce asalin masu mallakar ƙasar da ke da ajiyar gandun daji. Tsakanin 1921 da 1927, [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka]] ta sayi ƙasar don Makarantar Achimota wacce dangin da ke da alaƙa da Sam na Komenda da ake kira Cobbah wanda Kwajil Aggrey dangi ne ya fara. A cikin wata sanarwa, dangin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su sami diyya ba don sayen 1927.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=The Owoo family: Know the original owners of the Achimota Forest land |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/The-Owoo-family-Know-the-original-owners-of-the-Achimota-Forest-land-1542647 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135359/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/The-Owoo-family-Know-the-original-owners-of-the-Achimota-Forest-land-1542647 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, dangin sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sha wahala, 'mummunar rashin adalci na tarihi' saboda ba su kula da ƙasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Achimota Forest saga: We have suffered 'grave historical injustice' - Owoo family - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/achimota-forest-saga-we-have-suffered-grave-historical-injustice-owoo-family/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyavor |first=George |date=2022-05-19 |title="We are yet to take possession of any Achimota land" - Owoo Family react |url=https://yen.com.gh/ghana/207400-achimota-forest-owoo-family-react-deny-land-was-released-to-them-in-2016/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Kojo |date=2022-05-20 |title=Achimota Forest: Let's ban the return of state lands to original owners — Ablakwa |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/achimota-forest-lets-ban-the-return-of-state-lands-to-original-owners-ablakwa/sgnfb20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095947/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/achimota-forest-lets-ban-the-return-of-state-lands-to-original-owners-ablakwa/sgnfb20 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 9bd6v76i3e692whdry7twpbalbxnzlm Adam Larfi 0 119202 882530 727922 2026-07-13T21:30:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882530 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Adam Larfi''' (an haife shi 27 ga Mayu 1999), wanda aka fi sani da '''Adam Noi''', ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya ne haifaffen Faransanci [[Muay Thai]] [[Kickboxing|kickboxer]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Larfi champion d'Europe {{!}} LeJSD |url=https://www.lejsd.com/content/adam-larfi-champion-deurope |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162450/https://www.lejsd.com/content/adam-larfi-champion-deurope |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=www.lejsd.com |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-25 |title=Prince Junior à la conquête d'un nouveau titre |url=https://www.wort.lu/fr/sport/prince-junior-a-la-conquete-d-un-nouveau-titre-5cc1852dda2cc1784e342cb1 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Luxemburger Wort - Edition francophone |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-01 |title="Un plateau explosif" |url=https://www.wort.lu/fr/sport/un-plateau-explosif-5d934153da2cc1784e34c983 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Luxemburger Wort - Edition francophone |language=fr}}</ref> Shi ne kuma tsohon zakaran duniya [[International Federation of Muaythai Amateur|na IFMA]] Muay Thai sau biyu a 2016 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-06-28 |title=IFMA Senior World Championships 2019 |url=https://www.ifmalive.com/divisions/36183/brackets |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=ifmalive.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxemag.com |date=2019-07-27 |title=IFMA 2019 - Jour 8 - ANGERVILLE, KEBIR et LARFI sont aussi en finale ! Vidéo et Résultats |url=https://boxemag.com/muay-k-1/muay-k-1-resultats/item/ifma-2019-jour-8-angerville-kebir-et-larfi-sont-aussi-en-finale-video-et-resultats.html |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Boxemag.com |language=french}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Étoiles dionysiennes décernées {{!}} LeJSD |url=https://lejsd.com/content/les-%C3%A9toiles-dionysiennes-d%C3%A9cern%C3%A9es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162455/https://lejsd.com/content/les-%C3%A9toiles-dionysiennes-d%C3%A9cern%C3%A9es |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=lejsd.com |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bravo champion ! {{!}} LeJSD |url=https://lejsd.com/content/bravo-champion |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=lejsd.com |language=fr |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162509/https://lejsd.com/content/bravo-champion |url-status=dead }}</ref> Larfi yana matsayi na #8 a cikin WBC Muaythai [[super lightweight]] martaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=MALE - WBC MUAYTHAI |url=https://www.wbcmuaythai.com/male/ |access-date=2022-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Zai yi yaƙi don cin kofin duniya na WBC Muay Thai Super mara nauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=SuperShowDown POWERED BY SANDEE |url=https://www.sandeeboxing.com/content/muay-thai/supershowdown-powered-sandee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182454/https://www.sandeeboxing.com/content/muay-thai/supershowdown-powered-sandee/ |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=Sandee Boxing Blog |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muay Thai |url=https://www.sandeeboxing.com/content/category/muay-thai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182628/https://www.sandeeboxing.com/content/category/muay-thai/ |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=Sandee Boxing Blog |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Noi a Saint-Denis, Faransa ga iyayen Aljeriya. Noi ya fara motsa jiki yana dan shekara 10. Ya fara yin karate da judo amma daga baya ya koma Muay Thai. Ya bar makaranta yana dan shekara 14. Ya tafi kasar Thailand don koyan Muay Thai kuma ya zauna a can tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Algérien champion du monde de boxe thaï {{!}} El Watan |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/sports/un-algerien-champion-du-monde-de-boxe-thai-18-08-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162440/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/sports/un-algerien-champion-du-monde-de-boxe-thai-18-08-2019 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=www.elwatan.com |language=fr}}</ref> Ya yi yaƙi a manyan filayen wasan Thai, ciki har da Lumpinee da Rajadamnern . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumpini, 30 ans et des horizons multiples {{!}} LeJSD |url=https://lejsd.com/content/lumpini-30-ans-et-des-horizons-multiples |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162506/https://lejsd.com/content/lumpini-30-ans-et-des-horizons-multiples |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=lejsd.com |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gala du Lumpini, c'est samedi {{!}} LeJSD |url=https://lejsd.com/content/le-gala-du-lumpini-c%E2%80%99est-samedi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162507/https://lejsd.com/content/le-gala-du-lumpini-c%E2%80%99est-samedi |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=lejsd.com |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoire d'Adam Larfi - Lumpini Muay Thaï - Club de boxe Thaïlandaise à Saint Denis (93) |url=https://www.lumpini.fr/actualites/21-victoire-d-adam-larfi.html |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=www.lumpini.fr}}</ref> Noi yana da taken duniya na IFMA guda biyu da taken Turai. Shi ne dan wasa na yanzu na Gasar DAYA. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2019 |title=Adam Noi |url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/adam-noi/ |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Algérien champion du monde de boxe thaï {{!}} El Watan |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/sports/un-algerien-champion-du-monde-de-boxe-thai-18-08-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162440/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/sports/un-algerien-champion-du-monde-de-boxe-thai-18-08-2019 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=www.elwatan.com |language=fr}}</ref> Noi kuma yana cikin WBC (Majalisar dambe ta Duniya Muaythai). <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=Ranking WBC Muay Thai 2019 {{!}} SpaceBoxing |url=https://www.spaceboxing.com/ranking-wbc-muay-thai-2019/ |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=SpaceBoxing Noticias de KickBoxing, K1, Muay Thai, Boxeo |language=es}}</ref> An shirya ya yi yaƙi tare da "Prince Junior" a ranar Nuwamba 7, 2020 don Super Lightweight Division na WMC (Majalisar Muaythai ta Duniya) Gasar Duniya. Amma an dage yakin saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Scott |title=Prince Junior vs Adam Larfi : World Title Fight |url=http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2020/10/13/prince-junior-vs-adam-larfi-world-title-fight-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162442/http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2020/10/13/prince-junior-vs-adam-larfi-world-title-fight-2 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Adam Noï vs Prince Junior Set For Huge WMC Muaythai World Title Bout At LION BELT in France |url=https://fightrecord.co.uk/adam-noi-vs-prince-junior-set-for-huge-wmc-muaythai-world-title-bout-at-lion-belt-in-france/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162442/https://fightrecord.co.uk/adam-noi-vs-prince-junior-set-for-huge-wmc-muaythai-world-title-bout-at-lion-belt-in-france/ |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Fight Record |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] tim9f09yhoafhhcwi75hcutgsbil2xe Nsano 0 119571 882793 786970 2026-07-14T08:39:48Z Usman saadu 46863 882793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nsano Limited''' kamfani ne na Fintech a [[Ghana]] wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013 mai hedikwata a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] amma a wasu kasashen [[Afirka]] ciki har da [[Ivory Coast]], [[Zambiya]] da [[Uganda]]. Nsano yana sauƙaƙe dakatar da biyan kuɗi a cikin kasuwannin [[Afirka]] kusan 15 yayin da suke tura hada-hadar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awal |first=Mohammed |date=2024-02-12 |title=The Nsano tale: weaving digital payment threads across Africa |url=https://thebftonline.com/2024/02/12/the-nsano-tale-weaving-digital-payment-threads-across-africa/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Nsano na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin Fintech na farko na [[Ghana]] da suka karɓi lasisin mai ba da sabis na biyan kuɗi (Enhanced) daga [[Bankin Ghana]] a cikin shekara ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owusu-Nhyira |first=Kofi |date=13 May 2020 |title=BoG issues licence to Nsano Ltd as enhanced payment service provider |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/bog-issues-licence-to-nsano-ltd-as-enhanced-payment-service-provider.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Graphic.Com.GH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=These are the Bank of Ghana approved e-money issuers, payment providers |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/these-are-the-bank-of-ghana-approved-e-money-issuers-payment-providers.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Graphic Business}}</ref> Nsano a halin yanzu tana da hedkwata a [[Ghana]]. A cikin shekarar 2019 sun kafa cibiyar gudanar da zamba kuma sun sami takardar shaidar ISO 27001:2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=NSANO gets ISO 27001:2013 certificate; unveils fraud center |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/NSANO-gets-ISO-27001-2013-certificate-unveils-fraud-center-751038 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=The biggest challenges for Fintech in Africa in 2024 |url=https://www.techfinitive.com/features/the-biggest-challenges-for-the-fintech-sector-in-africa-in-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TechFinitive |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019 an ba su tallafin $ 250,000 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙalubalen Rediyo Grant Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Nsano, IT Consortium awarded Remittance Grant Facility support |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Nsano-IT-Consortium-awarded-Remittance-Grant-Facility-support-756592 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 Nsano ya yi bikin shekaru 10 na wanzuwarsa a matsayin Kamfanin Fintech . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=Nsano marks 10th anniversary with mission of expanding business in Africa |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nsano-marks-10th-anniversary-with-mission-of-expanding-business-in-africa.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> Nsano ya kirkiro dandamali don taimakawa abokin ciniki samun biyan kuɗi na wayar hannu don taimakawa wajen yaki da zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Laud |date=2021-06-09 |title=New system launched to curb Mobile Money fraud {{!}} 3News |url=https://3news.com/news/new-system-launched-to-curb-mobile-money-fraud/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=3news.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=NSANO Unveils Fraud Management Center And Receives Iso 27001:2013 Certificate |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/crime/201906/383885.php |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103149/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/crime/201906/383885.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025 Nsano ta sanar da Priscilla Hazel a matsayin sabon Shugaba wanda zai maye gurbin tsohon Shugaba da wanda ya kafa Kofi Owusu-N__ . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Nsano welcomes Priscilla Hazel as new CEO |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/01/nsano-welcomes-priscilla-hazel-as-new-ceo/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nsano ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Ayyukan Kudi na Larabawa (AFS) don canza tsarin biyan kuɗi ta hanyar haɗa kuɗin hannu da biyan kuɗi ta katin ta hanyar haɗin fasaha da ƙwarewar kamfanonin biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Partner |date=2025-02-04 |title=AFS and Nsano Partner to Transform Card Payments in Africa |url=https://techcabal.com/2025/02/04/afs-and-nsano-partner-to-transform-card-payments-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=AFS and Nsano partner to transform card payments in Africa |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/02/afs-and-nsano-partner-to-transform-card-payments-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, Bankin Kasa na Rwanda ya karɓi lasisin biyan kuɗi da lasisin biyan kuɗin (rukuni II da III). Wannan ya biyo bayan kafa ofishi a Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Nsano secures two Payment Service licenses in Rwanda |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/02/nsano-secures-two-payment-service-licenses-in-rwanda/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * Kyautar Kyau a Gina Ƙungiya & Haɗin kai a Taron Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun HR & Kyaututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=HR Certification Centre launches maiden edition of HR Professionals Summit and Awards |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/12/hr-certification-centre-launches-maiden-edition-of-hr-professionals-summit-and-awards/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> * An sanya sunan wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Nsano Kofi Owusu-Nhyira a cikin 2024 Bloomberg Sabon Tattalin Arziki Catalyst. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Nsano’s founder, CEO named Bloomberg New Economy Catalyst |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/10/nsanos-founder-ceo-named-bloomberg-new-economy-catalyst/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == nnae1dqyopnh57p9ims82rcxb3skqzr 882794 882793 2026-07-14T08:41:51Z Usman saadu 46863 882794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nsano Limited''' kamfani ne na Fintech a [[Ghana]] wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013 mai hedikwata a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] amma a wasu kasashen [[Afirka]] ciki har da [[Ivory Coast]], [[Zambiya]] da [[Uganda]]. Nsano yana sauƙaƙe dakatar da biyan kuɗi a cikin kasuwannin [[Afirka]] kusan 15 yayin da suke tura hada-hadar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awal |first=Mohammed |date=2024-02-12 |title=The Nsano tale: weaving digital payment threads across Africa |url=https://thebftonline.com/2024/02/12/the-nsano-tale-weaving-digital-payment-threads-across-africa/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Nsano na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin Fintech na farko na [[Ghana]] da suka karɓi lasisin mai ba da sabis na biyan kuɗi (Enhanced) daga [[Bankin Ghana]] a cikin shekara ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owusu-Nhyira |first=Kofi |date=13 May 2020 |title=BoG issues licence to Nsano Ltd as enhanced payment service provider |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/bog-issues-licence-to-nsano-ltd-as-enhanced-payment-service-provider.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Graphic.Com.GH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=These are the Bank of Ghana approved e-money issuers, payment providers |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/these-are-the-bank-of-ghana-approved-e-money-issuers-payment-providers.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Graphic Business}}</ref> Nsano a halin yanzu tana da hedkwata a [[Ghana]]. A cikin shekarar 2019 sun kafa cibiyar gudanar da zamba kuma sun sami takardar shaidar ISO 27001:2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=NSANO gets ISO 27001:2013 certificate; unveils fraud center |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/NSANO-gets-ISO-27001-2013-certificate-unveils-fraud-center-751038 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=The biggest challenges for Fintech in Africa in 2024 |url=https://www.techfinitive.com/features/the-biggest-challenges-for-the-fintech-sector-in-africa-in-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TechFinitive |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019 an ba su tallafin $ 250,000 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙalubalen Rediyo Grant Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Nsano, IT Consortium awarded Remittance Grant Facility support |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Nsano-IT-Consortium-awarded-Remittance-Grant-Facility-support-756592 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 Nsano ya yi bikin shekaru 10 na wanzuwarsa a matsayin Kamfanin Fintech . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=Nsano marks 10th anniversary with mission of expanding business in Africa |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nsano-marks-10th-anniversary-with-mission-of-expanding-business-in-africa.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> Nsano ya kirkiro dandamali don taimakawa abokin ciniki samun biyan kuɗi na wayar hannu don taimakawa wajen yaki da zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Laud |date=2021-06-09 |title=New system launched to curb Mobile Money fraud {{!}} 3News |url=https://3news.com/news/new-system-launched-to-curb-mobile-money-fraud/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=3news.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=NSANO Unveils Fraud Management Center And Receives Iso 27001:2013 Certificate |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/crime/201906/383885.php |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103149/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/crime/201906/383885.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2025 Nsano ta sanar da Priscilla Hazel a matsayin sabon Shugaba wanda zai maye gurbin tsohon Shugaba da wanda ya kafa Kofi Owusu-N__ . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Nsano welcomes Priscilla Hazel as new CEO |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/01/nsano-welcomes-priscilla-hazel-as-new-ceo/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nsano ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Ayyukan Kudi na Larabawa (AFS) don canza tsarin biyan kuɗi ta hanyar haɗa kuɗin hannu da biyan kuɗi ta katin ta hanyar haɗin fasaha da ƙwarewar kamfanonin biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Partner |date=2025-02-04 |title=AFS and Nsano Partner to Transform Card Payments in Africa |url=https://techcabal.com/2025/02/04/afs-and-nsano-partner-to-transform-card-payments-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=AFS and Nsano partner to transform card payments in Africa |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/02/afs-and-nsano-partner-to-transform-card-payments-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, Bankin Kasa na Rwanda ya karɓi lasisin biyan kuɗi da lasisin biyan kuɗin (rukuni II da III). Wannan ya biyo bayan kafa ofishi a Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Nsano secures two Payment Service licenses in Rwanda |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/02/nsano-secures-two-payment-service-licenses-in-rwanda/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * Kyautar Kyau a Gina Ƙungiya & Haɗin kai a Taron Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun HR & Kyaututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=HR Certification Centre launches maiden edition of HR Professionals Summit and Awards |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/12/hr-certification-centre-launches-maiden-edition-of-hr-professionals-summit-and-awards/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> * An sanya sunan wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Nsano Kofi Owusu-Nhyira a cikin 2024 Bloomberg Sabon Tattalin Arziki Catalyst. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Nsano’s founder, CEO named Bloomberg New Economy Catalyst |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/10/nsanos-founder-ceo-named-bloomberg-new-economy-catalyst/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2qagy4ggoe1ejj2keika8ur7w49889n Lokaci Mai Kyau 0 121364 882477 740124 2026-07-13T19:51:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Good Time album na biyu na studio na mawakin [[Najeriya]] [[Davido]] . An sake shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2019, ta hanyar Davido Music Worldwide, RCA Records da Sony Music . [1] Kundin yana nuna baƙon baƙo daga Chris Brown, Summer Walker, Gunna, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dremo, Peruzzi, Popcaan, Zlatan, Yonda, Wurld and Naira Marley . [2] An sarrafa shi ta hanyar Speroach Beatz, Tekno, Shizzi, Kiddominant, P2J, London a kan da Track, da Fresh VDM, da sauransu. [2] Don haɓaka kundin, Davido ya ba da sanarwar shirin fara balaguron balaguron Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka shirya farawa a cikin hunturu kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2020. Duk da haka, an dage ziyarar saboda cutar ta COVID-19 . [3] [4] == Background and promotion == Davido recorded ''A Good Time'' in [[Atlanta]] and told ''Vibe'' magazine he wanted to make music in a new environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jesse Bernard |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Davido's Enjoying The Best Of Both Worlds |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/10/davido-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025230508/https://www.complex.com/music/2019/10/davido-interview |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref><ref name="Vibe 121">{{Cite web |last=Stacy-Ann Ellis |date=October 15, 2019 |title=20 Minutes With Davido: The Afrobeats Giant Talks Confidence, Timing And Strong Foundations |url=https://www.vibe.com/2019/10/davido-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128020032/https://www.vibe.com/2019/10/davido-interview |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2019 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> He labeled the album an [[Afrobeats]] project and said it would incorporate other musical styles.<ref name="Vibe 121" /> Davido disclosed the album's title during an event held in Lagos in September 2019, and said the record would be released the following month.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 1">{{Cite web |last=Motolani Alake |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Davido's new album, 'A Good Time' set for October release |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-new-album-a-good-time-set-for-october-release/krxhhxf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915054018/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-new-album-a-good-time-set-for-october-release/krxhhxf |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> He also unveiled snippets of four songs from the album during the event.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 1" /> Following his performance at Powerhouse 2019, Davido told Power 105.1's DJ Self that the album will feature collaborations with A Boogie wit da Hoodie, [[Summer Walker]], Gunna, and [[Chris Brown]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deanna Moore |date=October 26, 2019 |title=Davido Announces Collabs With Summer Walker And A Boogie On Upcoming Album |url=https://power1051.iheart.com/featured/powerhouse/content/2019-10-26-davido-announces-collabs-with-summer-walker-and-a-boogie-on-upcoming-album/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103172357/https://power1051.iheart.com/featured/powerhouse/content/2019-10-26-davido-announces-collabs-with-summer-walker-and-a-boogie-on-upcoming-album/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |publisher=[[Power 105.1]]}}</ref> ''A Good Time'' was produced entirely by Nigerian producers, except for one track.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 1" /> The cover art features images of Davido and his father, and a sculpture of his late mother.<ref name="The Guardian 1">{{Cite web |last=Tara Joshi |date=24 November 2019 |title=Davido: A Good Time review – Afrobeats-infused celebration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/24/davido-a-good-time-review-afrobeats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222524/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/24/davido-a-good-time-review-afrobeats |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === "If", "Fall", and "Assurance" === The album's lead single, "If", was released on February 17, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2017 |title=If - Single by Davido |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/if-single/1205929054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123175742/https://music.apple.com/us/album/if-single/1205929054 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song was produced by [[Tekno (mawaki)|Tekno]], who supposedly ghost wrote it for Davido.<ref name="OkayAfrica 2">{{Cite web |last=Sabo Kpade |date=February 20, 2017 |title=Hear Davido's New Single 'If,' Produced By Tekno |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-if-download-mp3-produced-by-tekno/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829014241/https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-if-download-mp3-produced-by-tekno/ |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref> "If" was certified diamond by the Recording Industry of South Africa, indicating shipments of 200,000 units.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 221">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2018 |title=OBO's 'If' goes Diamond, 'Fall' hits platinum in South Africa |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123175826/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> It won Best Pop Single and Song of the Year at The Headies 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Billy Praise |date=5 May 2018 |title=The Headies 2018: Full List of Winners. |url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042759/https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=Guardian Life}}</ref> Reviewing for OkayAfrica, Sabo Kpade described the song as a "slow burner" with an "unfussy beat that sounds hollowed out and isn't cluttered with instruments".<ref name="OkayAfrica 2" /> The music video for "If" was produced by Tunde Babalola and directed by Director Q, who filmed it in London.<ref name="Trace TV">{{Cite web |last=Elvis Adi |date=8 March 2017 |title=Exclusive behind the scene video : Davido’s "If" |url=https://trace.tv/videos/exclusive-behind-scene-video-davidos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192114/https://trace.tv/videos/exclusive-behind-scene-video-davidos/ |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |publisher=Trace TV}}</ref> Davido teamed up with menswear designer Orange Culture to release a capsule collection inspired by "If".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olamide Olarewaju |date=September 13, 2017 |title=1st look at designer, singer's capsule collection in Selfridges |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/orange-culture-x-davido-1st-look-at-designer-singers-capsule-collection-in-selfridges/6ntjz71 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215135406/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/orange-culture-x-davido-1st-look-at-designer-singers-capsule-collection-in-selfridges/6ntjz71 |archive-date=December 15, 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> The album's second single, "Fall", was released on June 2, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2017 |title=Fall - Single by Davido |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/fall-single/1243164651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192110/https://music.apple.com/us/album/fall-single/1243164651 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The song samples a line from Kojo Funds's "Dun Talking" and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobi Akingbade |date=29 November 2017 |title=Afrobeat singer Davido asks haters ‘are you God?’ after strings of plagiarism accusations |url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/11/29/afrobeat-singer-davido-asks-haters-are-you-god-after-strings-of-plagiarism-accusations-7119432/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192110/https://metro.co.uk/2017/11/29/afrobeat-singer-davido-asks-haters-are-you-god-after-strings-of-plagiarism-accusations-7119432/ |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |website=[[Metro.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref name="Pulse Nigeria 221">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2018 |title=OBO's 'If' goes Diamond, 'Fall' hits platinum in South Africa |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123175826/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p "OBO's 'If' goes Diamond, 'Fall' hits platinum in South Africa"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. February 20, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191123175826/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-obos-if-goes-diamond-fall-hits-platinum-in-south-africa/1mxg03p Archived] from the original on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> "Fall" was one of the top-100-most-Shazam-searched singles in America in January 2019, and was a top-10 record on Shazam in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias Leight |date=20 January 2019 |title=Davido's 'Fall' Is Finally Catching On in the U.S., But It Should Be Bigger |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/davido-fall-us-radio-shazam-780079/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207024509/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/davido-fall-us-radio-shazam-780079/ |archive-date=7 December 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |website=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> In February 2019, it became the longest charting Nigerian pop song in ''Billboard'' history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damola Durosomo |date=February 6, 2019 |title=Davido's 'Fall' Is the Longest-Charting Nigerian Pop Song in Billboard History |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/davidos-fall-is-the-longest-charting-nigerian-pop-song-in-billboard-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140233/https://www.okayafrica.com/davidos-fall-is-the-longest-charting-nigerian-pop-song-in-billboard-history/ |archive-date=March 1, 2019 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref> "Fall" was ranked at number 163 on ''Pitchfork''{{'}}s list of the 200 Best Songs of the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2019 |title=The 200 Best Songs of the 2010s |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-songs-of-the-2010s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011032035/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-songs-of-the-2010s/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The accompanying music video for "Fall" was directed by British video director Daps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=August 19, 2019 |title=5 leading Nigerian music video directors you should know |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/5-leading-nigerian-music-video-directors-you-should-know/2vw9l3v |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617135244/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/5-leading-nigerian-music-video-directors-you-should-know/2vw9l3v |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> In December 2018, the video surpassed 100 million views, becoming the most viewed video by a Nigerian artist on YouTube at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ohunyon |first=Ehis |date=18 December 2018 |title=Davido's 'Fall' becomes most viewed video by a Nigerian artist on Youtube |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-fall-is-most-viewed-nigerian-music-video-on-youtube/45vhcn1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192106/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-fall-is-most-viewed-nigerian-music-video-on-youtube/45vhcn1 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> The Speroach Beatz-produced track "Assurance" was released on April 30, 2018, as the album's third single.<ref name="TooXclusive 1">{{Cite web |last=Marcus Brown |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Davido – "Assurance" |url=https://tooxclusive.com/song-davido-assurance-download/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812031256/https://tooxclusive.com/song-davido-assurance-download/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=TooXclusive}}</ref> The song was described as a love track and samples the phrase "Biggie Biggie", which was popularized by [[Osita Iheme]].<ref name="TooXclusive 1" /> Davido dedicated "Assurance" to his girlfriend and released it to coincide with her 23rd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehis Ohunyon |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Singer's new single, ''Assurance'' hits 1M views in 24 hours |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-singers-new-single-assurance-hits-1m-views-in-24-hours/2clgpjv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725004851/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-singers-new-single-assurance-hits-1m-views-in-24-hours/2clgpjv |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> Speroach Beatz claimed in an interview with Konbini Channels that Davido spent half an hour recording the song, while he created the beat in an hour. Reviewing for ''Native'' magazine, Toye Sokunbi said the song "speaks volumes for the importance of clarity in the age of emojis, validation from our loved ones and putting love first, against all odds".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toye Sokunbi |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Best New Music: Davido's "Assurance" Stamps Summer '18 as the Season of Love |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/davido-marks-summer-season-love-assurance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018012323/http://thenativemag.com/music/davido-marks-summer-season-love-assurance/ |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Native Magazine}}</ref> The accompanying music video for "Assurance" was directed by Meji Alabi.<ref name="Konbini Channels 12" /> === "Blow My Mind", "Risky", "Sweet in the Middle", "1 Milli", and "D&G" === The [[Chris Brown]]-assisted track "Blow My Mind" was released on July 26, 2019, as the album's fourth single.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Blow My Mind - Single by Davido |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/blow-my-mind-single/1473507415 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215172746/https://music.apple.com/us/album/blow-my-mind-single/1473507415 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> Produced by Shizzi, the song was initially intended to be released as the album's lead single.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Davido And Chris Brown Release New Single "Blow My Mind" |url=https://www.rcarecords.com/news/davido-and-chris-brown-release-new-single-blow-my-mind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215172805/https://www.rcarecords.com/news/davido-and-chris-brown-release-new-single-blow-my-mind/ |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[RCA Records]]}}</ref> Musically, "Blow My Mind" contains lyrics pertaining to a girl who simply blows Davido's mind.<ref name="Konbini Channels 512">{{Cite web |last=Adewojumi Aderemi |date=30 July 2019 |title=Watch the intimate music video for Davido & Chris Brown's 'Blow My Mind' |url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/davido-chris-brown-intimate-lovers-video-blow-mind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215172746/https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/davido-chris-brown-intimate-lovers-video-blow-mind |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Konbini Channels}}</ref> In the Edgar Esteves-directed visuals for "Blow My Mind", Davido and Chris Brown spend quality time in a motel with their significant other.<ref name="Konbini Channels 512" /> The video became the fastest Nigerian music video to reach one million views in 11 hours, surpassing the records of [[Wizkid]]'s "Fever" and "Come Closer".<ref name="Konbini Channels 24">{{Cite web |last=Adewojumi Aderemi |date=1 August 2019 |title=Davido's Video For 'Blow My Mind' Breaks Two YouTube Records In A Day |url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/davido-set-yet-another-record-with-blow-my-mind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215172746/https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/davido-set-yet-another-record-with-blow-my-mind |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Konbini Channels}}</ref> It also became the Nigerian music video with the highest number of views within the first 24 hours of its release.<ref name="Konbini Channels 24" /> The album's fifth single, "Risky", was released on October 23, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evan Minsker |date=October 23, 2019 |title=Davido and Popcaan Share New Song "Risky": Listen |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/davido-and-popcaan-share-new-song-risky-listen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025230510/https://pitchfork.com/news/davido-and-popcaan-share-new-song-risky-listen/ |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref><ref name="Billboard 41">{{Cite web |last=Michael Saponara |date=October 23, 2019 |title=Davido & Popcaan Get Framed in 'Top Boy'-Inspired 'Risky' Video |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/davido-popcaan-risky-video-watch-8540155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129195953/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8540155/davido-popcaan-risky-video-watch |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> It features guest vocals by Jamaican singer Popcaan, who previously enlisted Davido to appear on his 2018 single "Dun Rich".<ref name="Billboard 41" /> The video for "Risky" was directed by Meji Alabi and pays homage to the crime drama series ''Top Boy''.<ref name="Billboard 41" /> In the video, a female member of Davido's and Popcaan's crew informs them to police.<ref name="Billboard 41" /> On December 19, 2019, Davido released the Meji Alabi-directed music video for "Sweet in the Middle", which features clips of an arid Lagos landscape and post-apocalyptic scenes that are reminiscent of ''Mad Max'' films.<ref name="OkayAfrica 912">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Watch Davido's New Video For 'Sweet in the Middle' Featuring WurlD, Naira Marley & Zlatan |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-sweet-in-the-middle-video-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220100815/https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-sweet-in-the-middle-video-watch/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref> On March 3, 2020, Davido released the video for "1 Milli", which was recorded by Director K. The video depicts a wedding celebration between he and his love interest.<ref name="OkayAfrica 8033">{{Cite web |last=Damola Durosomo |date=March 6, 2020 |title=Davido's '1 Milli' Video Called Out for Allegedly Copying the Work of Nigerian Artist Adeyemi Michael |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-1-milli-music-video-accused-of-copying-adeyemi-michael-short-film-entitled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327045928/https://www.okayafrica.com/davido-1-milli-music-video-accused-of-copying-adeyemi-michael-short-film-entitled/ |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref> It contains a ceremonial scene of a middle-aged woman who rides a horseback while dressed in a traditional attire.<ref name="OkayAfrica 8033" /> The video was criticized for bearing a striking resemblance to ''Entitled'', a 2018 short film by Nigerian-British filmmaker Adeyemi Michael.<ref name="OkayAfrica 8033" /> Director K clarified on Instagram he was inspired by Michael's work and wanted to "recreate the iconic shot of Michael's mother on horseback".<ref name="OkayAfrica 8033" /> On April 23, 2020, Davido released the Daps-directed music video for "D&G". In it, he and Summer Walker are decked from head-to-toe in Dolce &amp;amp; Gabbana clothing. The video was filmed in [[Los Angeles]] while Davido was on his North American tour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rufaro Samanga |date=April 24, 2020 |title=Watch Davido's New Music Video for 'D&G' Featuring Summer Walker |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/watch-dg-music-video-davido-new-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424133606/https://www.okayafrica.com/watch-dg-music-video-davido-new-music/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref> Davido told [[CNN]] that all proceeds from the "D&G" video will support the Dolce & Gabbana and Humanitas Together for Coronavirus Research Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melas |first=Chloe |date=April 26, 2020 |title=Davido releases 'Dolce & Gabbana' music video and donates proceeds to coronavirus research after fiancée tests positive |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/25/entertainment/davido-dolce-gabbana-music-video-coronavirus/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426000812/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/25/entertainment/davido-dolce-gabbana-music-video-coronavirus/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Critical reception == {{Music ratings|rev1=''[[The Guardian]]''|rev1score={{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="The Guardian 1"/>|rev2=''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''|rev2score=8.3/10<ref>{{cite web |author=Sheldon Pearce |title=Davido: A Good Time Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/davido-a-good-time/ |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |accessdate=November 26, 2019 |date=November 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201500/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/davido-a-good-time/ |archive-date=November 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>|rev3=[[TooXclusive]]|rev3score=7/10<ref name="TooXclusive 21"/>|rev4=''Pulse Nigeria''|rev4score=6.6/10<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 181" />|rev5=''Jaguda''|rev5score=6/10<ref name="Jaguda 1" />}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r76e8yy0b61r5emxtkb3n56vnc6993i Ekene Som Mekwunye 0 122405 882825 873487 2026-07-14T09:33:58Z Zahrah0 14848 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345823614|Ekene Som Mekwunye]]" 882825 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ekene Som Mekwunye Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1978) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuciya kuma malami. [1] An san shi da jagorantar da samar da fina-finai kamar Light In The Dark, One Lagos Night, Honey Money, Sylvia da Èwò . == Ayyuka == Mekwunye ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimakin kyamara a cocinsa kafin ya sami aiki a Africa Magic, inda ya yi aiki a kan 53extra da Jara da kuma duk abubuwan Channel O a Najeriya. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Fim ta New York a Los Angeles don nazarin fim. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan dawowarsa, ya shiga MTV shuga a matsayin mai kula da aikin da ke kula da samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira Shuga 3. Ya ba da umarnin wani ɗan gajeren fim, Oblivious wanda ya lashe [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] (Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award) a cikin shekarar 2015 don mafi kyawun gajeren fim. Bayan ya bar MTV Shuga, Ya fara kamfaninsa, Riverside Productions bayan ya kirkiro wani shirin talabijin da ake kira My Big Nigerian Wedding wanda ya ci gaba da zama babban shirin talabiji na gaskiya a Afirka. Daga baya ya samar da gajeren fina-finai 3 mai taken The Encounter, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Ekene Som Mekwunye Releases "The Encounter" &#124; Xplorenollywood |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/ekene-som-mekwunye-releases-the-encounter/}}</ref> A Simple Letter da Lasgidi Vice . The Encounter ya lashe [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] don mafi kyawun sauti / asali a cikin shekarar 2017 kuma Lasgidi Vice ya sami allo a bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2018 |title=Leute: Nollywood Germany statt Bollywood |url=https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/hamburg/article179527520/Leute-Nollywood-Germany-statt-Bollywood.html |via=www.welt.de}}</ref> Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko mai taken Sylvia, wanda aka saki a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya a watan Satumbar 2018, an kuma nuna fim din a bukukuwan fina-falla na kasa da kasa daban-daban ciki har da Nollywood Week a [[Faris|Paris]] da BFI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboho |first=Eddy |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sylvia Review - Directed by Daniel Oriahi and Produced by Ekene Mekwunye |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/sylvia-review/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sylvia (2018) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5be62549c4f63 |website=BFI}}</ref> Ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, wanda ya kuma samar da shi tare da Chidinma Uzodike mai taken Light In The Dark, wanda aka saki a gidajen silima na [[Najeriya]] da Ghana a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2019. Ya sami gabatarwa 3 a [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] 2022 ciki har da Babban Darakta. Ya ci gaba da nunawa a bukukuwan fina-finai a nahiyoyi 5 ciki har da, Nollywood Week a [[Faris|Paris]], Silicon Valley African Film festival da Soo Film Festivals duka a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Brasilia International film festival a [[Brazil]], Durban International Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web |title=Light in the Dark &#124; NollywoodWeek Film Festival |url=https://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/light-in-the-dark/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922050530/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/light-in-the-dark/ |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref> a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da sauran ƙasashe a [[Indiya]], Masar, [[Tunisiya]], Najeriya da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Silicon Valley African Film Festival 2019 Souvenir Booklet |url=https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/svaff2019_booklet |website=Issuu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durban International Film Festival |url=https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DIFF-Prog-2019.pdf |access-date=1 Nov 2025 |website=ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Kaduna a shekarar 2020 don wannan fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Rita Dominic, Joke Silver Win Big At KADIFF 2020 Awards |url=https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2020/09/09/rita-dominic-joke-silver-win-big-at-kadiff-2020-awards/}}</ref> Ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na biyu, wanda kuma ya samar da shi mai taken 'One Lagos Night' <ref>{{Cite web |title=One Lagos Night &#124; NollywoodWeek ONLINE 2021 |url=https://watch.eventive.org/nwff/play/607e385d78e7f4006057370d |website=watch.eventive.org}}</ref> wanda [[Netflix]] ya samo shi ne kawai <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Netflix acquires exclusive rights to Ekene Som Mekwunye's film "One Lagos Night" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/05/netflix-acquires-one-lagos-night/}}</ref> kuma an fitar da shi a duniya a kan dandalin su a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2021. Har ila yau, fim ne na rufewa a bikin fina-finai na Nollywood, [[Faris|Paris]] wanda aka gudanar a kan layi a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NollywoodWeek Film Festival – Festival du cinéma nigérian |url=https://nollywoodweek.com/en/}}</ref> Ya sami gabatarwa 2 a [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|AMVCA 2022]]. A cikin 2022, ya yi fim mai taken 'Honey Money' tare da [[Nancy Isime]], [[Timini Egbuson]], Iyabo Ojo, Femi Branch, [[Babarex]], [[Uzee Usman]], [[Sandra Okunzuwa]], Junior Pope da dai sauransu. Shi ne darektan, co-producer da kuma babban furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2022 |title=VSL MEDIA Taps Ekene Som Mekwunye to Direct New Star Studded Feature |url=https://shockng.com/vsl-media-taps-ekene-som-mekwunye-to-direct-new-star-studded-feature/}}</ref> An fitar da fim din a cikin fina-finai A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023. Amazon Prime ya fitar da 2 daga cikin fina-finai na musamman ga dandalin su Prime Video a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024 mai taken Ambivalent da Kali. Ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da fim din mai taken 'Move Like A Boss' wanda aka fara bugawa a gidajen silima na Najeriya a watan Agustan 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Move Like a Boss" for Cinemas Second Week of August |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/move-like-a-boss-for-cinemas-second-week-of-august/}}</ref> Fim dinsa 'I Hate Love Stories' da 'Honey Money' an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar a watan Agusta kuma sune fina-finda na farko na Najeriya da aka nuna a bikin fim din a cikin kusan shekaru 10. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2025, ya fitar da fim dinsa na farko wanda ba na Turanci ba, wasan kwaikwayo na yaren Yoruba mai suna Èwò, wanda ke nufin haramtacce a Turanci. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a duk faɗin Najeriya da Ghana. He is also an adjunct faculty<ref>{{Cite web |title=LMS: All courses |url=https://elearning.pau.edu.ng/course/index.php?categoryid=154 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518125548/https://elearning.pau.edu.ng/course/index.php?categoryid=154 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=elearning.pau.edu.ng}}</ref> at the School of Media and Communication, [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Pan Atlantic University]] where he teaches final year students film production and techniques. He also organises free workshops for young filmmakers called The Imagery Program where he teaches screenwriting, filmmaking and acting for screen. It has held twice. He gave a Ted Talk in 2020 in Eastern Nigeria where he spoke about the power of telling stories through films. He was one of the speakers invited by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to speak at a conference titled 'Videography In the Hands of the People' which held at the school campus in October 2022 in [[Boston]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == == Hotunan fina-finai == '''Hotunan da aka zaɓa''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Babban Matsayi !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2011-2013 |''Jara'' |[[Helen Paul]], [[Uti Nwachukwu]], |Mai gabatarwa |Shirin talabijin |- |2011-2013 |''53 Ƙarin'' |[[Eku Edewor]], [[Dolapo Oni]], |Mai gabatarwa |Shirin talabijin |- |2011-2013 |''Tashar O'' |Ka daina Edun, |Mai gabatarwa, darektan |Shirin talabijin |- |2013 |[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga 3]] |Nick Mutuma, [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Emmanuel Ikubese]], [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Chris Attoh]] |Mai tsara aikin |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2013 |''Babban Bikin aurena na Najeriya'' |Sisi Yemmie, [[Bobo Yomi]], |Darakta, furodusa, babban furodusa |Shirin talabijin |- |2013 |''An manta da shi'' |[[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Kiki Omeili]], Uzor Osimkpa[[Uzor Kogin]] |Mawallafin allo, furodusa, babban furodusa |Gajeren fim, wanda ya lashe kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na Afirka na 2015 don ''Mafi kyawun gajeren fim'' |- |2015 |''Gamuwa da'' |[[Gregory Ojefua]], [[Amarachi Onoh]], [[Stan Nze]], |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards for Best Sound Design''Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Sauti'' |- |2015 |''[[A Simple Letter|Wasika Mai Sauƙi]]'' |[[Nancy Isime]], Paul Utomi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |- |2016 |''Lasgidi Vice'' |[[Theresa Edem]], [[Bucci Franklin]], [[Hauwa Allahbura]], [[Tunji Ogunkeye]] |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |- |2018 |''[[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|Sylvia]]'' |[[Zainab Balogun]], [[Chris Attoh]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] da [[Udoka Oyeka]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Prime VideoBidiyo na farko |- |2019 |''Haske A cikin Duhu'' |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Joke Silva]], [[Kalu Ikeagwu]], [[Kiki Omeili]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Saheed Balogun|Saidi Balogun]] |Marubucin labari, darektan, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa akan [[Netflix]] |- |2021 |''[[One Lagos Night|Ɗaya daga cikin dare na Legas]]'' |[[Frank Donga]], Gold Ikponmwosa, [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Genoveva Umeh]] da [[Ali Nuhu]] |Darakta, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa akan Netflix |- |2023 |''[[How to Love Me (film)|Yadda za a ƙaunace ni]]'' |[[Yvonne Jegede]], [[IK Ogbonna]], |Darakta, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Prime Video |- |2023 |''Kudin zuma'' |[[Nancy Isime]], [[Timini Egbuson]], Iyabo Ojo, Femi Branch, |Darakta, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2024 |''[[Ambivalent (film)|Rashin jituwa]]'' |[[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Derby Frankson]], [[Aereis Umusu]], [[Anita.O James|Anita]]. [[Anita.O James|Ya James]], |Marubuci, darektan, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Prime Video |- |2024 |''[[Kali (2024 Nigerian film)|Kali]]'' |[[Lota Chukwu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Preach Bassey, [[Nedine Love]], Blessing Martyn, [[Doddy Abili]], [[Christle Lotanna Chris-Okafor]], |Marubuci, darektan, furodusa, babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Prime Video |- |2024 |''Ina ƙin Labaran soyayya'' |[[Gabriel Afolayan]], Obioma Ofoegbu, Hadar Mike Sanda |Darakta, furodusa, babban furodusa mai gabatar da zartarwa |Kamfanonin samarwa: Bukana Motion Pictures da Riverside Productions |- |2024 |''[[Move Like A Boss|Ka Yi Kasancewa Kamar Shugaba]]'' |[[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]], [[Yemi Solade]], [[Jaiye Kuti]], [[Tope Olowoniyan]], MC Lively, [[Denrenle Edun]], |Darakta, furodusa, darektan jefawa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Prime Video |- |2025 |''[[Èwò(Forbidden)|Èwò (An haramta shi)]]'' |[[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Ademola Adedoyin]], [[Taiwo Hassan]], [[Jaiye Kuti]], [[Saheed Balogun|Saidi Balogun]], [[Akin Lewis]], [[Yinka Quadri]], [[Moyo Lawal]], [[Tina Mba]], [[Dele Odule]], |Darakta, furodusa, marubuci, darektan jefawa, Babban furodusa |Fim mai ban sha'awa, ana samun sa a Cinemas a Najeriya da Ghana |- | |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mbux4kw2e6kwc1j7hbtho29a4b1g44u Chawky Frenn 0 123132 882459 826152 2026-07-13T18:44:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chawky Frenn''' ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne mai zane, marubuci, kuma farfesa a fannin fasaha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2004 |title=Bone Structures |url=https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/article/13029669/bone-structures |access-date=2018-12-26 |website=Washington City Paper |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana koyar da fasaha a Jami'ar George Mason da ke arewacin Virginia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chawky Frenn {{!}} The School of Art |url=https://soa.gmu.edu/faculty-staff/chawkyfrenn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217031755/https://soa.gmu.edu/faculty-staff/chawkyfrenn/ |archive-date=2019-02-17 |access-date=2018-12-26 |website=soa.gmu.edu}}</ref> Zane-zanensa masu inganci suna da ƙarfi a fannin zamantakewa da siyasa. <ref name=":0" /> Frenn tsohon malamin Fulbright ne, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/chawky-frenn |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Fulbright Scholar Program}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Through Fulbright scholarship, Mason professor shared his passion for life, art {{!}} George Mason |url=https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www2.gmu.edu |archive-date=2019-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217031957/https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a yankin Greater [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Chawky Frenn a Zahlé, Lebanon. [1] Frenn ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1981 [1] kuma ya zauna tsawon shekaru da dama a Boston, [2] inda ya yi karatun fasaha kuma ya sami digiri na BFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Massachusetts [3] da ke Boston, Massachusetts, a shekarar 1985 kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na MFA a Tyler School of Art of Temple University da ke Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]], [1] da kuma a Temple Abroad da ke Rome, Italiya, a shekarar 1988. [1] Ya koyar da fasaha a Kwalejin Jihar Bridgewater da ke Bridgewater, Massachusetts; Kwalejin Fasaha ta Montserrat da ke Beverly, Massachusetts; <ref name=":1" /> da Jami'ar Edinboro ta Pennsylvania da ke Edinboro, Pennsylvania. <ref name=":1" /> A halin yanzu farfesa ne a Jami'ar George Mason da ke Fairfax, Virginia, <ref name=":2"/> inda ya sami kyautar Koyarwa ta Musamman a 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/chawky-frenn |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Fulbright Scholar Program}}</ref> == Nunin Nunin == Frenn ya yi baje kolin fina-finai sosai <ref name=":2"/> a Amurka, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Cynthia Nouhra Art Gallery, Beirut, Lebanon |url=https://www.cnag.me/?r=cnagArtist/view&id=6&artist=FRENN%20Chawky |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210322/https://www.cnag.me/?r=cnagArtist%2Fview&id=6&artist=FRENN%20Chawky |archive-date=2019-03-02 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www.cnag.me}}</ref> kuma manyan jaridu da manyan masu sukar fasaha sun yi nazari sosai kan aikinsa. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> An nuna ayyukansa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Hoyt da ke New Castle, Pennsylvania; <ref name=":2" /> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Housatonic <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/chawky-frenn |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Fulbright Scholar Program}}</ref> da ke Bridgeport, Connecticut; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Erie da ke Erie, Pennsylvania; <ref name=":2" /> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Arnot da ke Elmira, New York; <ref name=":2" /> da Gidan Tarihi na Sursock <ref>{{Cite web |title=Through Fulbright scholarship, Mason professor shared his passion for life, art {{!}} George Mason |url=https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www2.gmu.edu |archive-date=2019-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217031957/https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ke [[Beirut|Beirut, Lebanon]] . Zane-zanen Frenn suna cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Housatonic da ke Bridgeport, Connecticut <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/chawky-frenn |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Fulbright Scholar Program}}</ref> da [[Springfield Museum of Art|Gidan Tarihi na Springfield]] da ke Springfield, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Through Fulbright scholarship, Mason professor shared his passion for life, art {{!}} George Mason |url=https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www2.gmu.edu |archive-date=2019-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217031957/https://www2.gmu.edu/news/511701 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dgfafdyzy0paalpugiqeoshe6m6e6sp Ronald Hamowy 0 123166 882497 747384 2026-07-13T20:34:32Z Usman saadu 46863 882497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci. Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rmhljpwu88v1nnrn8heafy27xi2dx0k 882500 882497 2026-07-13T20:37:16Z Usman saadu 46863 882500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci. Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gkmk3odg5551zui7vz1i5c65okounf9 882502 882500 2026-07-13T20:39:55Z Usman saadu 46863 882502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci. Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun shekarar 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta shekarar 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p2rrzetyinro1upigxa4sjigkwbmdqw 882539 882502 2026-07-13T22:20:08Z Kamal JB 24987 Saka manazarta 882539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/ronald-hamowy "Ronald Hamowy, Fellow in Social Thought", Cato Institute]. Accessed: March 14, 2012</ref> Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun shekarar 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta shekarar 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9pcl80dpzx4ugu1pu0r6j7w9tvaw2j2 882540 882539 2026-07-13T22:20:48Z Kamal JB 24987 882540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; an haifeshi 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/ronald-hamowy "Ronald Hamowy, Fellow in Social Thought", Cato Institute]. Accessed: March 14, 2012</ref> Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun shekarar 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta shekarar 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s14spagdyo42fc18ectrc57tw4eggme 882541 882540 2026-07-13T22:21:09Z Kamal JB 24987 882541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Hamowy''' / / həˈmaʊi / ; an haifeshi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu , a shekara ta 1937 zuwa Satumba 8, a shekara ta 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> ƙwararren masani ne a ƙasar Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga fannonin siyasa da zamantakewa. A lokacin rasuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa mai ƙarfin hali a tarihin ilimi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke [[Edmonton]], [[Kanada]] . Hamowy yana da alaƙa sosai da akidar siyasa ta ' yanci kuma rubuce-rubucensa da kuma iliminsa sun fi mai da hankali kan 'yancin mutum ɗaya da iyakokin ayyukan gwamnati a cikin al'umma mai 'yanci.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/ronald-hamowy "Ronald Hamowy, Fellow in Social Thought", Cato Institute]. Accessed: March 14, 2012</ref> Yana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun ƙungiyoyin ' yanci na Amurka . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hamowy a Shanghai, a Jamhuriyar China . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne; mahaifinsa kuma daga Siriya ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Masar ce. [1] Ya girma a birnin New York . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihi a Jami'ar Cornell da Kwalejin City ta New York . A shekarar 1960 aka shigar da shi shirin digiri na uku a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a, Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya yi digirinsa na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Friedrich Hayek . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Isaiah Berlin kuma ya yi ƙarin aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Paris . Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1968 don zama malami kuma daga baya mataimakin darakta na Shirin Tarihin Wayewar Yamma a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A shekarar 1969, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Alberta da ke Edmonton, babbar jami'a a Yammacin Kanada. Ya koyar a can har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da ya ɗauki aiki a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, Burnaby, [[British Columbia]] ; bayan shekaru biyu a Simon Fraser, ya koma Jami'ar Alberta inda ya ci gaba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1998. Ya zauna kusa da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . == Rayuwar ilimi == Hamowy ya ɗauki tsarin koyarwa da ilimi mai zurfi a fannoni daban-daban. Tattaunawar da ya yi a taron karawa juna sani ta yaɗu cikin 'yanci a fannonin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ciki har da [[tarihi]], [[falsafa]], [[Doka|shari'a]], ka'idar siyasa, ka'idar zamantakewa, ka'idar tattalin arziki mai tsarki, [[adabi]], magani, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi amfani da tsarin koyarwa da dama tare da Rothbard, wanda ya kai shi shekaru goma, a wannan lokacin, mutum zai iya ƙara jaddada tasirin Rothbard ko kuma lokacin da Hamowy ya yi yana yin aikin digiri na biyu a Turai. Ana fahimtar Hamowy a matsayin samfurin wani zamani na musamman na ilimi a Amurka wanda masu tunani da suka zurfafa cikin salon nahiyar suka yi tasiri sosai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga Turai zuwa Amurka daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950. Mafi kyawun malamai sun fi mayar da hankali kan jami'o'i uku na Amurka: Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ; Jami'ar Notre Dame da ke South Bend, Indiana ; kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar waɗannan malamai da aka kafa a Kwamitin Tunanin Zamantakewa a Jami'ar Chicago, inda Hamowy ya yi karatun digirinsa na uku a shekarun 1960. Masu ƙaura na nahiyar da suka fi tasiri kai tsaye kan ci gaban iliminsa su ne Hans Kohn, Ludwig von Mises, da Hayek. Wannan tasirin ya faru ne kafin zuwan Hamowy [[Chicago]] kuma ya fara a birnin New York tun yana ɗan digiri na farko. Ya yaba wa farfesa Kohn na tarihin ilimi na Kwalejin City, wanda ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1930 sannan daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin City tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Hakika, Kohn ne ya fara sha'awar tarihin ilimi bayan ya dawo birnin New York daga Ithaca, New York, a shekarar 1956. A daidai lokacin, ya kuma fara halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da laccoci da masanin tattalin arziki na Austria mai ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi Von Mises, wanda shi ma ya isa Amurka a shekarun 1940, ke bayarwa. Mises ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarar masana tunani na Amurka ban da Hamowy, ciki har da Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman, Israel Kirzner, da Rothbard. Hamowy ya fara haɗuwa da Hayek lokacin da Hamowy ya isa Chicago a kaka ta 1960 don yin aikin digiri na uku a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hayek. A lokacin, Hayek ya shafe shekaru goma a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Turai. Hayek ya yi tasiri sosai ga Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a da kuma ci gaban ilimi na Hamowy a matsayinsa na masanin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Duk da faɗin tunanin Hamowy na siyasa da zamantakewa, akwai kwararo-kwararo na musamman waɗanda ɗalibansa a Alberta suka fi fahimta kuma an fi mai da hankalinsu a cikin iliminsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni da ya fi mai da hankali da kuma sha'awar iliminsa shine ka'idar " tsari na bazata ." Wannan yana nufin ra'ayin cewa muhimman tsare-tsare na zamantakewa na iya tasowa ta hanyar ayyukan bazata na mutane marasa adadi maimakon daga zaɓi da gangan ko tsare-tsare na tsakiya. Ana ɗaukar Hamowy ƙwararre a kan ka'idar tsari na bazata, ba tare da tsoron suka ko da mai ba shi shawara Hayek ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hamowy, RIP &#124; Cato @ Liberty |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ronald-hamowy-rip/ |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Cato-at-liberty.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin Kai == Farkon abin da Hamowy ya fara yi wa 'yancin kai shi ne ta hanyar George Reisman wanda abokin karatunsa ne na farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Hamowy yana da alaƙa da Ralph Raico da Murray Rothbard . Ƙungiyar matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka kafa a kusa da Rothbard a shekarun 1950 sun fara kiran kansu Circle Bastiat, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Faransa ta gargajiya Frédéric Bastiat . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Hamowy, Rothbard, Raico, Reisman, Leonard Liggio, da Robert Hessen . Taro na yau da kullun da tattaunawa ta dare ɗaya a gidan Rothbard da ke Manhattan abu ne da aka saba yi. Hulɗa da abota tsakanin Hamowy da Rothbard ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mutuwar Rothbard a watan Janairun shekarar 1995, yana da shekaru 68. Bayan ya isa Jami'ar Chicago a kaka ta shekarar 1960, shekara guda bayan Raico, wanda ya bar New York zuwa Chicago a shekarar da ta gabata, an nada Hamowy a matsayin editan bita na littattafai na babban littafin ɗaliban 'yanci, ''New Individualism Review'' jim kaɗan bayan ya shiga Raico a matsayin babban Edita. Jaridar Review, kodayake mujallar ɗalibai ce kawai, ta sami muhimman gudummawa daga masana da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda suka lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] nan gaba Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, da Ronald Coase . Baya ga ayyukansa na gyara, Hamowy ya yi muhawara mai kyau a rubuce tare da mai kula da digirinsa na uku Hayek, kuma wataƙila ba shi da abokantaka amma yana nishadantarwa da mai sharhin ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley Jr. Ya ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ga cibiyoyin tunani da mujallu na 'yanci a duk tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Cibiyar Independent, Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam, Cibiyar Cato, Kwalejin Rampart, ''Jaridar Nazarin 'Yanci'', da kuma ''Mujallar Cato'' . A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a Kanada, ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka manufar 'yancin al'umma, musamman a Yammacin Kanada . Cibiyar Fraser ce ta buga shi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban da tarurrukan karawa juna sani na ɗalibai waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa. == Littattafai == * ''Maganin Kanada: Nazarin Shiga Cikin Takamaiman Shiga'' . Vancouver, BC, Kanada: Cibiyar Fraser. 1984. . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11731646|11731646]] * ''Mu'amala da Magunguna: Sakamakon Gudanar da Gwamnati'' . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0669156782|<bdi>978-0669156782</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:15132227|15132227]] . * ''Ilimin Siyasar 'Yanci: Adam Ferguson da FA Hayek'' . Cheltenham, Birtaniya Edward Elgar. 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845421083|<bdi>978-1845421083</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:59712260|59712260]] . * ''Shugabanci da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka: Sauyi daga Ayyukan Masu Zaman Kansu zuwa Hukumomin Gwamnati'' . New Brunswick, NJ: Ma'amala. 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0765803436|<bdi>978-0765803436</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:64625024|64625024]] . * ''Gwamnati da Lafiyar Jama'a a Amurka'' . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845429119|<bdi>978-1845429119</bdi>]] . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:74968745|74968745]] . * * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a4v50k5vcxqfpck3mblgh76lifcovjw Abincin Gibraltar 0 123329 882464 747971 2026-07-13T19:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Abinci na [[Gibraltar]] shine sakamakon doguwar dangantaka tsakanin mutanen [[Andalusia]] na Mutanen Espanya da na Burtaniya, da kuma baƙi da yawa waɗanda suka sanya Gibraltar gidansu a cikin ƙarni uku da suka gabata. Wadannan tasirin sun hada da al'adun abinci na Malta, Genoa, da Portugal. Wannan auren dandano ya samar a Gibraltar wani cakuda abinci na [[Abincin Bahar Rum|Bahar Rum]] da na Burtaniya. == Pasta == === Rashin da ya dace === Wani shahararren abincin abinci na gida na asalin Italiyanci wanda ya kunshi penne a cikin Sauce na tumatir tare da naman sa ko wani lokaci naman alade, ƙwai da karoshi (cikin sauran kayan lambu dangane da al'adar iyali) kuma an rufe shi da "queso bola". Asalin sunansa mai yiwuwa daga kalmar Italiyanci "arrosto" ne. === Fideos a cikin wuta === Abincin da aka dafa da ya yi kama da fideos al horno na Mutanen Espanya, Maltese ''imqarrun'' ko Greek pastitsio wanda ya ƙunshi macaroni, sauce bolognese, da sauran sinadaran da suka hada da kwai da naman alade waɗanda suka bambanta bisa ga al'adar iyali. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko bechamel wanda ke narkewa yayin aikin yin burodi kuma yana taimakawa wajen ɗaurewa. Kodayake babban sinadarin abincin shine macaroni, sunan fideos al horno a zahiri Mutanen Espanya ne don 'noodles da aka yi burodi'. == Gurasar == [[Fayil:Calentita.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|''calentita'' na Gibraltar yayi kama da [[Farinata|farina]] na Italiya.]] ==== Calentita ==== Wannan abincin dafa abinci ne, mai kama da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= faina]''" id="mwMg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Farinata">farina na Italiya, wanda aka fi sani da shi a Genoa da ''fainâ'' kuma a [[Uruguay]] da [[Argentina]] da fainá, kuma a yankin Nice na Faransa da ''socca''. An yi shi da garin chickpea, ruwa, [[Man zaitun]], gishiri da albasa. Kalmar ''calentita'' ita ce ƙarancin Mutanen Espanya na kalmar caliente, kuma tana nufin "kyakkyawan da dumi (ko zafi) ". Ana cinye irin wannan abincin a [[Aljeriya]], inda aka sani da calentica, galentita ko [[karantika]]. Abincin yana da ma'anar Mutanen Espanya iri ɗaya (ƙananan -ica maimakon -ita yana da kyau a gabashin Spain). A cewar majiyoyin yankin, Mutanen Espanya da ke tashar jiragen ruwa ta Santa Cruz ne suka gabatar da calentita a Aljeriya a cikin karni na 16. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan 1704, an kafa haɗin da aka rubuta sosai tsakanin Barbary Coast da Gibraltar don samar da garuruwan, bayan Gibraltar ta rasa ƙasar noma. Yahudawa na Sephardi daga Barbary Coast na iya sake gabatar da wannan abincin a Gibraltar, inda aka kiyaye shi bayan an rasa girke-girke ko kuma ya fadi daga tagomashi a Spain. Wata ka'idar da aka ba da shawarar ita ce asalin calentita yana cikin ƙaurawar Genoese zuwa Gibraltar da Iberia wanda ya fara kafin aikin Anglo-Dutch na 1704, kodayake sunansa ya sa wannan ba zai yiwu ba. Yahudawa na Sephardi daga Barbary Coast sun zama manyan masu samar da abinci ga Birtaniya a Gibraltar, suna kawo al'adunsu, harsuna da al'adun abinci. An yi imani da yawa a Gibraltar cewa sunan na iya fitowa ne daga masu sayar da titi waɗanda za su yi ihu "''Calentita''" don sayar da kayan da suka dafa, kalmar da aka canja daga zafin jiki zuwa kayan abinci. Lalle ne, mai sayar da titin calentita na ƙarshe, Paloma, har yanzu ana tunawa da shi a cikin gida ta tsofaffi. Tun da za a iya gano sunan zuwa karni na 16 a lokacin kasancewar Mutanen Espanya a Oran, wannan asalin ƙarya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La calentica, كرنتيكا &#124; Akhbar Sidi Bel Abbes |url=http://akhbar-belabbes.com/2016/08/12/la-calentica-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075358/http://akhbar-belabbes.com/2016/08/12/la-calentica-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7/ |archive-date=2016-10-19 |access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref> ==== Panissa ==== Abincin da ya yi kama da calentita. Da yake raba asalinsa na Italiyanci, ya fito ne daga abincin Genoese mai suna iri ɗaya. Ba kamar calentita ba, ana fara dafa sinadaran a cikin saucepan sama da awa daya, suna motsawa koyaushe, don samar da paste wanda aka bar shi don saitawa. Lokacin da aka saita gurasar kamar polenta, ana yanka shi zuwa ƙananan sassan kuma a soya shi da man zaitun. ==== Kayan kwalliya ==== Kayan kwalliya na Switzerland wanda yayi kama da na Girkanci, wanda yawanci ake yi a lokacin Easter. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] === Mai daɗi === ==== Kayan kwalliya ==== Gurasar da ta bushe mai kama da hornazo na Mutanen Espanya. An yi shi da gari mai tasowa, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu ko margarine da [[Anise|aniseed]]. Ana cin ''Bollos de hornasso'' a kusa da Ista kamar yadda yake a Spain, amma a Gibraltar suna da mashahuri a lokacin Kirsimeti. Ana iya rarrabe ''hornassos'' na Gibraltar daga asalin hornazo na Mutanen Espanya saboda ba a yi ''<nowiki><i id="mwcA">murhu</i></nowiki>'' ado da ƙwai masu tsami (duk da haka, iyalai na Gibraltar na zuriyar Mutanen Espanya har yanzu suna iya yin musu ado ta wannan hanyar). Yawancin lokaci ana rufe shi da kwai da aka buga kuma wani lokacin ana yin ado da daruruwan dubbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=calentito |title=WordReference.com: calentito |access-date=2025-12-22 |archive-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004141626/https://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=calentito |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Gurasa mai zaki ==== 'Ya'yan itace da burodi mai zaki da ake ci a lokacin Kirsimeti. Kalmar pan dulce tana nufin "''Gurasa mai zaki''" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, amma asalinsa na iya kasancewa a Italiya tare da Genoese ''pandolce'' ko Gurasar Portuguese mai zaki. Babban sinadaran sa na iya haɗawa da man shanu, margarine, sukari, gari mai ɗaga kansa, almond, ruwan inabi, Sultans, pine nuts, candied peel, ƙwai, aniseed da Anisette da sauransu. Wani lokaci ana yin ado da daruruwan dubbai kamar bollo de hornasso. ==== Milhojas ==== ==== Churros da papitas ==== Ana yin Churros a wasu cafeterias, kuma galibi ana sayar da su a cikin juzu'i don a kai su gida. Papitas suna kama da churros amma an yi su da dankali. == Nama == === Rolitos === Yankin naman sa mai laushi da ke kewaye da burodi, naman alade, ƙwai, zaitun, kayan lambu da ganye. Ana iya yin burodi, soya ko dafa su cikin ruwan inabi. Rolito wani abincin asalin Maltese ne, mai kama da Braġjoli . Har ila yau an san shi da zaitun na naman sa a Turanci, kodayake wasu iyalai sun fi son yin su da naman alade ko ma kaza. Kalmar rolito ta fito ne daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya rollo ma'anar 'ruwa', yayin da ake mirgina nama don riƙe sauran sinadaran a ciki. == Abincin sukari == [[Fayil:Japonesa_(cut)_3.JPG|right|thumb|Jafananci da aka yanka a rabi]] === Jafananci === ''Jafananci'' (Turanci: Jafananci mace) zuma ce mai zaki da aka cika da cream. Ana jin daɗin Jafananci a lokacin cin abinci ko a matsayin abincin rana. A al'adance ana rufe su da syrup ko sukari. Sunan yana nuni ne ga kekunan dorayaki na Jafananci waɗanda suke da irin wannan siffar kuma suna da cikawa mai dadi. == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Abincin Andalusian]] * Abincin Ingilishi * Abincin Italiyanci * Abincin Maltese * [[Abincin Bahar Rum]] * Abincin Portuguese == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mag779xsmxoqc7hht59kxm9kd4qc7c8 Kisan gillar Bradford 0 123409 882738 748255 2026-07-14T07:33:47Z BnHamid 12586 882738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan gillar Bradford''' shine kisan gillar mata uku a birnin Bradford, West Yorkshire, Ingila a cikin 2009 da 2010. Susan Rushworth mai shekaru 43 ta ɓace a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2009, sannan Shelley Armitage mai shekaru 31 ta biyo baya a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2010 da Suzanne Blamires mai shekaru 36 a ranar 21 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar. Mata duk ma'aikatan jima'i ne da ke zaune a Bradford . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Helen |date=27 May 2010 |title=The Bradford sex workers Stephen Griffiths is accused of killing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/may/27/bradford-sex-workers-stephen-griffiths |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An gano wasu sassan jikin Blamires a cikin Kogin Aire a Shipley, kusa da Bradford, a ranar 25 ga Mayu. Daga baya aka kafa wasu jikin mutum da aka samu a cikin wannan kogi don zama na Armitage. Ba a taɓa samun ragowar Rushworth ba. An kama Stephen Shaun Griffiths, mai shekaru 40, a ranar 24 ga Mayu kuma daga baya aka tuhume shi da kashe matan uku. Bayan an same shi da laifi, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. == Tabbatar da Stephen Griffiths == Stephen Shaun Griffiths (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 1969 a Dewsbury, West Riding na Yorkshire), a lokacin wani dalibi ne na digiri na biyu a fannin laifuka, an kama shi kuma a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010 ya bayyana a Kotun majistare, yana ba da sunansa a matsayin "Crossbow Cannibal . " A bayyanar Kotun Crown a wannan rana an tsare shi a tsare har zuwa bayyanarsa ta gaba a kotu. Ya bayyana a karo na biyu a Kotun Crown a ranar 7 ga Yuni ta hanyar haɗin bidiyo daga Kurkukun Wakefield inda aka saita ranar shari'a ta 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an yanke Griffiths hukunci kan dukkan kisan kai uku bayan ya nemi laifi. A Kotun Crown ta Leeds a wannan rana, Mista Mai Shari'a Openshaw ya yanke wa Griffiths hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da tsari na rai, ma'ana ba zai cancanci samun izinin ba kuma mai yiwuwa zai ciyar da sauran rayuwarsa a kurkuku. Yayinda yake cikin kurkuku, Griffiths ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe kansa a lokuta da yawa. A shekara ta 2011, ya tafi yajin aikin yunwa na kwanaki 120, a lokacin da ya guje wa hulɗa da wasu mutane. == Bayanan bayan shari'a == Tarihin laifin Griffiths ya haɗa da hukuncin shekaru uku, lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, saboda wani hari da wuka a kan manajan babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Yayinda yake cikin tsare, ya bayyana cewa ya ga kansa ya zama mai kisan kai, kuma likitocin kwakwalwa sun yi gargadi cewa yana tunanin zama mai kide-kide.<ref name="CC" /> A shekara ta 1991, an gano shi a matsayin "mai fama da rashin hankali" kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a kurkuku saboda riƙe wuka a makogwaron yarinya.<ref name="CC" /> A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Griffiths a Jami'ar Bradford don rubuta PhD a cikin karatun kisan kai. 'Yan sanda sun kasance suna kallon Griffiths na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya kashe wadanda ya kashe kuma ya riga ya kwace makamai na farauta. 'Yan sanda sun tuntubi kungiyar gidaje wacce ke da gidan da Griffiths ke zaune bayan an lura da shi yana karanta littattafai game da rarraba.<ref name="cross" /> Kungiyar gidaje ta raba damuwar 'yan sanda kuma ta sanya ingantaccen tsarin CCTV don tsammanin abin da ya faru. A lokacin kisan kai, 'yan sanda ba su da wata shaida ga Dokar Halin Halin Jama'a.<ref name="cross" /> == Halin gwamnati == [[David Cameron]], sabon Firayim Minista na Conservative a lokacin, ya ce kisan ya kasance "mummunar firgici". Ya ce ya kamata a sake duban laifuka da suka shafi karuwanci, amma ya kara da cewa: "Ba na tsammanin ya kamata mu tsallake zuwa ga yanke shawara game da wannan - akwai kowane irin matsalolin da za a kawo. " Daga baya, mataimakan da ke kusa da Cameron sun nace cewa ya damu da magance matsalolin zamantakewar da ke kewaye da shi kamar ƙarfafa hukumomin suyi aiki tare don taimakawa mata daga tituna ko don yaki da jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Cameron ya kuma yi kira ga wani mataki mai tsanani a kan karkatarwa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Tattaunawar game da ko canji a cikin doka zai kare ma'aikatan jima'i nan da nan ya shiga cikin tambaya. == Sauran wadanda za su iya kamuwa da Griffiths == Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka kama shi kuma suka yi masa tambayoyi a shekara ta 2010, Griffiths ya yi iƙirarin ga jami'an cewa ya kashe ma'aikatan jima'i guda biyar a Bradford, yana ba da shawarar cewa akwai ƙarin wadanda ba a san su ba.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=David |author-link=David Wilson (criminologist) |date=21 March 2013 |title=Killers Behind Bars: The Untold Story – Stephen Griffiths |url=https://ok.ru/video/1631886445103 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Channel 5 |format=TV Documentary}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci saboda kisan kai uku a wannan shekarar ya ki yin magana da 'yan sanda, wanda ke nufin ba za a iya bincika shi don ƙarin kisan kai ba.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> === Kisan Rebecca Hall === Lokacin da aka fara kama Griffiths saboda kisan kai a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, masu bincike nan da nan sun binciki yiwuwar alaƙa da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Rebecca Hall mai shekaru 19 a shekara ta 2001, wanda aka gano ya mutu a filin ajiye motoci 870 yadudduka (800 daga filin Griffiths na Holmfield Court (da adireshin da yake zaune a lokacin kisan kai da ya yi a shekara ta 2009 da 2010).<ref name="Killers Behind Bars">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=David |author-link=David Wilson (criminologist) |date=21 March 2013 |title=Killers Behind Bars: The Untold Story – Stephen Griffiths |url=https://ok.ru/video/1631886445103 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Channel 5 |format=TV Documentary}}</ref> Griffiths ta san Hall kuma an san ta da ziyartar gidansa a kai a kai.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> Bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci a shekara ta 2010, an bayyana cewa 'yan sanda sun tambayi Griffiths game da kisan, amma ya ki amsa tambayoyin masu tambayoyin. Tsohon abokin aikinsa a lokacin ya bayyana cewa Griffiths ya dauke ta da farin ciki zuwa wurin da aka gano jikinta, kuma ya ce filin ajiye motoci yana kusa da aikin tiyata da kantin magani na likitansa.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> Wani wanda ake zargi da kisan Hall shine sanannen mai kisan kai John Taylor, wanda ya zama sananne bayan ya kashe yarinyar makaranta Leanne Tiernan a shekara ta 2000. Kisan ya kasance daya daga cikin shari'o'in sanyi da yawa da za a sake buɗewa bayan da aka yanke wa Taylor hukunci kuma an tambaye shi game da shi, a wani bangare saboda shaidar ta nuna cewa an adana jikin Hall na wani lokaci bayan mutuwarta, wanda sanannen alama ce ta Taylor.<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> A cikin 2013 Masanin laifuka David Wilson ya fitar da wani shirin fim game da Griffiths a matsayin wani ɓangare na Killers Behind Bars: The Untold Story series, inda ya bincika kisan da ba a warware ba wanda za'a iya danganta shi da Griffithes. <ref name="Killers Behind Bars">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=David |author-link=David Wilson (criminologist) |date=21 March 2013 |title=Killers Behind Bars: The Untold Story – Stephen Griffiths |url=https://ok.ru/video/1631886445103 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Channel 5 |format=TV Documentary}}</ref> Ya kuma danganta shari'ar Hall da Griffiths.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> A cikin 2016, 'yan sanda sun bayyana cewa suna sake nazarin shari'ar Hall don ganin ko ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a kimiyyar shari'a na iya taimakawa wajen warware lamarin.[1] Tsohon mai bincike a kan shari'ar ya bayyana a cikin 2018 cewa an cire bayanan DNA guda biyu daga tufafin Hall, amma bayanan sun kasance marasa inganci a lokacin don tantance abin da cikakken bayanin mutumin da ba a san shi ba.[2] Bayan wannan, a cikin 2019, 'yan sanda sun ba da sanarwar kama wata mace mai shekaru 37 (wanda zai kasance daidai da Hall a lokacin, 19). [3] An saki matar a karkashin bincike.[3] === Garkuwar asuba === A cikin shirin Wilson na 2013, ya kuma bincika ko ana iya danganta Griffiths da kisan karuwanci na [[Sheffield]] Dawn Shields a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1994.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=David |author-link=David Wilson (criminologist) |date=21 March 2013 |title=Killers Behind Bars: The Untold Story – Stephen Griffiths |url=https://ok.ru/video/1631886445103 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Channel 5 |format=TV Documentary}}</ref> Koyaya, ya kammala cewa haɗin ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="Killers Behind Bars" /> Babban wanda ake zargi da kisan ta shine mai kisan karuwanci mai yawa Alun Kyte, wanda ya kashe karuwanci biyu a watan Disamba na 1993 da Maris na 1994 kuma ana zarginsa da kashe karuwancin da yawa a Burtaniya. == Dubi kuma == * David Smith - wani mai kisan karuwanci na Burtaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bc5pzxr97nxeuvrqyevcgsbin6ifn9v Elizabeth Stride 0 123613 882462 749070 2026-07-13T18:58:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth''' "'''Long Liz'''" Stride (née Gustafsdotter; 27 Nuwamba 1843 - 30 Satumba 1888) an yi imanin cewa ita ce ta uku da aka azabtar da shi na Mai kisan gilla [[Landan]] ba a san shi ba wanda aka sani da Jack the Ripper, wanda ya kashe kuma ya nakasa akalla mata biyar a cikin gundumomin Whitechapel da Spitalfields na London daga ƙarshen Agusta zuwa farkon Nuwamba 1888. Ba kamar sauran wadanda aka kashe ba, ba a lalata Stride ba bayan kisan ta, wanda ya haifar da wasu [[Masanin tarihi|masana tarihi]] su yi zargin cewa Jack the Ripper bai kashe Stride ba. Koyaya, kisan Stride ya faru ƙasa da awa ɗaya kafin kisan wanda aka kashe na huɗu na Ripper, Catherine Eddowes, a cikin nisan tafiya, kuma ana zargin aikin kisan ta da wani mutum da ya shiga wurin aikata laifuka a kan karusar ƙafa biyu. Bugu da kari, an kashe mata biyu ta hanyar raunuka a makogwaro, wanda ya jagoranci yawancin marubuta da masu bincike suyi la'akari da Stride a matsayin na uku na wadanda aka kashe biyar na Ripper. An ba Stride lakabi da "Long Liz". An ba da bayani da yawa game da wannan sunan; wasu sun yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga sunanta na aure (mataki yana nufin dogon mataki), yayin da wasu suka yi imanin wannan yana nufin ko dai tsayinta, ko kuma tsarin fuskarta gaba ɗaya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Stride Elisabeth Gustafsdotter a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1843 a wani karamin gona kusa da Stora Tumlehed, wani ƙauye a cikin Ikklisiya na Torslanda, yammacin Gothenburg, [[Sweden]]. Ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya hudu da aka haifa wa manomi na Sweden Gustaf Ericsson (shekara 32) da matarsa Beata Carlsdotter (shekaru 33). Yayinda yake yaro, Gustafsdotter ya zauna a wannan gonar ƙauyen. Dukkanin yara huɗu an haife su ne a cikin bangaskiyar Lutheran, kuma duk an buƙaci su yi ayyuka da yawa a gonar. [[Fayil:Torslanda_kyrka.jpg|right|thumb|Cocin Torslanda. An tabbatar da Gustafsdotter a wannan coci a 1859.]] An tabbatar da Gustafsdotter a Cocin Torslanda a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 185 tana da shekaru 15, tare da bayanan zamani da ke nuna iliminta na Littafi Mai-Tsarki kamar yadda yake da cikakken bayani. A shekara mai zuwa, ta zaɓi ƙaura daga Stora Tumlehed zuwa birnin Gothenburg don neman aiki. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida a Ikklisiyar Gothenburg ta Carl Johan, ma'aurata masu suna Olofsson ne ke aiki. Wannan aikin ya kasance har zuwa 2 ga Fabrairu 1864, inda Gustafsdotter ya koma wani gundumar Gothenburg, ya sake samun aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gida. Tana tsakanin 5 in (1.57 da 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) a tsawo kuma tana da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, idanu masu launin toka, fuska mai laushi da kuma launin fata.<ref name="reid" /> Ba kamar sauran wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashi na Whitechapel ba - akalla uku daga cikinsu sun koma karuwanci saboda talauci bayan auren da ya gaza - Stride ya juya zuwa karuwanci a farkon rayuwa. Bayanan 'yan sanda na Gothenburg daga Maris 1865 sun tabbatar da kama ta a kan wannan zargi. An kula da ita aƙalla sau biyu don cututtukan venereal. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1865, Gustafsdotter ta haifi yarinya da aka haifa. Watanni bakwai bayan haka, ta sami aiki a matsayin baiwa a gundumar Gothenburg ta Haga . == Komawa zuwa London == A watan Fabrairun 1866, Gustafsdotter ya ƙaura daga Gothenburg zuwa London. Ba a san ainihin dalilin da ya sa ta koma daga Sweden zuwa Ingila ba, saboda an san ta da gaya wa sanannun labarai biyu daban-daban game da dalilin da ya ya sa ta sake komawa. Ga wasu, Gustafsdotter ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta koma Ingila saboda aikinta a cikin aikin gida na "mutumin" wanda ke zaune kusa da Hyde Park; ga wasu, Gustafdotter ta ce tana da iyali a London kuma ta zaɓi ziyartar danginta a cikin birni kambin ta zaɓi ta zauna a Ingila. Duk abin da gaskiya yake game da shawarar Gustafsdotter na komawa London, mai yiwuwa ta ba da kuɗin wannan tafiya tare da 65 kronor da ta gaji bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a watan Agusta 1864, kuma wanda ta karɓa a ƙarshen 1865. Bayan ta isa Landan, Gustafsdotter ta koyi yin magana da [[Turanci]] da Yiddish ban da yaren ta. An kuma san ta da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da ɗan sanda a ƙarshen shekarun 1860. == Aure == A ranar 7 ga Maris 1869, Gustafsdotter ta auri John Thomas Stride, masassaƙin jirgin ruwa daga Sheerness, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 22. Sun yi aure a wani bikin da aka yi a St Giles a cikin Cocin Fields. Ma'auratan ba su da yara. {{Refn|In her later years, Stride told many people she had borne nine children to John Stride. However, no official records exist of Stride giving birth to any children beyond her stillborn daughter in 1866.<ref>Eddleston, p. 183</ref>}} A shekara ta 1874, auren Strides ya fara lalacewa, kodayake sun ci gaba da zama tare. A shekara mai zuwa, John Stride ya sayar da shagon kofi, mai yiwuwa saboda matsalolin kudi. === Rabuwa === A watan Maris na shekara ta 1877, an shigar da Stride a Gidan aiki na Poplar, yana nuna cewa ma'auratan sun rabu da wannan kwanan wata. Koyaya, bayanan ƙidayar jama'a daga 1881 sun nuna cewa biyun sun sake haɗuwa kuma sun zauna tare a gundumar Bow, kodayake ma'auratan sun rabu har abada a ƙarshen wannan shekarar, tare da shigar da Stride a cikin gidan aiki na Whitechapel da ke fama da cutar bronchitis a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1881. An sallame ta daga wannan asibitin a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1882, kuma an yi imanin cewa ta zauna a daya daga cikin Gidajen zama na yau da kullun a kan Flower da Dean Street, Whitechapel, jim kadan bayan haka. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1884, John Stride ya mutu daga [[tarin fuka]] a cikin Poplar da Stepney Sick Asylum. [[Fayil:MiddlesexStretcEddowes.Ripper..c.1890.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Middlesex Street, Spitalfields, c. 1890. Stride sau da yawa tana zaune a Gidajen zama na yau da kullun a cikin wannan gundumar London a cikin shekaru kafin kisan ta.]] === Gidajen zama na yau da kullun === Yayinda take zaune a gidajen zama na kowa, Stride a wasu lokuta tana karɓar taimakon sadaka daga Cocin Sweden a London, kuma daga 1885 har zuwa mutuwarta ta zauna da yawa tare da ma'aikacin tashar jiragen ruwa na gida Michael Kidney, wanda ke zaune a titin Devonshire. Ma'auratan suna da dangantaka mai rikitarwa kuma suna rabuwa a kai a kai, tare da Stride yana barci a cikin gidajen zama na gida kafin ya koma zama tare da Kidney. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, Stride ta gabatar da tuhumar kai hari kan Kidney, kodayake ta kasa bin wannan zargi a kotu kuma an sallami karar. Dangantakarta da Kidney ta ci gaba a cikin hanyar da ta dace tsakanin 1885 da 1888. {{Refn|Kidney later testified at the inquest into Stride's murder that, in the three years of their relationship, the couple had been separated for a combined total of approximately five months.<ref>Chisholm, DiGrazia and Yost, p. 111</ref>}} Baya ga karuwanci, Stride a wasu lokuta yana samun kudin shiga daga sutura da tsaftace gida. Wani masani ya bayyana ta da kasancewa mai natsuwa, kodayake ta bayyana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Thames a kusan lokuta takwas don halayyar maye da rashin tsari da kuma amfani da harshe mai lalata, tare da taron karshe a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1888. Lokaci-lokaci, Stride ta yi amfani da sunan Annie Fitzgerald a waɗannan sauraron. == 1888 == Bayan wata gardama a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1888, Stride da Kidney sun sake rabuwa, kuma ta sake zama a 32 Flower da Dean Street (sa'an nan sanannen ƙauye ne da kuma masu aikata laifuka ), ta sanar da wani ɗan'uwan mai masauki mai suna Catherine Lane ita da Kidney "suna da 'yan kalmomi". A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa tana samun kuɗi a kai a kai ta hanyar yin ayyukan tsaftacewa, a gidan zama da kuma mazauna yankin, mai kula da gida, Elizabeth Tanner, tana lura da ita ta zama mace mai shiru wacce a wasu lokuta ke yin aikin tsaftacewa ga al'ummar Yahudawa na yankin. {{Refn|A leading social reformer named Dr [[Thomas Barnardo]] would later claim to have encountered Stride on Wednesday 26 September at this [[Spitalfields]] [[common lodging-house]]. According to Dr Barnardo, Stride had been sat in the kitchen with several women—one of whom had been weeping—and discussing the [[Whitechapel murders]].<ref>Morrison, p. 79</ref> Dr Barnardo would later recollect one of these women had stated: "We're all up to no good! No one cares about us! Perhaps some of us will be killed next!"<ref>Letter to ''[[The Times]]'', 6 October 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 98</ref>|group=n}} === 29 ga Satumba === A ranar da ta gabata kafin a kashe ta, an san Stride da tsaftace ɗakuna biyu a gidansa, wanda aka biya ta sixpence. A wannan maraice, ta sa baki baki da skirt, tare da wani Matsayi na ja rose a cikin wani spray na maidenhair fern ko asparagus [[ganye]]. An haɗa tufafinta da baƙar fata. A kokarin sa tufafinta su fi dacewa, an san ta da aro buroshi daga wani mazaunin. Da karfe 6:30 na yamma, Stride da Elizabeth Tanner sun ziyarci gidan cin abinci na Sarauniya a kan titin Kasuwanci kafin Stride ya dawo shi kaɗai zuwa gidan masauki.&nbsp; Bayanan shaidu na gaba game da motsi na Stride daga baya a yammacin 29 ga Satumba da kuma safiyar 30 ga Satumba sun nuna cewa tana iya kasancewa tare da daya ko fiye da sanannun da / ko abokan ciniki. Na farko daga cikin wadannan mutane an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan gajeren mutum tare da gemu mai duhu, yana sanye da sutura da hat, tare da wanda aka gan ta da misalin karfe 11:00 na yamma a wani wuri kusa da Berner Street. Labarin shaida na biyu daga ma'aikaci William Marshall ya sanya Stride a cikin kamfanin wani mutum da ke sanye da murfin murfi, baƙar fata da wando mai duhu da ke tsaye a kan titin 58 Berner Street a kusan 11:45 na yamma. A cewar Marshall, Stride ya tsaya tare da wannan "mai kyau" mutum, kuma biyun sun yi sumba akai-akai kafin mutumin ya ce mata: "Za ku faɗi komai sai addu'o'inku".&nbsp;&nbsp; === 30 ga Satumba === Da karfe 12:35 na safe, PC William Smith ya ga Stride tare da wani mutum da ke sanye da hat mai wuya yana tsaye a gaban Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya, ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta gurguzu kuma mafi yawan Yahudawa, a 40 Berner Street (tun lokacin da aka sake masa suna Henriques Street) a Whitechapel. Mutumin yana ɗauke da kunshin kimanin inci 18 (45 cm) tsawo. Ba tare da wani dalili na jin tuhuma ba, Smith ya ci gaba da bugawa a cikin hanyar Kasuwanci. Tsakanin karfe 12:35 na safe da 12:45 na safe, ma'aikacin tashar jiragen ruwa James Brown ya ga wata mace da ya yi imanin cewa Stride ce tana tsaye tare da ita a kan bango a kusurwar Berner Street tana magana da wani mutum mai matsakaicin gini a cikin dogon baki. Brown ya ji Stride ya ce, "A'a. Ba dare ba. Wani dare. "&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Fayil:Berner.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Berner Street, wanda aka gani a nan a cikin 1909. An gano jikin Stride a Dutfield's Yard (wanda ake gani a ƙarƙashin motar da aka dakatar) a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1888.]] Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe a ranar Lahadi 30 ga Satumba 1888, Louis Diemschutz, mai kula da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ya gano jikin Stride a Dutfield's Yard[n 1]. Diemschutz ya shiga cikin filin da ba shi da haske tare da doki da karusar ƙafa biyu, lokacin da doki ya juya zuwa hagu [undefined] don kauce wa abin da ya zama kamar wani kunshin da ke kwance a ƙasa. [1] Da yake lura da abin da daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin "wani abu mai duhu" da ke kwance a ƙasa, Diemschutz ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗaga abu tare da hannunsa na bulala kafin ya bar karusarsa don bincika shi. [2][3] Bayan ya kunna wasan, Diemschutz ya ga jiki mai laushi. Nan da nan ya gudu cikin kulob din don duba cewa matarsa tana da lafiya. Bayan ya same ta lafiya da lafiya, sai ya ba da rahoton bincikensa kafin ƙungiyar ta warwatse don neman taimako.[4]  Jikin Stride ya kwanta a gefen hagu, tare da hannunta na dama a kan ciki kuma hannunta na hagu ya miƙa a bayanta. Hannunta na hagu har yanzu yana riƙe da cachous da yawa da aka lulluɓe a cikin takarda, kuma an ja baka na takalmin siliki mai laushi sosai zuwa hagu na wuyanta, watakila daga baya. Jinin har yanzu yana gudana daga raunin wuka guda daya da aka yi wa wuyan Stride kuma, kodayake hannayenta suna da sanyi idan aka taɓa su, wasu sassan jikinta sun kasance ko dai dan kadan ko "kyakkyawan" dumi. Wannan ya nuna cewa an kashe Stride jim kadan kafin zuwan Diemschutz a cikin yadi. Yawancin masu tallafawa Kungiyar Ilimi ta Maza da suka bar wurin tsakanin 12:30 da 12:50 na safe, daga baya sun sanar da 'yan sanda cewa ba su lura da wani abu ba. {{Refn|On the night of Stride's murder, patrons of the International Working Men's Educational Club attended a debate about the need for [[Socialism]] amongst Jews, followed by communal singing.<ref>Anthony, p. 152</ref>|group=n}}&nbsp; == Bayan mutuwa == Likita na farko da ya isa shi ne Frederick William Blackwell . Likitan 'yan sanda Dokta George Bagster Phillips, wanda ya bincika jikin wanda aka kashe a Whitechapel [[Annie Chapman]], ya isa kimanin minti 10 bayan haka. {{Refn|Dr [[George Bagster Phillips]] and a colleague would later conduct the [[Autopsy|post-mortem]] upon the body of subsequent [[Whitechapel murders|Whitechapel murder]] victim [[Mary Jane Kelly]].<ref name="Evans and Rumbelow, p. 101">Evans and Rumbelow, p. 101</ref>}} Takardun hukuma na Phillips Bayan mutuwa sun ce: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> rlem4jt8t3sqhjmgqft38vaoh36pjul Alaric Basson 0 123623 882643 819240 2026-07-14T05:07:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alaric Bennedict Basson''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ruwa ne na Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaric Basson - Player Profile - Swimming - Eurosport |url=https://www.eurosport.com/swimming/alaric-basson_prs463891/person.shtml |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Eurosport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaric Bennedict Basson - Eastern Cape Academy of Sport |url=https://ecas.co.za/player/alaric-bennedict-basson/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Eastern Cape Academy of Sport}}</ref> Ya yi gasa a tseren mita 200 na maza a [[2019 World Aquatics Championships|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=18th FINA World Championships 2019: Men's 200m Breaststroke start list |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/00011301070103EE01FFFFFFFFFFFF00.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721174827/http://omegatiming.com/File/00011301070103EE01FFFFFFFFFFFF00.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=FINA}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa ɗan tagwaye [[Alard Basson|Alard]] shi ma [[ninƙaya|mai iyo]] ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basson twins are making an impression in the SA swimming team |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/the-basson-twins-are-making-an-impression-in-the-sa-swimming-team/ |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=www.thesouthafrican.com |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922223141/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/the-basson-twins-are-making-an-impression-in-the-sa-swimming-team/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dlru6i2ykcv0yek5vj9zjvabcrrtjfa Wurin Beira 0 123797 882467 795911 2026-07-13T19:32:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Beira's Place (/ˈbaɪrə/ BY-rə) <ref name="about-us">{{Cite web |last= |title=About Us |url=https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214195350/https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Beira's Place |language=en-GB}}</ref> sabis ne na tallafi mai zaman kansa na Scotland ga mata da ke fama da tashin hankali na jima'i.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last= |title=Beira's Place Home |url=https://beirasplace.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214195349/https://beirasplace.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Beira's Place |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[J. K. Rowling]] ne ya kafa kungiyar a shekarar 2022, kungiyar ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "hidimar mata kawai", kuma ba ta hayar ko samar da ayyuka ga mata masu canza launin fata. == Tarihi == Beira's Place wani sabis ne na cin zarafin gida mai zaman kansa wanda aka kafa don samar da tallafi ga mata masu shekaru 16 da sama a [[Edinburgh]] da Lothians waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wakefield |first=Lily |date=2022-12-12 |title=JK Rowling launches sex abuse support service that excludes trans women |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/12/jk-rowling-beiras-place-sex-abuse-trans-women/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[PinkNews]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ba ta bauta wa Mata masu canza launin fata.<ref name=":0" /> An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022 ta hanyar marubucin Burtaniya kuma mai ba da agaji J. K. Rowling a matsayin wanda ya kafa ta kuma mai tallafawa kudi, tare da manufar samar da "kula da mata da mata". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=2022-12-12 |title=JK Rowling launches support centre for female victims of sexual violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212165212/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dagelty |first=Susan |date=12 December 2022 |title=JK Rowling opens new sexual violence support service for women in Edinburgh |url=https://www.scotsman.com/health/jk-rowling-opens-new-sexual-violence-support-service-for-women-in-edinburgh-3950083 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213182236/https://www.scotsman.com/health/jk-rowling-opens-new-sexual-violence-support-service-for-women-in-edinburgh-3950083 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022 |work=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> Rowling ta ce abin da ya sa aka kafa cibiyar shi ne fushin da ta yi game da jin cewa Shugaba mai cin zarafin Edinburgh, Mridul Wadhwa, ya ce wadanda aka yi wa fyade dole ne su "sake" raunin su idan ba su yarda da cewa wata mace mai cin zarafi ta kula da su ba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Meighan |first=Craig |date=12 December 2022 |title=JK Rowling opens 'women-only' centre for sex abuse survivors in Scotland |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/23185690.edinburgh-jk-rowling-opens-women-only-sex-abuse-survivors-centre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214203944/https://www.thenational.scot/news/23185690.edinburgh-jk-rowling-opens-women-only-sex-abuse-survivors-centre/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da kungiyar ta bayar, Beira's Place ta rubuta "mun yi imanin cewa mata sun cancanci samun tabbacin cewa, ta hanyar amfani da ayyukanmu, ba za su haɗu da wani namiji ba. Inda ya dace, za mu tura maza ko mutane da ke nuna kansu a matsayin mata masu canza launin fata zuwa wasu ayyukan da suka dace". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wakefield |first=Lily |date=2022-12-12 |title=JK Rowling launches sex abuse support service that excludes trans women |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/12/jk-rowling-beiras-place-sex-abuse-trans-women/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[PinkNews]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWakefield2022">Wakefield, Lily (12 December 2022). [https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/12/jk-rowling-beiras-place-sex-abuse-trans-women/ "JK Rowling launches sex abuse support service that excludes trans women"]. ''[[PinkNews]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna ne don Beira, allahiyar hunturu ta Scotland wacce ke wakiltar "masu hikima, iko, da sake farfadowa". <ref name="about-us">{{Cite web |last= |title=About Us |url=https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214195350/https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Beira's Place |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ "About Us"]. ''Beira's Place''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214195350/https://beirasplace.org.uk/about/ Archived] from the original on 14 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kafa Beira's Place, mutane da yawa na jama'a da kungiyoyi sun nuna goyon bayansu ga sabis ɗin, yayin da wasu suka soki warewar mutanen da suka canza jinsi. Rikicin Rape Scotland ya yi maraba da kafa "duk wani sabon sabis" a cikin hasken ayyukan da ke akwai da kuma jerin masu jira na dogon lokaci, yayin da yake jaddada muhimmancin yin hidima ga mutanen da ba na binary ba kuma yana lura da cewa cibiyoyin Rikicin fyade na Scotland sun yi haka shekaru da yawa ba tare da abin da ya faru ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=2022-12-12 |title=JK Rowling launches support centre for female victims of sexual violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212165212/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarrell2022">Carrell, Severin (12 December 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence "JK Rowling launches support centre for female victims of sexual violence"]. ''the Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221212165212/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/12/jk-rowling-launches-support-centre-for-female-victims-of-sexual-violence Archived] from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan tashin hankali a kan mata Reem Alsalem ya yi maraba da sabon sabis ɗin, yana mai cewa " rigakafi da martani ga tashin hankali a gaban mata yana buƙatar tsarin al'umma, don haka yana da kyau a ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban waɗanda ke da hanyoyi, gami da mutane masu zaman kansu, suna taka rawar su". A watan Yunin 2023, 'yan sanda na Scotland sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su kirkiro hanyar turawa kai tsaye ga wadanda suka tsira daga hari zuwa Beira's Place, kama da tsarin turawa na yanzu don Rape Crisis Scotland . == Tsarinsa == Kafa kungiyar ta zo ne jim kadan kafin kuri'a a kan dokar sake fasalin Gender Recognition Reform.[1] Ayyukan jima'i guda a Scotland, da kuma ko ya kamata a haɗa mutane masu canza launin fata a cikinsu, suna da alaƙa da lissafin.[1] Beira's Place ba ƙungiya ce mai rajista ta Scotland ba.[2] Saboda haka, ba ya karɓar gudummawa kuma Rowling ne ke tallafawa gaba ɗaya.[3] Tare da Rowling, mambobin kwamitin yanzu na kungiyar sune Rhona Hotchkiss (tsohon gwamnan kurkuku), Johann Lamont, Susan Smith (darakta na For Women Scotland), da Margaret McCartney . [3] Dukkanin mambobin kwamitin sun soki sauye-sauyen da Gwamnatin Scotland ta gabatar ga Dokar Gender Recognition . [undefined] Shugaba wanda ya kafa kungiyar shine Isabelle Kerr, tsohon manajan [[Glasgow]] da Clyde Rape Crisis Center, kuma mataimakin Shugaba shine Sue Domminney. [5][6] Da aka yi hira da shi a ranar tunawa da bude sabis ɗin, Kerr ya ce sabis na wayar ta ya taimaka wa kusan mutane 2,000 da ke neman tallafi, kuma sama da mutane 250 da suka tsira daga tashin hankali sun yi amfani da sararin samaniya.[4] == Manazarta == anh6oelbh740t3mf86gv4kpnmub6eda Rikicin cikin gida a kasar Sin 0 124493 882473 797762 2026-07-13T19:39:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Tashin hankali na gida|Rikicin cikin gida]] a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin''' ya haɗa da tashin hankali ko cin zarafin abokan tarayya ko dangin juna. [[Rikicin abokin tarayya]] (IPV) da namiji ya yi shine mafi yawan rikicin cikin gida a kasar Sin; rahoton Jaridar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta 2005 ya gano cewa 1 daga cikin 4 na matan kasar Sin sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiao |last2=Zhu |first2=Fengchuan |last3=O'Campo |first3=Patricia |last4=Koenig |first4=Michael A. |last5=Mock |first5=Victoria |last6=Campbell |first6=Jacquelyn |year=2005 |title=Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978 |pmc=1449856 |pmid=15623864}}</ref> Kodayake Jamhuriyar Sin ta yarda cewa tashin hankali na cikin gida matsala ce a cikin shekarun 1930, <ref name="activism">{{Cite journal |last=Milwertz |first=Cecilia |year=2003 |title=Activism Against Domestic Violence in the People's Republic of China |url=http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/9/6/630.abstract |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=630–654 |doi=10.1177/1077801203009006002 |s2cid=73158161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kawai ya zama batun bayyane a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata saboda canje-canjen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin shekarun 1980.<ref name="tang">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Catherine So-Kum |last2=Lai |first2=Beatrice Pui-Yee |year=2008 |title=A Review of Empirical Literature on the Prevalence and Risk Markers of Male-on-Female Intimate Partner Violence in Contemporary China, 1987–2006 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/22252 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10–28 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2007.06.001}}</ref> An bayyana tashin hankali na cikin gida a cikin Mataki na 2 na Dokar tashin hankali na gida na 2015 a matsayin "laifuka na jiki, na tunani ko wasu laifuka tsakanin dangin da abin ya shafa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin kamar duka, hanawa, gurguntawa, ƙuntatawa kan 'yanci na jiki da kuma cin zarafin baki ko tsoratarwa. " Ko da yake ma'anar doka ta kasance ga membobin iyali, tashin hankali na iyali na iya faruwa tsakanin marasa aure, LGBT, da sauran ma'aurata na gida. <ref name="overview">{{Cite journal |last=Leggett |first=Angela |year=2016 |title=Online Civic Engagement and the Anti-Violence Movement in China: Shifting and Influencing Law |journal=International Society for Third-Sector Research |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1007/s11266-016-9680-9 |s2cid=147194751}}</ref> Rikicin cikin gida lamari ne mai yawa a duk faɗin kasar Sin, tare da yankunan karkara da ke fama da cutar. Yawancin mata da ke jimrewa da tashin hankali na gida, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na shari'o'in a kasar Sin, suna zaune a yankunan karkara. Duk da shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke ci gaba don kawar da talauci, yankunan karkara suna ci gaba da fama da karuwar talauci, wanda hakan ke kara yawan haɗarin da ke tattare da tashin hankali na gida. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka haifar == === Tsarin iyali na gargajiya === A tarihi, iyalai na kasar Sin sun bi tsarin matsayi wanda mijin yana da iko akan mafi yawan yanke shawara na gida. Wannan umarnin shugabanci ya samo asali ne daga Confucianism, wanda ya kafa ka'idojin hali ga mata wanda yawanci ya sanya su a ƙarƙashin mazajensu.<ref name="patriarchy">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiaohe |year=1997 |title=The Prevalence and Determination of Wife Abuse in Urban China |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=280–303 |jstor=41603520}}</ref> Musamman, Biyayya Uku da Kyakkyawan halaye Hudu suna kira ga matar ta yi biyayya da mahaifinta, mijinta, da ɗanta yayin da take riƙe da salon rayuwa mai ladabi da ɗabi'a.<ref name="patriarchy" /> Duk da yake Confucianism kuma yana ba da shawara ga jituwa da zaman lafiya, ana ɗaukar doke matar mutum a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don horar da ita.<ref name="social">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Meng |last2=Chan |first2=Cecila |year=1999 |title=Enduring Violence and Staying in Marriage: Stories of Battered Women in Rural China |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=180042 |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=1469–1492 |doi=10.1177/10778019922183471 |s2cid=145693992 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-26 |archive-date=2022-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419020651/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=180042 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda gidan ya kasance yankin mutumin, duk wani tashin hankali da ya aikata wa matarsa ana ganinsa a matsayin batun sirri na iyalinsa kuma daga baya an yi watsi da shi. A sakamakon tsarin matsayi, mijin ya kasance babban mai ba da abinci ga iyali yayin da matar ta kasance mai kulawa - wannan dangantakar ta kasance a bayyane a cikin harshen Sinanci, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin halayen gargajiya ga mace (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 婦女; Sinanci na gargajiya: 婦女) yana nuna mace tana tsaftacewa tare da tsintsiya.<ref name="social"/> Da yake tana da rawar haihuwa kawai a cikin iyali, matar ta dogara da mijinta sabili da haka ba za ta iya yin zanga-zanga ko barin lokacin da aka doke ta ba.<ref name="tang"/> Bugu da ƙari, aikin nuna rashin amincewa da mijinta ba wai kawai ya rushe jituwa ta zamantakewa ta iyali ba, har ma ya nuna rashin biyayya da tawali'u - idan matar ta bar mijinta, za ta kunyata iyalinta kuma ta haifar da ƙyamar al'umma.<ref name="social" /> === Tarihin baya-bayan nan === A farkon karni na 20, bugun mata har yanzu ana yin sa ne a kai a kai kuma ana ɗaukarsa kayan aiki ne mai karɓa don tabbatar da rinjaye na namiji. Kodayake akwai kungiyoyi irin su All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin ta kafa, waɗannan kungiyoyin da aka kafa a jihohi ba su yi kokari sosai kan batutuwan tashin hankali na cikin gida ba a tsakiyar karni na 20. Bayan shekarun 1980s, cakuda dalilai da suka hada da karuwar kasancewar kasar Sin a duniya, inganta damar ilimi da aiki ga mata, da kuma yanayin siyasa mai budewa ya haifar da karfafa kokarin magance tashin hankali na gida kuma, musamman, tashin hankali ga mata. Wannan ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen gida, kamar aikin Liang Jun, wanda ya yi kamfen game da tashin hankali na gida, musamman a cikin yankunan karkara a cikin shekarun 1980.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=3.8妇女节 {{!}} 性别平等：撬动村庄变革的支点 - 三农议题 人民食物主权 |url=http://www.shiwuzq.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=2183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307084157/http://www.shiwuzq.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=2183 |archive-date=2021-03-07 |access-date=2022-04-13}}</ref> Babban abin da ya haifar da wannan canjin shi ne shigar kasar Sin a taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daban-daban da aka tsara game da mata da batutuwan iyali a cikin shekarun 1990. Taron Duniya kan Mata da aka shirya a kasar Sin a shekarar 1995, musamman, ya ba da damar masu gwagwarmayar kasar Sin su tuntubi kungiyoyin mata da yawa na kasa da kasa kuma tattauna batun tashin hankali na cikin gida.<ref name="Lu">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Lu |date=21 June 2009 |title=Domestic violence network in China: Translating the transnational concept of violence against women into local action |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.017}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana kafa kungiyoyin mata irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Mata, suna shiga cikin fagen gwagwarmaya wanda ACWF kawai ke da tarihi.<ref name="Lu" /> Yayinda wayar da kan jama'a game da batun tashin hankali na gida ya karu, binciken farko game da tashin hankali na cikin gida ya fara bayyana. Nazarin daban-daban da ACWF, Cibiyar Aure da Iyali ta [[Beijing]], Cibiyar Binciken Jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta kasar Sin, da sauran kungiyoyi suka bayar da rahoton ƙimar daga 1.6% na mata zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mata waɗanda mazajensu suka doke su a wani lokaci. Kamar yadda babu wani bincike don kwatanta waɗannan lambobi da kafin shekarun 1980, yana da wahala a yi kimantawa mai inganci akan sakamakon daban-daban; duk da haka, masu bincike suna da shakku cewa waɗannan adadi daidai ne na wakilci na sikelin tashin hankali na gida a China. == Hanyar da tasirin == == Rigakafi == An fara ambaton tashin hankali na cikin gida a cikin Shirin Kasa na 1995 don Ci gaban Mata, wanda ya yi kira ga rigakafin tashin hankali na gida ya zama babban fifiko.<ref name="law">{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Yuhong |year=2000 |title=Domestic Violence in China: In Search of Legal and Social Responses |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58w796m0 |journal=UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=211–251 |doi=10.5070/P8182022139 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka ambaci tashin hankali na cikin gida a bayyane, an riga an sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar takardun shari'a daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], Babban Ka'idodin Dokar Jama'a ta Jamhuriwar Jama'ar China, Dokar Aure ta Biyu ta 1980, da ''Dokar Kare Hakkin Mata da Sha'awa'' duk suna dauke da tanadi da ke hana cin zarafin mata da 'yan uwa gabaɗaya.<ref name="law" /> Ko da yake tashin hankali na cikin gida ya kasance a bayyane kuma a hukumance ba bisa ka'ida ba, a zahiri babu wata hanyar da mata da aka zalunta za su iya neman biyan diyya a karni na 20. === Doka === ==== Kwaskwarimar Dokar Aure ta 2001 ==== Hanyar farko ta kare shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida ta bayyana a cikin gyare-gyaren 2001 ga Dokar Aure ta Biyu. [undefined] A cikin fassarar shari'a game da dokar, Kotun Koli ta Jama'a ta bayyana tashin hankali na cikin gida a matsayin "halayyar ga memba na iyali wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai lahani a jiki, motsin rai, ko a wasu hanyoyi ta hanyar 'bugawa, ɗaurewa, rauni, tilasta ƙuntata 'yancin mutum, ko ta wasu hanyoyi.'" Gyarancin ya haɗa da muhimman canje-canje guda uku:[1] * Mataki na 32 (3) (2) ya tabbatar da cewa idan sulhu ya gaza, za a ba da izinin saki idan akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na iyali, cin zarafi, ko watsi. * Mataki na 43 ya yi kira ga kwamitin unguwa ko kwamitin mazauna ƙauyen da su sulhunta shari'o'in tashin hankali na iyali, su dauki matakai don dakatar da tashin hankali, da kuma sanya hukuncin gudanarwa ga mai laifi. * Mataki na 46 (3) da (4) sun baiwa wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali na gida damar neman diyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiao |last2=Zhu |first2=Fengchuan |last3=O'Campo |first3=Patricia |last4=Koenig |first4=Michael A. |last5=Mock |first5=Victoria |last6=Campbell |first6=Jacquelyn |year=2005 |title=Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978 |pmc=1449856 |pmid=15623864}}</ref> Gyaran 2005 ga ''Dokar Kare Mata'' ya tabbatar da matakan da aka dauka a cikin gyare-gyaren Dokar Aure. Musamman, gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa ''Dokar Kare Mata'' ya kai shi mataki daya gaba kuma ya bayyana a bayyane a cikin Mataki na 46 cewa "An haramta cin zarafin gida ga mata".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiao |last2=Zhu |first2=Fengchuan |last3=O'Campo |first3=Patricia |last4=Koenig |first4=Michael A. |last5=Mock |first5=Victoria |last6=Campbell |first6=Jacquelyn |year=2005 |title=Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978 |pmc=1449856 |pmid=15623864}}</ref> ==== Dokar Cin zarafin Cikin Gida ta 2015 ==== A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Jiha ta gabatar da dokar ta farko ta cin zarafin gida a kasar Sin. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar a watan Yulin 2015, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016 . <ref name="overview"/> Dokar ta sake tabbatar da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin dokokin da suka gabata kuma ta ba da wasu sabbin tanadi: * Mataki na 6 ya jaddada bukatar karin tallace-tallace da ilimi game da batun a makarantu da kafofin watsa labarai. * Mataki na 19 ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin agaji na shari'a don samar da taimakon shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida da kuma kotuna don "tsawaita, rage, ko cire kudaden shari'a na wadanda ke fama le tashin hankali na gida bisa ga doka". * Mataki na 21 ya ba da ikon kotuna su soke kula da kuma nada wani mai kula a lokuta na cin zarafin yara (kuma yana buƙatar masu laifi su ci gaba da samar da tallafin kuɗi). * Mataki na 23 yana ba da damar wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida su nemi umarnin kariya ta mutum (daidai da umarnin hanawa). * Mataki na 37 ya fadada dokar don rufe tashin hankali na gida tsakanin mutanen da ba 'yan uwa ba ne. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m8gi1351tzuukd2f16t64tbv1ob42i7 Jerin makarantun Sinanci a Amurka 0 126452 882753 757245 2026-07-14T07:43:19Z BnHamid 12586 882753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Chinesehw.jpg|right|thumb|Ɗalibi yana yin rubuce-rubucen Haruffa na Sinanci.]] Wadannan sune jerin makarantun Sinanci a Amurka don yara da masu koyo. Wannan jerin sun hada da makarantun da Amurkawa na kasar Sin da al'adun Taiwan ke gudanarwa, wadanda suka kware a ciki Sinanci da na gargajiya. Wannan jerin ba ya haɗa da makarantun kasa da kasa na kasar Sin ko Taiwan, kuma ba ya haɗa shirye-shiryen yaren Sinanci da ke gudana a cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi, kamar manyan makarantu ko jami'o'i (misali Cibiyoyin Confucius). Bugu da ƙari, don takaice, kawai makarantun Sinanci waɗanda a halin yanzu suke buɗewa, suna aiki da mutum, kuma suna da gidan yanar gizon za a jera su. == Jerin == {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin makarantun Sinanci a Amurka !Sunan a Turanci !Sunan a cikin Sinanci (Mai sauƙi) !Sunan a cikin Sinanci (Al'ada) !Wurin da yake !Bambancin Sinanci da aka koyar (Mandarin sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba) !Shafin yanar gizon hukuma !Bayani |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Edison |Makarantar Edisiyar Tsakiya |Makarantar Nazarin Tsakiya |Edison, New Jersey |Al'ada |[http://www.edisonchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Ann-Hua |Makarantar Antwar Sin |Makarantar Antaro ta Tsakiya |Ann Arbor, Michigan |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.annhua.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Bangor |Makarantar Sin ta Bango |Makarantar Sin ta Bango |Bangor, Maine |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.bangorchinese.com/Gaikuang.html] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Arewacin Westchester |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Briarcliff Manor, New York |Al'ada |[http://nwcsny.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Arewacin Virginia |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Sakandare ta George Mason, Falls Church, Virginia |Al'ada |[https://www.nvchineseschool.org/] |memba na Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese SchoolsƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Berryessa |Makarantar Bois ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Bois ta Tsakiya |[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]">Berryessa, San Jose, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.bcs-usa.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Bergen |Makarantar Bogin ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Bogin ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Sakandare ta Tenafly, Tenafly, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://bergenchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Babban Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Duniyar |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Sakramento, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://cccs-usa.org/] | |- |Babban Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Duniyar |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Upper Darby, Pennsylvania |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://greatwall.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Delaware |Makarantar Jamusanci ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Jamusanci ta Tsakiya |A cikin garin Hockessin |Al'ada |[http://mingde.ccagp.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Frederick |Makarantar Faransanci ta Faransanci |Makarantar Faransanci ta Faransanci |Frederick, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.frederickchineseschool.org/fcs/SchoolInfo.aspx] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Columbia |Makarantar Girma ta Godiya |Makarantar Girma ta Godiya |Birnin Ellicott, Maryland |Al'ada |[https://www.clscweb.org/aboutUs/aboutUs.php?lang=zh] |memba na Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese SchoolsƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Guang Hua |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 光华 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 光華 |Kwalejin Jama'a ta Montgomery County, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://guanghuachinese.org/joomla3/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Howard County |Makarantar Harshen Harshen Harkokin Waje |Makarantar Harshen Harshen Harkokin Waje |Kwalejin Jama'a ta Howard County, Columbia, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hccs-md.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Riverside Hua Xia |Makarantar Ruwa ta Ruwa |Makarantar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Tsakiya |Riverside, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://riversidehuaxia.org/] | |- |Cibiyar Harshen Sinanci ta Tsakiya ta Hudson |Makarantar Helenanci ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Helenon ta Tsakiya |Poughkeepsie, New York |Al'ada |[https://www.mhclc.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshe da Al'adun Sinanci ta Washington |Makarantar Tsakiya ta China |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya |Makarantar sakandare ta Thomas S. Wootton, Rockville, Maryland |Al'ada |[https://www.wsclc.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Huaxia |Makarantar Helenanci ta Yamma |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Yamma | * Berkeley Heights, New Jersey * Baitalami, Pennsylvania ("Lehigh Valley") * Bridgewater, New Jersey * Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina * Cherry Hill, New Jersey * Gabashin Brunswick, New Jersey * Edison, New Jersey * Livingston, New Jersey * Marlboro, New Jersey * Millburn, New Jersey * Montgomery, New Jersey * Tsohon Westbury, New York ("Long Island") * Paramus, New Jersey ("Bergen") * Plainsboro, New Jersey * [[San Diego]], California * Scarsdale, New York ("Babban New York") * Staten Island, Birnin New York * Valhalla, New York ("New York Central") * Verona, New Jersey ("Northern New Jersey") * Wappingers Falls, New York ("Mid-Hudson") * Yammacin Chester, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania ("Great Valley") |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hxcs.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Huaxia |Makarantar Helenanci ta Yamma |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Yamma | * [[Houston]], Texas * [[Katy, Texas|Katy]], Texas * Arewa maso yammacin Houston, Texas * Pearland, Texas * Sugar Land, Texas |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.houstonhuaxia.org/] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Greater Hartford |Makarantar Harthford ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Harthford ta Tsakiya |Kwalejin Triniti, Hartford, Connecticut |Al'ada |[https://www.cls-ct.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Kwalejin Koo ta kasar Sin |Kyakkyawan Tsakiya |Kyakkyawan Tsakiya |Basking Ridge, New Jersey |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://koochinese.com/index.html] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Rockland |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Girma ta Girma |Jami'ar Dominican New York, Orangeburg, New York |Al'ada |[https://rocklandchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Lexington |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Le星ton |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Lestarton |Lexington, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://www.lcs-chinese.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Li Ming ta kasar Sin |Makarantar yaren Girma ta黎明 |Makarantar Helenanci ta Japan |Makarantar Sakandare ta Richard Montgomery, Rockville, Maryland |Al'ada |[http://li-ming.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Livingston |Makarantar Li文斯顿 ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Li文斯頓 ta Tsakiya |Livingston, New Jersey |Al'ada |[http://livingstonchineseschool.org/lcs2/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Union ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Haɗin Kai ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Haɗin Kai ta Tsakiya |Westfield, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.unionchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Westborough |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta麻州 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya |Westborough, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://sites.google.com/view/wcls-org] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Murray Hill |Makarantar Tsakiya ta梅山 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta梅山 |Murray Hill, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mhcs-nj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Inland Empire ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka |Riverside, California |Al'ada |[https://inlandchineseschool.com/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Hua Xia a Mason |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka ta Saint-Warsa |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka ta Saint-Wasa |Mason, Ohio |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://sites.google.com/hxcsohio.org/main] | |- |Makarantar MingDe ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Minde ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Turanci ta 明德 |Wayne, Pennsylvania |Al'ada |[http://mingde.ccagp.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |MN HuaXia Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Sin ta 明州 |Makarantar Sin ta 明州 |Eden Prairie, Minnesota |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://mnhuaxia.net/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudancin Connecticut |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 南康 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 南康 |Jami'ar Jihar Kudancin Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.ynhchineseschool.org/v2020/public/] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Fairfield County |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu康州 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu康州 |[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]], Connecticut |Al'ada |[https://chineseschoolct.org/zh/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudancin Westchester |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Edgemont, Scarsdale, New York |Sauƙaƙe da Al'ada |[https://csswny.org/zh/home-%e4%b8%ad%e6%96%87-%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudu Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Cherry Hill, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.chineseschoolsj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Newton |Makarantar牛頓 ta Tsakiya |Makarantar牛頓 ta Tsakiya |Newton, Massachusetts |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.newtonchineseschool.org/indexs.php] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Tsakiyar Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta New Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta New Jersey |Gabashin Brunswick, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mjcs.us/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Tzu Chi New York |Makarantar Sihu ta Sihu ta New York |Makarantar Siz濟 ta New York | * Birnin New York * Long Island, New York * [[Boston]], Massachusetts * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania * Washington DC * Los Angeles, California * San Jose, California * [[Seattle]], Washington |Al'ada |[https://tzuchi.us/academy/ny] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta New York |Makarantar New York |Makarantar New York |Cibiyar Jama'ar Sin, Chinatown, Manhattan, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[https://www.nychineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta New York Putnam County |Makarantar Tsakiya ta New York |Makarantar Turanci ta New York |Karmel, New York |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.nyputnamcs.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Amfani |Yanayin New York |Yanayin New York |Fresh Meadows, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[http://www.funtolearnchinese.com/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci mai haske |Makarantar Tsaro ta Tsakiya |Aikin makarantar Sin |San Jose, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.enlightenchinese.org/] | |- |Makarantar Ray ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Tsaren Ruwa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta瑞華 |Lisle, Illinois |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.raychineseschool.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Staten Island |Makarantar Sakataren Tsakiya ta Tsibirin St. |Makarantar Siddton Island ta Tsakiya |Staten Island, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[https://www.sichineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Amincewa ta kasar Sin ta Monmouth |Makarantar Widdle-Mwing ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Vide孟華 ta Tsakiya |Marlboro, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mfcsnj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Wei Hwa |Makarantar Tsaren Tsakiya ta Viwa |Makarantar Sifen ta Viwa |Burke, Virginia |Al'ada |[https://www.weihwa.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Al'adun kasar Sin ta Westchester |Cibiyar Al'adu ta kasar Sin |文誠 Makarantar Al'adu ta kasar Sin |Winchester, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://wscc-ma.org/index.php?page=chinese] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Hope ta kasar Sin |Ina fatan makarantar Sin |Sa ran makarantar Sin | * Chantilly, Virginia * Tysons Corner, Virginia * Potomac, Maryland * Gaithersburg, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hopechineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta zamani |Makarantar Tsakiya ta zamani |Makarantar Tsakiya ta zamani | * Flushing, Queens, Birnin New York * Fresh Meadows, New York |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.nymcs.org/en/home] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Jersey Shore |Makarantar Sin ta New Sea |Makarantar Sin ta New Sea |Holmdel, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://jscsnj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta NewStar |Makarantar Sin ta Sabon Taron |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Sabon Taron |Davis, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://newstardavisca.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Houston Evergreen |Makarantar Tsohon Matasa ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Tsohon Matasa ta Tsakiya |Houston, Texas |Al'ada |[https://houstonevergreenchineseschool.org/] | |} == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Sinanci * Jerin ƙungiyoyin Sinanci na Amurka ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} qrce9xtdlz45030d7giuw0h4t6tux25 Albert Poggio 0 128465 882859 788658 2026-07-14T10:45:19Z ~2026-39209-80 46873 882859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Albert Andrew Poggio''' [[Gibraltarian people|Gibraltar]]_Medallion_of_Honour" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gibraltar Medallion of Honour">GMH, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], (An haife shi a shekara ta 1945) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma Mai ba da shawara kan siyasa. Baya ga kasancewa Darakta na Abokan Gidajen Gibraltar kuma memba na Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Waje ta Ƙasar Ingila, ya kasance Darakta ne na Gibraltar Electrical Supplies, Darakta da ''[[Gibraltar Tourist Board|Hukumar yawon bude ido ta Gibraltar]]'' da kuma manajan darakta na ''Ofishin Bayanai na Gibraltar'' a London. Poggio ya yi aure a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 Sally, lauya da aka haifa a [[Isra'ila]]; ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Sarah Tracey Poggio, an haife ta a shekarar ta 1968. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na [[Gibraltar]] a Ballymena, [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] Albert Poggio ya zama wani ɓangare na dukan ƙarni na' yan Gibraltarians waɗanda aka haife su daga Dutse bayan an kwashe iyayensu daga Gibraltar tare da yawancin fararen hula a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballymena and Gibraltarian Links |url=http://www.ballymenaparish.org/features/various/293-ballymena-and-gibraltar-links?showall=1 |access-date=1 May 2013 |publisher=Ballymena Parish |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172215/http://www.ballymenaparish.org/features/various/293-ballymena-and-gibraltar-links?showall=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1947, ya isa Gibraltar a karon farko. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Ibrananci ta Gibraltar (inda [[Isaac Benyunes]] ya koya masa) da kuma Makarantar Grammar ta Gibraltar ta 'yan uwan Kirista. Ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 11, don kammala karatunsa, sannan daga baya ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Birnin London Polytechnic .<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2009 |title=Albert Poggio, Gibraltar's Man in London |url=http://friendsofgibraltar.org.uk/docs/1279467807RockTalk_April09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215231646/http://friendsofgibraltar.org.uk/docs/1279467807RockTalk_April09.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=1 May 2013 |publisher=Rock Talk |pages=10}}</ref> A lokacin da ya yi nesa da Gibraltar, Poggio ya ci gaba da hulɗa da 'yan gudun hijirar Gibraltar waɗanda daga baya suka kafa "Gibraltar Group". Kungiyar ta fara ganawa a kusa da 1965, kuma duk da cewa suna da bambance-bambance na ra'ayi, yarjejeniya ita ce ya kamata su yi aiki don amfanin Gibraltar, wanda aka yi barazanar toshe tattalin arziki da gwamnatin mai mulkin kama-karya na Spain Janar Franco ta sanya. Saboda wannan dalili, daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko na Poggio a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Gibraltar, shine kafa jirage na sasantawa tsakanin Burtaniya da Gibraltar. Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Monarch Airlines ne ke gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na shekaru da yawa, kuma daga baya ta British Airtours. A shekara ta 1969, tare da zaben Sir Robert Peliza na Jam'iyyar Integration tare da Birtaniya a matsayin Babban Ministan Gibraltar, Poggio ya ga damar kafa ofishin wakilin Gwamnatin Gibraltar a London: ''Gidan Gibraltar'' . Duk da haka, dole ne a jinkirta ra'ayin, bayan nasarar Sir Joshua Hassan a Babban Zabe 1972 kuma a 1974 Poggio ya rasa iko da kungiyar Gibraltar ga [[Michael Mifsud (Gibraltarian)|Michael Mifsud]], kawai ya sake komawa shugabanci a 1977. A wannan shekarar, Poggio ya yanke shawarar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa Gibraltar, kuma ya mai da hankali kan kokarinsa kan kirkirar Gidan Gibraltar, wanda zai zama "hostel", kuma kadan fiye da cibiyar zamantakewa a London. An gudanar da zaben karshe na kungiyar Gibraltar a shekarar 1980, kuma Poggio ya lashe. Mifsud bai yarda da cin nasara ba, ya yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyarsa, Abokan Gibraltar . Daga baya, an ƙarfafa sauran mambobin kungiyar Gibraltar su shiga kungiyar Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society. === Kyaututtuka === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, an ba Poggio lambar yabo ta Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Honouree don karfafa alaƙar siyasa da kasuwanci ga Gibraltarians da 'yan Burtaniya a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] sdrf1b6ol4i1ho4nqjgqw93btazkvvb Alberto Alesina 0 131508 882663 825008 2026-07-14T05:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alberto Francesco Alesina''' (29 Afrilu 1957 - 23 Mayu 2020) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda Farfesa Nathaniel Ropes ne na Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] daga 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2020. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=ALBERTO ALESINA |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf |access-date=September 15, 2024 |website=scholar.harvard.edu |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820015933/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san shi da farko a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na siyasa da al'adu, kuma ya shahara da amfani da kayan aikin tattalin arziki don nazarin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa. <ref> name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Mineo |first=Liz |date=2020-05-27 |title=Recalling a pioneer of modern political economy |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/05/alberto-alesina-a-pioneer-of-modern-political-economy-dies-at-63/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "kusan shi kaɗai" ya kafa fagen tattalin arzikin siyasa na zamani, kuma a matsayin mai yuwuwar zama mai fafatawa don Kyautar Tunawa da Nobel a Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki . <ref name=":02" /> <ref name=":03"> {{Cite journal |last=Vindigni |first=Andrea |date=September 2023 |title=Alberto Alesina (1957-2020): Man, Researcher, Professor of Economics, Popularizer |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4589224 |journal=IZA Discussion Paper Series |issue=16486 |ssrn=4589224}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |last=Gopinath |first=Gita |date=June 2020 |title=Tribute to Alberto Alesina (1957-2020) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/06/gita-gopinath-tribute-to-alberto-alesina2 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> == Bayani da rayuwar ƙwararru == An haifi Alberto Alesina a Broni a shekarar 1957. <ref name=":03"/> Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma manajan masana'antu, kuma mahaifiyarsa malamar makaranta ce. <ref name=":03" /> Ya halarci makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta gargajiya a [[Milano|Milan]], kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Bocconi don yin karatun tattalin arziki da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], inda ya sami lambar yabo a shekarar 1981. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=ALBERTO ALESINA |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf |access-date=September 15, 2024 |website=scholar.harvard.edu |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820015933/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf "ALBERTO ALESINA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820015933/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/cv_may_2020.pdf |date=2024-08-20 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''scholar.harvard.edu''. May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":03" /> Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya sami digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1986. Mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin digiri na uku a Harvard shi ne Jeffrey Sachs . Daga 1986 zuwa 1987, Alesina ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . <ref name=":0"/> Ya shiga [[jami'ar Harvard]] a 1987, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da gwamnati tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Paul Sack Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa daga 1991 zuwa 1993, [[Farfesa|cikakken farfesa]] a fannin tattalin arziki da gwamnati daga 1993 zuwa 2003, da kuma Nathaniel Ropes Farfesa a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa daga 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2020. <ref name=":0" /> Ya shugabanci Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Harvard tsakanin 2003 da 2006. Alesina ta zama mataimakiyar bincike a NBER a shekarar 1993, kuma ta kafa Shirin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa a shekarar 2006. <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> Ya kasance editan hadin gwiwa na ''Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata'' tsakanin 1998 da 2004. An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Econometric Society a shekarar 2002, kuma an zabe shi a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2006. <ref> {{cite news |date=28 May 2020 |title=The legacy of Alberto Alesina |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/05/28/the-legacy-of-alberto-alesina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110183444/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/05/28/the-legacy-of-alberto-alesina |archive-date=10 January 2024 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |last=Gopinath |first=Gita |date=June 2020 |title=Tribute to Alberto Alesina (1957-2020) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/06/gita-gopinath-tribute-to-alberto-alesina2 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Ayyukan Alesina sun shafi batutuwa daban-daban a mahaɗar siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, ciki har da: * Siyasar zagayowar kasuwanci * Tattalin arzikin siyasa na gibin kasafin kuɗi da gibin kasafin kuɗi * Tsarin haɗin kan Turai * Manufofin daidaito a ƙasashen da ke fama da hauhawar farashin kaya * Tattalin arzikin siyasa na shige da fice * Ƙungiyoyin kuɗi * Manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na sake rarraba manufofi * Bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin jin daɗin jama'a a Amurka da Turai * Bambance-bambance a tsarin tattalin arziki a Amurka da Turai * Tasirin madadin tsarin zaɓe akan manufofin tattalin arziki * Tabbatar da zaɓin tsarin zaɓe daban-daban A lokacin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a Turai, Alesina ta tayar da ce-ce-ku-ce a matsayin mai fafutukar rage kasafin kuɗi . <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Helgadóttir |first=Oddný |date=15 March 2016 |title=The Bocconi boys go to Brussels: Italian economic ideas, professional networks and European austerity |journal=Journal of European Public Policy |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=392–409 |doi=10.1080/13501763.2015.1106573 |issn=1350-1763 |s2cid=155917559}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> Ya yi jayayya cewa matsin lamba na iya zama faɗaɗawa, a cikin yanayi inda rage kashe kuɗi na gwamnati ke raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar buƙata (ciniki na masu zaman kansu, saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu da fitar da kaya). Haɗin kuɗi mai inganci zai rage rashin tabbas na masu zaman kansu kuma ya rage ƙimar haɗarin. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa daidaiton Ricardian da kuma hasashen samun kuɗi na dindindin suna da shi, dukiyar da ake tsammanin 'yan wasan za su samu a nan gaba za ta ƙaru kuma ta sa su ci fiye da haka. A watan Oktoba na 2009, Alesina da [[Silvia Ardagna]] sun buga "Babban Canje-canje a Manufofin Kuɗi: Haraji da Kuɗi", <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> wata takarda ta ilimi da aka ambata da yawa da nufin nuna cewa matakan tsuke bakin aljihu ba su cutar da tattalin arziki ba, kuma a zahiri sun taimaka wajen murmurewarsu. Paul Krugman, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, ya soki lamirin Alesina game da fafutukar neman 'yanci, wanda ya buga "How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled" a cikin New York Review of Books a watan Yunin 2013, inda ya lura da tasirin kasidun goyon bayan 'yanci da Alesina da magoya bayansa suka rubuta, kuma ya bayyana aikin "Bocconi Boys" a matsayin "cikakken hari kan shawarar Keynesian cewa rage kashe kuɗi a cikin tattalin arziki mai rauni yana haifar da ƙarin rauni". <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> Kwanan nan, binciken da IMF da wasu suka yi ya nuna shakku kan tushen hanyoyin da aikin Alesina ya ginu a kai, kuma ya kammala da cewa shaidar ta fi nuna tasirin raguwar haɗin kan kuɗi. Duk da haka, Alesina tare da Francesco Giavazzi da Carlo Favero sun buga hujjojin da ke nuna cewa wasu shirye-shiryen tsuke bakin aljihu (kamar wanda aka yi a Burtaniya ) sun samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki sama da matsakaicin matsakaici da kuma ƙarfin tattalin arziki fiye da yadda IMF ta annabta, kuma sun yi jayayya cewa rage kashe kuɗi hanya ce mafi inganci don rage rabon bashi-da-GDP fiye da ƙaruwar haraji. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2020, yayin da yake tafiya a kan dutse tare da matarsa, Susan, Alesina ya mutu; an gano cewa musabbabin ya faru ne sakamakon bugun zuciya. A shekarar 2021, Jami'ar Harvard ta sake sunan taron karawa juna sani kan tattalin arzikin siyasa don girmama Alesina. <ref> {{cite news |date=28 May 2020 |title=The legacy of Alberto Alesina |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/05/28/the-legacy-of-alberto-alesina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110183444/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/05/28/the-legacy-of-alberto-alesina |archive-date=10 January 2024 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == === Littattafai === * 1995. ''Siyasar Bangaren 'Yan Bangare, Gwamnati Mai Rarraba da Tattalin Arziki'' (tare da Howard Rosenthal ). Cambridge. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521436206 Bayani & TOC] da [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdWExcSkQEcC&dq=%22Partisan+Politics,+Divided+Government+and+the+Economy%22&pg=PA1 samfoti.] * 1997a. ''Zagaye-zagaye na Siyasa da Tattalin Arzikin Macro'' (tare da Nouriel Roubini & Gerald D. Cohen). MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141208/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5977 Bayani] da [https://books.google.com/books?id=NAClEiUYzMwC&pg=PR7 hanyoyin haɗin babi-gabatarwa.] * 1997b. ''Tsarin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman ga Turai'' (tare da Olivier Blanchard et al.), CEPR, London. * 2003. ''Girman Ƙasashe'' (tare da Enrico Spolaore). MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141229/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10534 Bayani] da [https://books.google.com/books?id=NAClEiUYzMwC&pg=PR7 hanyoyin haɗin babi-gabatarwa.] * 2004. ''Yaƙi da Talauci a Amurka da Turai: Duniyar Bambanci'' (tare da Edward Glaeser ). Oxford. [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/Social/?view=usa&ci=9780199286102 Bayani], da [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/139345/Fighting%20Poverty%20in%20the%20U.S.%20and%20Europe%20A%20World%20of%20Difference%20EdGlaeser.pdf taƙaitaccen bayani game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116215205/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/139345/Fighting%20Poverty%20in%20the%20U.S.%20and%20Europe%20A%20World%20of%20Difference%20EdGlaeser.pdf |date=2019-11-16 }} da "slide-slide", da hanyoyin haɗin babi ta hanyar [https://archive.today/20130201031439/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109859099 danna] "zaɓi". * 2006. ''Makomar Turai: Gyara ko Ragewa'' (tare da Francesco Giavazzi ), MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228170313/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11574 Bayani], [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262512041intro1.pdf Gabatarwa] , [https://books.google.com/books?id=88PukrpL0uIC&pg=PR7= samfoti] . === Labarai === : Danna '''+''' don faɗaɗa ƙananan hanyoyin haɗin rubutu a ƙasa. * 1987. "Manufar Tattalin Arziki ta Macro a Tsarin Jam'iyyu Biyu a Matsayin Wasan Maimaitawa," ''Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata'', 102(3), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1884222 na] 651–678. * 1993. "'Yancin Babban Bankin Tarayya da Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki na Babban Kasa: Wasu Shaida Mai Kwatantawa" (tare da Lawrence H. Summers ), ''Mujallar Kudi, Bashi da Banki'', 25(2), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2077833 na 151–162] . * 1994. "Siyasa Mai Rarrabawa da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Dani Rodrik), ''Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata'', 109(2), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2118470 na] 465–490. * 1995. "Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Rage Kasafin Kuɗi" (tare da Roberto Perotti), ''Takardun Ma'aikatan'' IMF, 42(1), [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3867338 shafi na] 1-31. * 1997. "Game da Adadin Ƙasashe da Girmansu" (tare da Enrico Spolaore), ''Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata'', 112(4), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2951265 na 1027] –1056. * 1999. "Kayayyakin Jama'a da Rarraba Kabilai" (tare da Reza Baqir & William Easterly ), ''Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata'', 114(4), shafi na [http://netdrive.montclair.edu/~lebelp/AlesinaPubGdsDivQJE1999.pdf 1243–1284.]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Dead link tagged January 2018">hanyar haɗin da ba ta dawwama ta dindindin</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</span></sup> * 2000. "Wa ke ba wa wa agajin ƙasashen waje kuma me yasa?" (tare da David Dollar), ''Mujallar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki'', 5(1), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/40216022 na] 33-63. * 2003. "Rarraba Kasuwa" (tare da Arnaud Devleeschauwer ''et al.'' ), ''Mujallar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki'', 8(2), shafi [https://www.jstor.org/pss/40215942 na] 155–194. * 2004. "Rashin daidaito da Farin Ciki: Shin Turawa da Amurkawa Sun Bambanta?" (tare da Rafael Di Tellab da Robert MacCulloch), ''Mujallar Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a'', 88(9–10), shafi na [https://web.archive.org/web/20100807100505/http://ws1.ad.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/Inequality%20and%20Happiness.pdf 2009–2042] (rufe shafin Alamomin shafi). * 2005. "Bambancin Kabilanci da Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Eliana La Ferrara), ''Mujallar Adabin Tattalin Arziki'', 43(3), shafi na [https://web.archive.org/web/20100807104106/http://ws1.ad.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/Ethnic%20Diversity%20and%20Economic%20Performance.pdf 762–800.] * 2013. "Game da Asalin Matsayin Jinsi: Mata da Garma" (tare da Paola Giuliano da Nathan Nunn), Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata. 2013; 128 (2) : 469–530. * 2016. "Bambancin Wurin Haihuwa da Wadatar Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Johann Harnoss da Hillel Rapoport), ''Mujallar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki'', vol. 21(2), shafuka 101-138 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] l7tjieirljc0z2vwdybqiwkt0mbqmys Buichiro Kuroda 0 131531 882465 874540 2026-07-13T19:28:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Buichiro Kuroda (Japanese, Hepburn: Kuroda Buichira; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1960) jami'in [[Japan]] ne kuma babban mai kula da hukumar Imperial Household Agency . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=日本放送協会 |date=2025-12-15 |title=宮内庁長官に黒田武一郎次長が就任へ 今後の閣議で正式決定 |url=https://news.web.nhk/newsweb/na/na-k10015004401000 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=NHKニュース |language=ja}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kuroda a Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture, ta kammala karatu daga Nada High School . Ya kuma sami alma mater daga Jami'ar [[Tokyo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title="次期宮内庁長官"幹部が電撃交代！"剣道＆合気道有段者""小説出版"新次長の意外な素顔 (2023年12月25日) |url=https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/Jisin_2275879/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=エキサイトニュース |language=ja}}</ref> == Farin aiki == Kuroda ya zama wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida a 1982, kuma daga baya Ma'aikatu ta Cikin Gida.<ref>{{Cite news |title=霞が関ふるさと記　経産省の立岡事務次官は灘OB［兵庫県・中］（万年野党事務局） @gendai_biz |url=https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161110/https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=現代ビジネス |language=ja-JP}}</ref> Ya rike wasu mukamai da yawa na gwamnati kamar Kwamishinan Wutar Lantarki da Bala'i, Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kudi na Jama'a, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title="次期宮内庁長官"幹部が電撃交代！"剣道＆合気道有段者""小説出版"新次長の意外な素顔 (2023年12月25日) |url=https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/Jisin_2275879/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=エキサイトニュース |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=地方交付税を考える―制度への理解と財政運営の視点 |url=https://www.kinokuniya.co.jp/f/dsg-01-9784324105818 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=紀伊國屋書店ウェブストア｜オンライン書店｜本、雑誌の通販、電子書籍ストア |language=ja}}</ref> A lokacin fim din Tohokushinsha da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa, Kuroda na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka sami gargadi na ɗabi'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-24 |title=減給7人戒告2人、総務省接待で処分 総務相は給与返納 |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQODE242UG0U1A220C2000000/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=日本経済新聞 |language=ja}}</ref> Ya kuma sami gargadi saboda nishaɗin da ya karɓa daga NTT, a keta ka'idar ɗabi'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=総務省の違反会食78件 関与の32人、減給や訓告処分 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20210604/k00/00m/040/179000c |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=毎日新聞 |language=ja}}</ref> Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-17 |title=総務次官に山下哲夫氏起用 16年ぶり旧総務庁出身 |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA149550U2A610C2000000/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=日本経済新聞 |language=ja}}</ref> == Mataimakin Babban Manajan == A cikin 2023, an nada Kuroda Mataimakin Manajan Hukumar Gidan Daular. <ref>{{Cite news |title=霞が関ふるさと記　経産省の立岡事務次官は灘OB［兵庫県・中］（万年野党事務局） @gendai_biz |url=https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161110/https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=現代ビジネス |language=ja-JP}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya yi wata sanarwa inda ya yi sharhi game da dangin Imperial da suka kai mabiya miliyan a kan Instagram, yana mai cewa "Wannan tunatarwa ce game da sha'awar jama'a mai karfi a cikin dangin sarki. Na cika da sabuntawa na alhakin". Ya ci gaba da yin sharhi "Za mu ci gaba da inganta tsarin hulɗar jama'a, tare da shiga masu sauraro da yawa, gami da ƙarni".[1] Daga baya, a watan Yunin wannan shekarar, Kuroda ita ce memba na farko na Hukumar Gidan Gida ta Imperial da ta sanar da cewa Empress Emerita Michiko ta kamu da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], a taron manema labarai na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite news |title=霞が関ふるさと記　経産省の立岡事務次官は灘OB［兵庫県・中］（万年野党事務局） @gendai_biz |url=https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161110/https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=現代ビジネス |language=ja-JP}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Yasuhiko Nishimura ya sanar da ritayar sa a matsayin Babban Mai Gudanarwa, tare da Buichiro Kuroda don ya gaji shi a ranar 24 ga Disamba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=日本放送協会 |date=2025-12-15 |title=宮内庁長官に黒田武一郎次長が就任へ 今後の閣議で正式決定 |url=https://news.web.nhk/newsweb/na/na-k10015004401000 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=NHKニュース |language=ja}}</ref> == Babban Manajan Hukumar Gidan Daular == Kuroda ya zama Babban Mai Gudanarwa a ranar 24 kamar yadda aka tsara. Mataimakin mai kula da shi, kuma wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin mataimakin mai kulawa, shine {{Interlanguage link|Yoshimi Ogata|ja|緒方禎己}} .<ref>{{Cite news |title=霞が関ふるさと記　経産省の立岡事務次官は灘OB［兵庫県・中］（万年野党事務局） @gendai_biz |url=https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161110/https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=現代ビジネス |language=ja-JP}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2025, Kuroda ya ba da taron manema labarai na farko. "An ba ni aiki mai nauyi. Zan yi iya kokarina, koda kuwa iyawata karami ne. " Ya kuma tattauna game da maye gurbin sarki da muhawara da ke kewaye da shi, yana mai cewa "Zan so in dauki dama daban-daban don bayyana muhimmancin wannan batun. "<ref>{{Cite news |title=霞が関ふるさと記　経産省の立岡事務次官は灘OB［兵庫県・中］（万年野党事務局） @gendai_biz |url=https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161110/https://gendai.media/articles/premium01/41758 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=現代ビジネス |language=ja-JP}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p2yh6z8i0xhe2qwpgx8mmlupkvttulp Water Nutuurlijk 0 132108 882694 788111 2026-07-14T06:46:50Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Peter_Snoeren_(38272051074).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Peter Snoeren, shugaban kungiyar Water Natuurlijk]] '''Ruwa Natuurlijk''' ( lit.' ko 'Water Of course') jam'iyya ce ta siyasa a ƙasar Netherlands wadda ke mai da hankali kan harkokin siyasa na hukumar ruwa . Jam'iyyar ta sami mafi yawan ƙuri'u a zaɓen hukumar ruwa na [[2008 Dutch water board elections|2008]], [[2015 Dutch water board elections|2015]], da 2019. == Tarihi. == An kafa Water Natuurlijk a shekarar 2008, ta hannun wasu ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli da na nishaɗi. <ref name="faq2">{{Cite web |title=Veelgestelde vragen |url=https://waternatuurlijk.nl/over-water-natuurlijk/veelgestelde-vragen |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Water Natuurlijk |language=nl }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jam'iyyar tana da nufin inganta [[ingancin ruwa]] don tabbatar da walwala da amincin mutane, dabbobi da tsirrai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manifest |url=http://waternatuurlijk.nl/about-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005155448/http://waternatuurlijk.nl/about-2/ |archive-date=5 October 2008 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Water Natuurlijk |language=nl}}</ref> Jam'iyyar [[Democrats 66]], [[GroenLinks]] da [[Volt Netherlands]] sun amince da jam'iyyar, waɗanda suka ƙi shiga zaɓen hukumar ruwa. <ref name="faq2" /> == Sakamakon zaɓe. == === Zaɓen hukumar ruwa === {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekarar zaɓe ! colspan="4" | Allunan ruwa |- ! Kuri'u ! % ! # na<br /><br /><br /><br /> jimillar kujerun da aka ci ! +/− |- ! [[2008 Dutch water board elections|2008]] | 502,294 | 19.67 |{{Composition bar|100|502}} | Sabo |- ! [[2015 Dutch water board elections|2015]] | 895,232 | 16.63 |{{Composition bar|84|444}} |{{Decrease}} 16 |- ! 2019 | 1,252,009 | 18.00 |{{Composition bar|91|442}} |{{Increase}} 7 |- ! 2023 | 1,216,350 | 15.95 |{{Composition bar|97|518}} |{{Increase}} 6 |} == Manazarta == eepnbd2gjuezt5ydn9nszwx00vsvv04 Sobel (Sierra Leone) 0 132373 882750 771944 2026-07-14T07:41:17Z BnHamid 12586 882750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sobel''''' (portmanteau na ''soja'' + ''<nowiki/>'yan tawaye'') kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin siyasar Saliyo don komawa ga mambobin Sojojin Saliyo waɗanda suka kai hare-haren 'yan ta'adda. A shekara ta 1997, mambobin rundunar soji da aka sani da Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Sojoji (AFRC) sun shirya juyin mulki. Sojojin, wadanda ke fada da 'yan tawaye da aka sani da Revolutionary United Front (RUF), sun haɗu da sojojin tare da waɗancan' yan tawaye kuma sun juya bindigoginsu kan jama'a, tare da asarar rayuka da yawa da kuma ta'addanci da yawa. Koyaya, aikin goyon bayan soja ga 'yan tawaye ya riga ya wuce wannan lokacin yayin da sojoji ke da hannu wajen samar da bindigogi da harsashi ga' yan tawaye tun farkon 1993 <ref name="Feldman">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Robert L. |last2=Arrous |first2=Michel Ben |date=Winter 2013–14 |title=Confronting Africa's Sobels |url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Parameters |volume=43 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914100215/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> kuma kalmar "sobel" ta bayyana a cikin amfani na yau da kullun daga 1994.<ref name="Akibo" /> Kodayake fuskar jama'a ta RUF ta kasance adawa da gwamnatin cin hanci da rashawa, da sauri ta zama ƙungiyar 'yan fashi. Da farko suna adawa da RUF, sojoji sun aikata ta'addanci da yawa a kan fararen hula a yankunan 'yan tawaye, wanda ya haifar da ƙiyayya ga jama'a.[1][2] A cewar Feldman da Arrous, wannan ya kara rage halin kirki tsakanin sojoji kuma wannan, haɗe da ƙananan abinci na gwamnati, ya shawo kan sojoji, waɗanda ake kira "sobels" ("soja da rana - 'yan tawaye da dare") da mazauna ƙauyen da abin ya shafa, don shiga cikin 'yan ta'adda. Wannan kuma shine lokacin yaƙi kan lu'u-lu'u na jini, lokacin da ya zama mai fa'ida don bayyana yana aiki a matsayin sojoji yayin da yake amfani da albarkatun ma'adanai.[1] Inganci da horo na sojojin sun ragu bayan 1991, lokacin da aka fadada shi daga mutane 3,000 zuwa 16,000 don yaƙi da RUF, tare da waɗanda aka dauka ba a bincika su yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba su da "ma'anar jagora, buri, horo, ko aminci". [3][4] Kodayake Saliyo ita ce inda "sobel" neologism ya samo asali, ana iya lura da irin wannan yanayi a wasu sassan Afirka. Misali, Feldman da Arrous sun nuna rawar da mayakan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ke takawa a [[Mali]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don kawo karshen tawaye na Tuareg wani lokacin sun haɗa tsoffin 'yan tawaye cikin sojojin ƙasa. A wasu lokuta, waɗannan 'yan tawaye sun yi rashin jin daɗi da sojojin, wanda ya haifar da barin su kuma su koma zama' yan tawaye.<ref name="Feldman">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Robert L. |last2=Arrous |first2=Michel Ben |date=Winter 2013–14 |title=Confronting Africa's Sobels |url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Parameters |volume=43 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914100215/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFeldmanArrous2013–14">Feldman, Robert L.; Arrous, Michel Ben (Winter 2013–14). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914100215/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf "Confronting Africa's Sobels"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Parameters''. '''43''' (4). Archived from [http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Confronting-Africa%27s-Sobels.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ifaa7ewszs5dqse49sagt3j1cw06xjb Matteo Messina Denaro 0 132808 882781 772882 2026-07-14T08:08:41Z BnHamid 12586 882781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matteo Messina Denaro''' ( ; 26 ga Afrilu 1962 - 25 ga Satumba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Diabolik'' (daga halayen littafin barkwanci na Italiya ), shugaban mafia ne na Italiya daga Castelvetrano . An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin sabbin shugabannin Cosa Nostra bayan kama Bernardo Provenzano a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2006 da Salvatore Lo Piccolo a watan Nuwamba 2007. Dan wani shugaban Mafia, Denaro ya shahara a kasa a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2001 lokacin da mujallar ''L'Espresso'' ta sanya shi a murfin tare da taken: ''Ecco il nuovo capo della Mafia'' ("Ga sabon shugaban Mafia"). Messina Denaro ta zama mai guduwa cikin jerin mutanen da ake nema ruwa a jallo a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Italiya a shekarar 1993; a cewar Forbes a shekarar 2010, yana daya daga cikin manyan masu laifi goma da ake nema ruwa a jallo a duniya. [1] [2] Bayan mutuwar Bernardo Provenzano a shekarar 2016 da kuma Salvatore Riina a shekarar 2017, an ga Messina Denaro a matsayin shugaban dukkan shugabannin Mafia ba tare da wata matsala ba. Bayan shekaru 30 da ya yi a boye, an kama shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2023 kusa da wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a babban birnin Sicily, Palermo, inda aka ruwaito yana shan maganin chemotherapy da sunan karya. Messina Denaro ta mutu a wani asibitin gidan yari a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2023 bayan ta fada cikin suma mai tsanani yana da shekaru 61, bayan an yi mata maganin cutar kansar hanji . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Matteo Messina Denaro a Castelvetrano a lardin Trapani, [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] . Mahaifinsa, Francesco Messina Denaro, wanda aka fi sani da ''Don Ciccio'', shi ne ''babban maƙasudin'' Castelvetrano. Matteo ya koyi amfani da bindiga yana da shekaru 14. <ref name="France24">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2010 |title=Police arrest 19 accused of helping mafia 'godfather' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100312-italy-mafia-police-justice-messina-denaro-organised-crime-palermo |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Ya taɓa yin alfahari: "Na cika makabarta ni kaɗai." Ya yi suna ta hanyar kashe shugaban abokin hamayyarsa Vincenzo Milazzo daga Alcamo da kuma shaƙe budurwar Milazzo mai ciki na watanni uku. <ref name="France24" /> Mahaifinsa ya fara aiki a matsayin ''mai tsaron gida'' (mai makamai) na dangin D'Alì, masu mallakar filaye masu arziki waɗanda suka kasance cikin waɗanda suka kafa ''{{Interlanguage link|Banca Sicula|it|Banca Sicula}}'' . Ya zama ''mai'' kula da kadarorin mallakar filaye na D'Alì. Sun miƙa wani babban fili a yankin Zangara (Castelvetrano) ga Matteo Messina Denaro. Duk da haka, ainihin sabon mai shi shine Salvatore Riina, shugaban ƙabilar Mafia ta Corleonesi, wanda Messina Denaro ke da alaƙa da shi. Sau da yawa ana nuna Messina Denaro a matsayin mai son wasan yara kuma mai son mata, tana tuƙa motar wasanni mai tsada ta Porsche kuma tana sanye da agogon Rolex Daytona, gilashin rana na Ray Ban da tufafi masu kyau daga Giorgio Armani da Versace . <ref name="globe">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2016 |title=Prosecutor hunting Sicily's top Mafiosi lives under lockdown |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/prosecutor-hunting-sicilys-top-mafiosi-lives-under-lockdown/article30749863/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203134408/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/prosecutor-hunting-sicilys-top-mafiosi-lives-under-lockdown/article30749863/ |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=2 November 2019 |publisher=theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sha'awar wasannin kwamfuta, kuma ana cewa shi ne uban ɗa bayan aure. Messina Denaro ta yi suna wajen rayuwa cikin sauri kuma ana zargin ta kashe wani mai otal na Sicily wanda ya zarge shi da kai ƙananan 'yan mata gado. Saboda haka, ya bambanta sosai da shugabannin Mafia na gargajiya kamar Salvatore Riina da Bernardo Provenzano waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin bin ƙa'idodin iyali masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. <ref name="globe" /> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1998, Matteo ya zama shugaban yankin da ya haɗa da Castelvetrano da biranen da ke makwabtaka da shi, yayin da Vincenzo Virga ke mulki a birnin Trapani da kewaye. Bayan kama Virga a shekarar 2001, Messina Denaro ta karɓi ragamar jagorancin Mafia a lardin Trapani. An ce ya sake tsara iyalan Mafia 20 a Trapani zuwa wani umarni guda ɗaya da aka raba daga sauran Cosa Nostra. Ana ɗaukar Mafia na Trapani a matsayin ''zoccolo duro'' (ƙaƙƙarfan tushe) na Cosa Nostra kuma mafi ƙarfi sai dai iyalai a Palermo. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] fzorleajdvbqd6bjcrgypprdy4mth1a Abdul Ghani Azhari 0 133224 882507 773759 2026-07-13T20:49:01Z Usman saadu 46863 882507 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdul Ghani Azhari''' (1922 - 19 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abdul Ghani Shah al-Shashi''', masanin musulmi ne kuma masanin tarihi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban farfesa na sashen Larabci na Jami'ar Kashmir.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya rubuta ''Qadim Tarikh-e-Gujjar'', wani littafi da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihin Gujjars. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Abdul Ghani Azhari a shekara ta 1922 ga dangin Kashmiri [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] na [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Al-Musulmi]] Gujjars <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=Professor Mufti Abdul Ghani Azhari: Scholar, Sufi, Historian, and Social Reformer of Kashmir - News OF Kashmir |url=https://newsofkashmir.com/index.php/2025/09/01/mufti-abdul-ghani-azhari/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mufti Abdul Ghani Al-Azhari (RA) – Man With A Noble Mission |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/01/25/mufti-abdul-ghani-al-azhari-ra-man-with-a-noble-mission/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref> a Poonch, Jammu da Kashmir. {{Sfn|Singh|2012}}{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} Ya sami karatunsa a Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya rubuta jarabawarsa ta digiri a kan Al-Muslim mai taken, ''Al Imam Al Muslim Wa Manhajuhu Fi Al Hadith Riwayatn wa Dirayatan'' . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} Ya yi karatu tare da Hussain Ahmad Madani, Ibrahim Balyawi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, da Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, kuma malamansa a Mazahir Uloom sun hada da Zakariyya Kandhlawi .{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A Azhar, ya yi karatu tare da malamai ciki har da [[Abdul Halim Mahmoud|Abdel-Halim Mahmoud]] . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} == Ayyuka == Azhari ta kafa Dar al-'Ulum Nizamiyya Madinatul Islam a Badshahibagh (kusa da Saharanpur), don biyan bukatun yaran Gurjar.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya kuma kafa makarantun addini a Kashmir, gami da Maktabah Anwar al Uloom, a Kokernag, da Darul Uloom Kawthariya kusa da Dachigam National Park . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa Darul Uloom Shah Wali Allah a Donipawa, Brakpora, a Anantnag . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A gayyatar [[Sheikh Abdullah|Shaikh Abdullah]], Azhari ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Larabci a Madinatul Uloom a Hazratbal, Srinagar kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Kashmir . An ga Azhari a matsayin babban masanin addini a Kashmir. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban farfesa a sashen Larabci na Jami'ar Kashmir . Ya nuna sha'awa ta musamman ga [[Qadiriya|Tsarin Qadiri]] na [[Sufiyya|Sufism]] kuma ya buga ayyukan kan Naqshbandiyyah . {{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023 a Saharanpur. Salahuddin Tak, babban farfesa na yanzu na sashen Larabci a Jami'ar, ya bayyana Azhari a matsayin "malami, babban masanin kimiyya da kuma ilimin da ke da ƙwarewa sosai a kimiyyar addini". == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan Azhari sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} * ''Gujar Tareekh te Saqafat'', wanda Javaid Rahi ya tattara * ''Noor-i-Irfan'' * Ma ''Ma Budda Minh,'', littafin da ya fassara daga Farisa zuwa [[Urdu]] * ''Maktubat-i-Naqshbandiyyah'' * ''Qadim Tarikh-i-Gujjar'', wani cikakken littafi game da tarihin tsohuwar Gujjars a Indiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mufti Abdul Ghani Al-Azhari (RA) – Man With A Noble Mission |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/01/25/mufti-abdul-ghani-al-azhari-ra-man-with-a-noble-mission/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Bayanan wallafe-wallafen gaba ɗaya ===   == Ƙarin karantawa == *   {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] e0h0v79299h18p5rjy419gmc1mmc4gq 882508 882507 2026-07-13T20:50:29Z Usman saadu 46863 882508 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdul Ghani Azhari''' (1922 - 19 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abdul Ghani Shah al-Shashi''', masanin musulmi ne kuma masanin tarihi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban farfesa na sashen Larabci na Jami'ar Kashmir.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya rubuta ''Qadim Tarikh-e-Gujjar'', wani littafi da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihin Gujjars. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Abdul Ghani Azhari a shekara ta 1922 ga dangin Kashmiri [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] na [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Al-Musulmi]] Gujjars <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=Professor Mufti Abdul Ghani Azhari: Scholar, Sufi, Historian, and Social Reformer of Kashmir - News OF Kashmir |url=https://newsofkashmir.com/index.php/2025/09/01/mufti-abdul-ghani-azhari/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mufti Abdul Ghani Al-Azhari (RA) – Man With A Noble Mission |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/01/25/mufti-abdul-ghani-al-azhari-ra-man-with-a-noble-mission/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref> a Poonch, Jammu da Kashmir. {{Sfn|Singh|2012}}{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} Ya sami karatunsa a Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya rubuta jarabawarsa ta digiri a kan Al-Muslim mai taken, ''Al Imam Al Muslim Wa Manhajuhu Fi Al Hadith Riwayatn wa Dirayatan'' . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} Ya yi karatu tare da Hussain Ahmad Madani, Ibrahim Balyawi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, da Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, kuma malamansa a Mazahir Uloom sun hada da Zakariyya Kandhlawi .{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A Azhar, ya yi karatu tare da malamai ciki har da [[Abdul Halim Mahmoud|Abdel-Halim Mahmoud]] . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} == Ayyuka == Azhari ta kafa Dar al-'Ulum Nizamiyya Madinatul Islam a Badshahibagh (kusa da Saharanpur), don biyan bukatun yaran Gurjar.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya kuma kafa makarantun addini a Kashmir, gami da Maktabah Anwar al Uloom, a Kokernag, da Darul Uloom Kawthariya kusa da Dachigam National Park . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa Darul Uloom Shah Wali Allah a Donipawa, Brakpora, a Anantnag . {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} A gayyatar [[Sheikh Abdullah|Shaikh Abdullah]], Azhari ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Larabci a Madinatul Uloom a Hazratbal, Srinagar kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Kashmir . An ga Azhari a matsayin babban masanin addini a Kashmir. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban farfesa a sashen Larabci na Jami'ar Kashmir . Ya nuna sha'awa ta musamman ga [[Qadiriya|Tsarin Qadiri]] na [[Sufiyya|Sufism]] kuma ya buga ayyukan kan Naqshbandiyyah . {{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun a shekara ta 2023 a Saharanpur. Salahuddin Tak, babban farfesa na yanzu na sashen Larabci a Jami'ar, ya bayyana Azhari a matsayin "malami, babban masanin kimiyya da kuma ilimin da ke da ƙwarewa sosai a kimiyyar addini". == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan Azhari sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} * ''Gujar Tareekh te Saqafat'', wanda Javaid Rahi ya tattara * ''Noor-i-Irfan'' * Ma ''Ma Budda Minh,'', littafin da ya fassara daga Farisa zuwa [[Urdu]] * ''Maktubat-i-Naqshbandiyyah'' * ''Qadim Tarikh-i-Gujjar'', wani cikakken littafi game da tarihin tsohuwar Gujjars a Indiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mufti Abdul Ghani Al-Azhari (RA) – Man With A Noble Mission |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/01/25/mufti-abdul-ghani-al-azhari-ra-man-with-a-noble-mission/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ahmad|2022}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Bayanan wallafe-wallafen gaba ɗaya ===   == Ƙarin karantawa == *   {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] 5yt9bfn49xfes761i13pdrrph8rj97x Huzaifa Vastanvi 0 134231 882772 775664 2026-07-14T08:01:14Z BnHamid 12586 882772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Huzaifa Vastanvi''' (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, 1979) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, marubuci, kuma malami wanda ke aiki a matsayin Rais al-Jami'ah (rector) kuma ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa . Ya kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin ilimin Islama, jagorancin ma'aikata, da rubuce-rubucen ilimi. An nada shi shugaban Jamia a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Huzaifa Vastanvi a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1979 a Vastan, Gundumar Surat, Gujarat . Ya kammala karatunsa na farko da ci gaba a Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa, inda ya kammala a shekara ta 2002. Shi ne ɗan Ghulam Muhammad Vastanvi, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ma'aikatar.<ref name="Akram">{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2002, Huzaifa Vastanvi ya fara koyarwa a Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa . <ref name="Ibrahimi">{{Cite web |last=Ibrahimi |first=Hilaluddin |date=23 January 2025 |title=Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi |trans-title=Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowledge, and Reform |url=https://abulmahasin.com/قیادت،-علم-اور-اصلاح-کے-روشن-مینار-مولا/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205041641/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020}} Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Nazim-e-Taleemat (Darakta na Ilimi) sannan daga baya a matsayin Babban Darakta na ma'aikatar. A cikin waɗannan matsayi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University "Ishaatul Uloom" marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2015 |title=«النوري الخيرية» توقع اتفاقية تعاون لانطلاق مشروع التعليم النوعي في مومباي |trans-title="Al-Nouri Charity" signs a cooperation agreement to launch a quality education project in Mumbai |url=https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228193603/https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Alwasat (Kuwaiti newspaper)]] |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2023 |title=Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah ki Taliba Tarannum Idris ki Aalmi Musabaqa-e-Quran Sultanate of Oman mein Numaya Karkardagi |trans-title=Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah Student Tarannum Idris Excels in the International Quran Competition in the Sultanate of Oman |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/tarannum-idris-a-student-of-malegaon-performed-prominently-in-the-international-quran-competition/na20230314171841714714899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228201623/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/tarannum-idris-a-student-of-malegaon-performed-prominently-in-the-international-quran-competition/na20230314171841714714899 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, majalisar Jamia (Majlis-e-Shura) ta nada Huzaifa Vastanvi a matsayin sabon Rais al-Jami'ah (shugaban ma'aikata). Vastanvi yana da alaƙa ta ruhaniya tare da masanin addinin Musulunci Taqi Usmani kuma yana da hannu wajen inganta koyarwarsa a Indiya.<ref name="Akram">{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ƙoƙari a cikin ilimin kuɗi na Islama da shirye-shiryen jin dadin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref> A lokacin kullewar COVID-19 a cikin 2020, Vastanvi ya taimaka wajen shirya dawowar daliban da suka makale zuwa gidajensu.<ref name="Akram">{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana da hannu a cikin tattaunawar addinai da shirye-shirye don inganta ilimi a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, [[Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Sarki Salman]] na Saudi Arabia ya gayyaci Vastanvi don [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], yana godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin Islama da jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University "Ishaatul Uloom" marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Vastanvi ya wakilci Indiya a Taron Shugabannin Addini na Musulmi na BRICS, wanda ya jaddada inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai da inganta zaman lafiya a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University "Ishaatul Uloom" marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2015 |title=«النوري الخيرية» توقع اتفاقية تعاون لانطلاق مشروع التعليم النوعي في مومباي |trans-title="Al-Nouri Charity" signs a cooperation agreement to launch a quality education project in Mumbai |url=https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228193603/https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Alwasat (Kuwaiti newspaper)]] |language=ar}}</ref> Vastanvi ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da Safarnama-e-Junubi Africa (Tafiye-tafiye na Afirka ta Kudu) da ''Urdu Zaban wa Adab ke Farogh mein Madaris-e-Islamia ki Be-Lauth Khidmat'' (Hadin gwiwar Kasuwancin Musulunci don Inganta Harshen Urdu da Littattafai). {{Sfn|Abbasi|2020}} Ya kuma rubuta labarai game da ilimin Islama da batutuwan zamani kuma yana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar wata-wata ta ma'aikatar, ''Shahrah-e-Ilm'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da: <ref name="Ibrahimi">{{Cite web |last=Ibrahimi |first=Hilaluddin |date=23 January 2025 |title=Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi |trans-title=Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowledge, and Reform |url=https://abulmahasin.com/قیادت،-علم-اور-اصلاح-کے-روشن-مینار-مولا/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205041641/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}</ref> * ''Tohfa-e-Ramazan'' (Kyautar Ramadan) * ''Islama ki Buniyadi Taleemat se Waqfiyat'' (Gaskiya Koyarwar Islama) * ''Maqasid-e-Nuzool-e-Qur'an'' (Manufar Ru'ya ta Alkur'ani) * ''Seerat-un-Nabi'' (Labarin Annabi Muhammadu) * ''Halaat Hazrat [[Mahdi]] aur Alāmāt-e-Qiyamat'' (Halin Mahdi da Alamun Ranar Shari'a) == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] k1w882sho7zufr77o440pfub3qda09c Eftychia Papagianopoulou 0 134257 882768 775697 2026-07-14T07:53:15Z BnHamid 12586 882768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Eftychia''' Papagianopoulou''' (Girkanci; 1893 - 7 Janairu 1972), wanda aka fi sani da Eftychía, marubucin waƙoƙin Girkanci ne. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Aydın kusa da İz[[Izmir]] Dau[[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta 1893. Ta bar İzmir a 1919 kafin yakiYaƙin Girka da Turkiyya yi hijira zuwa Girka kuma ta zauna har abada a Athens. Ta rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙin Girkanci da yawa, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawaƙa kamar Vassilis Tsitsanis, Apostolos Kaldaras da Manos Hadjidakis; duk da haka, ba ta sami babban suna ba har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1972. Babban gudummawar da ta bayar ga kiɗa na Girka ta hanyar iyawarta ta musamman a cikin waƙoƙi ba a san ta sosai ba kuma an san ta da yawa, kodayake yawancin waƙoƙin da suka ci nasara na shekarun 1950 da 1960 an rubuta su. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1972 a Athens. == Kyauta == A shekara ta 2002, wani littafi da marubuci da ɗan jarida Lefteris Papadopoulos ya buga, wanda ya kasance abokiyar Eftychia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwarta, ya taimaka wajen kara karɓar aikinta. A cikin 2019, an sanya rayuwarta a cikin fim mai taken bayan sunanta (''Eftychia'') kuma Angelos Frantzis ne ya ba da umarni. == Abubuwan da aka tsara == Yawancin sanannun waƙoƙi suna da kalmomin Eftychia, gami da: * Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kiɗa: Vassilis Tsitsanis * Dio portes echi i amo (Rayuwa tana da ƙofofi biyu), kiɗa: Stelios Kazantzidis * Ta alania (Yaran gutter), kiɗa: Vassilis Tsitsanis * ''Ime aetos horis ftera'' (Ni gaggafa ce ba tare da fuka-fuki ba), kiɗa: Manos HadjidakisHannun Hadjidakis * ''Pira ap ti nioti hromata'' (Na ɗauki launuka daga ƙuruciya), kiɗa: Apostolos Kaldaras[[Apostolos Kaldaras|Manzanni Kaldaras]] * ''Malamo'', kiɗa: Stamatis Kraounakis * Mi me paratas (Kada ku bar ni), kiɗa: Apostolos Kaldaras * An mou spasoun to bouzouki (Idan sun karya bouzouki na), kiɗa: George Zambetas == Tushen == * Lefteris Papadopoulos (2002), ''Ola ine ena psema'', Kastaniotis Editions; Athens. == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071102164526/http://www.melodia.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_mel3_100473_03/11/2004_113159 Bayani game da rubuce-rubucen waƙa] (a cikin Girkanci) * [http://www.stixoi.info/stixoi.php?info=Lyrics&act=index&sort=alpha&lyricist_id=10 Jerin waƙoƙi da kalmomin] (Girkanci & fassarori) [[Category:Mutuwan 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4zuyotw83v8n4aj3sk1ak338qv84jh1 Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri 0 134481 882404 815089 2026-07-13T16:30:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri''' (7 ga Mayu 1916 - 14 ga Yulin 1996) masanin addinin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ne na Indiya, marubuci kuma masanin tarihi. Masana Pakistan sun girmama shi da taken Muhsin-e-Hind. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mubarakpuri a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1916 a Mubarakpur, Azamgarh . Ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Madrasa Ehya-ul-Uloom kuma ya koma Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad don nazarin ahadith. A Shahi, ya yi karatun ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]]'' tare da Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Sahih Muslim tare da Ismail Sambhali, da ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' tare da Muhammad Miyan Deobandi . Mubarakpuri ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1996. [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Mubarakpuri ya rubuta littattafai game da dangantakar Indiyawa da Larabawa. A cikin wannan jerin littattafansa sun haɗa da ''Arb-o-Hind Ahd-e-Risalat Mai'', Khilafat-e-Lashida wanda ya fi dacewa da Hindustan, Khila fat Amwiyyah wanda ya fice da Hindustan da ''Hindustan mai Arbon ki hukumatein'' . == Kyauta == * Gudunmawar Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri ga Karatun Larabci: Nazari Mai Mahimmanci - Karatun PhD daga Jami'ar Aligarh Muslim na Mohd Amirul Hasan. Ɗansa Khalid Hafiz (1938-1999), Imam na Wellington, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan addini ga al'ummar Musulmi ta New Zealand daga 1982 zuwa 1999. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin marubutan Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] gih6a0bgv23s3b1n9fvid6riwr1fyke 882405 882404 2026-07-13T16:31:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri''' (7 ga Mayu 1916 - 14 ga Yulin 1996) masanin addinin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ne na Indiya, marubuci kuma masanin tarihi. Masana Pakistan sun girmama shi da taken Muhsin-e-Hind. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mubarakpuri a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1916 a Mubarakpur, Azamgarh . Ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Madrasa Ehya-ul-Uloom kuma ya koma Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad don nazarin ahadith. A Shahi, ya yi karatun ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]]'' tare da Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Sahih Muslim tare da Ismail Sambhali, da ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' tare da Muhammad Miyan Deobandi . Mubarakpuri ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1996. [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Mubarakpuri ya rubuta littattafai game da dangantakar Indiyawa da Larabawa. A cikin wannan jerin littattafansa sun haɗa da ''Arb-o-Hind Ahd-e-Risalat Mai'', Khilafat-e-Lashida wanda ya fi dacewa da Hindustan, Khila fat Amwiyyah wanda ya fice da Hindustan da ''Hindustan mai Arbon ki hukumatein'' . == Kyauta == * Gudunmawar Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri ga Karatun Larabci: Nazari Mai Mahimmanci - Karatun PhD daga Jami'ar Aligarh Muslim na Mohd Amirul Hasan. Ɗansa Khalid Hafiz (1938-1999), Imam na Wellington, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan addini ga al'ummar Musulmi ta New Zealand daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1999. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin marubutan Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] 8vwm1x2wt17ne8clb7x0hl3a5jalqzy Kate Malone 0 136698 882803 780068 2026-07-14T09:00:01Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 882803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kate Olivia Malone''' MBE (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1959, a Landan) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta yumbu 'yar [[Birtaniya]] wadda aka san ta da manyan jiragenta na sassaka da kuma kyawawan launuka masu haske. Malone a da ta kasance alkali, tare da Keith Brymer Jones, a cikin shirin BBC2 na ''The Great Pottery Throw Down'' (2015–2017), sannan Sara Cox ta gabatar da shi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Fish_by_Kate_Malone_02.jpg|thumb|''Kifi'' ta Malone a Castle Park, Bristol]] [[Fayil:Millennium_Jug_of_Symbols_by_Kate_Malone_02.jpg|thumb|''Jug na Alamomin Millennium'' a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, London]] Malone ya yi karatu a Bristol Polytechnic (1979–82) <ref name="Celebration of art">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=A Celebration of Clay by Kate Malone at Canary Wharf – Canary Wharf Group |url=http://group.canarywharf.com/media/press-releases/a-celebration-of-clay-by-kate-malone-at-canary-wharf/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=group.canarywharf.com}}</ref> kuma, bayan ya bar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a 1986, ya fara aiki a wani ɗakin studio a Cibiyar Fasaha ta South Bank da ke Charing Cross. <ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Benji |date=7 November 2015 |title=Why the Great Pottery Throw Down is a Great British Knock Off |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11978012/Why-the-Pottery-Throw-Down-is-a-Great-British-Knock-Off.html |accessdate=13 November 2015 |work=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |location=London}}</ref> Aikin Malone yana cikin tarin Majalisar Burtaniya. <ref>{{cite news |last=Denham |first=Jess |date=3 November 2015 |title=The Great Pottery Throw Down |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/the-great-artist-of-the-month-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-bake-a6710151.html |accessdate=13 November 2015 |work=[[The Independent]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |location=London}}</ref> Ana nuna ayyukanta a wurare da dama na jama'a, babban kifi na yumbu a cikin ruwa a Hackney Marshes da kuma babban tukunya a Gidan Tarihi na Manchester. [undefined] Ana kuma gudanar da ayyukan Malone a cikin tarin jama'a da yawa, ciki har da Majalisar Fasaha, Gidan Tarihi na Bristol City da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Majalisar Sana'o'i, Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean, Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa na céramique de Sèvres, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria & Albert da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles. [2] Ta yi sabbin ayyuka da yawa don baje kolin da Waddesdon Manor ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a 2016, [3] gami da fale-falen hotunan Ferdinand de Rothschild da 'yar uwarsa Alice Charlotte von Rothschild. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 8w9osyjv1fmwaac8l2orkxtlyrpudll Christos Petrodimopoulos 0 136904 882782 780389 2026-07-14T08:09:24Z BnHamid 12586 882782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}} '''Christos Petrodimopoulos''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Girka. Yana da 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) mai tsayi mai ƙarfi / tsakiya.&nbsp; == Ayyukan sana'a == A cikin aikinsa na sana'a, wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin da Petrodimopoulos ya taka leda a matakin farko na gasar Kwando ta Girka sun hada da Panionios, Ikaros Kallitheas, da Nea Kifissia . Ya kuma taka leda tare da Faros Keratsiniou, kuma tare da Fares, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Girka ta 2016. == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == Petrodimopoulos ya kasance memba na ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Girka . Tare da ƙaramar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Girka, ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin FIBA Turai ta kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151228140021/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/gamecent/p/pid/6051030/playerview.html Christos PETRODIMOPOULOS.]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nvtcbdw1i0wrc5es44wqvyxem4noc28 882783 882782 2026-07-14T08:09:33Z BnHamid 12586 882783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christos Petrodimopoulos''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Girka. Yana da 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) mai tsayi mai ƙarfi / tsakiya.&nbsp; == Ayyukan sana'a == A cikin aikinsa na sana'a, wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin da Petrodimopoulos ya taka leda a matakin farko na gasar Kwando ta Girka sun hada da Panionios, Ikaros Kallitheas, da Nea Kifissia . Ya kuma taka leda tare da Faros Keratsiniou, kuma tare da Fares, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Girka ta 2016. == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == Petrodimopoulos ya kasance memba na ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Girka . Tare da ƙaramar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Girka, ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin FIBA Turai ta kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151228140021/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/gamecent/p/pid/6051030/playerview.html Christos PETRODIMOPOULOS.]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwn1z37zwlifnshpfnmy73k1m5y263k Georgios Papandreou 0 136948 882332 791141 2026-07-13T14:10:03Z Usman saadu 46863 882332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 Fabrairu 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga 1950 zuwa 1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na 1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 ga Satumba 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dkg2vybxlc5fkineocfla37yr4n643w 882333 882332 2026-07-13T14:11:18Z Usman saadu 46863 882333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga 1950 zuwa 1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na 1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 ga Satumba 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ax7micc9r02m2rqqlibiaujhi8h0hvm 882335 882333 2026-07-13T14:12:12Z Usman saadu 46863 882335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na 1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 ga Satumba 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dy0k9vhbjzzfy0huwkwfcidx2jogr85 882336 882335 2026-07-13T14:13:12Z Usman saadu 46863 882336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na 1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 ga Satumba 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dwhyfp4camuac05nqlz9jb4xvdd5ae7 882337 882336 2026-07-13T14:14:27Z Usman saadu 46863 882337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 ga Satumba 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bvh1m93f3g60v1t2206len8254p4d9x 882341 882337 2026-07-13T14:16:34Z Usman saadu 46863 882341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] si8xb2kfpvsemywllbpgx8325ltc682 882342 882341 2026-07-13T14:17:31Z Usman saadu 46863 882342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fg5o71nj2vosjwxk5b69ua78d48nzlg 882343 882342 2026-07-13T14:19:01Z Usman saadu 46863 882343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ckti38dsm6p82jtzolup4iictxj0yk9 882344 882343 2026-07-13T14:21:07Z Usman saadu 46863 882344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7p8f4eon85es10k23u1ehapkqmdq2m2 882345 882344 2026-07-13T14:23:04Z Usman saadu 46863 882345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qcj5f4gncjti84bb5mvxf3zgn5x9rz4 882348 882345 2026-07-13T14:26:16Z Usman saadu 46863 882348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben 1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben shekara ta 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben shekara ta 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a shekara ta bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9d4gbb4s4jusl50rapufrq56rn1s24h 882349 882348 2026-07-13T14:28:01Z Usman saadu 46863 882349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben shekara ta1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a shekara ta 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben shekara ta 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben shekara ta 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a shekara ta bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kz2oe2fsh28xkditggk4f1c3yg542ck 882352 882349 2026-07-13T14:30:34Z Usman saadu 46863 882352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben shekara ta1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a shekara ta 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben shekara ta 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben shekara ta 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a shekara ta bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin shekara ta 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben shekara ta 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga 1981 zuwa 1989 da 1993 zuwa 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga 2009 zuwa 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2buatexwqzc1j12354og6yow0owod8z 882354 882352 2026-07-13T14:32:39Z Usman saadu 46863 882354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben shekara ta1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a shekara ta 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben shekara ta 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben shekara ta 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a shekara ta bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin shekara ta 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben shekara ta 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1981 zuwata 1989 da 1993 zuwata 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga shekara ta 2009 zuwata 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin 1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] podgcngs0tx1oydtmwsfk1oc8yhka59 882356 882354 2026-07-13T14:34:17Z Usman saadu 46863 882356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 1888 - 1 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, wanda ya kafa Daular siyasa ta Papandreou . Ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka (1944-1945, 1963, 1964-1965). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa ta1952, a cikin gwamnatocin Nikolaos Plastiras da [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] . Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin ministan majalisa, tun daga shekara ta 1923, a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da kimiyyar siyasa a [[Berlin]], Papandreou ya shiga aikin sa kai a Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ya fara tsayawa takarar siyasa a Zaben kasa na shekarar1920 kuma ya kasance babban memba na juyin juya halin 11 gawatan Satumba a shekara ta 1922 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Constantine I. Bayan haka, ya zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa na Liberal, ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai a 1921 kuma mulkin kama-karya na Theodoros Pangalos ya ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925. Bayan ya sami ɗan gajeren ƙwarewar ministoci a farkon Jamhuriyar Biyu, Eleftherios Venizelos ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sufuri a cikin shekara ta 1930 da 1933 bi da bi, yana kula da gina makarantu sama da dubu uku a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Girka. An sake kama shi kuma an kore shi a shekara ta 1938 ta hanyar 4th of August Regime, ya kasance a gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru hudu. Sojojin Italiya da suka ɗaure shi a yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, ya amince da jagorantar gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1944. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kwashe Girka a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944, Papandreou ya zama Firayim Minista na farko bayan mamayewa, yana jagorantar gwamnatin hadin kai kuma yana kula da murkushe sojojin kwaminisanci na EAM a Athens a cikin Dekemvriana. Ya yi murabus a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a karkashin Sofoklis Venizelos . Zai zama mataimakin Venizelos da Nikolaos Plastiras a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista kafin 'yan Liberals su rasa Zaben a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya haifar da tsohon ya bar jagorancin jam'iyyar ga Papandreou. Duk da lashe kuri'un da aka kada, kungiyar Democrat ta kasa lashe Zaben shekara ta1956. Haɗin Jam'iyyar Liberal da sauran jam'iyyun a shekara ta 1961 ya haifar da Union Center wanda Papandreou ya jagoranci a Zaben wannan shekarar. Konstantinos Karamanlis mai mulki ya lashe zaben, amma Papandreou ya yi zargin zamba a sakamakon, yana shelar "gwagwarmaya mai tsanani" da gwamnatin da ke mulki. Kungiyar Cibiyar ta lashe kuri'un 'yan tsiraru a Zaben shekara ta 1963 kuma ta kafa gwamnati a Zaben shekara ta 1964. A lokacin da ya dawo a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, ya jagoranci kokarin sassaucin tattalin arziki da manufofin sake Rarraba dukiya a cikin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka, ya kara shekaru masu tilas a ilimi da kuma tilasta Ilimi kyauta a duk matakan. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayin goyon bayan Enosis a cikin rikice-rikice a Cyprus, kuma ɗansa, [[Andreas Papandreou]] ya ƙara ba da shawara. Dangantakarsa da sabon Sarki, Constantine II, ta lalace, kuma bayan kin amincewar Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Petros Garoufalias ya bar matsayinsa game da abin kunya na ASPIDA a cikin sojoji, Papandreou ya yi rikici da Sarki a shekara ta bayyane kuma ya yi murabus a watan Yulin shekara ta 1965. Wannan na karshe ya ja hankalin mambobin kungiyar tsakiya don kafa gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa da ba a zaba ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Papandreou ya yi tir da "Apostates" na Cibiyar Tarayyar kuma ya ayyana "gwagwarmaya" ta biyu, tare da ɗansa, Andreas. Kafin zaben shekara ta 1967 ya fara, juyin mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967 ya ga shigar da mulkin soja da kuma kama duka Papandreous. An tsare Georgios a gidansa kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968. Papandreou an san shi da "Tsohon Mutumin Dimokuradiyya" ta magoya bayansa. Ya kafa daular siyasa, wanda ya fi shahara ya hada da dansa Andreas, wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista daga shekara ta 1981 zuwata 1989 da 1993 zuwata 1996, da kuma jikan George, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan daga shekara ta 2009 zuwata 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Papandreou '''Georgios Stavropoulos''' a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="407" href="./Kalentzi" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kalentzi">Kalentzi, a yankin Achaea na arewacin Peloponnese . Shi dan Uba Andreas Stavropoulos ne, babban firist na Orthodox (protopresvyteros). Sunan karshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan Kirista na mahaifinsa da kalmar ''papas'' "firist". Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Athens]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Berlin]]. Falsafarsa ta siyasa ta sami rinjaye sosai daga dimokuradiyya ta Jamus. A sakamakon haka, ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin zamantakewa masu karimci, amma kuma ya kasance mai Akaya da kwaminisanci sosai (kuma musamman a kan manufofin KKE a Girka). Yayinda yake saurayi, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai goyon bayan shugaban Liberal Eleftherios Venizelos, wanda ya sanya shi gwamnan Chios bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan . An kashe daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Nikos, a yakin Kilkis-Lachanas . Ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Sofia Mineyko, 'yar ƙasar Poland, 'yar Zygmunt Mineyko kuma jikokin Stanisław Mineyko (1802-1857). An haifi ɗansu [[Andreas Papandreou]] a Chios a cikin shekara ta1919. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cybele Andrianou kuma an kira ɗansu George Papandreou . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] brywto0z34ixor2eet3a9ztobpb7xq2 Andreas Kolovouris 0 137232 882741 781112 2026-07-14T07:35:18Z BnHamid 12586 882741 wikitext text/x-wiki Andreas Kolovouris (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Super League 2 Panachaiki . [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 44jf4kdn8d0q9b8khzrvkj5e7pghl7v 882742 882741 2026-07-14T07:36:06Z BnHamid 12586 882742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Andreas Kolovouris (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Super League 2 Panachaiki.<ref>{{Soccerway|andreas-kolovouris/296567}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] gc4mibjg7uqe4mal9n53cpptbsd8rha Anastasius Papachristos 0 137547 882739 781735 2026-07-14T07:34:09Z BnHamid 12586 882739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anastasios "Tasos" Papachristos (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Super League 2 na Veria . [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] pq8338csxi3rneu5g1q0cnq7bao12u9 882740 882739 2026-07-14T07:34:56Z BnHamid 12586 882740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anastasios "Tasos" Papachristos (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Super League 2 na Veria.<ref>{{Soccerway|anastasios-papachristos/215810}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] obn8uha8ftamfjys68exqs2m8201g0e Gerald Frederick Kicanas 0 138358 882751 783224 2026-07-14T07:41:43Z BnHamid 12586 882751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald Frederick Kicanas''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1941) shugaban [[Cocin katolika|cocin Roman Katolika]] ne na Amurka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na Diocese na Tucson da ke Arizona daga 2002 zuwa 2017 kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da cocin tun 2025. Ya kasance mai kula da cocin Diocese na Las Cruces da ke New Mexico daga Satumba 2018 zuwa Yuli 2019. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Gerald Kicanas a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1941, a Chicago, Illinois, [1] ga Frederick da Eva Kicanas. [2] Asalin ƙabilarsa 'yan Lebanon ne; kakanninsa an haife su ne a Lebanon, kuma an yi masa baftisma kuma an tabbatar da shi a Melkite Rite . [3] Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Immaculate Heart da kuma Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary a Chicago. Kicanas ya sami lasisinsa a fannin Tauhidi Mai Tsarki daga St. Mary of the Lake Seminary da ke Mundelein, Illinois. === Firist === An naɗa Kicanas a matsayin firist na Archdiocese na Chicago a St. Mary of the Lake a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1967, ta hannun Cardinal John Patrick Cody . <ref name="milwaukeebio">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Kicanas |url=https://www.archmil.org/bishops/Pallium-Lecture-Series/Bishop-Kicanas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919124754/https://www.archmil.org/bishops/Pallium-Lecture-Series/Bishop-Kicanas.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=Archdiocese of Milwaukee}}</ref> Daga nan ya sami digirin digirgir na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da digirin Master na Ilimi a fannin jagoranci da ba da shawara daga Jami'ar Loyola Chicago . <ref name="tucsonbio">{{Cite web |title=Most Rev. Gerald F. Kicanas Bishop of Tucson |url=http://diocesetucson.org/BishopKicanas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214151951/http://diocesetucson.org/BishopKicanas.html |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |website=Diocese of Tucson}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin fasto har zuwa 1978 sannan ya riƙe ofisoshi daban-daban a makarantar sakandare ta archdiocesan tsawon sama da shekaru 25. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta, babban jami'i, da kuma shugaban makarantar a Quigley Preparatory Seminary South da ke Chicago, sannan ya zama shugaban makarantar Mundelein Seminary a Jami'ar St. Mary of the Lake da ke Mundelein, Illinois, a 1984. <ref name="milwaukeebio">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Kicanas |url=https://www.archmil.org/bishops/Pallium-Lecture-Series/Bishop-Kicanas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919124754/https://www.archmil.org/bishops/Pallium-Lecture-Series/Bishop-Kicanas.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=Archdiocese of Milwaukee}}</ref> A lokacin da yake shugaban makaranta, ya kasance [[Malamin Jami'a|malami]] a fannin ci gaban al'umma da ƙungiyoyi a Loyola. Sauran ayyukan da Kicanas ya yi sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin darektan Shirin Cocin Katolika na Cibiyar Tsare-tsare ta Matasa da ke Chicago, a matsayin mai kula da shari'o'i na ƙungiyoyin agaji na Katolika, da kuma a matsayin limamin Makarantar Iyaye ta Chicago, wani wuri ga yara maza masu fama da matsaloli. === Bishop na Mataimakin Chicago === A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1995, [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul na II]] ya naɗa Kicanas a matsayin bishop na mataimakin Chicago kuma bishop na Bela . Ya karɓi nadinsa na bishop a Cocin Holy Name da ke Chicago a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1995, daga Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, tare da Bishop Alfred Abramowicz da Timothy Lyne waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu tsarkakewa tare . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Gerald Frederick Kicanas [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkicanas.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> Kicanas ya zaɓi ya bayyana taken bishop ɗinsa da Sifaniyanci da Turanci: "La Justicia Promueve La Paz" da "Justice behaves peace", wanda aka ɗauko daga Ishaya 32:17. <ref name="tucsonbio">{{Cite web |title=Most Rev. Gerald F. Kicanas Bishop of Tucson |url=http://diocesetucson.org/BishopKicanas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214151951/http://diocesetucson.org/BishopKicanas.html |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |website=Diocese of Tucson}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin bishop na mataimakinsa, Kicanas ya yi aiki a matsayin babban firist na Vicariate I a cikin babban dakikar, wanda ya haɗa da Gundumomin Lake da Cook . Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan hannu, diaconate na dindindin, da kuma ƙarfafa hidimar fastoci . A lokacin da yake Chicago, Kicanas ya shagaltu sau biyu wajen kula da shari'o'in firistoci da ake zargi da cin zarafin mata. Duk da cewa shari'ar kotu da ake ci gaba da yi ta kawo cikas ga amsa dalla-dalla, ya amince da sanin halayen da ba su dace ba da ke da alaƙa da rashin girma ko barasa, kuma ya ce da ya amsa da ƙarfi da ƙarfi idan ya san ƙarami yana da hannu. <ref>{{cite news |last=Allen Jr. |first=John L. |date=January 15, 2010 |title=A downward spiral, but 'Christians will remain' |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/downward-spiral-christians-will-remain |access-date=May 13, 2025 |work=National Catholic Reporter}}</ref> Ya kuma yi jayayya sosai kan rahotannin manema labarai saboda rashin ambaton tushe da kuma bayar da mahallin. === Bishop na Tucson === An nada Kicanas a matsayin bishop na Tucson a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2001, kuma ya zama bishop bayan murabus din Bishop Manuel Moreno a ranar 7 ga Maris, 2003. Diocese ta fuskanci da'awar cin zarafin mata da yawa daga firistoci, kuma an yaba wa Kicanas saboda yadda ya tafiyar da martanin diocese, gami da amfani da fatarar kudi ba don guje wa diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa ba, amma don kafa tsarin diyya. Alkalin fatarar ya yaba masa, tara kudaden diocese ya inganta, kuma wani kwararre a fannin tsarin mulki na Amurka ya kira aikinsa "samfurin kasa". A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2007, an zaɓi Kicanas a matsayin mataimakin shugaban taron Bishof na Katolika na Amurka (USCCB), inda ya sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 22 fiye da Bishop Timothy Dolan . A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2008, USCCB ta zaɓi Kicanas a matsayin memba na tawagarta zuwa taron Majalisar Bishop na Duniya na goma sha biyu a [[Vatican|birnin Vatican]] a watan Oktoba na 2008. A watan Yuni na 2009, Kicanas ya yi jawabi a taron shekara-shekara na taron shugabannin ƙasa kan Gudanar da Coci a Makarantar Wharton da ke Philadelphia. Jawabinsa ya yi magana game da buƙatar sadarwa mai inganci a Cocin Katolika. <ref>{{cite news |last=Allen Jr. |first=John L. |date=January 15, 2010 |title=A downward spiral, but 'Christians will remain' |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/downward-spiral-christians-will-remain |access-date=May 13, 2025 |work=National Catholic Reporter}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2010, Dolan ya kayar da Kicanas a zaɓen shugaban USCCB. Wannan shine karo na farko a tarihin USCCB da ba a zaɓi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa mai ci a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba. A cewar wani labari a mujallar Jesuit ''America'', ƙungiyoyin Katolika masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi ƙaƙƙarfan kamfen na yin kamfe a kan Kicanas. <ref>{{cite news |last=Drake |first=Tim |date=November 12, 2010 |title=Bishop Kicanas Responds |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/bishop-kicanas-responds |access-date=May 14, 2025 |work=National Catholic Register}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2010, Cardinal Francis George, shugaban USCCB mai barin gado, ya naɗa Kicanas a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Catholic Relief Services . <ref>{{cite news |last=Allen Jr. |first=John L. |date=January 15, 2010 |title=A downward spiral, but 'Christians will remain' |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/downward-spiral-christians-will-remain |access-date=May 13, 2025 |work=National Catholic Reporter}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7h5s2yvmem8r7xolkb0jux7waggvqlp Laura Nyahuye 0 139590 882466 794559 2026-07-13T19:30:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura Nyahuye''' (an haife ta a watan Yunin shekara ta 1975) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma [[Masu kirkira|mai zane]] ta [[Zimbabwe]], tana zaune a Coventry, Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ta kafa Maokwo, ƙungiyar zane-zane ta al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155240/https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=West Midlands Combined Authority |language=en |ref=Yes}}</ref> Ta ƙware a cikin kayan ado na jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.lauranyahuye.com/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |ref=Yes}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ƙungiyar Maokwo ta haɗu da BOM, Kajul da Raymont-Osman don tsara Baton na Sarauniya don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Queen's Baton |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/queens-baton-relay/baton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=Meet the team who designed the Queen's Commonwealth Games Baton Relay |url=https://www.birminghamworld.uk/news/commonwealth-games-2022-meet-the-team-who-designed-the-queens-baton-relay-3399959}}</ref> Ayyukanta suna magance batutuwan zamantakewa kamar rashin hadawa a bangaren zane-zane ga masu zane-zane. An nuna Laura a matsayin mai ba da labari, uwa, mai tsarawa / mai yin, marubuci, mai kula, mai wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane, mai canzawa da kuma mai ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew |first=Nick |date=2022-08-02 |title=Laura Nyahuye - designer behind the Queen's Baton |url=https://www.nickdrewdesign.co.uk/post/laura-nyahuye-designer-behind-the-queen-s-baton |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Nick Drew Design |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://coventry-artspace.co.uk/studio-holders/laura-nyahuye/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=coventry-artspace.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Biographies |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/wie/events/ahrcpolicysummit/ahrcpolicysummit/pgr/speakers/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> Laura tana yin kayan ado na jiki kuma tana kalubalantar fahimta da batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da mata da al'ummomin ƙaura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155240/https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=West Midlands Combined Authority |language=en |ref=Yes}}</ref> An ce aikin Laura "yana motsawa da sha'awar ganin kyakkyawar gobe ga ƙarni na gaba, don ganin hasken bege a idanun wata mace da kuma al'ummomi su haɗu, duk da launin fata, harshe da addini".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.lauranyahuye.com/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |ref=Yes}}</ref> A lokacin kulle-kulle a cikin 2020, Laura ta shiga cikin bikin kan layi ta hanyar Zoom don tattaunawar gani, fim da wasan kwaikwayo. Tattaunawar kan layi ta nuna tattaunawa game da rayuwar yau da kullun na masu neman mafaka, 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi a ƙarƙashin aikin bincike. Taron ya bincika bambancin harsuna a Jami'ar [[Birmingham]] City da [[Jami'ar Oxford]]. An ba da izini ne daga abubuwan da suka faru na Slanguages for Humans a Coventry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155240/https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=West Midlands Combined Authority |language=en |ref=Yes}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Laura tana da zama na dijital na watanni huɗu tare da Mounir Neddi, Soufiane Hennani, da Melissandre Varin . An raba abubuwan da suka samu a cikin Zoom na minti 60 mai taken, "Cities of Cultures: Sharing Practices of Storytelling between [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] and Coventry. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Coventry a kan aikin bincike wanda ya bincika rawar da Coventry da Midlands ke takawa ta musamman a cikin kafuwar British Black Art Movement (BAM) a cikin shekarun 1980. Aikin ya gudana daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Nyahuye |url=https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155240/https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/culture-and-creative-economy/cultural-leadership-board/laura-nyahuye/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=West Midlands Combined Authority |language=en |ref=Yes}}</ref> == Bugawa == Boxed: Binciken Containment da Resilience a cikin Times of Crisis . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2018, Laura ta lashe kyautar kayan haɗi na Shekara a 2018 Fashions Finest Africa . Taken "Ƙara Kasancewar Najeriya a Masana'antar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Duniya", taron ya faru ne a Cibiyar Balmoral, [[Federal Palace Otel|Otal din Fadar Tarayya]], Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Laura ta sami lambar yabo ta tallafi don ayyukan City of Culture 2021. Ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Farfesa Heaven Crawley a kan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura NYAHUYE personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/oZY8QBa_2mRvvuXRmMpjsul7KCs/appointments |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0r3xv0wsvbhd74p79mdpvuo57w2xupe Ajilesoro 0 140445 882610 799814 2026-07-14T03:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patriarch_of_AJILESORO_DYNASTY.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Daular Ajilesoro]] Daular Sarauta ta '''Ajilesoro''' (Gidan Edun-lde) a llara Ile-lfe ta fito ne daga [[Obalufon ogbogbodirin|Obalufon Ogbogbodirin]] wanda ya gaji kakanninsa [[Obalufon ogbogbodirin|Osangangan Obamakin]] (Oranfe) da Ogun; wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin [[Jerin sarakunan Ife|Ooni na biyu da na uku na Ife]] sama da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata bayan mulkin [[Oduduwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2017 |title=Ooni Obalufon Conquered Largest Territories in Ile –Ife History |url=https://www.ifecitynews.com/2017/06/ooni-obalufon-conquered-largest-territories-ile-ife-history/ |access-date=February 16, 2026 |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117052723/https://www.ifecitynews.com/2017/06/ooni-obalufon-conquered-largest-territories-ile-ife-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ooni na Ife shine babban sarkin gargajiya a tsakanin mutanen [[Yarbawa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynn |first=Martin |date=June 2006 |title=The Nigerian self-government crisis of 1953 and the colonial office |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1080/03086530600633462 |issn=0308-6534 |s2cid=159952963}}</ref> == Gidauniyar tarihi == Tarihi ya nuna cewa [[Jerin sarakunan Ife|Ooni na biyu na Ife]] [[Obalufon ogbogbodirin|Osangangan Obamakin]] (Oranfe) da Ogun suna da alaƙa kuma suna cikin halittun allahntaka na farko da suka rayu a tsohuwar Masarautar [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . Sauran su ne Obawinrin, Obatala da [[Oduduwa]] . Ooni [[Obalufon ogbogbodirin|Obalufon Ogbogbodirin]] shine sarki na huɗu a Ile-lfe wanda ya rayu kuma ya yi mulki tsawon ƙarni da yawa kuma ya canza kama zuwa mutum-mutumin ƙarfe da mutum-mutumi wanda a yau ya zama allahntaka . Haikalin Obalufon da kuma wurin ibada a yau suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa dukkan [[Jerin sarakunan Ife|Ooni]] na Ife da suka yi sarauta bayansa, domin kuwa ana samun albarkar Sarautar Aare mai tsarki a wurin ibada kafin sabon sarki ya saka ta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blier |first=Suzanne Preston |year=1985 |title=Kings, Crowns, and Rights of Succession: Obalufon Arts at Ife and Other Yoruba Centers |url=https://www.academia.edu/1950150 |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.2307/3050958 |jstor=3050958}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egbewole |first=Suleiman |date=6 February 2020 |title=Ooni's Aare Crown And Its Historical Significance |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/oonis-aare-crown-and-its-historical-significance/ |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> [[Obalufon Alayemore]] ya gaji mahaifinsa Obalufon Ogbogbodirin a matsayin Ooni na biyar na Ife. Ya kuma rayu tsawon lokaci a kan karagar mulki kuma daga baya ya kafa ya kafa Sauran matsugunai kamar Ido-Osun, [[Ifon Osun]], Erin Osun, Ayedun (Jihar Kwara), [[Erin-Ile, Kwara|Erin Ile]], Erinmo, Ilawe Ekiti, Ilasa Ekiti, Asa, Igbara Odo, Ilara Mokin, Osan Ekiti, Ora Igbomina, Iba, Ogudu, [[Sagamu]], ImeAàyè, Ime Ayékoro, Efọ Idu, Imero, [[Ikorodu|Ime]] [[Ikeja|Ayékoro]], Ime Ayékoro, [[Efọ̀n-Alààyè|Ime Ayéko]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Law, Robin |year=1976 |title=Early Yoruba Historiography |journal=History in Africa |volume=3 |pages=69–89 |doi=10.2307/3171562 |jstor=3171562 |s2cid=165592740}}</ref> Ooni Obalufon Alayemore ya haifi ‘ya’ya da jikoki da jikoki da dama wadanda zuriyarsu ta zauna a unguwar Iremo har zuwa yau. Daga cikin su akwai: Edun-lde, Alasa, Iljaura, Aka, Akinrin da yankunan gonakinsu - Ijabata Edun-lde, Ijabata Olebe, Ijaata Goriolo, Ijabata Obariyun, Ijabata Alasa, Ijabata Obawinrin, Ijabata Aieja. Sarkin Edun-lde daga baya ya yi hijira ya bi sawun kakansa Obalufon ya zauna a yau Obalufon Ilara Ile-lfe. Wasu daga cikin zuriyar Edun Ide na Obalufon sune Awofade, Adetipe Loguro (Oso-Oru Koyoniyan), Ajilesoro Ounbiyo (Ajaba Jakulu) da Bowofade Monranro. Bayan kakanninsu Ooni Obalufon Alayemore ya bar karagar mulki don kafa wasu matsugunan kuma aka dakatar da zuriyar Obalufon don hawa kan kujerar Ooni; dangin sarki Edun-lde sun yanke shawarar naɗa mafi tsufa a cikin dangin a matsayin [[Oba|Baale]] don jagorantar kabila. Ajilesoro daga cikin zuri'ar Ooni Obalufon Alayemore da yawa, ya kasance mai ɗauke da halaye masu kyau da zamantakewa na kakanninsu. Ya shahara da harkar yin [[Kwallaye na ado|duwatsu masu daraja]] da sayar da su, kuma ya yi nasara sosai. Baya ga Obalufon Deity, Odun Esa (wanda kuma ake kira Odun Aje/Aje Festival) al'ada ce ta Daular Sarauta ta Edun-lde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Euba |first=O. |year=1981 |title=Of Blue Beads and Red: The Role of Ife in the West African Trade in Kori Beads |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |pages=109–127 |jstor=41857107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJE FESTIVAL 2018 &#124; Ooni of Ife &#124; Toyin Kolade &#124; Shina Peller &#124; Ajilesoro Family &#124; Music Jinni |url=https://www.musicjinni.net/elCX9I9zYOw/AJE-FESTIVAL-2018-Ooni-of-Ife-Toyin-Kolade-Shina-Peller-Ajilesoro-Family.html?8ce9d70d698bb07b6e213d217a203a90 |website=musicjinni }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har yanzu ana bikin wannan bikin Aje na tsawon lokaci da nishaɗi da annashuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawuyi, Olatunde Bayo |last2=Olupuna, Jacob K. |year=1987 |title=Making Sense of the Aje Festival: Wealth, Politics and the Status of Women Among the Ondo of Southwestern Nigeria |journal=Journal of Ritual Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=97–109 |jstor=44368344}}</ref> == Jerin sunayen Baale daga Ajilesoro Edun-lde == # Baale Awofade # Baale Adetipe Loguro (Oso-Oru Koyoni/Oso-Oru Koyoniyan) # Baale Adewoyin Aberejo – Ya rasu a shekarar 1953 # Baale Sakiru Omisakin Ajilesoro (Baba Pupa) - 1956 # Baale Shitu Adetayo Bangudu Ajilesoro (Baba Kogbagbere) – 1962 # Baale Adeyera Ali 1962-1968 # Baale Adewale Lawal 1968-1982 # Baale Abdul Adereti Gbadamosi Ajilesoro 1982-2004 # Baale Adefolaju Salawudeen Gbadamosi Ajilesoro 2004-2011 # [https://search.worldcat.org/title/8295259 Baale Ashiru Seidu Ajilesoro 2011-2017] # Baale Ademola Temidire Bowofade 2017 har zuwa yau. == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite web |last=Lasisi |first=Akeem |date=August 31, 2017 |title='Ooni's stool remains sacred' |url=https://punchng.com/oonis-stool-remains-sacred/ |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}} == Nassoshi == pp2u7pj6mjgd55ayubh3vs7ng3dvy04 Akhni 0 140668 882613 819229 2026-07-14T03:12:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akhni''' (Bengali) abinci ne na shinkafa tare da asalinsa tsakanin Musulman Bengali na Chittagong da Sylhet, a gabashin [[Bangladesh]]" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh . Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani bambancin biryani ko [[Pilaf|Polao]]. Abincin ya shahara musamman a gidajen cin abinci a duk faɗin Bangladesh, da kuma tsakanin kasashen waje a duk faɗuwar duniya. Abincin yana da mahimmanci a Chittagong, inda aka ce matsakaicin mutumin Chittagonian yana cinye shi kowane mako. A lokacin Ramadan, watan [[azumi]] na Musulunci, ana cin abincin ne a abincin [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] a fadin Sylhet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Jun 2016 |title=সিলেটের ঐতিহ্য আখনি ও পাতলা খিচুড়ি |trans-title=Sylhet's tradition of akhni and soft kichuri |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507 |website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |language=bn |access-date=19 February 2026 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118152459/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar 'akhni' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci, ''Yakhni'', wanda ke nufin stew. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == Ana yin shi ta hanyar [[kaza]] shinkafa tare da man dafa abinci, kayan yaji na gargajiya ([[Citta|ginger]], [[tafarnuwa]], garam masala, Tégpata, cumin, [[albasa]], [[gishiri]]), [[ghee]], [[Goat]]" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Meat">nama (kwakin, naman sa, awaki, Ɗan rago), 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (karrots, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], wake, plums), chili pepper da sour doi. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya ƙara kwayoyi da ƙwai. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin abincin shinkafa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Abinci]] 3cl1kvk7d5ziznh16w9yc9sgp0zghai Christine Grant (masaniyar kimiyya) 0 141304 882494 874253 2026-07-13T20:24:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christine Sharon Grant''' injiniyan sinadarai ce 'yar Amurka wacce ita ce Shugabar Ci gaban Malamai a Jami'ar Jihar [[North Carolina]] . Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da kimiyyar saman ƙasa da muhalli. Ita ce Shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka a shekarar 2022. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Grant a arewacin [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Interview with Christine Grant |url=http://ccrhq.org/sites/default/files/community/aichecommunitysite/minority-affairs-committee-mac/291906/grantctranscriptmac.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=AIChE }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifinta yana koyar da kiɗa, mahaifiyarta kuma tana koyar da kimiyya, kuma ta girma tana yin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya a gidanta da lambunta. <ref name=":2" /> Grant ta shiga cikin Shirin Ƙara Masu Digiri a Injiniyancin Ƙananan Ƙananan Mutane (PIMEG) a General Electric, wanda ya fara gabatar da ita ga ayyukan fasaha. <ref name=":2" /> Ta sami digirin farko a Jami'ar Brown, inda take cikin rukuni na biyu na ɗalibai don yin babban digiri a injiniyancin sinadarai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alumna Christine Grant named AIChE president for 2022 |url=https://engineering.brown.edu/news/2021-01-13/christine-grant-84 |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Engineering {{!}} Brown University |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na ɗalibi mai digiri na farko, ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Baƙaƙe ta Jami'ar Brown. <ref name=":2" /> Ta ƙaura zuwa [[Georgia]] Tech don karatun digiri na biyu. Ta kammala binciken digiri na uku a shekarar 1989, a lokacin da ta yi karatun cire ma'adanai masu ƙarfi daga electro-osmotic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Grant |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/AboutUs/News/Events/BTE/Speakers/2020/christine-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=College of Engineering - Purdue University |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == Grant ta yi nazarin hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓatawa da kuma kawar da gurɓatawa. Aikinta yana bincika hanyoyin sinadarai da sufuri da ke faruwa a mahaɗin sinadarai masu ƙarfi da ruwa, kuma yana haifar da samuwar da kuma cire ma'adanai. Daga cikin yankunan masana'antu da Grant ya yi la'akari da su akwai cire sinadarai masu rai daga gilashi, cire sinadarai masu sinadarin calcium daga bakin ƙarfe da kuma ajiye man shafawa a cikin haɗakar faifai. Ta nuna cewa ana iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwa don rage lalacewa da tara man shafawa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-15 |title=Christine Grant {{!}} Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.cbe.ncsu.edu/person/grant/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> Ta shiga jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1989. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko da aka naɗa cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-20 |title=Christine S. Grant |url=https://www.aiche.org/giving/supporters/profiles/christine-s-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sabis na ilimi == Grant ta himmatu wajen inganta bambancin ra'ayi da daidaito a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. An karrama ta saboda aikinta na mai ba da shawara da kuma mai koyarwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Grant honored for leadership by AAAS and AIChE {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2016/03/01/grant-honored-for-leadership-by-aaas-and-aiche/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ci gaban malamai da shirye-shirye na musamman a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a shekarar 2008 kuma har yanzu tana aiki a wannan matsayin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership- In College and Nationally – Dr. Christine Grant |url=https://drchristinegrant.wordpress.ncsu.edu/leadership/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin wannan matsayin ta fara ba da jagoranci, ta kula da shirye-shiryen fadada shiga da kuma kirkirar "Telebijin na Ci gaban Malamai", wani shiri na ci gaban kwararru ga ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-12 |title=Dr. Christine Grant leads restructuring of College of Engineering Faculty Development Office {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/05/12/dr-christine-grant-leads-restructuring-of-college-of-engineering-faculty-development-office/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> Grant shine wanda ya kafa STEM Resilience, wata kungiya da ke neman tallafawa kungiyoyin da aka ware a fannin kimiyya, fasaha da injiniyanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=About |url=https://www.stemresilience.com/about/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Stem Resilience |language=en}}</ref> Grant ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka (AIChE): ita ce mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin 'yar ƙungiyar jama'a kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Harkokin 'Yan tsiraru da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref name=":0"/> An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙasa a 2021. <ref name=":0" /> Grant kuma darakta ne a fannin Fadada Shiga Injiniya (BPE) da kuma shirye-shiryen [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙaƙen Tarihi]] - Ingantaccen Bincike (HBCU - EIR) a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (NSF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine S Grant {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/staff_bio.jsp?lan=cgrant&org=EEC&from_org=EEC |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nsf.gov |archive-date=2021-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320131416/https://www.nsf.gov/staff/staff_bio.jsp?lan=cgrant&org=EEC&from_org=EEC |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Jagoranci ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2015 AAAS Mentor Award honors Christine Grant, North Carolina State University, for Supporting African-American Doctorates in Chemical Engineering {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/2015-aaas-mentor-award-honors-christine-grant-north-carolina-state-university-supporting |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aaas.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka ga Masu Gabatar da Bambancin Bambanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Grant receives AIChE Pioneers of Diversity Award {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/11/23/grant-receives-aiche-pioneers-of-diversity-award/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |language=en}}</ref> * Abokin Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=Christine Grant |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/bio/christine-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Yankin Stanley C. na Ƙungiyar Sinadarai ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=Stanley C. Israel Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences |url=https://www.chemdiversity.org/stanley-c-israel-award-for-advancing-diversity-in-the-chemical-sciences/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=ChemDiversity |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Jagoranci ta Winifred Burks-Houck daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai da Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai (NOBChE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winifred Burks-Houck Awards and Lecture |url=https://www.nobcche.org/winifred-burks-houck |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nobcche.org}}</ref> * Kyautar Jagorancin Ƙwararru ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai Baƙaƙe da Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winifred Burks-Houck Awards and Lecture |url=https://www.nobcche.org/winifred-burks-houck |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.nobcche.org}}</ref> * Kyautar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka ga Masu Gabatar da Bambancin Bambanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Grant receives AIChE Pioneers of Diversity Award {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/11/23/grant-receives-aiche-pioneers-of-diversity-award/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Joseph N. Cannon ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai da Injiniyoyi Baƙaƙe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph N. Cannon Award in Chemical Engineering |url=https://www.nobcche.org/Joseph-N-Cannon-Award |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nobcche.org |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611043652/https://www.nobcche.org/Joseph-N-Cannon-Award |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar William W. Grimes ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka don Ingantaccen Injiniyan Sinadarai <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-28 |title=Minority Affairs Committee's William W. Grimes Award for Excellence in Chemical Engineering |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/awards/minority-affairs-committees-william-w-grimes-award-excellence-chemical-engineering#:~:text=The%20Minority%20Affairs%20Committee%20presents,distinguished%20role%20model%20for%20minorities. |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> * An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar bincike ta Sigma Xi <ref name=":3"/> * Kyautar Bambance-bambancen da Majalisar Binciken Sinadarai (CCR) ta bayar <ref name=":4" /> * An zaɓe shi don shiga taron shekara-shekara na 12 na Gabar Injiniya ta Amurka ta Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa (NAE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=2006 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium |url=https://www.naefrontiers.org/17873/2006USFOE |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.naefrontiers.org}}</ref> * Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa - CASEE Boeing Senior Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Fellows |url=https://nae.edu/11787/SeniorFellows |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=NAE Website }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Engineering Selects Three Engineering Education Fellows |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11042004 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www8.nationalacademies.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Ilimi ta Musamman ga Tsoffin Daliban Ƙasa don Digiri na Digiri na Biyu ga Ƙananan Ƙananan Masana'antu a Injiniya (GEM) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta NSF don Ingantaccen Ilimi a Kimiyya, Lissafi da Jagorancin Injiniya (PAESMEM) <ref name=":4" /> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == *   *   *   * Decuir-Cunby, Jessica T.; Grant, Christine; Gregory, Bradley. (January 2013). "Exploring career trajectories for women of color in engineering: The experiences of African American and Latina engineering professors". ''Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering''. '''19''' (3): 209–225. [http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/00551c876cc2f027,227df84537ba0187,2ac11ebd7bdafa52.html doi:10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2013005769].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeCuir-Gunby |first=Jessica T. |last2=Grant |first2=Christine |last3=Gregory |first3=Bradley B. |date=2013 |title=Exploring Career Trajectories for Women of Color in Engineering: The Experiences of African American and Latina Engineering Professors |url=http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/00551c876cc2f027,227df84537ba0187,2ac11ebd7bdafa52.html |journal=Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering |language=English |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=209–225 |bibcode=2013JWMSE..19..209D |doi=10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2013005769 |issn=1072-8325 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bbfk8ye3c1kjslunjv1890efedvcxyb Harshen Kurame na Zambiya 0 141489 882765 798179 2026-07-14T07:51:09Z BnHamid 12586 882765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harshen Kurame na Zambia''' [[Sign language|harshe]] ne da al'ummar [[Kurãme|Kurame]] ke amfani da shi a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ba a san adadin 'yan Zambia da ke amfani da Harshen Kurame na Zambia ba, kodayake ana koyar da shi a wasu makarantu na musamman kuma masu fassara suna bayyana a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ƙungiyar Masu Fassara Harshen Kurame na Zambia (ASLIZ) tana da hannu wajen haɓaka goyon baya da amincewa da Harshen Kurame na Zambia a makarantu, gwamnati da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na nishaɗi kamar talabijin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] jwb66y57cuiwfppgc2t64dila4qa68o Susan Polgar 0 141938 882430 800141 2026-07-13T16:52:53Z Baby juuu 38856 882430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Polgar''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, a 1969, a matsayin '''Polgár Zsuzsanna''' kuma galibi ana kiranta '''Zsuzsa Polgár''') babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga 1996 zuwa 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na Yuli 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=The 2019 World Rapid and Blitz recap: How will the event be remembered? |url=https://www.fide.com/the-2019-world-rapid-and-blitz-recap-how-will-the-event-be-remembered/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=FIDE |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. <ref name="FIDE WOM">{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women's Chess |url=http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226210605/http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |website=FIDE Directory |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Susan_Polgar_and_Paul_Truong.jpg|thumb|Hoton bikin aure, 2006]] An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a [[Budapest]], Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Polgar and Truong Marriage Revealed |url=http://www.checkmate.us/marriage.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Susan Polgar Blogspot confirms her marriage to Paul Truong |url=http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2007/05/chess-gambit-in-west-texas.html#links |access-date=December 4, 2011 |publisher=Susanpolgar.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yanzu tana zaune a yankin [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list |url=https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == [[Fayil:A_Polgár_lányok_fortepan_40708.jpg|thumb|Judit, Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da László Polgár, 1989]] Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master [[Sofia Polgar|Sofia]], sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu [[László Polgár]] ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grandmaster Experiment |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200506/the-grandmaster-experiment?page=2}}</ref> Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain" tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku [[Esperanto]]. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri [[Citizenship in the United States|Dan ƙasar Amirka]] a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Polgar |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/susan-polgar |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] ocz0ssnpjek9pvule2zlcmu3r9trbd5 882431 882430 2026-07-13T16:53:09Z Baby juuu 38856 882431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Polgar''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1969, a matsayin '''Polgár Zsuzsanna''' kuma galibi ana kiranta '''Zsuzsa Polgár''') babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga 1996 zuwa 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na Yuli 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=The 2019 World Rapid and Blitz recap: How will the event be remembered? |url=https://www.fide.com/the-2019-world-rapid-and-blitz-recap-how-will-the-event-be-remembered/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=FIDE |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. <ref name="FIDE WOM">{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women's Chess |url=http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226210605/http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |website=FIDE Directory |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Susan_Polgar_and_Paul_Truong.jpg|thumb|Hoton bikin aure, 2006]] An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a [[Budapest]], Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Polgar and Truong Marriage Revealed |url=http://www.checkmate.us/marriage.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Susan Polgar Blogspot confirms her marriage to Paul Truong |url=http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2007/05/chess-gambit-in-west-texas.html#links |access-date=December 4, 2011 |publisher=Susanpolgar.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yanzu tana zaune a yankin [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list |url=https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == [[Fayil:A_Polgár_lányok_fortepan_40708.jpg|thumb|Judit, Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da László Polgár, 1989]] Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master [[Sofia Polgar|Sofia]], sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu [[László Polgár]] ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grandmaster Experiment |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200506/the-grandmaster-experiment?page=2}}</ref> Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain" tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku [[Esperanto]]. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri [[Citizenship in the United States|Dan ƙasar Amirka]] a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Polgar |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/susan-polgar |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 6y1sprcoxl58kqtdvonfzzh1be7egy0 882432 882431 2026-07-13T16:53:43Z Baby juuu 38856 882432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Polgar''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1969, a matsayin '''Polgár Zsuzsanna''' kuma galibi ana kiranta '''Zsuzsa Polgár''') babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na Yuli 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=The 2019 World Rapid and Blitz recap: How will the event be remembered? |url=https://www.fide.com/the-2019-world-rapid-and-blitz-recap-how-will-the-event-be-remembered/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=FIDE |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. <ref name="FIDE WOM">{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women's Chess |url=http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226210605/http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |website=FIDE Directory |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Susan_Polgar_and_Paul_Truong.jpg|thumb|Hoton bikin aure, 2006]] An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a [[Budapest]], Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Polgar and Truong Marriage Revealed |url=http://www.checkmate.us/marriage.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Susan Polgar Blogspot confirms her marriage to Paul Truong |url=http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2007/05/chess-gambit-in-west-texas.html#links |access-date=December 4, 2011 |publisher=Susanpolgar.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yanzu tana zaune a yankin [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list |url=https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == [[Fayil:A_Polgár_lányok_fortepan_40708.jpg|thumb|Judit, Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da László Polgár, 1989]] Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master [[Sofia Polgar|Sofia]], sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu [[László Polgár]] ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grandmaster Experiment |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200506/the-grandmaster-experiment?page=2}}</ref> Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain" tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku [[Esperanto]]. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri [[Citizenship in the United States|Dan ƙasar Amirka]] a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Polgar |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/susan-polgar |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] phzu7dbanl5aa6uyq214dfaglgtj2ql 882433 882432 2026-07-13T16:54:03Z Baby juuu 38856 882433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Polgar''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1969, a matsayin '''Polgár Zsuzsanna''' kuma galibi ana kiranta '''Zsuzsa Polgár''') babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga shekarar 1996 zuwa shekarar 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na Yuli 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=The 2019 World Rapid and Blitz recap: How will the event be remembered? |url=https://www.fide.com/the-2019-world-rapid-and-blitz-recap-how-will-the-event-be-remembered/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=FIDE |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. <ref name="FIDE WOM">{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women's Chess |url=http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226210605/http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |website=FIDE Directory |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Susan_Polgar_and_Paul_Truong.jpg|thumb|Hoton bikin aure, 2006]] An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a [[Budapest]], Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Polgar and Truong Marriage Revealed |url=http://www.checkmate.us/marriage.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Susan Polgar Blogspot confirms her marriage to Paul Truong |url=http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2007/05/chess-gambit-in-west-texas.html#links |access-date=December 4, 2011 |publisher=Susanpolgar.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yanzu tana zaune a yankin [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list |url=https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == [[Fayil:A_Polgár_lányok_fortepan_40708.jpg|thumb|Judit, Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da László Polgár, 1989]] Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master [[Sofia Polgar|Sofia]], sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu [[László Polgár]] ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grandmaster Experiment |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200506/the-grandmaster-experiment?page=2}}</ref> Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain" tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku [[Esperanto]]. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri [[Citizenship in the United States|Dan ƙasar Amirka]] a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Polgar |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/susan-polgar |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 4twfs1zah05210y34rfq44kfi1enmxs 882436 882433 2026-07-13T16:54:51Z Baby juuu 38856 882436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Polgar''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1969, a matsayin '''Polgár Zsuzsanna''' kuma galibi ana kiranta '''Zsuzsa Polgár''') babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga shekarar 1996 zuwa shekarar 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na Yuli 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=The 2019 World Rapid and Blitz recap: How will the event be remembered? |url=https://www.fide.com/the-2019-world-rapid-and-blitz-recap-how-will-the-event-be-remembered/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=FIDE |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga shekarata 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. <ref name="FIDE WOM">{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women's Chess |url=http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226210605/http://www.fide.com/fide/directory.html?comid=19&task=committee |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |website=FIDE Directory |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Susan_Polgar_and_Paul_Truong.jpg|thumb|Hoton bikin aure, 2006]] An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a [[Budapest]], Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Polgar and Truong Marriage Revealed |url=http://www.checkmate.us/marriage.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Susan Polgar Blogspot confirms her marriage to Paul Truong |url=http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2007/05/chess-gambit-in-west-texas.html#links |access-date=December 4, 2011 |publisher=Susanpolgar.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yanzu tana zaune a yankin [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list |url=https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == [[Fayil:A_Polgár_lányok_fortepan_40708.jpg|thumb|Judit, Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da László Polgár, 1989]] Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master [[Sofia Polgar|Sofia]], sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu [[László Polgár]] ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grandmaster Experiment |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200506/the-grandmaster-experiment?page=2}}</ref> Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain" tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku [[Esperanto]]. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri [[Citizenship in the United States|Dan ƙasar Amirka]] a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Polgar |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/susan-polgar |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] fkxbdq1xywabkc1tn2zpl8u1biwj9et MediaWiki:Gadget-WikimediaHausaApp/main.vue 8 141941 882387 837861 2026-07-13T16:01:31Z Ammarpad 4826 update 882387 vue application/vue+xml <template> <cdx-button action="progressive" weight="primary" @click="isDialogOpen = true"> Request Data Support </cdx-button> <cdx-dialog v-model:open="isDialogOpen" title="DSA" :class="dialogClass" :use-close-button="false" :primary-action="primaryAction" :default-action="defaultAction" @primary="onPrimaryAction" @default="onDefaultAction" > <template #header> <div class="ds-header-wrapper"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wikimedia_Hausa_logo.png/250px-Wikimedia_Hausa_logo.png" alt="Wikimedia Hausa" class="ds-header-logo" aria-hidden="true" /> <div class="ds-header-text"> <h3> {{ msg.title }} </h3> <span> {{ msg.subtitle }} </span> </div> <div> <cdx-button weight="quiet" aria-label="Close" @click="resetAndClose()"> <cdx-icon :icon="cdxIconClose" /> </cdx-button> </div> </div> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.LOGIN"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <template v-if="isTempUser"> <p> {{ msg.step0_text_1 }} </p> </template> <template v-else> <p> {{ msg.step0_text_2 }} </p> </template> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.DEFAULT"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <p> {{ msg.step_text}} </p> <cdx-field :is-fieldset="true"> <cdx-radio name="langradio" v-model="uiLanguage" input-value="en"> {{ msg.lang_en }} </cdx-radio> <cdx-radio name="langradio" v-model="uiLanguage" input-value="ha"> {{ msg.lang_ha }} </cdx-radio> </cdx-field> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.WELCOME"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <p> {{ msg.step_text }} </p> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.FORM"> <cdx-field> <template #label> {{ msg.name_label }} </template> <template #description> {{ msg.name_desc }} </template> <cdx-text-input :model-value="username" readonly /> </cdx-field> <cdx-field :status="stateStatus" :messages="stateMessages"> <template #label> {{ msg.state_label }} </template> <template #description> {{ msg.state_desc }} </template> <cdx-select v-model:selected="userState" :menu-items="stateNames" :default-label="msg.state_default" @update:selected="onStateSelection" /> </cdx-field> <cdx-field :status="textStatus" :messages="textMessages"> <cdx-text-area v-model="userText" rows="8" required @input="onTextInput" ></cdx-text-area> <template #label> {{ msg.apply_label }} </template> <template #description> {{ msg.apply_desc }} </template> </cdx-field> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.SUBMITTED"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <p> {{ msg.step_text }} </p> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.APPLIED"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <p> {{ msg.step_text }} </p> </template> <template v-if="currentStep === STEPS.CLOSED"> <div class="illustration"> <div> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png/500px-Illustration_of_Wikimedia_editors_with_Wikipage_background_2.png" width="100%" height="180"> </div> </div> <h2> {{ msg.step_title }} </h2> <p> {{ msg.step_text }} </p> </template> </cdx-dialog> </template> <script> const { CdxButton, CdxDialog, CdxSelect, CdxIcon, CdxRadio, CdxMessage, CdxTextInput, CdxTextArea, CdxField, } = require( '@wikimedia/codex' ); const { ref, computed, watch } = require( 'vue' ); const config = require( './config.json' ); const messages = require( './i18n.json' ); const statesData = require( './states.json' ); const { cdxIconClose } = require( '../icons.json' ); module.exports = { components: { CdxButton, CdxDialog, CdxSelect, CdxIcon, CdxRadio, CdxMessage, CdxTextInput, CdxTextArea, CdxField, }, setup() { const api = new mw.Api(); let date = new Date(); let lastAppDate = date.toLocaleDateString( 'en-GB', { day: 'numeric', month: 'long', year: 'numeric' } ); let currentApplications = {}; let applicationsLastRevId = 0; const pageDataLoaded = ref( false ); const pageTitle = `${config.page}/${config.year}/Cycle ${config.cycle}.json`; const userid = `u${mw.config.get( 'wgUserId' )}`; const username = mw.config.get( 'wgUserName' ); const isTempUser = mw.user.isTemp(); const loginRequired = !username || isTempUser; const currentStep = ref( 1 ); const uiLanguage = ref( 'en' ); const userText = ref( '' ); const userState = ref( null ); const isDialogOpen = ref( false ); const submitting = ref( false ); const ongoingRequest = ref( false ); const applicationsClosed = (() => { const now = new Date(); const start = new Date(`${config.startDate}T00:00:00`); const end = new Date(`${config.endDate}T23:59:59`); return now < start || now > end; })(); const msg = computed( () => { const data = messages[ uiLanguage.value ]; const finalMsgs = {}; for ( const key in data ) { let val = data[key]; if ( val.includes('{{') ) { val = val .replaceAll( '{{year}}', config.year ) .replaceAll( '{{username}}', username ) .replaceAll( '{{lastAppDate}}', lastAppDate ); } finalMsgs[key] = val; } [ 'title', 'text' ].forEach( ( suffix ) => { Object.defineProperty( finalMsgs, `step_${suffix}`, { get() { return finalMsgs[ `step${currentStep.value}_${suffix}` ]; }, enumerable: true } ); } ); return finalMsgs; }); const textStatus = ref( 'default' ); const stateStatus = ref( 'default' ); const textMessages = ref( [] ); const stateMessages = ref( [] ); const STEPS = { LOGIN: 0, DEFAULT: 1, WELCOME: 2, FORM: 3, SUBMITTED: 4, APPLIED: 5, CLOSED: 6, }; const beginLogin = () => { const loginUrl = mw.util.getUrl( 'Special:UserLogin', { returnto: config.page } ); isDialogOpen.value = false; window.location.href = loginUrl; } const resetAndClose = () => { if ( submitting.value ) { return; } userText.value = ''; userState.value = null; stateStatus.value = 'default'; textStatus.value = 'default'; currentStep.value = STEPS.DEFAULT; isDialogOpen.value = false; } const validateAndSubmit = () => { const m = msg.value; if ( !userState.value ) { stateStatus.value = 'error' stateMessages.value.error = m.error_no_state; return; } const text = userText.value.trim(); if ( text.length < config.minText ) { textStatus.value = 'error' textMessages.value.error = m.error_txt_short; return } if ( text.length > config.maxText ) { textStatus.value = 'error' textMessages.value.error = m.error_txt_long; return } submitting.value = true; const newApplication = { [ userid ]: { username, state: stateNames.find( s => s.value === userState.value ).label, status: 'pending', date: date.toISOString().slice( 0, 10 ), text, } }; submitApplication( newApplication ) .done( () => { currentStep.value = STEPS.SUBMITTED; pageDataLoaded.value = false; } ) .fail( ( code ) => { mw.notify( `${m.error_api}: ${code}`, { type: 'error' } ); } ) .always( () => { submitting.value = false; } ); } const onTextInput = () => textStatus.value = 'default'; const onStateSelection = () => stateStatus.value = 'default'; watch( currentStep, async ( screen ) => { if ( screen === STEPS.WELCOME ) { // Pre-fetch existing applications while reading the // Welcome screen text to reduce network latency on // transition to the subsequent screen. // Ignore errors, since we will rerun it later if it fails. pageDataLoaded.value || loadPageData().fail( () => {} ); } }); const openForm = async () => { if ( !pageDataLoaded.value ) { // Must wait for this now // todo: handle errors await loadPageData( true ); } if ( Object.hasOwn( currentApplications, userid ) ) { date = new Date( currentApplications[userid].date ) lastAppDate = date.toLocaleDateString( 'en-GB', { day: 'numeric', month: 'long', year: 'numeric' } ); currentStep.value = STEPS.APPLIED; return; } currentStep.value = STEPS.FORM; } const loadPageData = ( force = false ) => { if ( ongoingRequest.value ) { return $.Deferred().reject().promise(); } else if ( pageDataLoaded.value && !force ) { return $.Deferred().resolve().promise(); } ongoingRequest.value = true; return api.get( { action: 'query', titles: pageTitle, prop: 'revisions', rvprop: 'content|ids', rvslots: 'main', formatversion: 2 }).then( ( result ) => { const page = result.query.pages[0]; if ( !page.missing ) { applicationsLastRevId = page.revisions[0].revid; currentApplications = JSON.parse( page.revisions[0].slots.main.content ); } pageDataLoaded.value = true; }).always( () => { ongoingRequest.value = false; }); }; const submitApplication = ( data, attempts = 0 ) => { const content = { ...currentApplications, ...data }; return api.postWithToken( 'csrf', { action: 'edit', title: pageTitle, text: JSON.stringify( content, null, 4 ), contentmodel: 'json', baserevid: applicationsLastRevId, summary: 'Apply' } ).then( ( response ) => { return response; }, ( code, details ) => { // Since we pre-fetch data while at Welcome screen for // better UX, we now have a higher risk of a stale revision // id at submission point. // // We'll silently refetch the page data and retry submission // twice. In most cases even one attempt will suffice. if ( code === 'editconflict' && attempts < 3 ) { return loadPageData( true ).then( () => { return submitApplication( data, attempts + 1 ); } ); } return $.Deferred().reject( code, details ); } ); }; const onPrimaryAction = async () => { const step = currentStep.value; if ( step === STEPS.LOGIN ) { beginLogin(); return; } if ( step === STEPS.DEFAULT ) { initFormFlow(); return; } if ( step === STEPS.WELCOME ) { await openForm() return; } if ( step === STEPS.FORM ) { validateAndSubmit(); return; } if ( step >= STEPS.SUBMITTED ) { resetAndClose(); return; } } const initFormFlow = () => { // For demo and WMF reporting presentations const override = mw.user.getName() === 'Hausa Wikimedians User Group'; if ( applicationsClosed && !override ) { currentStep.value = STEPS.CLOSED; return; } currentStep.value = loginRequired ? STEPS.LOGIN : STEPS.WELCOME; }; const onDefaultAction = async () => { if ( currentStep.value <= STEPS.DEFAULT ) { isDialogOpen.value = false; return; } currentStep.value--; } const primaryLabel = ( step ) => { const m = msg.value; switch ( step ) { case STEPS.LOGIN: return m.login; case STEPS.DEFAULT: case STEPS.WELCOME: return m.next; case STEPS.FORM: return m.submit; case STEPS.SUBMITTED: case STEPS.APPLIED: case STEPS.CLOSED: return m.ok; } } const disableActions = ( currentStep.value === STEPS.FORM && submitting.value ) || ( currentStep.value === STEPS.WELCOME && ongoingRequest.value ); const primaryAction = computed( () => ( { label: primaryLabel( currentStep.value ), actionType: 'progressive', disabled: disableActions } ) ); const defaultAction = computed( () => { if ( currentStep.value >= STEPS.SUBMITTED ) { return null; } return { label: currentStep.value < STEPS.WELCOME ? msg.value.cancel : msg.value.back, disabled: disableActions }; } ); const dialogClass = computed( () => 'ds-app-dialog' + ( submitting.value ? ' submission' : '' ) ); const stateNames = statesData.states.map( ( name ) => ( { label: name, value: name.toLowerCase().replace( /\s+/g, '-' ) } ) ); return { msg, STEPS, cdxIconClose, dialogClass, isDialogOpen, userText, submitting, username, onDefaultAction, onPrimaryAction, primaryAction, defaultAction, textStatus, stateStatus, onTextInput, onStateSelection, stateNames, currentStep, uiLanguage, userState, textMessages, stateMessages, resetAndClose, isTempUser, lastAppDate, }; } }; </script> <style> .ds-app-dialog { min-height: 430px; h2 + p { white-space: pre-line; line-height: 1.6; } .cdx-select-vue { min-width: 100%; } h2 { font-size: 120%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; } header { background-color: #eaf3ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #36c !important; padding: 4px 24px; display: block; position: relative; } .ds-header-wrapper { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; } .ds-header-logo { position: absolute; left: -30px; top: 0px; width: 70px; height: auto; pointer-events: none; z-index: 1; opacity: 0.2; } .ds-header-text { position: relative; z-index: 2; flex: 1; h3 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; } span { font-size: 0.9rem; display: block; margin-bottom: 6px; } } .illustration { position: relative; display: inline-block; pointer-events: none; width: 100%; } } </style> czy8iw8olk7gwvdzc3hgrr2xefl4a6i Alice Cashel 0 144093 882374 838924 2026-07-13T14:53:09Z Usman saadu 46863 882374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Mary Cashel''' (17 gawatan Yuli 1878 - 22 gawatan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1958) ’yar ƙasar Ireland ce, Kansilan Gunduma kuma alkali. Ta kasance memba mai kafa jam’iyyar, tare da Annie McSwiney, ta Cork Cumann na mBan . <ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Uniform of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014230/http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cozzens">{{Cite web |last=Christine Cozzens |date=2015 |title=Alice M. Cashel–A Fenian at Heart |url=http://www.christinecozzens.com/ireland/42-alice-m-cashel-a-fenian-at-heart/ |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1878 a Birr, County Offaly (a lokacin Parsonstown, King's County), iyayen Cashel su ne shugaban tashar Blennerhassett Cashel ta County Tipperary da Maria Agnes Lyons ta County Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1878/02952/2081568.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma ta yi karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland . A shekarar 1895, 'yar uwarta Agnes Cashel ta auri ɗan siyasar Sinn Féin James O'Mara . == Fafutukar 'yan Republican == Cashel ta shiga jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a shekarar 1907. Ta kasance mamba mai suna da yawa a Cork. Tare da Annie McSwiney, ta kafa reshen Cork na Cumann na mBan a shekara ta 1914, kuma ita ce sakatariya ga kafa reshen Cork na 'Yan Agaji na Irish . A lokacin tana zaune a Ballingeary, amma ta ba Sean Hegarty gidanta lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka umarce shi ya fice daga Cork. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1916, Cashel yana zaune a Limerick kuma ya ji labarin tashin Ista daga Hegarty lokacin da ta ziyarce shi don hutun Ista. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420123156/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="write up">{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta tuntubi Thomas McCurtain wanda ya aika ta zuwa Hedkwatar inda aka ba ta umarni daga [[Tadgh Barry]] . An gaya mata ta yi amfani da sunan Furotesta don samun motoci daga garejin yankin. Motocin za su je wurin Kerry don karɓar makaman da ke shigowa Aud . Da zarar sun ji labarin cewa an kama Roger Casement kuma an tafi da bindigogin, ba a buƙatar samun motocin. Cashel ta jira ƙarin umarni yayin da Rising ya faru a Dublin. Rudani da aka samu sakamakon sake kiran umarnin ya sa ba a yi wani aiki ko kaɗan a Cork ba. McSwiney ya sabunta Cashel zuwa ƙarshen makon. Ta tattara wani rubutu daga Hegarty kuma duk da cewa dole ne ta haddace shi ta kuma lalata ainihin don kai shi Amurka, ta sake rubuta shi cikin nasara kuma ta ba John Devoy lokacin da ta isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An shirya tafiyar Amurka kafin Rising. Cashel ta yi shirin ziyartar Kanada kuma ta isa can ta NY. Ba ta koma Ireland ba sai a watan Janairun 1917 kuma ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar McSwiney ta 'yan mata, St. Ita's da ke Cork. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A shekarar 1918, Cashel ta ƙaura zuwa Galway inda take zaune tare da surukinta wanda ya nemi ta taimaka wa ɗansa a zaɓen Armagh . Ita ce mai shirya taron Cumann na mBan a can, inda ta kafa reshen Newry . An kira ta ta shiga Éamon de Valera da Seán MacEntee a Derry . Cashel za ta bi su a rangadin ƙasar don kafa rassan. Cashel ne ya kafa dukkan rassan Donegal. Ta kuma yi zaɓen Tyrone kuma ta yi aiki a zaɓen Monaghan da Cavan tare da MacEntee da Count Plunkett . Ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukanta 'yan sanda ne suka kai hari inda suka lalata dandalin da take tsaye a kai, kuma tunda Royal Irish Constabulary ta yi alƙawarin kama ta, Cashel ta ƙare da guduwa daga gare su na tsawon watanni da yawa. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A watan Disamba na 1918, ta yi magana a kan wani dandali tare da Alice Milligan, don goyon bayan Winifred Carney da ke tsaye a Belfast Victoria — tare da [[Constance Markievicz]] a Dublin, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da Sinn Féin ta amince da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Woggon |first=Helga |date=2018 |title=Winifred Carney in the 1918 Elections: Her Stand for Women, James Connolly & the Workers' Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45408443 |journal=Saothar |volume=43 |pages=55–68 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref> ' Surukin Cashel, James O'Mara, ya zama memba na farko na Dáil Éireann a watan Janairun 1919. Daga baya a shekarar, an sake tura shi zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da DeValera kuma za ta gudanar da sabon kasuwancinsa na kawa kuma ta kwanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> 'Yan sanda a yankin sun san asalinta, waɗanda suka damu da cewa za ta samu bindigogi daga Amurka. An kai hari gidan a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, Cashel galibi tana aiki ne a kan wani bincike kan rijiyoyin tsarki kuma wasu takardu da aka kwace suna magana ne kawai game da wannan. An kama ta kuma ta taimaka a gidan yari na tsawon mako guda ko makamancin haka a lokacin da take Galway. == Kansilan Gundumar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar == Sakamakon tsare ta an haɗa Cashel a matsayin memba na Sinn Féin na Majalisar Gundumar Galway a watan Yunin 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=humphrysfamilytree.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yunin 1920 aka haɗa ta da Majalisar Gundumar Clifden . Nan take aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Gundumar Galway a ranar 19 ga Yunin 1920, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1921. Zuwa Maris 1921 ta zama mukaddashin Shugaban Majalisar saboda kama Shugaban George Nicholl. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> Ta kuma gyara wani reshe na 'Yan Sa-kai ta kuma ba su umarninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shi ne su sa a sami iko kan cinikin poteen a yankin. Daga ƙarshe, 'yan Black and Tans suka kai hari gidanta. Cashel ta tsere ta nufi Dublin. Da zarar ta isa can, 'yan uwanta sun sami dalilin tura ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami damar yin shawarwari da Seán T. O'Kelly a Paris. Cashel ta koma Galway inda ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da aka sani da kudurin Galway wanda ya ƙi ikon Dail. An kama Cashel a watan Janairu lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin halartar taron majalisar. An kuma kama Dr Ada English a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1921. An tsare su tare da Anita MacMahon, 'yar Achill . An tsare Cashel har zuwa 25 ga Yuli, 1921. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Da zarar an sake ta, Cashel ta koma Dublin inda ta yi aiki a ofishin Erskine Childers . A wancan lokacin ta yi amfani da sunan Armstrong domin sunanta ya shahara sosai. Ta fi yin aiki a ofisoshin farfaganda har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Ta koma Galway kuma nan take ta yi adawa da goyon bayan majalisar ga yarjejeniyar . <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> == Alkalin Kotunan Dáil == An kuma zaɓi Cashel a wani babban taro da aka yi a Galway a matsayin alkali a Kotunan Dáil (wanda ya kaɗa ƙuri'u na biyu mafi girma a babban taron) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "Alƙalin Gunduma" a Connemara. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa daga baya == A shekarar 1935, Cashel ya buga wani littafin YA wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a makarantun Ireland. Labarin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin bikin Ista na 1916, wanda ya tashi ta hanyar wani iyali a yammacin Ireland. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels' Priests: The Capuchin Friars and the 1916 Rising / Alice Cashel and The Lights of Leaca Bán |url=https://1916.rte.ie/event/capuchin-friary-church-st/rebels-priests-the-capuchin-friars-and-the-1916-rising/ |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Cashel ta zauna a St. Catherine's, Roundstone, County Galway . <ref name="MBMH1"/> Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Asibitin Yanki, Galway kuma an binne ta da girmamawa a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Sabuwar Makabarta, Bohermore, Galway. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1958/04381/4138091.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qql5kr4i8qb63cy8y6pcvcul6ocmfbs 882376 882374 2026-07-13T14:54:41Z Usman saadu 46863 882376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Mary Cashel''' (17 gawatan Yuli 1878 - 22 gawatan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1958) ’yar ƙasar Ireland ce, Kansilan Gunduma kuma alkali. Ta kasance memba mai kafa jam’iyyar, tare da Annie McSwiney, ta Cork Cumann na mBan . <ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Uniform of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014230/http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cozzens">{{Cite web |last=Christine Cozzens |date=2015 |title=Alice M. Cashel–A Fenian at Heart |url=http://www.christinecozzens.com/ireland/42-alice-m-cashel-a-fenian-at-heart/ |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 gawatan Yuli, a shekara ta 1878 a Birr, County Offaly (a lokacin Parsonstown, King's County), iyayen Cashel su ne shugaban tashar Blennerhassett Cashel ta County Tipperary da Maria Agnes Lyons ta County Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1878/02952/2081568.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma ta yi karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland . A shekarar 1895, 'yar uwarta Agnes Cashel ta auri ɗan siyasar Sinn Féin James O'Mara . == Fafutukar 'yan Republican == Cashel ta shiga jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a shekarar 1907. Ta kasance mamba mai suna da yawa a Cork. Tare da Annie McSwiney, ta kafa reshen Cork na Cumann na mBan a shekara ta 1914, kuma ita ce sakatariya ga kafa reshen Cork na 'Yan Agaji na Irish . A lokacin tana zaune a Ballingeary, amma ta ba Sean Hegarty gidanta lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka umarce shi ya fice daga Cork. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1916, Cashel yana zaune a Limerick kuma ya ji labarin tashin Ista daga Hegarty lokacin da ta ziyarce shi don hutun Ista. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420123156/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="write up">{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta tuntubi Thomas McCurtain wanda ya aika ta zuwa Hedkwatar inda aka ba ta umarni daga [[Tadgh Barry]] . An gaya mata ta yi amfani da sunan Furotesta don samun motoci daga garejin yankin. Motocin za su je wurin Kerry don karɓar makaman da ke shigowa Aud . Da zarar sun ji labarin cewa an kama Roger Casement kuma an tafi da bindigogin, ba a buƙatar samun motocin. Cashel ta jira ƙarin umarni yayin da Rising ya faru a Dublin. Rudani da aka samu sakamakon sake kiran umarnin ya sa ba a yi wani aiki ko kaɗan a Cork ba. McSwiney ya sabunta Cashel zuwa ƙarshen makon. Ta tattara wani rubutu daga Hegarty kuma duk da cewa dole ne ta haddace shi ta kuma lalata ainihin don kai shi Amurka, ta sake rubuta shi cikin nasara kuma ta ba John Devoy lokacin da ta isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An shirya tafiyar Amurka kafin Rising. Cashel ta yi shirin ziyartar Kanada kuma ta isa can ta NY. Ba ta koma Ireland ba sai a watan Janairun shekarar 1917 kuma ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar McSwiney ta 'yan mata, St. Ita's da ke Cork. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A shekarar 1918, Cashel ta ƙaura zuwa Galway inda take zaune tare da surukinta wanda ya nemi ta taimaka wa ɗansa a zaɓen Armagh . Ita ce mai shirya taron Cumann na mBan a can, inda ta kafa reshen Newry . An kira ta ta shiga Éamon de Valera da Seán MacEntee a Derry . Cashel za ta bi su a rangadin ƙasar don kafa rassan. Cashel ne ya kafa dukkan rassan Donegal. Ta kuma yi zaɓen Tyrone kuma ta yi aiki a zaɓen Monaghan da Cavan tare da MacEntee da Count Plunkett . Ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukanta 'yan sanda ne suka kai hari inda suka lalata dandalin da take tsaye a kai, kuma tunda Royal Irish Constabulary ta yi alƙawarin kama ta, Cashel ta ƙare da guduwa daga gare su na tsawon watanni da yawa. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A watan Disamba na 1918, ta yi magana a kan wani dandali tare da Alice Milligan, don goyon bayan Winifred Carney da ke tsaye a Belfast Victoria — tare da [[Constance Markievicz]] a Dublin, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da Sinn Féin ta amince da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Woggon |first=Helga |date=2018 |title=Winifred Carney in the 1918 Elections: Her Stand for Women, James Connolly & the Workers' Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45408443 |journal=Saothar |volume=43 |pages=55–68 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref> ' Surukin Cashel, James O'Mara, ya zama memba na farko na Dáil Éireann a watan Janairun 1919. Daga baya a shekarar, an sake tura shi zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da DeValera kuma za ta gudanar da sabon kasuwancinsa na kawa kuma ta kwanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> 'Yan sanda a yankin sun san asalinta, waɗanda suka damu da cewa za ta samu bindigogi daga Amurka. An kai hari gidan a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, Cashel galibi tana aiki ne a kan wani bincike kan rijiyoyin tsarki kuma wasu takardu da aka kwace suna magana ne kawai game da wannan. An kama ta kuma ta taimaka a gidan yari na tsawon mako guda ko makamancin haka a lokacin da take Galway. == Kansilan Gundumar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar == Sakamakon tsare ta an haɗa Cashel a matsayin memba na Sinn Féin na Majalisar Gundumar Galway a watan Yunin 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=humphrysfamilytree.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yunin 1920 aka haɗa ta da Majalisar Gundumar Clifden . Nan take aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Gundumar Galway a ranar 19 ga Yunin 1920, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1921. Zuwa Maris 1921 ta zama mukaddashin Shugaban Majalisar saboda kama Shugaban George Nicholl. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> Ta kuma gyara wani reshe na 'Yan Sa-kai ta kuma ba su umarninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shi ne su sa a sami iko kan cinikin poteen a yankin. Daga ƙarshe, 'yan Black and Tans suka kai hari gidanta. Cashel ta tsere ta nufi Dublin. Da zarar ta isa can, 'yan uwanta sun sami dalilin tura ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami damar yin shawarwari da Seán T. O'Kelly a Paris. Cashel ta koma Galway inda ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da aka sani da kudurin Galway wanda ya ƙi ikon Dail. An kama Cashel a watan Janairu lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin halartar taron majalisar. An kuma kama Dr Ada English a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1921. An tsare su tare da Anita MacMahon, 'yar Achill . An tsare Cashel har zuwa 25 ga Yuli, 1921. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Da zarar an sake ta, Cashel ta koma Dublin inda ta yi aiki a ofishin Erskine Childers . A wancan lokacin ta yi amfani da sunan Armstrong domin sunanta ya shahara sosai. Ta fi yin aiki a ofisoshin farfaganda har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Ta koma Galway kuma nan take ta yi adawa da goyon bayan majalisar ga yarjejeniyar . <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> == Alkalin Kotunan Dáil == An kuma zaɓi Cashel a wani babban taro da aka yi a Galway a matsayin alkali a Kotunan Dáil (wanda ya kaɗa ƙuri'u na biyu mafi girma a babban taron) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "Alƙalin Gunduma" a Connemara. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa daga baya == A shekarar 1935, Cashel ya buga wani littafin YA wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a makarantun Ireland. Labarin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin bikin Ista na 1916, wanda ya tashi ta hanyar wani iyali a yammacin Ireland. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels' Priests: The Capuchin Friars and the 1916 Rising / Alice Cashel and The Lights of Leaca Bán |url=https://1916.rte.ie/event/capuchin-friary-church-st/rebels-priests-the-capuchin-friars-and-the-1916-rising/ |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Cashel ta zauna a St. Catherine's, Roundstone, County Galway . <ref name="MBMH1"/> Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Asibitin Yanki, Galway kuma an binne ta da girmamawa a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Sabuwar Makabarta, Bohermore, Galway. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1958/04381/4138091.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6hcp5tqgkyku1kfddjutdp4l3pua85p 882377 882376 2026-07-13T14:57:36Z Usman saadu 46863 882377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Mary Cashel''' (17 gawatan Yuli 1878 - 22 gawatan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1958) ’yar ƙasar Ireland ce, Kansilan Gunduma kuma alkali. Ta kasance memba mai kafa jam’iyyar, tare da Annie McSwiney, ta Cork Cumann na mBan . <ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Uniform of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014230/http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cozzens">{{Cite web |last=Christine Cozzens |date=2015 |title=Alice M. Cashel–A Fenian at Heart |url=http://www.christinecozzens.com/ireland/42-alice-m-cashel-a-fenian-at-heart/ |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 gawatan Yuli, a shekara ta 1878 a Birr, County Offaly (a lokacin Parsonstown, King's County), iyayen Cashel su ne shugaban tashar Blennerhassett Cashel ta County Tipperary da Maria Agnes Lyons ta County Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1878/02952/2081568.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma ta yi karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland . A shekarar 1895, 'yar uwarta Agnes Cashel ta auri ɗan siyasar Sinn Féin James O'Mara . == Fafutukar 'yan Republican == Cashel ta shiga jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a shekarar 1907. Ta kasance mamba mai suna da yawa a Cork. Tare da Annie McSwiney, ta kafa reshen Cork na Cumann na mBan a shekara ta 1914, kuma ita ce sakatariya ga kafa reshen Cork na 'Yan Agaji na Irish . A lokacin tana zaune a Ballingeary, amma ta ba Sean Hegarty gidanta lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka umarce shi ya fice daga Cork. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1916, Cashel yana zaune a Limerick kuma ya ji labarin tashin Ista daga Hegarty lokacin da ta ziyarce shi don hutun Ista. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420123156/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="write up">{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta tuntubi Thomas McCurtain wanda ya aika ta zuwa Hedkwatar inda aka ba ta umarni daga [[Tadgh Barry]] . An gaya mata ta yi amfani da sunan Furotesta don samun motoci daga garejin yankin. Motocin za su je wurin Kerry don karɓar makaman da ke shigowa Aud . Da zarar sun ji labarin cewa an kama Roger Casement kuma an tafi da bindigogin, ba a buƙatar samun motocin. Cashel ta jira ƙarin umarni yayin da Rising ya faru a Dublin. Rudani da aka samu sakamakon sake kiran umarnin ya sa ba a yi wani aiki ko kaɗan a Cork ba. McSwiney ya sabunta Cashel zuwa ƙarshen makon. Ta tattara wani rubutu daga Hegarty kuma duk da cewa dole ne ta haddace shi ta kuma lalata ainihin don kai shi Amurka, ta sake rubuta shi cikin nasara kuma ta ba John Devoy lokacin da ta isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An shirya tafiyar Amurka kafin Rising. Cashel ta yi shirin ziyartar Kanada kuma ta isa can ta NY. Ba ta koma Ireland ba sai a watan Janairun shekarar 1917 kuma ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar McSwiney ta 'yan mata, St. Ita's da ke Cork. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A shekarar 1918, Cashel ta ƙaura zuwa Galway inda take zaune tare da surukinta wanda ya nemi ta taimaka wa ɗansa a zaɓen Armagh . Ita ce mai shirya taron Cumann na mBan a can, inda ta kafa reshen Newry . An kira ta ta shiga Éamon de Valera da Seán MacEntee a Derry . Cashel za ta bi su a rangadin ƙasar don kafa rassan. Cashel ne ya kafa dukkan rassan Donegal. Ta kuma yi zaɓen Tyrone kuma ta yi aiki a zaɓen Monaghan da Cavan tare da Mac Entee da Count Plunkett . Ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukanta 'yan sanda ne suka kai hari inda suka lalata dandalin da take tsaye a kai, kuma tunda Royal Irish Constabulary ta yi alƙawarin kama ta, Cashel ta ƙare da guduwa daga gare su na tsawon watanni da yawa. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A watan Disamba a shekarata 1918, ta yi magana a kan wani dandali tare da Alice Milligan, don goyon bayan Winifred Carney da ke tsaye a Belfast Victoria — tare da [[Constance Markievicz]] a Dublin, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da Sinn Féin ta amince da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Woggon |first=Helga |date=2018 |title=Winifred Carney in the 1918 Elections: Her Stand for Women, James Connolly & the Workers' Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45408443 |journal=Saothar |volume=43 |pages=55–68 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref> ' Surukin Cashel, James O'Mara, ya zama memba na farko na Dáil Éireann a watan Janairun Shekara ta 1919. Daga baya a shekarar, an sake tura shi zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da DeValera kuma za ta gudanar da sabon kasuwancinsa na kawa kuma ta kwanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> 'Yan sanda a yankin sun san asalinta, waɗanda suka damu da cewa za ta samu bindigogi daga Amurka. An kai hari gidan a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, Cashel galibi tana aiki ne a kan wani bincike kan rijiyoyin tsarki kuma wasu takardu da aka kwace suna magana ne kawai game da wannan. An kama ta kuma ta taimaka a gidan yari na tsawon mako guda ko makamancin haka a lokacin da take Galway. == Kansilan Gundumar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar == Sakamakon tsare ta an haɗa Cashel a matsayin memba na Sinn Féin na Majalisar Gundumar Galway a watan Yunin 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=humphrysfamilytree.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yunin shekara ta 1920 aka haɗa ta da Majalisar Gundumar Clifden . Nan take aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Gundumar Galway a ranar 19 ga Yunin 1920, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1921. Zuwa Maris 1921 ta zama mukaddashin Shugaban Majalisar saboda kama Shugaban George Nicholl. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> Ta kuma gyara wani reshe na 'Yan Sa-kai ta kuma ba su umarninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shi ne su sa a sami iko kan cinikin poteen a yankin. Daga ƙarshe, 'yan Black and Tans suka kai hari gidanta. Cashel ta tsere ta nufi Dublin. Da zarar ta isa can, 'yan uwanta sun sami dalilin tura ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami damar yin shawarwari da Seán T. O'Kelly a Paris. Cashel ta koma Galway inda ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da aka sani da kudurin Galway wanda ya ƙi ikon Dail. An kama Cashel a watan Janairu lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin halartar taron majalisar. An kuma kama Dr Ada English a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1921. An tsare su tare da Anita MacMahon, 'yar Achill . An tsare Cashel har zuwa 25 ga Yuli, 1921. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Da zarar an sake ta, Cashel ta koma Dublin inda ta yi aiki a ofishin Erskine Childers . A wancan lokacin ta yi amfani da sunan Armstrong domin sunanta ya shahara sosai. Ta fi yin aiki a ofisoshin farfaganda har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Ta koma Galway kuma nan take ta yi adawa da goyon bayan majalisar ga yarjejeniyar . <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> == Alkalin Kotunan Dáil == An kuma zaɓi Cashel a wani babban taro da aka yi a Galway a matsayin alkali a Kotunan Dáil (wanda ya kaɗa ƙuri'u na biyu mafi girma a babban taron) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "Alƙalin Gunduma" a Connemara. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa daga baya == A shekarar 1935, Cashel ya buga wani littafin YA wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a makarantun Ireland. Labarin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin bikin Ista na 1916, wanda ya tashi ta hanyar wani iyali a yammacin Ireland. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels' Priests: The Capuchin Friars and the 1916 Rising / Alice Cashel and The Lights of Leaca Bán |url=https://1916.rte.ie/event/capuchin-friary-church-st/rebels-priests-the-capuchin-friars-and-the-1916-rising/ |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Cashel ta zauna a St. Catherine's, Roundstone, County Galway . <ref name="MBMH1"/> Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Asibitin Yanki, Galway kuma an binne ta da girmamawa a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Sabuwar Makabarta, Bohermore, Galway. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1958/04381/4138091.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bgechss216lvieok4vpypmhn9i6pec9 882378 882377 2026-07-13T14:59:56Z Usman saadu 46863 882378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Mary Cashel''' (17 gawatan Yuli 1878 - 22 gawatan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1958) ’yar ƙasar Ireland ce, Kansilan Gunduma kuma alkali. Ta kasance memba mai kafa jam’iyyar, tare da Annie McSwiney, ta Cork Cumann na mBan . <ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Uniform of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014230/http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cozzens">{{Cite web |last=Christine Cozzens |date=2015 |title=Alice M. Cashel–A Fenian at Heart |url=http://www.christinecozzens.com/ireland/42-alice-m-cashel-a-fenian-at-heart/ |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 gawatan Yuli, a shekara ta 1878 a Birr, County Offaly (a lokacin Parsonstown, King's County), iyayen Cashel su ne shugaban tashar Blennerhassett Cashel ta County Tipperary da Maria Agnes Lyons ta County Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1878/02952/2081568.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma ta yi karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland . A shekarar 1895, 'yar uwarta Agnes Cashel ta auri ɗan siyasar Sinn Féin James O'Mara . == Fafutukar 'yan Republican == Cashel ta shiga jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a shekarar 1907. Ta kasance mamba mai suna da yawa a Cork. Tare da Annie McSwiney, ta kafa reshen Cork na Cumann na mBan a shekara ta 1914, kuma ita ce sakatariya ga kafa reshen Cork na 'Yan Agaji na Irish . A lokacin tana zaune a Ballingeary, amma ta ba Sean Hegarty gidanta lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka umarce shi ya fice daga Cork. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1916, Cashel yana zaune a Limerick kuma ya ji labarin tashin Ista daga Hegarty lokacin da ta ziyarce shi don hutun Ista. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420123156/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="write up">{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta tuntubi Thomas McCurtain wanda ya aika ta zuwa Hedkwatar inda aka ba ta umarni daga [[Tadgh Barry]] . An gaya mata ta yi amfani da sunan Furotesta don samun motoci daga garejin yankin. Motocin za su je wurin Kerry don karɓar makaman da ke shigowa Aud . Da zarar sun ji labarin cewa an kama Roger Casement kuma an tafi da bindigogin, ba a buƙatar samun motocin. Cashel ta jira ƙarin umarni yayin da Rising ya faru a Dublin. Rudani da aka samu sakamakon sake kiran umarnin ya sa ba a yi wani aiki ko kaɗan a Cork ba. McSwiney ya sabunta Cashel zuwa ƙarshen makon. Ta tattara wani rubutu daga Hegarty kuma duk da cewa dole ne ta haddace shi ta kuma lalata ainihin don kai shi Amurka, ta sake rubuta shi cikin nasara kuma ta ba John Devoy lokacin da ta isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An shirya tafiyar Amurka kafin Rising. Cashel ta yi shirin ziyartar Kanada kuma ta isa can ta NY. Ba ta koma Ireland ba sai a watan Janairun shekarar 1917 kuma ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar McSwiney ta 'yan mata, St. Ita's da ke Cork. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A shekarar 1918, Cashel ta ƙaura zuwa Galway inda take zaune tare da surukinta wanda ya nemi ta taimaka wa ɗansa a zaɓen Armagh . Ita ce mai shirya taron Cumann na mBan a can, inda ta kafa reshen Newry . An kira ta ta shiga Éamon de Valera da Seán MacEntee a Derry . Cashel za ta bi su a rangadin ƙasar don kafa rassan. Cashel ne ya kafa dukkan rassan Donegal. Ta kuma yi zaɓen Tyrone kuma ta yi aiki a zaɓen Monaghan da Cavan tare da Mac Entee da Count Plunkett . Ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukanta 'yan sanda ne suka kai hari inda suka lalata dandalin da take tsaye a kai, kuma tunda Royal Irish Constabulary ta yi alƙawarin kama ta, Cashel ta ƙare da guduwa daga gare su na tsawon watanni da yawa. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A watan Disamba a shekarata 1918, ta yi magana a kan wani dandali tare da Alice Milligan, don goyon bayan Winifred Carney da ke tsaye a Belfast Victoria — tare da [[Constance Markievicz]] a Dublin, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da Sinn Féin ta amince da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Woggon |first=Helga |date=2018 |title=Winifred Carney in the 1918 Elections: Her Stand for Women, James Connolly & the Workers' Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45408443 |journal=Saothar |volume=43 |pages=55–68 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref> ' Surukin Cashel, James O'Mara, ya zama memba na farko na Dáil Éireann a watan Janairun Shekara ta 1919. Daga baya a shekarar, an sake tura shi zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da DeValera kuma za ta gudanar da sabon kasuwancinsa na kawa kuma ta kwanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> 'Yan sanda a yankin sun san asalinta, waɗanda suka damu da cewa za ta samu bindigogi daga Amurka. An kai hari gidan a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, Cashel galibi tana aiki ne a kan wani bincike kan rijiyoyin tsarki kuma wasu takardu da aka kwace suna magana ne kawai game da wannan. An kama ta kuma ta taimaka a gidan yari na tsawon mako guda ko makamancin haka a lokacin da take Galway. == Kansilan Gundumar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar == Sakamakon tsare ta an haɗa Cashel a matsayin memba na Sinn Féin na Majalisar Gundumar Galway a watan Yunin 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=humphrysfamilytree.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 gawatan Yunin shekara ta 1920 aka haɗa ta da Majalisar Gundumar Clifden . Nan take aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Gundumar Galway a ranar 19 ga Yunin shekara ta 1920, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekarar 1921. Zuwa Maris 1921 ta zama mukaddashin Shugaban Majalisar saboda kama Shugaban George Nicholl. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> Ta kuma gyara wani reshe na 'Yan Sa-kai ta kuma ba su umarninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shi ne su sa a sami iko kan cinikin poteen a yankin. Daga ƙarshe, 'yan Black and Tans suka kai hari gidanta. Cashel ta tsere ta nufi Dublin. Da zarar ta isa can, 'yan uwanta sun sami dalilin tura ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami damar yin shawarwari da Seán T. O'Kelly a Paris. Cashel ta koma Galway inda ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da aka sani da kudurin Galway wanda ya ƙi ikon Dail. An kama Cashel a watan Janairu lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin halartar taron majalisar. An kuma kama Dr Ada English a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1921. An tsare su tare da Anita MacMahon, 'yar Achill . An tsare Cashel har zuwa 25 ga Yuli, 1921. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Da zarar an sake ta, Cashel ta koma Dublin inda ta yi aiki a ofishin Erskine Childers . A wancan lokacin ta yi amfani da sunan Armstrong domin sunanta ya shahara sosai. Ta fi yin aiki a ofisoshin farfaganda har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Ta koma Galway kuma nan take ta yi adawa da goyon bayan majalisar ga yarjejeniyar . <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> == Alkalin Kotunan Dáil == An kuma zaɓi Cashel a wani babban taro da aka yi a Galway a matsayin alkali a Kotunan Dáil (wanda ya kaɗa ƙuri'u na biyu mafi girma a babban taron) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "Alƙalin Gunduma" a Connemara. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa daga baya == A shekarar 1935, Cashel ya buga wani littafin YA wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a makarantun Ireland. Labarin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin bikin Ista na 1916, wanda ya tashi ta hanyar wani iyali a yammacin Ireland. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels' Priests: The Capuchin Friars and the 1916 Rising / Alice Cashel and The Lights of Leaca Bán |url=https://1916.rte.ie/event/capuchin-friary-church-st/rebels-priests-the-capuchin-friars-and-the-1916-rising/ |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Cashel ta zauna a St. Catherine's, Roundstone, County Galway . <ref name="MBMH1"/> Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Asibitin Yanki, Galway kuma an binne ta da girmamawa a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1958 a Sabuwar Makabarta, Bohermore, Galway. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1958/04381/4138091.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s1aols76730p3dqa9etgjseqx55y8m8 882379 882378 2026-07-13T15:02:19Z Usman saadu 46863 882379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Mary Cashel''' (17 gawatan Yuli 1878 - 22 gawatan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1958) ’yar ƙasar Ireland ce, Kansilan Gunduma kuma alkali. Ta kasance memba mai kafa jam’iyyar, tare da Annie McSwiney, ta Cork Cumann na mBan . <ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Uniform of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014230/http://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/object-detail/j098zb128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cozzens">{{Cite web |last=Christine Cozzens |date=2015 |title=Alice M. Cashel–A Fenian at Heart |url=http://www.christinecozzens.com/ireland/42-alice-m-cashel-a-fenian-at-heart/ |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 gawatan Yuli, a shekara ta 1878 a Birr, County Offaly (a lokacin Parsonstown, King's County), iyayen Cashel su ne shugaban tashar Blennerhassett Cashel ta County Tipperary da Maria Agnes Lyons ta County Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1878/02952/2081568.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma ta yi karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland . A shekarar 1895, 'yar uwarta Agnes Cashel ta auri ɗan siyasar Sinn Féin James O'Mara . == Fafutukar 'yan Republican == Cashel ta shiga jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a shekarar 1907. Ta kasance mamba mai suna da yawa a Cork. Tare da Annie McSwiney, ta kafa reshen Cork na Cumann na mBan a shekara ta 1914, kuma ita ce sakatariya ga kafa reshen Cork na 'Yan Agaji na Irish . A lokacin tana zaune a Ballingeary, amma ta ba Sean Hegarty gidanta lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka umarce shi ya fice daga Cork. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1916, Cashel yana zaune a Limerick kuma ya ji labarin tashin Ista daga Hegarty lokacin da ta ziyarce shi don hutun Ista. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420123156/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf#page=1 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="write up">{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Ta tuntubi Thomas McCurtain wanda ya aika ta zuwa Hedkwatar inda aka ba ta umarni daga [[Tadgh Barry]] . An gaya mata ta yi amfani da sunan Furotesta don samun motoci daga garejin yankin. Motocin za su je wurin Kerry don karɓar makaman da ke shigowa Aud . Da zarar sun ji labarin cewa an kama Roger Casement kuma an tafi da bindigogin, ba a buƙatar samun motocin. Cashel ta jira ƙarin umarni yayin da Rising ya faru a Dublin. Rudani da aka samu sakamakon sake kiran umarnin ya sa ba a yi wani aiki ko kaɗan a Cork ba. McSwiney ya sabunta Cashel zuwa ƙarshen makon. Ta tattara wani rubutu daga Hegarty kuma duk da cewa dole ne ta haddace shi ta kuma lalata ainihin don kai shi Amurka, ta sake rubuta shi cikin nasara kuma ta ba John Devoy lokacin da ta isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An shirya tafiyar Amurka kafin Rising. Cashel ta yi shirin ziyartar Kanada kuma ta isa can ta NY. Ba ta koma Ireland ba sai a watan Janairun shekarar 1917 kuma ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar McSwiney ta 'yan mata, St. Ita's da ke Cork. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A shekarar 1918, Cashel ta ƙaura zuwa Galway inda take zaune tare da surukinta wanda ya nemi ta taimaka wa ɗansa a zaɓen Armagh . Ita ce mai shirya taron Cumann na mBan a can, inda ta kafa reshen Newry . An kira ta ta shiga Éamon de Valera da Seán MacEntee a Derry . Cashel za ta bi su a rangadin ƙasar don kafa rassan. Cashel ne ya kafa dukkan rassan Donegal. Ta kuma yi zaɓen Tyrone kuma ta yi aiki a zaɓen Monaghan da Cavan tare da Mac Entee da Count Plunkett . Ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukanta 'yan sanda ne suka kai hari inda suka lalata dandalin da take tsaye a kai, kuma tunda Royal Irish Constabulary ta yi alƙawarin kama ta, Cashel ta ƙare da guduwa daga gare su na tsawon watanni da yawa. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> A watan Disamba a shekarata 1918, ta yi magana a kan wani dandali tare da Alice Milligan, don goyon bayan Winifred Carney da ke tsaye a Belfast Victoria — tare da [[Constance Markievicz]] a Dublin, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da Sinn Féin ta amince da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Woggon |first=Helga |date=2018 |title=Winifred Carney in the 1918 Elections: Her Stand for Women, James Connolly & the Workers' Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45408443 |journal=Saothar |volume=43 |pages=55–68 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref> ' Surukin Cashel, James O'Mara, ya zama memba na farko na Dáil Éireann a watan Janairun Shekara ta 1919. Daga baya a shekarar, an sake tura shi zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da DeValera kuma za ta gudanar da sabon kasuwancinsa na kawa kuma ta kwanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> 'Yan sanda a yankin sun san asalinta, waɗanda suka damu da cewa za ta samu bindigogi daga Amurka. An kai hari gidan a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, Cashel galibi tana aiki ne a kan wani bincike kan rijiyoyin tsarki kuma wasu takardu da aka kwace suna magana ne kawai game da wannan. An kama ta kuma ta taimaka a gidan yari na tsawon mako guda ko makamancin haka a lokacin da take Galway. == Kansilan Gundumar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar == Sakamakon tsare ta an haɗa Cashel a matsayin memba na Sinn Féin na Majalisar Gundumar Galway a watan Yunin 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cashel |url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Cashel/al.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=humphrysfamilytree.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 gawatan Yunin shekara ta 1920 aka haɗa ta da Majalisar Gundumar Clifden . Nan take aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Gundumar Galway a ranar 19 ga Yunin shekara ta 1920, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekarar 1921. Zuwa Maris 1921 ta zama mukaddashin Shugaban Majalisar saboda kama Shugaban George Nicholl. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> Ta kuma gyara wani reshe na 'Yan Sa-kai ta kuma ba su umarninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shi ne su sa a sami iko kan cinikin poteen a yankin. Daga ƙarshe, 'yan Black and Tans suka kai hari gidanta. Cashel ta tsere ta nufi Dublin. Da zarar ta isa can, 'yan uwanta sun sami dalilin tura ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami damar yin shawarwari da Seán T. O'Kelly a Paris. Cashel ta koma Galway inda ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da aka sani da kudurin Galway wanda ya ƙi ikon Dail. An kama Cashel a watan Janairu lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin halartar taron majalisar. An kuma kama Dr Ada English a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1921. An tsare su tare da Anita MacMahon, 'yar Achill . An tsare Cashel har zuwa 25 ga Yuli, 1921. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Da zarar an sake ta, Cashel ta koma Dublin inda ta yi aiki a ofishin Erskine Childers . A wancan lokacin ta yi amfani da sunan Armstrong domin sunanta ya shahara sosai. Ta fi yin aiki a ofisoshin farfaganda har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Ta koma Galway kuma nan take ta yi adawa da goyon bayan majalisar ga yarjejeniyar . <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> == Alkalin Kotunan Dáil == An kuma zaɓi Cashel a wani babban taro da aka yi a Galway a matsayin alkali a Kotunan Dáil (wanda ya kaɗa ƙuri'u na biyu mafi girma a babban taron) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "Alƙalin Gunduma" a Connemara. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="MBMH1"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Witness statement of Alice Cashel |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717003750/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0366.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa daga baya == A shekarar 1935, Cashel ya buga wani littafin YA wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a makarantun Ireland. Labarin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin bikin Ista na shekarar 1916, wanda ya tashi ta hanyar wani iyali a yammacin Ireland. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels' Priests: The Capuchin Friars and the 1916 Rising / Alice Cashel and The Lights of Leaca Bán |url=https://1916.rte.ie/event/capuchin-friary-church-st/rebels-priests-the-capuchin-friars-and-the-1916-rising/ |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Cashel ta zauna a St. Catherine's, Roundstone, County Galway . <ref name="MBMH1"/> Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara ta 1958 a Asibitin Yanki, Galway kuma an binne ta da girmamawa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, ashekara ta 1958 a Sabuwar Makabarta, Bohermore, Galway. <ref name="Cozzens"/> <ref name="write up"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death record |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1958/04381/4138091.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 93mmx2kyzrg818wip4nn7x8kzf7pf4v India First 0 146507 882852 877138 2026-07-14T10:30:20Z Mymoonseen 46868 882852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''''India First''''' wani dandalin labaran dijital ne na Indiya kuma mujallar yanar gizo da ake wallafawa da harshen Turanci. Tana wallafa labarai da bayanai kan kasuwanci, kamfanonin farawa (startups), fasaha, wasanni, nishaɗi da kuma salon rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=India First, an Emerging Digital News E-Magazine |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/business/india-first-an-emerging-digital-news-e-magazine |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en |archive-date=2026-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417204626/https://english.varthabharati.in/business/india-first-an-emerging-digital-news-e-magazine |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/indian-cybersecurity-startups-face-challenges-in-competing-globally Sikkim Express</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India First Expands Coverage on Startups and Entrepreneurship |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/business/india-first-expands-startup-coverage |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == * ''India First Magazine'' – Babbar mujallar yanar gizo ta India First, wacce ta fi mayar da hankali kan ’yan kasuwa da labaran nasarorinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-03-22 |title=India First Magazine: ಉದ್ಯಮಿಗಳ ಸಾಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರೇರಣಾದಾಯಕ ಕಥೆಗಳು |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/National/india-first-magazine-digital-edition-entrepreneurs-2120832 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.varthabharati.in |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=إطلاق مجلة India First الإلكترونية لتسليط الضوء على رواد الأعمال والابتكار في الهند |url=https://www.ninanews.com/Website/News/Details?key=1287420 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.ninanews.com National Iraqi News Agency |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://indiafirst.live India First] ajavi821dtbet8bktlf2n0750xu7llp Ahmed Bedjaoui 0 146528 882596 838884 2026-07-14T01:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmed Bedjaoui''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943) darektan fim ne, furodusa, mai sukar, kuma masanin kimiyya. An san shi da fina-finai na farko na ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da kuma karɓar bakuncin da kuma samar da shirin talabijin na Télé Ciné Club, wanda ya gabatar da shi na shekaru ashirin. An kuma san shi da aikinsa na ilimi da edita a kan fina-finai na Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Bedjaoui |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=22189 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Africultures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Bedjaoui |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2376638/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ahmed Bedjaoui ya yi karatun fim a IDHEC (Institut des hautes études cinématographiques) a birnin Paris kuma ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin wayewa da wallafe-wallafen Amurka. Farfesa ne a jami'a, ya koyar da aikin jarida da nazarin fim a Jami'ar Algiers 3. Har yanzu yana aiki a al'adun Aljeriya, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa Cinémathèque na Algeria, mai sukar fina-finai ga jaridu da mujallu da yawa (duka Aljeriya da na duniya), wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Biennale na Duniya na Fim da Archaeology na Tipasa, kuma darektan fasaha na Algiers International Festival. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan da kuma mai tsara shirye-shirye don abubuwan da suka faru a duniya. Bedjaoui memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Kasa da Kasa ta Fim, Talabijin da Sadarwar Audiovisual (CICT) a karkashin UNESCO, kuma tana da matsayi a cibiyoyin fina-finai da yawa na Aljeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmed Bedjaoui|url=https://archiv.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/veranstaltung/p_99385.php|publisher=Haus der Kulturen der Welt (HKW)|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmed Bedjaoui|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/ahmed-bedjaoui/22189|publisher=Africiné|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Fellini saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga karewa da inganta fina-finai a duk duniya. == Ayyuka da gudummawa == Ahmed Bedjaoui ya dauki bakuncin shirin talabijin na Télé Ciné Club na shekaru da yawa, wanda ya zama babban dutse na ilimin fina-finai da ganowa ga tsararraki na masu kallo na Aljeriya. Ya jagoranci gajeren fina-finai da matsakaici a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya samar ko ya hada manyan ayyukan fina-falla na Algeria. Daga cikin fina-finai da yawa da ya samar sune ''Nahla'' ta Farouk Beloufa, fina-fukkuna biyu na Assia Djebar, ''Bouamama'' ta Benamar Bakhti, da ''Kahla Oua Beida'' ta Abderrahmane Bouguermouh . Ya kuma wallafa littattafai da yawa game da fina-finai na Aljeriya, musamman kan wakilcin Yakin Independence . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Télé Ciné Club (TV Series 1969–1989) - Ahmed Bedjaoui |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt30852710/characters/nm2376638/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema and the Algerian War of Independence: Culture, Politics and Society — Ahmed Bedjaoui |url=https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/30503 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=OpenEdition / Insaniyat}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Daraktan === * 1968: Babban Juyawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Grand Détour – film page |url=https://africultures.com/films/?no=21792 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Africultures}}</ref> * 1969: ''Tarihin juyin juya hali'' - fim na rukuni (direkta da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Bedjaoui) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Histoires de la révolution (1969) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0856213/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> * 1974: ''yatsan hannu a cikin ma'auni'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Doigt dans l'engrenage |url=https://africine.org/film/le-doigt-dans-lengrenage/3693publisher=Africiné |access-date=11 November 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Mai gabatarwa (1976-1985, sama da fina-finai 70 na RTA) === * Babban furodusa a kan ''Boualem Zid El Goudam'' (1980) na Moussa Haddad (an san shi a matsayin furodusa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boualem Zid El Goudam – cast & crew |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/boualem-zid-el-goudem/cast |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=MUBI}}</ref> * ''Nahla'' (1981) na Farouk Beloufa * La Nouba na mata na Mont Chenoua (1978) da kuma La ''Zerda ko waƙoƙin mantuwa'' (1982) na Assia Djebar * ''Kahla oua Beida'' (1981) da kuma Les Oiseaux de l'Été (1978) na Abderrahmane Bouguermouh * ''Bouamama'' (1984) na Benamar Bakhti * Le Défi (1980) da Libération (1982) na Moussa Haddad * Les Rameaux de feu (1984) na Mohamed Ifticene === Talabijin === * Télé Ciné Club (1969-1989) - mai karɓar bakuncin / mai sukar (babban shirin talabijin game da fim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Bedjaoui – Télé Ciné Club |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2376638/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> == Littattafai / Littattafai == * Hotuna da fuskoki, a tsakiyar yakin Tlemcen (Tlemcen, ƙarshen 1960s / rubutun / zane-zane na Denis Martinez) - Chihab Editions, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Images et visages au cœur de la bataille de Tlemcen |url=https://www.furet.com/livres/images-et-visages-au-coeur-de-la-bataille-de-tlemcen-ahmed-bedjaoui-9789961638804.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Furet du Nord}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-9961-63-880-4}} * Cinéma da yakin neman 'yanci: Algeria, yaƙe-yaƙe na hotuna - Chihab Editions, 2014. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9947-39-073-3|<bdi>978-9947-39-073-3</bdi>]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinéma et guerre de libération - Algérie, des batailles d'images |url=https://www.furet.com/livres/cinema-et-guerre-de-liberation-ahmed-bedjaoui-9789947390733.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Furet du Nord}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-9947-39-073-3}}&nbsp; * Yaƙin Algeria a cikin fina-finai na duniya - Dubban da ɗaya na fina-fakka na game da yaƙin Algeria duk duniya - Chihab Editions, 2016. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9947-39-114-3|<bdi>978-9947-39-114-3</bdi>]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=La guerre d'Algérie dans le cinéma mondial |url=https://www.lalibrairie.com/livres/la-guerre-d-algerie-dans-le-cinema-mondial_0-6537020_9789947391143.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Lalibrairie.com / Chihab }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{ISBN|978-9947-39-114-3}}&nbsp; * Cinemas na Larabawa da wallafe-wallafen (tare da Michel Serceau) - L'Harmattan, "Hotuna da yawa: Scènes & Écrans" jerin, 2019. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-343-17979-7|<bdi>978-2-343-17979-7</bdi>]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les cinémas arabes et la littérature |url=https://www.furet.com/livres/les-cinemas-arabes-et-la-litterature-ahmed-bedjaoui-9782343179797.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Furet du Nord}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-2-343-17979-7}}&nbsp; * ''Littattafan Larabawa da fina-finai'' - Chihab, 2022. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9947-39-216-4|<bdi>978-9947-39-216-4</bdi>]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Littérature et cinémas arabes |url=https://www.furet.com/livres/litterature-et-cinemas-arabes-9789947392164.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=Furet du Nord}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-9947-39-216-4}}&nbsp; * ''Fim da Yakin Independence na Algeria: Al'adu, Siyasa, da Al'umma'' - Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-3030379964|<bdi>978-3030379964</bdi>]]{{ISBN|978-3030379964}}&nbsp; * Fim din a lokacin da yake da kyau - Chihab, 2022 * ''Scott Fitzgerald da tsaransa suna fuskantar na'urar Hollywood'' - Casbah Editions, 2023 * ''Fim din Aljeriya a cikin darussan 44'' - Walid Meziani Editions, 2024 * ''Fim din Aljeriya a cikin Darussan arba'in da biyar'' - Palgrave Macmillan, 2025 * ''Shekaru Goma na Fim na Aljeriya'' - Chihab, 2025 == Kyaututtuka da matsayi == * Kakakin da kuma masu tsara shirye-shirye don abubuwan da suka faru a duniya (misali, nuna fina-finai da shirye-shiryen jigogi); tsohon jami'in al'adu da ke cikin cibiyoyin fina-fakka na Aljeriya (Cinémathèque, shugaban sau uku na asusun tallafin fina-fallace na FDATIC, mai ba da gudummawa ga bukukuwan kasa da kasa da kasa, shugaban juri a FESPACO 2018). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria after 1954 – program (curator Ahmed Bedjaoui) |url=https://archiv.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/veranstaltung/p_99385.php |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=HKW}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] 96ef4qv2dewhtxakvbsahkkn87n13tj Céline Ratsiraka 0 148346 882767 823098 2026-07-14T07:52:29Z BnHamid 12586 882767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Céline Marthe Ratsiraka''' (née '''Velonjara'''; 30 Janairu 1938 - 22 Agusta 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta Madagascar, ɗan siyasa kuma matar tsohon Shugaban kasa [[Didier Ratsiraka]] . Ita ce uwargidan Shugaban kasa mafi tsawo a Madagascar a tarihin kasar, bayan da ta rike mukamin daga 1975 zuwa 1993 kuma daga 1997 har zuwa 2002. Ta kasance mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin kungiyar da ke mulki don sake haihuwar Madagascar (AREMA) daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990, musamman a cikin hagu na jam'iyyar. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ratsiraka a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1938. <ref>[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lex-premiere-dame-sest-eteinte-hier/ Céline Ratsiraka : L’ex-Première dame s’est éteinte hier] {{In lang|fr}}</ref> Ita 'yar [[Pascal Velonjara]] ce, 'yar majalisa ce a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma ta kafa Parti des déshérités de Madagascar (PADESM). A shekara ta 1964, ta auri [[Didier Ratsiraka]], a lokacin wani matashi ne na sojan ruwa, a wani bikin Katolika wanda Uba Armand Gaëtan Razafindratandra ya jagoranci. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku - Olga, Sophie, Annick - da ɗa ɗaya, Xavier . <ref name="madagate" /> Didier Ratsiraka ya hau mulki a 1975 a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Ruwa Halin . A lokacin mulkin mijinta daga 1975 har zuwa 1993, Céline Ratsiraka ta zama mutum mai tasiri a siyasar Madagascar da jam'iyyar AREMA ta gwamnatin a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa da matar shugaban. Céline Ratsiraka da 'yar'uwarta, [[Hortense Raveloson Mahasampo]], sun jagoranci bangaren hagu na jam'iyyar AREMA, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'auni ga adadi a cikin gefen dama na jam'iyya, kamar Pascal Rakotomavo da Rakotovao Razaka草 . <ref name="pifmtr" /> Ratsiraka da 'yar'uwarta sun kuma shirya kuma sun jagoranci reshen mata na jam'iyyar, wanda aka sani da AREMA Women . Bugu da ƙari, Céline Ratsiraka ta kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa ta AREMA, gami da ofishin saka hannun jari da ake kira PROCOOP . <ref name="hdm" /> Didier da Céline Ratsiraka sun tafi gudun hijira a [[Faransa]] a watan Yulin 2002, suna kawo karshen rikicin siyasa na watanni bakwai bayan Zaben shugaban kasa na 2001 tsakanin Ratsiraka da wanda ya lashe, Marc Ravalomanana . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Ratsirakas ta koma Madagascar bayan ta zauna a gudun hijira a Faransa na tsawon shekaru goma sha ɗaya don haka mijinta ya iya tsayawa takarar zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2013. Didier Ratsiraka an cire shi daga tseren ta kotun zabe a watan Agustan 2013 saboda ya rasa lokacin zama na watanni shida. A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, an kwantar da Céline Ratsiraka da mijinta a asibitin soja na Soavinandriana (CENHOSOA) a [[Antananarivo]], don maganin "ƙaramin mura", a cewar danginsu. Didier Ratsiraka ya mutu a asibiti daga ciwon zuciya kwanaki da yawa bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Maris 2021, yana da shekaru 84.<ref name="ja" /> Céline Ratsiraka ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 2025, tana da shekaru 87. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madagascar : Décès de l'ancienne Première Dame, Céline Ratsiraka à l'âge de 87 ans |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/madagascar-d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-de-l-ancienne-premi%C3%A8re-dame-c%C3%A9line-ratsiraka-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A2ge-de-87-ans/3666634 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Anadolu Ajansi}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Class na farko na Order of the National Flag (Koriya ta Arewa, 1978) <ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGHVAAAAMAAJ&q=Didier+Ratsiraka+order+of+the+national+flag+korea |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>[[Fayil:DPRK_ribbon_bar_-_Order_of_National_Flag_1st_Class.svg|70x70px]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] fr0oni2s3g24qq9prwnzkohuzte3wze Ali Abdul-Jabbar 0 149476 882698 832363 2026-07-14T06:50:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Abdul-Jabbar''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma koci a ƙasar Iraqi. Ana girmama shi sosai. a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iraki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa tsawon shekaru tara kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar tsaron Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya da ƙwarewa sosai, kafin ya koma Al-Talaba, ya yi ritaya daga wasa, sannan ya fara aikinsa na horarwa tare da Al-Qasim a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki, har zuwa lokacin da ya sanar da yin ritaya daga aikin horaswa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Ali Abdul-Jabbar a Iraki a shekarar 1985.<ref name="Auto1">{{Cite web |title=The Defensive Man in Iraq's National Team |url=https://alarab.co.uk/علي-عبد-الجبار-رجل-المهام-الدفاعية-في-منتخب-أسود-الرافدين |publisher=Al-Arab London}}</ref><ref name="Auto2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Determined to Represent Iraq in Asia |url=https://www.alsumaria.tv/news/180758/رياضة |website=Alsumaria}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya (2007-2017) === Ya shiga Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya a 2007 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga lakabi da yawa na cikin gida da na nahiyar. An nada shi kyaftin din tawagar a shekarar 2014 kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen lashe Kofin AFC a shekarar 2016 da 2017. <ref name="Auto3">{{Cite web |title=Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Wins 2016 AFC Cup |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=533742 |website=Kooora}}</ref><ref name="Auto4">{{Cite web |title=Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Retains AFC Cup Title in 2017 |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=629502 |website=Kooora}}</ref><ref name="Auto5">{{Cite web |title=Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Wins 2016–17 Iraqi Premier League |url=https://www.iq-pro.net/القوة-الجوية-يتوج-بلقب-الدوري-العراقي/ |website=IQ-Pro }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Al-Talaba (2017-2018) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2017, ya koma Al-Talaba na kakar wasa daya kafin ya sanar da ritayar sa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a farkon shekara ta 2018, ya kawo karshen aikin kulob din shekaru 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Abdul-Jabbar Announces Retirement |url=https://www.shafaq.com/ar/رياضة/علي-عبد-الجبار-يعلن-اعتزاله |website=Shafaq News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tsakanin 2007 da 2016, ya samu sama da kwallo 40 ga tawagar kasar Iraki, ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin Kofin Gulf daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq Strengthens Defense with Ali Abdul-Jabbar |url=https://www.nina.iq/News_Details.aspx?S3ID=18902 |publisher=NINA }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Auto1"/> == Ayyukan horarwa == === Al-Qasim (2022-2023) === A watan Agustan 2022, an nada Abdul-Jabbar a matsayin kocin Al-Qasim a gasar Firimiya ta Iraqi, da nufin sake gina tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Abdul-Jabbar Takes Over as Al-Qasim Coach |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1163962 |website=Kooora}}</ref><ref name="Auto6">{{Cite web |title=Ali Abdul-Jabbar Appointed as Al-Qasim Coach |url=https://www.alkhaleej.ae/2022-08-15/علي-عبد-الجبار-مدرباً-لنادي-القاسم |website=Al-Khaleej }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan tashin hankali tsakanin gudanarwa da 'yan wasa, da kuma jerin sakamakon da ba daidai ba, Kwamitin Kula da Fadar Iraqi FA ya hana shi halartar wasanni a watan Fabrairun 2023. Ya yi murabus a hukumance daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disciplinary Committee Bans Al-Qasim Coach from Matches |url=https://baghdadtoday.news/213028 |publisher=Baghdad Today }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul-Jabbar Resigns from Al-Qasim |url=https://www.alkhaleej.ae/2023-02-14/عبد-الجبار-يستقيل-من-تدريب-القاسم |website=Al-Khaleej }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == * Club career (domestic leagues only): <ref name="wiki">{{Cite web |title=Ali Abdul-Jabbar – Arabic Wikipedia |url=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/علي_عبد_الجبار |publisher=Wikipedia Arabic}}</ref>  * International appearances: Over 40 caps. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m1ml7c252qw2ydp7g0fib2cs1jcncob Yannick Salem 0 149611 882555 831302 2026-07-13T23:36:23Z Usman saadu 46863 882555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yannick Salem Louniangou''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris Shekara ta 1983) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba . An haife shi a Faransa, ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kongo|Congo]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Ƙungiyoyi uku na farko da Salem ya buga wa wasa sune Grenoble, Créteil da Châteauroux. <ref>{{NFT player|27104}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, ya koma ƙungiyar De Graafschap ta ƙasar Holland kafin ya koma AGOVV Apeldoorn a shekara ta 2006. Ya fara gwaji da [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007. A shekara ta 2008, Salem ya koma ƙungiyar KSK Beveren ta ƙasar Belgium sannan daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar Eintracht Trier ta ƙasar Jamus bayan ya amince da kwangilar shekaru biyu har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2011. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2010, Salem ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Stockport County da ke Ingila. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An gayyaci Salem zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Congo a lokuta da dama. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka da Zambia a shekarar 2007, kuma ya samu akalla wasanni biyu daga wasannin sada zumunta a shekarar 2009 da Koriya ta Arewa. [ana buƙatar hujja] da Angola . [1] An kuma kira shi don buga wasa da Morocco, amma dole ne ya janye daga tawagar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Salem a Amiens, Faransa, kuma iyayensa sun fito ne daga [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] . Yana da 'yan'uwa maza shida da 'yan'uwa mata uku. <ref name="volksfreund" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] jymv3taw0hdpbwfab0ui710gqg641lh 882556 882555 2026-07-13T23:37:49Z Usman saadu 46863 882556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yannick Salem Louniangou''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris Shekara ta 1983) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba . An haife shi a Faransa, ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kongo|Congo]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Ƙungiyoyi uku na farko da Salem ya buga wa wasa sune Grenoble, Créteil da Châteauroux. <ref>{{NFT player|27104}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, ya koma ƙungiyar De Graafschap ta ƙasar Holland kafin ya koma AGOVV Apeldoorn a shekara ta 2006. Ya fara gwaji da [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007. A shekara ta 2008, Salem ya koma ƙungiyar KSK Beveren ta ƙasar Belgium sannan daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar Eintracht Trier ta ƙasar Jamus bayan ya amince da kwangilar shekaru biyu har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2011. A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2010, Salem ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Stockport County da ke Ingila. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An gayyaci Salem zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Congo a lokuta da dama. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka da Zambia a shekarar 2007, kuma ya samu akalla wasanni biyu daga wasannin sada zumunta a shekarar 2009 da Koriya ta Arewa. [ana buƙatar hujja] da Angola . [1] An kuma kira shi don buga wasa da Morocco, amma dole ne ya janye daga tawagar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Salem a Amiens, Faransa, kuma iyayensa sun fito ne daga [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] . Yana da 'yan'uwa maza shida da 'yan'uwa mata uku. <ref name="volksfreund" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] ofwrxn01vmyqn40syg3oa0h8bm3gdld Augustine Ofuokwu 0 149972 882841 839710 2026-07-14T10:09:24Z Usman saadu 46863 882841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Augustine "Mazeli" Ofuokwu''' (14 ga Agusta 1944 – 5 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2004) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Augustine Ofuokwu Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</ref> '''Rayuwa ta Farko''' '''Rayuwar Kai''' '''Sana'a''' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] c1mw1erkrpfv3ds3mehzjja5lt7gami Renan Ribeiro 0 150121 882729 832981 2026-07-14T07:29:43Z BnHamid 12586 882729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Wagner Renan Ribeiro 2012.jpg|thumb]] '''Renan Ribeiro''' tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Brazil wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya shahara wajen taka leda a manyan kulob-kulob a Brazil da Turai, musamman a ƙungiyar Sporting CP ta Portugal da kuma São Paulo FC. <ref>Transfer history data – general football records</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Renan Ribeiro a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1990 a garin Ribeirão Preto, jihar São Paulo a Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara nuna ƙwarewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya shiga makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta São Paulo FC inda aka fara gano hazakarsa. <ref>São Paulo youth academy reports</ref> == Fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa == Renan Ribeiro ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kungiyar São Paulo FC. A nan ya samu damar buga wasanni a manyan gasanni na Brazil kamar Serie A. Duk da cewa ya fuskanci gasa mai tsanani daga wasu masu tsaron gida, ya nuna ƙwazo da kwarewa a lokuta da dama. <ref>Brazil Serie A match archives</ref> == Aikinsa a Turai == A shekara ta 2015, Renan Ribeiro ya koma Turai inda ya rattaba hannu da kulob ɗin Estoril Praia a Portugal. Daga baya kuma ya shiga kungiyar Sporting CP, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob-kulob a Portugal. A Sporting CP, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron gida masu muhimmanci, yana taimakawa kungiyar a gasar Primeira Liga da sauran gasa. <ref>Primeira Liga official records</ref> == Salon wasa == Renan Ribeiro yana da tsayi mai kyau wanda ya taimaka masa wajen kama kwallaye a iska. Haka kuma yana da saurin motsi da iya fitar da kwallo daga baya zuwa gaba. Ana yaba masa da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin matsin lamba a wasan. <ref>Goalkeeper performance analysis reports</ref> == Nasarori == * Lashe kofuna tare da Sporting CP a gasar Portugal * Yin wasa a manyan gasanni na Brazil da Turai * Samun suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron gida masu ƙwarewa daga Brazil <ref>Club achievement records</ref> == Kammalawa == Renan Ribeiro ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan Brazil da suka yi tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai, musamman a Portugal. Kwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida ta sa ya zama sananne a cikin tarihin kulob-kulob ɗin da ya taka leda a ciki. == Manazarta == <references /> qx8rrg0zy6avgzlv9gllnqkwyib2x3x Unai Simón 0 150554 882733 834156 2026-07-14T07:31:33Z BnHamid 12586 882733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Unai Simón.jpg|thumb]] '''Unai Simón Mendibil''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Spain wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Athletic Bilbao]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain. An haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1997 a birnin Vitoria-Gasteiz na ƙasar Spain. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida na ƙarni na zamani a ƙasar Spain saboda bajintarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo da ƙafafunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/unai-simon|title=Unai Simón profile|publisher=Athletic Club}}</ref> Unai Simón ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami inda ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matakin matasa, an ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar Basconia sannan daga baya zuwa Bilbao Athletic wanda ita ce ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Athletic Bilbao. Ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri saboda kwarewarsa wajen kama ƙwallaye masu wahala da kuma iya tsara kariya daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/unai-simon|title=Unai Simón - La Liga Profile|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ne Unai Simón ya fara taka leda a babban ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao bayan wasu masu tsaron gida na ƙungiyar sun samu rauni. Ya yi amfani da wannan dama wajen tabbatar da kansa a matsayin zabin farko na mai tsaron gida. A kakar wasansa ta farko a La Liga, ya nuna kwarewa sosai inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun sakamako masu kyau a gasar Spain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Unai Simón emerges as Athletic Club first choice goalkeeper|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sanya Unai Simón ya yi fice shi ne iya taka ƙwallo da ƙafafunsa kamar yadda ake bukata a wasan zamani. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna yaba masa saboda yadda yake fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye masu inganci ga 'yan wasan gaba. Haka kuma yana da saurin yanke hukunci yayin fuskantar haɗari daga abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com|title=UEFA player analysis: Unai Simón|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Unai Simón ya fara buga wasa a tawagar ƙasar Spain a shekarar 2020. Ya samu damar zama mai tsaron gida na farko bayan bajintar da ya nuna a Athletic Bilbao. Ya wakilci Spain a manyan gasa irin su UEFA Euro 2020 da kuma FIFA World Cup 2022. A gasar Euro 2020 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai Spain zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com|title=Unai Simón - FIFA Player Profile|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi kuskure a wasu wasanni musamman a Euro 2020 lokacin da ƙwallo ta kuɓuce masa a wasa da Croatia, Simón ya nuna ƙarfin hali da juriya ta hanyar dawowa cikin ƙarfi a sauran wasannin gasar. Wannan ya sa masu sharhi suka yaba masa saboda yadda yake iya shawo kan matsin lamba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football|title=Spain goalkeeper Unai Simón responds after Croatia mistake|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Unai Simón ya taimaka wa Spain wajen lashe UEFA Nations League bayan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a bugun fenariti a wasan ƙarshe. Hakan ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron gida a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague|title=Spain win UEFA Nations League|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A wajen rayuwarsa ta kashin kai, Unai Simón mutum ne mai son natsuwa kuma baya yawan bayyana rayuwarsa ga kafafen yaɗa labarai. Yana mai da hankali sosai kan horo da kuma cigaban wasansa. Masu horarwa da abokan wasansa suna yaba masa saboda jajircewa da kuma biyayya ga umarnin masu horo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol|title=Unai Simón praised for discipline and professionalism|publisher=AS}}</ref> == Salon Wasansa == Unai Simón yana daga cikin masu tsaron gida masu amfani da tsarin zamani na “sweeper-keeper”, wato mai tsaron gida wanda yake iya fitowa daga yankinsa domin taimakawa wajen kare hari ko fara kai farmaki. Yana da tsayi mai kyau da kuma saurin motsi duk da girmansa. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen tare bugun fenariti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com|title=How Unai Simón became Spain's number one goalkeeper|publisher=Goal}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Athletic Bilbao === * Copa del Rey: 2023–24 === Spain === * UEFA Nations League: 2022–23 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/unai-simon Unai Simón a shafin Athletic Bilbao] * [https://www.fifa.com Unai Simón a shafin FIFA] {{Athletic Bilbao squad}} {{Spain national football team}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Athletic Bilbao players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Spain international footballers]] c7oyk406u7jg3r5rx7jpxx4am530pys 882734 882733 2026-07-14T07:31:48Z BnHamid 12586 /* Hanyoyin waje */ 882734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Unai Simón.jpg|thumb]] '''Unai Simón Mendibil''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Spain wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Athletic Bilbao]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain. An haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1997 a birnin Vitoria-Gasteiz na ƙasar Spain. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida na ƙarni na zamani a ƙasar Spain saboda bajintarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo da ƙafafunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/unai-simon|title=Unai Simón profile|publisher=Athletic Club}}</ref> Unai Simón ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami inda ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matakin matasa, an ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar Basconia sannan daga baya zuwa Bilbao Athletic wanda ita ce ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Athletic Bilbao. Ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri saboda kwarewarsa wajen kama ƙwallaye masu wahala da kuma iya tsara kariya daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/unai-simon|title=Unai Simón - La Liga Profile|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ne Unai Simón ya fara taka leda a babban ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao bayan wasu masu tsaron gida na ƙungiyar sun samu rauni. Ya yi amfani da wannan dama wajen tabbatar da kansa a matsayin zabin farko na mai tsaron gida. A kakar wasansa ta farko a La Liga, ya nuna kwarewa sosai inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun sakamako masu kyau a gasar Spain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Unai Simón emerges as Athletic Club first choice goalkeeper|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sanya Unai Simón ya yi fice shi ne iya taka ƙwallo da ƙafafunsa kamar yadda ake bukata a wasan zamani. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna yaba masa saboda yadda yake fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye masu inganci ga 'yan wasan gaba. Haka kuma yana da saurin yanke hukunci yayin fuskantar haɗari daga abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com|title=UEFA player analysis: Unai Simón|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Unai Simón ya fara buga wasa a tawagar ƙasar Spain a shekarar 2020. Ya samu damar zama mai tsaron gida na farko bayan bajintar da ya nuna a Athletic Bilbao. Ya wakilci Spain a manyan gasa irin su UEFA Euro 2020 da kuma FIFA World Cup 2022. A gasar Euro 2020 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai Spain zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com|title=Unai Simón - FIFA Player Profile|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi kuskure a wasu wasanni musamman a Euro 2020 lokacin da ƙwallo ta kuɓuce masa a wasa da Croatia, Simón ya nuna ƙarfin hali da juriya ta hanyar dawowa cikin ƙarfi a sauran wasannin gasar. Wannan ya sa masu sharhi suka yaba masa saboda yadda yake iya shawo kan matsin lamba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football|title=Spain goalkeeper Unai Simón responds after Croatia mistake|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Unai Simón ya taimaka wa Spain wajen lashe UEFA Nations League bayan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a bugun fenariti a wasan ƙarshe. Hakan ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron gida a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague|title=Spain win UEFA Nations League|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A wajen rayuwarsa ta kashin kai, Unai Simón mutum ne mai son natsuwa kuma baya yawan bayyana rayuwarsa ga kafafen yaɗa labarai. Yana mai da hankali sosai kan horo da kuma cigaban wasansa. Masu horarwa da abokan wasansa suna yaba masa saboda jajircewa da kuma biyayya ga umarnin masu horo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol|title=Unai Simón praised for discipline and professionalism|publisher=AS}}</ref> == Salon Wasansa == Unai Simón yana daga cikin masu tsaron gida masu amfani da tsarin zamani na “sweeper-keeper”, wato mai tsaron gida wanda yake iya fitowa daga yankinsa domin taimakawa wajen kare hari ko fara kai farmaki. Yana da tsayi mai kyau da kuma saurin motsi duk da girmansa. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen tare bugun fenariti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com|title=How Unai Simón became Spain's number one goalkeeper|publisher=Goal}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Athletic Bilbao === * Copa del Rey: 2023–24 === Spain === * UEFA Nations League: 2022–23 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/unai-simon Unai Simón a shafin Athletic Bilbao] * [https://www.fifa.com Unai Simón a shafin FIFA] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Athletic Bilbao players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Spain international footballers]] o36tk0eywmb7xa3m1djw7qyv5me6due Rahila Furness 0 150730 882478 837198 2026-07-13T20:00:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rachel Furness''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1988) tsohuwar ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce. An haife ta a Ingila, ita ce ta fi kowa zura ƙwallo a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Ireland . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Furness ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Usworth kuma ta wakilci Durham a matakin County. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Under 16 Girls 2003–04 |url=http://www.durhamcountyschoolsfa.org.uk/index.php?page=under-16-girls-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402171729/http://www.durhamcountyschoolsfa.org.uk/index.php?page=under-16-girls-7 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Durham County Schools FA}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2002–03 ta riga ta fara bugawa Chester-le-Street Ladies wasa, tare da wasu matasa da dama <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2003 |title=Women's Football |url=http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2003/3/7/101236.html |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> da kuma tsohon dan wasan Ingila Aran Embleton . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2003 |title=Embleton joins Cestrians |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/archive/2003/01/31/The+North+East+Archive/7044440.Embleton_joins_Cestrians/ |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> === Babban aiki === A shekara ta 2004, Furness ta koma Kwalejin Gateshead don yin karatun ci gaban wasanni da motsa jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2005 |title=Best thing I ever did: Rachel Furness, 16, Washington, Tyne and Wear |url=http://www.cypnow.co.uk/news/752834/Best-thing-I-ever-did-Rachel-Furness-16-Washington-Tyne-andWear/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173044/http://www.cypnow.co.uk/news/752834/Best-thing-I-ever-did-Rachel-Furness-16-Washington-Tyne-andWear/ |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Children and Young People Now}}</ref> Ta fara bugawa makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a kwalejin da kuma Sunderland . Jill Scott abokiyar wasa ce a ɓangarorin biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hannah Davies |date=12 April 2005 |title=Now it's a game for the other half |url=http://www.sundaysun.co.uk/sport/other-sports/2005/04/12/now-it-s-a-game-for-the-other-half-79310-15392795/ |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Sunday Sun}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Furness ta koma Jami'ar Northumbria don yin karatun ci gaban wasanni tare da horarwa, <ref name="uni">{{Cite web |title=World University Games |url=http://www.thirdlevelfootball.ie/about/world-university-games/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229152003/http://www.thirdlevelfootball.ie/about/world-university-games/ |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=FAI Third Level Football}}</ref> kuma ta canza Sunderland zuwa Newcastle United . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2006 |title=Reay of hope |url=http://www.thefa.com/Leagues/WomensPremierLeague/NewsAndFeatures/2006/Reay_of_hope |access-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> Duk da haka, a lokacin ta sami mummunan rauni a gwiwa, wanda ya buƙaci tiyata sau biyu da kuma cire mafi yawan guringuntsi. <ref name="nire">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2010 |title=World University Games |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/northern-ireland-ladies-why-football-is-a-girl-thing-14748614.html |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Northern Ireland ladies: Why football is a girl thing}}</ref> Likitoci sun shawarci Furness da ta daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa <ref name="nire" /> amma duk da haka ta ci gaba da bugawa Newcastle United wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tony Leighton |date=24 February 2008 |title=World University Games |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/women/7261844.stm |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Arsenal and Everton ease to semis}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2009, Furness ta ci kwallo ɗaya ta kuma yi wa Mel Reay ɗaya, yayin da Newcastle ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 a gasar cin kofin mata ta OOH Lincoln, amma ta rasa bugun fenariti a bugun fenariti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2009 |title=Penalties? OOH dear! FIVE PAGES OF GRASSROOTS SPORT START HERE WITH GIRLS FOOTBALL: United's hopes of Cup glory ended by spot of bother |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Penalties%3f+OOH+dear!+FIVE+PAGES+OF+GRASSROOTS+SPORT+START+HERE+WITH...-a0214803110 |access-date=16 July 2011 |website=Newcastle Evening Chronicle}}</ref> Furness ta yi kakar bazara ta 2010 a [[Ayislan|Iceland]] tare da Grindavik, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Furness |url=http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=241306&pListi=5 |access-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=KSI.is |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306094125/http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=241306&pListi=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan ta sake komawa Sunderland - ta fara buga wasa a karo na biyu a kungiyar a wasan da ta doke Newcastle da ci 4-0 a gasar Premier a watan Oktoban 2010. <ref name="swfc">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2010 |title=Sunderland Sign Rachel Furness |url=http://www.sunderlandwfc.co.uk/swfc_403.htm |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=Sunderland WFC |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006214436/http://www.sunderlandwfc.co.uk/swfc_403.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ta taimaka wa Sunderland lashe gasar Premier, Furness ta koma kungiyar Lincoln Ladies ta FA WSL a matsayin aro. <ref name="imps">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2011 |title=Furness joins Lincoln on loan |url=http://www.sunderlandwfc.co.uk/swfc_481.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071705/http://www.sunderlandwfc.co.uk/swfc_481.htm |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=13 May 2011 |website=Sunderland WFC}}</ref> Ta fara wasa cikin gaggawa a wasan da Lincoln ta sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0 a hannun Chelsea a watan Mayu, wasan karshe kafin hutun tsakiyar kakar wasa ta WSL. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=Lincoln 0 Chelsea 1 |url=http://chelsea.fawsl.com/matchesReport/lincoln_ladies_v_chelsea_ladies_12_may_2011_report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710112308/http://chelsea.fawsl.com/matchesReport/lincoln_ladies_v_chelsea_ladies_12_may_2011_report.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=Chelsea Ladies}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Sunderland kafin WSL ta sake fara wasa a watan Yuli. <ref name="echo">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2011 |title=Lincoln Ladies add pace to attack |url=http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Lincoln-Ladies-add-pace-attack/story-12978606-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606144841/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Lincoln-Ladies-add-pace-attack/story-12978606-detail/story.html |archive-date=6 June 2012 |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=Lincolnshire Echo}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2017, Furness ta bar Sunderland zuwa Reading jim kaɗan bayan da Lady Black Cats ta koma matsayin ɗan lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2017 |title=Rachel Furness: Reading sign Northern Ireland midfielder from Sunderland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38610772 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Furness ya koma Tottenham Hotspur a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa daga Reading a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Rachel Furness joins Tottenham Hotspur Women on loan from WSL rivals Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49611893 |access-date=28 December 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2019, Furness ya koma Liverpool, bayan da Reading ta sake kiransa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2019 |title=Rachel Furness: Liverpool Women sign Northern Ireland midfielder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50874085 |access-date=28 December 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Daraktan horarwa na Chester-le-Street, Bill Godward, ya sanar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa game da damar Furness tun daga farko. Duk da haka, Ingila ta yi watsi da ita saboda ba ta da alaƙa da kulob mai cibiyar ƙwarewa ko makarantar gaba. <ref name="ne" /> Daga nan Furness ta karɓi gayyatar shiga gasar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a bazara ta 2004. Duk da cewa an haife ta kuma ta girma a Tyne and Wear, Furness ta cancanci shiga Arewacin Ireland saboda an haifi mahaifiyarta a Belfast . <ref name="nire"/> Bayan ta wakilci ƙasar da ta yi amfani da ita a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da <ref name="uni" /> Furness ta ci gaba zuwa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. A watan Nuwamba na 2005 ta ci ƙwallo a wasanta na farko a gida da Slovakia, a wasan farko da Arewacin Ireland ta buga a gida tsawon shekaru 20. Bayan rashin halartar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa na shekaru biyu sakamakon rauni, Furness ta dawo kan lokaci don neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2011. <ref name="nire" /> Ta bayar da kwallaye huɗu, ciki har da kwallaye uku a wasanta da Croatia, yayin da Arewacin Ireland ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukuninsu bayan Faransa da [[Finland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Furness |url=http://www.uefa.com/womensworldcup/teams/player=96885/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701060747/http://www.uefa.com/womensworldcup/teams/player=96885/index.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Furness ta zira kwallaye a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2013 da suka doke tsohuwar zakarun duniya da na Olympics [[Norway]] da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2011 |title=N Ireland 3–1 Norway |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/15811969 |access-date=26 November 2011 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== 8933s1r3rfh3orgjw4soh3sqz7cxawb Turgay Bahadır 0 150979 882796 835214 2026-07-14T08:46:29Z Usman saadu 46863 882796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Turgay Bahadır | hoto = | cikakken_suna = Turgay Bahadır | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1984|1|15}} | wurin_haihuwa = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] | ƙasa = [[Turkiyya]] | tsawo = 1.90 m | matsayi = Mai kai hari | matasa_shekaru1 = 1999–2000 | matasa_kungiya1 = First Vienna FC | matasa_shekaru2 = 2000–2002 | matasa_kungiya2 = SK Rapid Wien | shekaru1 = 2002–2003 | kungiya1 = SK Rapid Wien II | shekaru2 = 2003–2006 | kungiya2 = SC Austria Lustenau | wasanni2 = 78 | kwallaye2 = 6 | shekaru3 = 2006–2007 | kungiya3 = SC Schwanenstadt | wasanni3 = 16 | kwallaye3 = 4 | shekaru4 = 2007–2009 | kungiya4 = Kayserispor | wasanni4 = 47 | kwallaye4 = 4 | shekaru5 = 2009–2012 | kungiya5 = Bursaspor | wasanni5 = 87 | kwallaye5 = 20 | shekaru6 = 2012–2013 | kungiya6 = İstanbul Başakşehir | wasanni6 = 8 | kwallaye6 = 1 | shekaru7 = 2013–2014 | kungiya7 = Kayseri Erciyesspor | wasanni7 = 4 | kwallaye7 = 0 | shekaru8 = 2014–2015 | kungiya8 = Karabükspor | wasanni8 = 9 | kwallaye8 = 1 | shekaru9 = 2015 | kungiya9 = Gaziantep BB | wasanni9 = 10 | kwallaye9 = 1 | shekaru10 = 2016 | kungiya10 = First Vienna | wasanni10 = 8 | kwallaye10 = 0 | shekaru11 = 2017 | kungiya11 = ASK-BSC Bruck/Leitha | wasanni11 = 1 | kwallaye11 = 0 | tawagar_kasa1 = Austria U21 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2003–2004 | wasannin_kasa1 = 2 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 0 | tawagar_kasa2 = Turkiyya | shekarun_kasa2 = 2010 | wasannin_kasa2 = 1 | kwallayen_kasa2 = 0 }} '''Turgay Bahadır''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Janairu, shekara ta 1984 a [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Turkiyya da Austria wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi da dama a Turkiyya da Austria, sannan ya taɓa wakiltar tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya a matakin manya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Turgay Bahadır a birnin Vienna na ƙasar Austria, amma yana da asalin Turkiyya. Ya fara taka ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta First Vienna FC kafin daga bisani ya koma matasan kungiyar SK Rapid Wien domin ci gaba da haɓaka bajintarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/turgay-bahadir/profil/spieler/16499 |title=Turgay Bahadır - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == Bahadır ya fara sana’arsa ta ƙwararru ne tare da kungiyar SK Rapid Wien II. Daga baya ya koma SC Austria Lustenau inda ya samu damar buga wasanni da dama a gasar Austria tare da nuna ƙwarewarsa a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2006 ya koma SC Schwanenstadt, sannan daga baya ya koma ƙasar Turkiyya domin komawa kungiyar Kayserispor. A lokacin da yake Kayserispor ya fara samun karɓuwa sosai a gasar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da iya kai hari daga ɓangarori daban-daban na filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 Bahadır ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Bursaspor. Wannan lokaci ne ya fi shahara a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa domin ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe gasar Süper Lig ta kakar 2009–10, wanda shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Bursaspor da ta lashe gasar ta Turkiyya. Ya zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci a gasanni daban-daban tare da taka rawa wajen nasarorin kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Bayan barinsa Bursaspor, ya ci gaba da bugawa kungiyoyi irin su İstanbul Başakşehir, Kayseri Erciyesspor, Karabükspor da Gaziantep BB kafin daga ƙarshe ya koma Austria inda ya taka leda a First Vienna da ASK-BSC Bruck/Leitha kafin yin ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/turgay-bahadir/profil/spieler/16499 |title=Turgay Bahadır - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Turgay Bahadır ya fara wakiltar Austria a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Sai dai daga baya ya zaɓi buga wa ƙasar Turkiyya wasa a matakin manya. A shekarar 2010 kocin Turkiyya Guus Hiddink ya saka shi cikin tawagar ƙasar bayan bajintar da ya nuna a Bursaspor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Bahadır ya kasance ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi da iya amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu. Yana taka rawa a matsayin babban mai kai hari, amma yana kuma iya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gefe ko mai kai hari daga tsakiya. Tsayinsa da ƙwarewar bugun kai sun kasance daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ba shi ƙarfi a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/turgay-bahadir/profil/spieler/16499 |title=Turgay Bahadır - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Kayserispor === * Turkish Cup: 2008 === Bursaspor === * Süper Lig: 2009–10<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r |title=Turgay Bahadır |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/turgay-bahadir/profil/spieler/16499 Turgay Bahadır a Transfermarkt] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Bah%C4%B1d%C4%B1r Turgay Bahadır a Wikipedia ta Turanci] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadir, Turgay}} [[Category:’Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1984]] [[Category:Masu kai hari a ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Mutane masu rai]] hmnrn89jkykpsl22byasm0wt3i3clk6 Semih Şentürk 0 150983 882745 835218 2026-07-14T07:38:46Z BnHamid 12586 882745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Semih Şentürk Başakşehir.jpg|thumb]] '''Semih Şentürk''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1983 a İzmir, Turkiyya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya buga a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]], inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarun 2000. An fi saninsa da suna ''Nöbetçi Golcü'', ma’ana “mai cin ƙwallo idan an buƙace shi”, saboda yawan kwallayen da yake zura wa bayan an shigar da shi daga benci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Semih Şentürk ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a kulob din Özçamdibispor da ke İzmir. Hazakarsa ta sa kulob din Fenerbahçe ya ɗauke shi zuwa makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsu a shekarar 1999. A lokacin yana cikin matasa ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara hasashen zai zama babban ɗan wasa a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/semih-senturk/leistungsdaten/spieler/7043|title=Semih Şentürk Career Stats|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Semih ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2001, amma daga baya aka bayar da shi aro zuwa İzmirspor domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Bayan dawowarsa Fenerbahçe ya ci gaba da bunƙasa har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman 'yan wasan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Club Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2007–08 ya zama gwarzon mai cin ƙwallaye a gasar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya bayan ya zura ƙwallaye 17. Wannan kakar ce ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba a Turkiyya. Duk da cewa sau da dama yana fara wasa daga benci, yana yawan canza sakamakon wasa da zarar an shigar da shi fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=3238|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=SportsLib}}</ref> A tsawon zamansa a Fenerbahçe ya lashe kofunan Süper Lig guda biyar da kuma kofin Türkiye Kupası guda biyu. Haka kuma ya taimaka wajen kai ƙungiyar zuwa matakai masu kyau a gasannin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Bayan barinsa Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2013, ya koma Antalyaspor sannan daga baya ya taka leda a İstanbul Başakşehir da Eskişehirspor kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/profil/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Semih Şentürk ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya a matakan yara da matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara buga wa babbar tawaga wasa a shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk International Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ya yi fice sosai a gasar UEFA Euro 2008 lokacin da Turkiyya ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe da Croatia, Semih ya ci ƙwallon canjaras a minti na ƙarshe wanda ya taimaka wa Turkiyya kaiwa bugun fenariti inda suka yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Turkey vs Croatia Euro 2008|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Haka kuma a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamus, ya sake zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasa kafin Jamus ta ci ƙwallon nasara. Bajintarsa a wannan gasa ta sa ya samu karɓuwa sosai a Turkiyya da Turai baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Euro 2008 Semifinal|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Semih Şentürk ya koma aikin horaswa. A shekarar 2020 ya koma Fenerbahçe a matsayin mai horas da matasa. Daga baya ya zama kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/stationen/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Coaching Career|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Fenerbahçe === * Süper Lig: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11 * Türkiye Kupası: 2011–12, 2012–13 * Süper Kupa: 2007, 2009 === Turkiyya === * UEFA Euro 2008 – Matsayi na uku<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{WorldFootball}} * {{FootballDatabase}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senturk, Semih}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya]] [[Category:Masu kai hari a ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Fenerbahçe S.K.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Antalyaspor]] [[Category:'Yan wasan İstanbul Başakşehir]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Eskişehirspor]] [[Category:Mutanen İzmir]] g6akfmdfnqodjh6wqnv2rsj96p34z31 882746 882745 2026-07-14T07:39:04Z BnHamid 12586 /* Hanyoyin waje */ 882746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Semih Şentürk Başakşehir.jpg|thumb]] '''Semih Şentürk''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1983 a İzmir, Turkiyya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya buga a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]], inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarun 2000. An fi saninsa da suna ''Nöbetçi Golcü'', ma’ana “mai cin ƙwallo idan an buƙace shi”, saboda yawan kwallayen da yake zura wa bayan an shigar da shi daga benci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Semih Şentürk ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a kulob din Özçamdibispor da ke İzmir. Hazakarsa ta sa kulob din Fenerbahçe ya ɗauke shi zuwa makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsu a shekarar 1999. A lokacin yana cikin matasa ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara hasashen zai zama babban ɗan wasa a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/semih-senturk/leistungsdaten/spieler/7043|title=Semih Şentürk Career Stats|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Semih ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2001, amma daga baya aka bayar da shi aro zuwa İzmirspor domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Bayan dawowarsa Fenerbahçe ya ci gaba da bunƙasa har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman 'yan wasan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Club Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2007–08 ya zama gwarzon mai cin ƙwallaye a gasar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya bayan ya zura ƙwallaye 17. Wannan kakar ce ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba a Turkiyya. Duk da cewa sau da dama yana fara wasa daga benci, yana yawan canza sakamakon wasa da zarar an shigar da shi fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=3238|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=SportsLib}}</ref> A tsawon zamansa a Fenerbahçe ya lashe kofunan Süper Lig guda biyar da kuma kofin Türkiye Kupası guda biyu. Haka kuma ya taimaka wajen kai ƙungiyar zuwa matakai masu kyau a gasannin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Bayan barinsa Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2013, ya koma Antalyaspor sannan daga baya ya taka leda a İstanbul Başakşehir da Eskişehirspor kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/profil/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Semih Şentürk ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya a matakan yara da matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara buga wa babbar tawaga wasa a shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk International Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ya yi fice sosai a gasar UEFA Euro 2008 lokacin da Turkiyya ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe da Croatia, Semih ya ci ƙwallon canjaras a minti na ƙarshe wanda ya taimaka wa Turkiyya kaiwa bugun fenariti inda suka yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Turkey vs Croatia Euro 2008|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Haka kuma a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamus, ya sake zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasa kafin Jamus ta ci ƙwallon nasara. Bajintarsa a wannan gasa ta sa ya samu karɓuwa sosai a Turkiyya da Turai baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Euro 2008 Semifinal|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Semih Şentürk ya koma aikin horaswa. A shekarar 2020 ya koma Fenerbahçe a matsayin mai horas da matasa. Daga baya ya zama kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/stationen/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Coaching Career|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Fenerbahçe === * Süper Lig: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11 * Türkiye Kupası: 2011–12, 2012–13 * Süper Kupa: 2007, 2009 === Turkiyya === * UEFA Euro 2008 – Matsayi na uku<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senturk, Semih}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya]] [[Category:Masu kai hari a ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Fenerbahçe S.K.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Antalyaspor]] [[Category:'Yan wasan İstanbul Başakşehir]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Eskişehirspor]] [[Category:Mutanen İzmir]] ln15nvy8jgbu5el5ondpacix30bkmr1 882747 882746 2026-07-14T07:39:30Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 882747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Semih Şentürk Başakşehir.jpg|thumb]] '''Semih Şentürk''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1983 a İzmir, Turkiyya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya buga a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]], inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarun 2000. An fi saninsa da suna ''Nöbetçi Golcü'', ma’ana “mai cin ƙwallo idan an buƙace shi”, saboda yawan kwallayen da yake zura wa bayan an shigar da shi daga benci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Semih Şentürk ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a kulob din Özçamdibispor da ke İzmir. Hazakarsa ta sa kulob din Fenerbahçe ya ɗauke shi zuwa makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsu a shekarar 1999. A lokacin yana cikin matasa ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara hasashen zai zama babban ɗan wasa a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/semih-senturk/leistungsdaten/spieler/7043|title=Semih Şentürk Career Stats|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Semih ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2001, amma daga baya aka bayar da shi aro zuwa İzmirspor domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Bayan dawowarsa Fenerbahçe ya ci gaba da bunƙasa har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman 'yan wasan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Club Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2007–08 ya zama gwarzon mai cin ƙwallaye a gasar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya bayan ya zura ƙwallaye 17. Wannan kakar ce ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba a Turkiyya. Duk da cewa sau da dama yana fara wasa daga benci, yana yawan canza sakamakon wasa da zarar an shigar da shi fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=3238|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=SportsLib}}</ref> A tsawon zamansa a Fenerbahçe ya lashe kofunan Süper Lig guda biyar da kuma kofin Türkiye Kupası guda biyu. Haka kuma ya taimaka wajen kai ƙungiyar zuwa matakai masu kyau a gasannin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Bayan barinsa Fenerbahçe a shekarar 2013, ya koma Antalyaspor sannan daga baya ya taka leda a İstanbul Başakşehir da Eskişehirspor kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/profil/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Profile|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Semih Şentürk ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya a matakan yara da matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara buga wa babbar tawaga wasa a shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk International Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ya yi fice sosai a gasar UEFA Euro 2008 lokacin da Turkiyya ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe da Croatia, Semih ya ci ƙwallon canjaras a minti na ƙarshe wanda ya taimaka wa Turkiyya kaiwa bugun fenariti inda suka yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Turkey vs Croatia Euro 2008|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Haka kuma a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamus, ya sake zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasa kafin Jamus ta ci ƙwallon nasara. Bajintarsa a wannan gasa ta sa ya samu karɓuwa sosai a Turkiyya da Turai baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Euro 2008 Semifinal|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Semih Şentürk ya koma aikin horaswa. A shekarar 2020 ya koma Fenerbahçe a matsayin mai horas da matasa. Daga baya ya zama kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/semih-senturk/stationen/trainer/118405|title=Semih Şentürk Coaching Career|website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Fenerbahçe === * Süper Lig: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11 * Türkiye Kupası: 2011–12, 2012–13 * Süper Kupa: 2007, 2009 === Turkiyya === * UEFA Euro 2008 – Matsayi na uku<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk|title=Semih Şentürk Honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senturk, Semih}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1983]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya]] [[Category:Masu kai hari a ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Fenerbahçe S.K.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Antalyaspor]] [[Category:'Yan wasan İstanbul Başakşehir]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Eskişehirspor]] [[Category:Mutanen İzmir]] nii0gnh6dakk9wqb0a43qh2a1orcj9y Oktay Derelioğlu 0 150997 882749 835240 2026-07-14T07:40:44Z BnHamid 12586 882749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | suna = Oktay Derelioğlu | hoto = | cikakken suna = Oktay Derelioğlu | ranar haihuwa = 17 Disamba 1975 | wurin haihuwa = Istanbul, Turkiyya | tsawo = 1.73 m | matsayi = Striker (Dan gaba) | kungiyoyi = Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor, Las Palmas da sauransu | ƙasa = Turkiyya }} '''Oktay Derelioğlu''' tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya yi fice a matsayin striker (ɗan gaba). An san shi da saurin gudu, kwarewa wajen zura ƙwallo da kuma iya amfani da ƙafafu biyu wajen harbi. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Turkiyya a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon 2000. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, “Oktay Derelioğlu,” general biographical summary.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Oktay Derelioğlu a birnin Istanbul na ƙasar Turkiyya a ranar 17 Disamba 1975. Ya girma a cikin yanayin da ke da sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsu kafin ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewarsa tun kafin ya fara buga wasan ƙwararru. <ref>Turkish youth football development records and club academy histories.</ref> == Fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa == Oktay ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Beşiktaş JK, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob-kulob na Turkiyya. A nan ne ya fara bayyana ƙwarewarsa wajen zura ƙwallaye, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ake dogaro da su a gaba. Daga baya ya buga wa wasu ƙungiyoyi a Turkiyya da kuma wajen ƙasar. <ref>Beşiktaş club historical player archives.</ref> == Rayuwar kulob-kulob == A lokacin aikinsa, Oktay Derelioğlu ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi da dama kamar Trabzonspor, Gaziantepspor da kuma UD Las Palmas a Spain. A kowace ƙungiya, ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kai hari da kuma zura ƙwallaye a raga, kodayake ya sha fama da raunin jiki a wasu lokuta wanda ya rage masa yawan wasanni. <ref>European football club records and match reports.</ref> == Aikin ƙasa (National team) == Oktay ya wakilci ƙasar Turkiyya a matakin ƙasa, inda ya buga wasanni da dama a tawagar ƙasar. Ya kasance cikin jerin ‘yan wasan da ke taimakawa wajen gina ƙarfafa tawagar Turkiyya a shekarun 1990s, kodayake bai samu damar zama ɗan wasa na dindindin a kowace gasa ba. <ref>Turkey national football team archives.</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Oktay Derelioğlu da salon wasa mai sauri da kai tsaye zuwa raga. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallo daga kusurwoyi daban-daban da kuma amfani da ƙafarsa ta dama da ta hagu. Hakanan yana da basira wajen gujewa ‘yan wasan baya na abokan hamayya. <ref>Football tactical analysis reports on Turkish strikers.</ref> == Kammalawa == Oktay Derelioğlu ya bar tarihi a ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan gaba masu tasiri a zamaninsa. Duk da cewa bai kai matakin manyan taurarin duniya ba, gudummawarsa ga kulob-kulob da ƙasar Turkiyya tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar. <ref>Turkish football history summaries.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9f6z4ner8ryjwc17kql3ai9gq8ym6vw Kyautar Atulewa 0 151175 882773 835930 2026-07-14T08:02:15Z BnHamid 12586 Redirected page to [[Gift Atulewa]] 882773 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gift Atulewa]] istv320d2b3ublpd3rttx2bu9l4pk26 Amas Obasogie 0 151701 882829 852963 2026-07-14T09:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amas Daniel Obasogie''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Singida Black Stars a [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|gasar Premier ta Tanzaniya]] da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Singida Black Stars sign Super Eagles Goalkeeper Amas Obasogie {{!}} Bold Sports |url=https://boldsportsng.com/singida-black-stars-sign-super-eagles-goalkeeper-amas-obasogie/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amas Obasogie Biography - ESPN (UK) |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/bio/_/id/376934/amas-obasogie |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Amas Obabsogie Biography: All You Need To Know About The Super Eagles Shot Stopper. - Sportever |url=https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/,%20https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Obasogie a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == Obasogie ya fara aikinsa ne da [[Bendel Insurance|Bendel Insurance FC]], inda ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amas Obasogie profile |url=https://us.soccerway.com/player/obasogie-amas/YeKaSbZQ/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya koma Fasil Kenema SC a gasar Premier ta Habasha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amas Obasogie Biography |url=https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Sportever }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ya koma kungiyar Singida Black Stars FC da ke Tanzania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singida Black Stars sign Nigerian goalkeeper |url=https://boldsportsng.com/singida-black-stars-sign-super-eagles-goalkeeper-amas-obasogie/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Bold Sports NG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunbayo |first=Abiodun |date=2025-12-04 |title=Amas Obasogie Shines as Singida Black Stars Hold Azam FC in Goalless Draw |url=https://www.sports247.ng/amas-obasogie-shines-as-singida-black-stars-hold-azam-fc-in-goalless-draw/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Obasogie ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan da ke horar da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] a lokacin wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amas Obasogie Biography |url=https://contents101.com/2023/11/15/amas-obasogie-biography-education-career-controversies-and-net-worth/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Contents101}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Nwabali, Uzoho, and the keeper conundrum that could scupper Nigeria at AFCON |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/47365679/stanley-nwabali-francis-uzoho-keeper-conundrum-scupper-nigeria-afcon |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Obasogie Pledges Commitment After Earning AFCON Call‑Up - Football In Nigeria |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/national-team-news/obasogie-pledges-commitment-after-earning-afcon-call%e2%80%91up/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106085153/https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/national-team-news/obasogie-pledges-commitment-after-earning-afcon-call%E2%80%91up/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2025, an kira Obasogie cikin tawagar Najeriya don halartar [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025.]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> == Salon wasan == An san shi da ƙarfin tsayar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, ƙarfin gwiwa, da kuma ikon jagorantar akwatin bugun fanareti. [1] == Daraja == '''Najeriya''' * Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|2025]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Rob |date=17 January 2026 |title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] nb90p58axgk40gblosw4hr1qtgsxr2p Louis Olivier Bancoult 0 152023 882735 839140 2026-07-14T07:32:24Z BnHamid 12586 882735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Louis Olivier Bancoult (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) ɗan ƙasar Chagossia ne mai fafutukar neman 'yancin dawowa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos (CRG).[1][2] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1964 a tsibirin Peros Banhos a cikin Tsibirin Chagos, daga inda An cire shi da karfi yana da shekaru hudu kuma aka kai shi [[Moris|Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Natasha |date=2000-07-13 |title=Island strife |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/jul/13/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1 |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A mayar da martani, mahaifiyarsa Rita Élysée Bancoult, tare da masu fafutuka Charlesia Alexis da Lisette Talate, sun kafa CRG a shekarar 1982.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Home CRG – Chagos Refugees Group |url=http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ |access-date=2021-07-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Marry Kooy 2011, p.153">Sandra Evers et Marry Kooy, Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers, vol. Volume 1 : African History, Brill, 2011, 293 p. ({{ISBN|9004202609}}), p.153</ref> Bancoult ma'aikacin lantarki ne kuma mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin haƙƙin Chagoss na dawowa daga Mauritius zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali.[1] Ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka na shari'a da yawa game da gudun hijira na Chagos Islanders. An zabe shi sau da yawa a matsayin shugaban asusun jin dadin jama'a na Chagossian, wanda ke da alhakin rarraba har zuwa rupees miliyan 7 a kowace shekara don taimakon gwamnatin Mauritius.[2] Ya kasance daya daga cikin mazauna tsibirin biyar waɗanda, a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2022, suka shiga bakin rairayin bakin teku na Peros Banhos, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai da suka hada da tsibirin Chagos da aka mamaye, saboda [[Moris|Mauritius]] ta sami nasarar shari'a tare da [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]]. A shekara ta 2023, an zabi shi don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya, tare da Liseby Elysé, wata mace ta Chagossian wacce ta ba da shaida a madadin Mauritius a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a cikin shari'ar Chagos a kan Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edouard |first=Olivia |date=2023-02-09 |title=Le Groupe réfugiés Chagos, Olivier Bancoult et Liseby Élysé candidats au Prix Nobel de la Paix |url=https://lexpress.mu/node/418762 |website=L'Express Maurice}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Mauritius da Ingila a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 game da ba da ikon mallakar Burtaniya a kan tsibirin Chagos, Bancoult ya sadu da Firayim Minista Pravind Jugnauth don tattauna sake zama a tsibirin Chago. [1] == Dubi kuma == * Rikici na ikon mallakar tsibirin Chagos * Cire mutanen Chagos == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{ == Haɗin waje == * [http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ thechagosrefugeesgroup.com] * R (a kan aikace-aikacen Bancoult (No 2)) v Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] mk8ryal5ln945hjuqu1buzyz9vc6u95 882736 882735 2026-07-14T07:32:35Z BnHamid 12586 882736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Louis Olivier Bancoult (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) ɗan ƙasar Chagossia ne mai fafutukar neman 'yancin dawowa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos (CRG).[1][2] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1964 a tsibirin Peros Banhos a cikin Tsibirin Chagos, daga inda An cire shi da karfi yana da shekaru hudu kuma aka kai shi [[Moris|Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Natasha |date=2000-07-13 |title=Island strife |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/jul/13/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1 |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A mayar da martani, mahaifiyarsa Rita Élysée Bancoult, tare da masu fafutuka Charlesia Alexis da Lisette Talate, sun kafa CRG a shekarar 1982.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Home CRG – Chagos Refugees Group |url=http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ |access-date=2021-07-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Marry Kooy 2011, p.153">Sandra Evers et Marry Kooy, Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers, vol. Volume 1 : African History, Brill, 2011, 293 p. ({{ISBN|9004202609}}), p.153</ref> Bancoult ma'aikacin lantarki ne kuma mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin haƙƙin Chagoss na dawowa daga Mauritius zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali.[1] Ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka na shari'a da yawa game da gudun hijira na Chagos Islanders. An zabe shi sau da yawa a matsayin shugaban asusun jin dadin jama'a na Chagossian, wanda ke da alhakin rarraba har zuwa rupees miliyan 7 a kowace shekara don taimakon gwamnatin Mauritius.[2] Ya kasance daya daga cikin mazauna tsibirin biyar waɗanda, a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2022, suka shiga bakin rairayin bakin teku na Peros Banhos, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai da suka hada da tsibirin Chagos da aka mamaye, saboda [[Moris|Mauritius]] ta sami nasarar shari'a tare da [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]]. A shekara ta 2023, an zabi shi don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya, tare da Liseby Elysé, wata mace ta Chagossian wacce ta ba da shaida a madadin Mauritius a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a cikin shari'ar Chagos a kan Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edouard |first=Olivia |date=2023-02-09 |title=Le Groupe réfugiés Chagos, Olivier Bancoult et Liseby Élysé candidats au Prix Nobel de la Paix |url=https://lexpress.mu/node/418762 |website=L'Express Maurice}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Mauritius da Ingila a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 game da ba da ikon mallakar Burtaniya a kan tsibirin Chagos, Bancoult ya sadu da Firayim Minista Pravind Jugnauth don tattauna sake zama a tsibirin Chago. [1] == Dubi kuma == * Rikici na ikon mallakar tsibirin Chagos * Cire mutanen Chagos == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ thechagosrefugeesgroup.com] * R (a kan aikace-aikacen Bancoult (No 2)) v Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] guuasnbpppqo1dqgc7ut5ig28226wka 882737 882736 2026-07-14T07:33:16Z BnHamid 12586 882737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Louis Olivier Bancoult (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) ɗan ƙasar Chagossia ne mai fafutukar neman 'yancin dawowa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos (CRG).<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-05-11 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4760879.stm|title=Court victory for Chagos families |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Home CRG – Chagos Refugees Group|url=http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/|access-date=2021-07-11|language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1964 a tsibirin Peros Banhos a cikin Tsibirin Chagos, daga inda An cire shi da karfi yana da shekaru hudu kuma aka kai shi [[Moris|Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Natasha |date=2000-07-13 |title=Island strife |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/jul/13/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1 |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A mayar da martani, mahaifiyarsa Rita Élysée Bancoult, tare da masu fafutuka Charlesia Alexis da Lisette Talate, sun kafa CRG a shekarar 1982.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Home CRG – Chagos Refugees Group |url=http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ |access-date=2021-07-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Marry Kooy 2011, p.153">Sandra Evers et Marry Kooy, Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers, vol. Volume 1 : African History, Brill, 2011, 293 p. ({{ISBN|9004202609}}), p.153</ref> Bancoult ma'aikacin lantarki ne kuma mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin haƙƙin Chagoss na dawowa daga Mauritius zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali.[1] Ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka na shari'a da yawa game da gudun hijira na Chagos Islanders. An zabe shi sau da yawa a matsayin shugaban asusun jin dadin jama'a na Chagossian, wanda ke da alhakin rarraba har zuwa rupees miliyan 7 a kowace shekara don taimakon gwamnatin Mauritius.[2] Ya kasance daya daga cikin mazauna tsibirin biyar waɗanda, a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2022, suka shiga bakin rairayin bakin teku na Peros Banhos, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai da suka hada da tsibirin Chagos da aka mamaye, saboda [[Moris|Mauritius]] ta sami nasarar shari'a tare da [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]]. A shekara ta 2023, an zabi shi don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya, tare da Liseby Elysé, wata mace ta Chagossian wacce ta ba da shaida a madadin Mauritius a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a cikin shari'ar Chagos a kan Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edouard |first=Olivia |date=2023-02-09 |title=Le Groupe réfugiés Chagos, Olivier Bancoult et Liseby Élysé candidats au Prix Nobel de la Paix |url=https://lexpress.mu/node/418762 |website=L'Express Maurice}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Mauritius da Ingila a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 game da ba da ikon mallakar Burtaniya a kan tsibirin Chagos, Bancoult ya sadu da Firayim Minista Pravind Jugnauth don tattauna sake zama a tsibirin Chago. [1] == Dubi kuma == * Rikici na ikon mallakar tsibirin Chagos * Cire mutanen Chagos == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://thechagosrefugeesgroup.com/home-crg/ thechagosrefugeesgroup.com] * R (a kan aikace-aikacen Bancoult (No 2)) v Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] ojgo56knsmbh45daelbqi581qusu4d7 Amina (2021 film) 0 152108 882856 877971 2026-07-14T10:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.<ref>Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-11-04). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb "''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207214718/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb |date=2023-12-07 }}". ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 2022-06-24.</ref> == Labari == Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau.<ref>Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-10-14). [https://www.pulse.ng/story/amina-twitter-critics-call-out-izu-ojukwu-over-language-choice-2024081900314155863 "Twitter critics react to ''Amina'' trailer over language choice". ''Pulse Nigeria''.] Retrieved 2022-06-24.</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala * Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya * Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh == Liyafar maraba == An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | rowspan="13" | 2022 | rowspan="13" | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa | Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- | Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa | Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane | Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi | Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske | Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti | Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti | Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya | Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi Kyawun Marubuci | Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai | Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka | Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar | Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Darakta | Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == ryl69in9zjxcsofuchsewa71crmofz4 Adelola Adeloye 0 152202 882763 840011 2026-07-14T07:49:04Z BnHamid 12586 882763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adelola Adeloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1935 – ya rasu 6 ga Afrilu 2021) fitaccen likitan kwakwalwa ne (neurosurgeon), malami, marubuci kuma masanin tarihin magani daga Nijeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farko-farkon likitocin kwakwalwa na Nijeriya kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin tiyatar kwakwalwa a Afirka. Ya shahara ne musamman saboda gano cutar da aka fi sani da '''Adeloye–Odeku disease''' tare da Farfesa Emanuel Latunde Odeku a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Adeloye a garin Ilesa da ke jihar Osun, yayin da asalin danginsa ya fito daga Ikole-Ekiti a jihar Ekiti. Ya yi karatun firamare a St. Paul’s CMS Elementary School daga shekarar 1941 zuwa 1946 kafin ya wuce Christ’s School, Ado-Ekiti, inda ya kammala makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1952.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1960 ya yi karatun likitanci a University College Ibadan (wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Ibadan), inda ya samu digirin MBBS. Bayan haka ya ci gaba da horo a Birtaniya da Amurka a fannin tiyatar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelola Adeloye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelola_Adeloye |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Aikin likitanci == A shekarar 1967 Adeloye ya zama likita na biyu ɗan Nijeriya da ya kware a fannin tiyatar kwakwalwa. Ya yi aiki a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ibadan (UCH) a matsayin kwararren likitan kwakwalwa da malami daga 1968 zuwa 1995.<ref name="pubmed" /> A shekarar 1971, tare da Farfesa E. Latunde Odeku, sun bayyana wani nau’in ciwon ƙurjin haihuwa da ke bayyana a saman fontanelle na yara. Daga baya aka sanya masa suna '''Adeloye–Odeku disease'''. Wannan bincike ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar Afirka ga ilimin tiyatar kwakwalwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Detchou |first=Donald |title=Adelola Adeyole (1935-2021): Early descriptor of congenital dermoid or epidermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanelle and below the galea aponeurotica |journal=Neurosurgical Review |year=2024 |doi=10.1007/s10143-024-02860-9 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39256233/}}</ref> Bayan aikinsa a Nijeriya, ya kuma yi aiki a ƙasashe irin su Saudiyya, Kuwait da Malawi, inda ya taimaka wajen kafa da bunƙasa sassan tiyatar kwakwalwa da koyar da sababbin likitoci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}</ref> == Gudummawa a ilimi da tarihi == Baya ga aikin likitanci, Adeloye ya kasance marubuci kuma masanin tarihin magani. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin likitanci a Nijeriya da Afirka, ciki har da tarihin fitattun likitocin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Mourns The Exit of A Truly Great Man |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/the-college-of-medicine-university-of-ibadan-mourns-the-exit-of-a-truly-great-man |website=University of Ibadan}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai rubuce-rubuce sosai, inda ya wallafa fiye da bincike da kasidu 400 a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFESSOR ADEOLA ADELOYE (1935-2021): AN ICON IN THE ANNALS OF MEDICINE |url=https://www.naijnewsalert.com.ng/2021/04/professor-adeola-adeloye-1935-2021-icon.html |website=Naij News Alert}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da muƙamai == Adeloye ya kasance memba kuma shugaban ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na likitocin kwakwalwa a Afirka da duniya. Ya zama Honorary President for Life na World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) da kuma Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences |url=https://www.nsns.org.ng/ |website=NSNS}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Jami'ar Ibadan ta ba shi muƙamin Emeritus Professor saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin koyarwa da bincike.<ref name="pubmed" /> == Rasuwa == Farfesa Adelola Adeloye ya rasu a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 85 bayan gajeruwar rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Mourns The Exit of A Truly Great Man |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/the-college-of-medicine-university-of-ibadan-mourns-the-exit-of-a-truly-great-man |website=University of Ibadan}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/ Adelola Adeloye a PubMed] * [https://www.nsns.org.ng/ Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences] [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian neurosurgeons]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Osun State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Yoruba people]] rmozaj7m48ta0qxyjr5ftb7az1b8zjd Adesoji Adelaja 0 152204 882542 846450 2026-07-13T22:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adesoji O. Adelaja''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin tattalin arziki kuma farfesa a fannin manufofin ƙasa, noma da tsaron abinci. Yana aiki a matsayin '''John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy''' a jami'ar ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> An san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan tattalin arzikin noma, manufofin abinci, rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, amfani da ƙasa, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka musamman Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Adelaja a birnin Lagos na Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a jami'ar Pennsylvania State University inda ya samu digiri a fannin Agricultural Mechanization a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a inda ya samu digirin M.S. a Agricultural Economics a shekarar 1980, sannan M.A. a Economics a shekarar 1981, kafin ya kammala digirin PhD a Economics a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adelaja ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A lokacin yana ba da shawarar tattalin arziki ga ƙabilar Shoshone Bannock ta Amurka kan harkokin albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 1986 ya koma inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban ciki har da shugaban sashen Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, shugaban Food Policy Institute, da kuma shugaban Food Innovation Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Dean na Cook College da shugaban New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 2004 ya shiga inda ya kafa '''Land Policy Institute''' a shekarar 2006 kuma ya jagorance shi har zuwa shekarar 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/adelaja_a/?roleURL=adelaja_a |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Bincike da gudummawa == Binciken Adelaja ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * Manufofin amfani da ƙasa * Tsaron abinci * Tattalin arzikin noma * Rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya * Sauyin tattalin arziki a Afirka * Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa Ya wallafa bincike da dama kan rikicin Boko Haram, rikicin Fulani makiyaya da manoma, da tasirin rikice-rikice ga noma da tattalin arziki a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://michiganstate.academia.edu/AdesojiAdelaja |website=Academia.edu |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa shi ne bincike kan yadda rikice-rikice ke rage samar da abinci da kuma hana ci gaban noma a yankin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Productivity Growth, Resilience and Economic Transformation in SSA |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/BIFAD_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_Resilience_and_Economic_Transformation_in_SSA_Final_Report_4.20.21_2_2.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=2026-05-25 |archive-date=2025-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713051140/https://usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/BIFAD_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_Resilience_and_Economic_Transformation_in_SSA_Final_Report_4.20.21_2_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == A tsawon aikinsa, Adelaja ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga jami'o'i da hukumomi saboda gudummawarsa a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta saka sunansa cikin jerin fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Mutanen Najeriya]] okb7ocs62yl0o5wxe70mv6st9r8w35q Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie 0 152223 882798 840132 2026-07-14T08:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie | image = | birth_place = Awgu, Jihar Enugu, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, malami, shugaban jami'a | employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN); Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT) | known_for = Nazarin siyasa, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, tattalin arzikin siyasa | title = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na ESUT }} '''Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma farfesa a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya yi suna wajen bincike da koyarwa a kan siyasar Najeriya, tsarin mulki, tsaro, da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA)''' daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2021, sannan kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na '''Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT)''' a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Okolie a garin Awgu da ke Jihar Enugu a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin Political/Administrative Studies a Jami'ar Port Harcourt inda ya kammala a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ya samu digiri na biyu (M.Sc.) da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarun 1996 da 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2004 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka samu tallafin '''Fulbright Scholar''' domin nazarin manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu govt appoints Prof. Okolie as ESUT new Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.otowngist.com/2022/04/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-okolie-as-esut-new-vice-chancellor/ |work=OtownGist |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Okolie ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a lokacin yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 1993. A shekarar 1995 ya zama malami a Institute of Ecumenical Education Thinkers’ Corner da ke Enugu. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 1997 a matsayin malami a sashen kimiyyar siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Okolie, Aloysius-michaels Nnabugwu |url=https://pages.esut.edu.ng/teacher/22088 |website=ESUT Staff Profile |access-date=25 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2025-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207170755/http://pages.esut.edu.ng/teacher/22088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2009 aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kuma riƙe muƙaman shugabanci daban-daban kamar shugaban Faculty of Social Sciences a UNN da shugaban kungiyar ASUU ta reshen jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu Appoints Prof Okolie New Vice Chancellor Of ESUT |url=https://independent.ng/enugu-appoints-prof-okolie-new-vice-chancellor-of-esut/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A ranar 4 Afrilu 2022 gwamnatin Jihar Enugu ta naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar ESUT.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu Govt. Appoints Prof. Nnabugwu Okolie As ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2022/04/05/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-nnabugwu-okolie-as-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=West African Pilot News |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa a harkar siyasa == Okolie ya yi fice wajen sharhi kan matsalolin dimokuraɗiyya, shugabanci, tsaro, da cin hanci a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NPSA, ya yi kira ga sake fasalin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya domin magance talauci da rashin tsaro.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stakeholders call for overhaul of democratic practice in Nigeria |url=https://blueprint.ng/stakeholders-call-for-overhaul-of-democratic-practice-in-nigeria/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=24 Oktoba 2019 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau ya bayyana cewa shugabannin siyasa a Najeriya suna bai wa matasa “ƙaryar fata” ta hanyar rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci da cin hanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political leadership giving Nigerian youths false hope – NPSA |url=https://authorityngr.com/2020/08/24/political-leadership-giving-nigerian-youths-false-hope-npsa/ |work=Authority News |date=24 Agusta 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Okolie ya rubuta littattafai da dama a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai: * ''Political Behaviour'' (2004) * ''Statistics for Political Data Analysis'' (2005) * ''Politics of Development and Underdevelopment'' (2017) Haka kuma ya shirya wasu littattafai kan hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin siyasa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan tsaro, siyasar Najeriya, Boko Haram, da tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Securitization of Politics and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Boko Haram Experience |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/download/25491/26195 |website=International Affairs and Global Strategy |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Martaba == Okolie mamba ne a ƙungiyoyi da dama na masana ilimi a Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya. Haka kuma yana da taken '''Knight of the Order of St. Mulumba'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar siyasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Enugu]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ljsge55qee3lr6c34j6atec8x56hkng Elizabeth Becker (dan siyasa) 0 152319 882759 840468 2026-07-14T07:46:44Z BnHamid 12586 882759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elizabeth Celeste Becker (an haife ta 6 Oktoba 1969) yar siyasa ce ta Namibiya daga Popular Democratic Movement.[1] An zabe ta mamba a majalisar dokokin Namibiya a shekarar 2020. Becker ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Jama'ar United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2024-08-01 |title=UPM President's move to fire three party members declared unconstitutional by court |url=https://informante.web.na/?p=360902 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Informanté |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 7 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8jlrgtkr3plerzwr12fzu94uw3xw1iy 882760 882759 2026-07-14T07:48:21Z BnHamid 12586 882760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elizabeth Celeste Becker (an haife ta 6 Oktoba 1969) yar siyasa ce ta Namibiya daga Popular Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Becker, Elizabeth (Recalled 2023) |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/becker-elizabeth/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Namibian of Parliament |language=en-US}}</ref> An zabe ta mamba a majalisar dokokin Namibiya a shekarar 2020. Becker ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Jama'ar United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2024-08-01 |title=UPM President's move to fire three party members declared unconstitutional by court |url=https://informante.web.na/?p=360902 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Informanté |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 7 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cih9s7le4emdl0el9khodttp8njpirn 882761 882760 2026-07-14T07:48:42Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Elizabeth Becker (masanin siyasa)]] to [[Elizabeth Becker (dan siyasa)]] 882760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elizabeth Celeste Becker (an haife ta 6 Oktoba 1969) yar siyasa ce ta Namibiya daga Popular Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Becker, Elizabeth (Recalled 2023) |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/becker-elizabeth/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Namibian of Parliament |language=en-US}}</ref> An zabe ta mamba a majalisar dokokin Namibiya a shekarar 2020. Becker ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Jama'ar United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2024-08-01 |title=UPM President's move to fire three party members declared unconstitutional by court |url=https://informante.web.na/?p=360902 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Informanté |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 7 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cih9s7le4emdl0el9khodttp8njpirn Florence Obi 0 153265 882770 842896 2026-07-14T07:56:15Z BnHamid 12586 882770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Banku Obi''' fitacciyar malamar jami’a ce daga Najeriya wadda ta shahara a fannin ilimi da shugabancin jami’a. An fi saninta da zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin ''Vice-Chancellor'' a Jami’ar Calabar (UNICAL), wacce take a jihar Cross River, Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dornago|first1=Doris|date=|title=Why should countries in conflict prioritize education for 250 million children?|url=https://www.englishforums.com/news/prioritize-education-countries-conflict/|archive-url=|archive-date=|website=Englishforums.Com|publisher=|accessdate=September 18, 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Babu cikakkun bayanai da aka fi sani sosai game da yarinta da farkon rayuwarta a fili, amma an san ta ta fito daga Najeriya kuma ta yi karatun ta na gaba da sakandare har zuwa matakin digiri a fannin ilimi. == Karatu == Florence Obi ta yi karatu a fannin ilimi (Education) inda ta kware musamman a bangaren koyarwa da bincike a jami’a. Ta samu digiri na farko, na biyu da kuma na uku (PhD) a fannoni da suka shafi ilimi. == Ayyukan aiki == Ta fara aikinta ne a matsayin malama a jami’a, inda ta yi bincike da koyarwa tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Daga baya ta hau mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a cikin jami’a. A shekarar 2020, an nada ta matsayin Vice-Chancellor na Jami’ar Calabar (UNICAL), abin da ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba rike wannan mukami a tarihin jami’ar. == Gudummawa == Florence Obi ta bayar da gudummawa sosai a fannin: * Inganta tsarin ilimi a Najeriya * Bincike kan koyarwa da ci gaban dalibai * Shugabanci a jami’o’i * Ƙarfafa mata a fannin ilimi == Nasarori == * Mace ta farko Vice-Chancellor na UNICAL * Jagora a fannin ilimin jami’a a Najeriya * Gudummawa ga manufofin ilimi a matakin kasa == Duba kuma == * Jami’ar Calabar * Ilimi a Najeriya * Shugabancin jami’o’i a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] nfbz57iwppmhfmd663wrti3jmc227bd Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze 0 153419 882769 843304 2026-07-14T07:54:14Z BnHamid 12586 882769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1962) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin Addini da Ɗabi'a (Religion and Ethics). Ya yi aiki a Sashen Nazarin Addini da Al'adu na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka – UNN), kuma ya kasance shugaban jami'ar farko (Pioneer Vice-Chancellor) na Coal City University daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Okwueze a garin Nsukka da ke Jihar Enugu, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Anglican Grammar School, wanda yanzu ake kira Nsukka High School. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare da sakamako mai kyau, ya shiga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin Addini da sakamakon First Class Honors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.everybodywiki.com/Okwueze_Malachy_Ikechukwu |title=Okwueze Malachy Ikechukwu |website=EverybodyWiki |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Daga baya ya samu digirin MA a shekarar 1989 da kuma PhD a fannin Addini a shekarar 1995 daga wannan jami'a. Haka kuma ya karanci shari'a a University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC), inda ya samu digirin LL.B kuma ya yi fice a fannin Commercial Law. A shekarar 1996 an kira shi zuwa Nigerian Bar bayan kammala karatu a Nigerian Law School da ke Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Okwueze ya yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma mai bincike a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka. Ya koyar a fannonin Addini, Ɗabi'a, Al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma. Haka kuma ya rike mukamai da dama a jami'ar, ciki har da: * Shugaban Sashen Nazarin Addini da Al'adu * Dean of Student Affairs * Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a mai kula da Gudanarwa (Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration) daga 2012 zuwa 2014 * Memba na kwamitocin ilimi da bincike daban-daban na jami'a Sashen da ya yi aiki a cikinsa yana daga cikin tsoffin sassan ilimi na UNN kuma yana mai da hankali kan nazarin Kiristanci, Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka da Musulunci a mahallin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/academics/faculties/social-sciences/religion/ |title=Religion and Cultural Studies Department |publisher=University of Nigeria, Nsukka |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Shugabancin Coal City University == A shekarar 2016, Okwueze ya zama shugaban jami'a na farko (Pioneer Vice-Chancellor) na Coal City University da ke Enugu. A lokacin shugabancinsa ya taimaka wajen kafa tsarin gudanarwa, shirye-shiryen karatu da bunƙasa jami'ar a matakin farko na ci gabanta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Ayyukan gwamnati == Baya ga aikin ilimi, Okwueze ya shiga harkokin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Jihar Enugu. Ya taba zama Mataimakin Babban Ma'aikacin Gwamna (Deputy Chief of Staff) a gwamnatin Gwamna Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin kwamitocin gyaran harkokin gwamnati da ci gaban ayyukan jama'a a jihar Enugu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da jawabai == A shekarar 2012, lokacin da aka nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar UNN mai kula da Gudanarwa, ya yi kira ga shugabanni da al'ummar Najeriya da su rungumi kyawawan dabi'u da gaskiya domin magance matsalolin da ke addabar ƙasar. Ya bayyana cewa addini na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina ɗabi'a da zaman lafiya a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/new-unn-deputy-vc-makes-case-for-true-moral-re-armament/amp/ |title=New UNN Deputy VC makes case for true moral re-armament |website=Vanguard News |date=2012-06-02 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> A shekarar 2014 ya kuma yi kira ga matasa da kada su bari a yi amfani da su wajen tashin hankali ko rikice-rikicen siyasa, yana mai jaddada muhimmancin zaman lafiya da shugabanci nagari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/election-fever-shun-violence-dont-be-political-pawns-don-2024080116530685372 |title=Shun Violence, Don't Be Political Pawns — Don |website=Pulse Nigeria |date=2014-08-07 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: * ''Ethics, Religion and Society: Biblical, Traditional and Contemporary Perspectives'' * ''Religion and Societal Development: Contemporary Nigerian Perspectives'' * ''Religion, Culture and Secularism: Beyond the Western Paradigm'' * ''The Church and Entrepreneurship: Hope for the Youth in Nigeria'' (tare da D.C. Ononogbu) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_Ikechukwu_Okwueze |title=Malachy Ikechukwu Okwueze |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Okwueze ya samu yabo saboda haɗa ilimin addini da na shari'a a aikinsa. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malamai a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, inda ya horar da ɗalibai da masu bincike da dama a fannin Addini da Nazarin Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/academics/faculties/social-sciences/religion/ |title=Religion and Cultural Studies Department |publisher=University of Nigeria, Nsukka |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1962]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Nigerian professors]] [[Category:University of Nigeria alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Nigeria]] [[Category:People from Enugu State]] [[Category:Religion scholars]] 3bjineqova4n7bq150h8s0p3hx5d0nr Abiodun Alao 0 153458 882468 843374 2026-07-13T19:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abiodun Alao | birth_name = Charles Abiodun Alao | birth_date = 1961 | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masanin harkokin Afirka, marubuci | employer = King's College London | known_for = Nazarin harkokin tsaro, siyasa da ci gaban Afirka | education = Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, King's College London }} '''Abiodun Alao''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1961) masanin ilimi ne ɗan Najeriya, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Afirka (African Studies), kuma marubuci wanda ya yi fice wajen bincike kan harkokin tsaro, siyasa, albarkatun ƙasa, rikice-rikice da ci gaban Afirka. Yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Nazarin Afirka a King's College London kuma ya kasance daga cikin manyan masana da suka yi tasiri wajen fahimtar matsalolin tsaro da ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 1 == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abiodun Alao a Najeriya cikin iyalin malamai. Ya yi karatun firamare a garuruwan Iwo da Ogbomosho, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Fiditi Grammar School da Federal Government College, Ilorin. Bayan haka ya samu digirin farko (BA) a Tarihi daga University of Ibadan a shekarar 1983, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir na biyu (MA) a Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga Obafemi Awolowo University (wacce a lokacin ake kira University of Ife) a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 4 Daga baya ya tafi Birtaniya inda ya yi karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin War Studies a King's College London a matsayin Ford Foundation Scholar. Ya kammala bincikensa kan tasirin yaƙin neman 'yancin Zimbabwe ga tsaro da harkokin siyasa a yankin Kudancin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 5 == Aikin koyarwa == Alao ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1985 a Sashen Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ife. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Visiting Research Associate a Jami'ar Zimbabwe. Ya shiga King's College London a shekarun 1990, inda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban kafin ya zama Farfesa na Nazarin Afirka a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 6 Har ila yau, ya taba zama Daraktan Cibiyar African Leadership Centre, sannan ya yi aikin koyarwa a matsayin Visiting Professor a Nigerian Defence Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/prof-abiodun-alao |title=Prof. Abiodun Alao |publisher=African Leadership Centre |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 8 == Bincike da gudummawa == Abiodun Alao ya mayar da hankali kan bincike a fannoni kamar: * Tsaro da zaman lafiya a Afirka * Siyasa da hulɗar ƙasashen duniya * Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa * Rikice-rikicen addini * Ci gaban ƙasashen Afirka * Jagoranci da manufofin ƙasa Ya gudanar da ayyuka da shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyi da dama na duniya, ciki har da: * United Nations * African Union * European Union * World Bank * ECOWAS Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar kwararru da ta ba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shawara kan yakin basasar Saliyo, sannan ya taimaka wajen tsara takardun manufofin tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka da Liberia bayan yaƙin basasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/prof-abiodun-alao |title=Prof. Abiodun Alao |publisher=African Leadership Centre |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 14 == Muhimman littattafai == Abiodun Alao ya wallafa littattafai da dama, daga cikinsu akwai: * ''Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa'' (1994) * ''The Burden of Collective Goodwill: The International Involvement in the Liberian Civil War'' (1996) * ''Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy of Endowment'' (2007) * ''Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe'' (2012) * ''China and African Security'' (2017) * ''A New Narrative for Africa: Voice and Agency'' (2019) * ''Rage and Carnage in the Name of God: Religious Violence in Nigeria'' (2022) * ''Religion, Public Health and Human Security in Nigeria'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-narrative-for-africa-voice-and-agency |title=A New Narrative for Africa: Voice and Agency |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rage-and-carnage-in-the-name-of-god-religious-violence-in-nigeria |title=Rage and Carnage in the Name of God |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> 15 == Girmamawa == A ranar 26 Afrilu 2016, Abiodun Alao ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Baƙaƙen 'yan Afirka na farko da suka gabatar da Inaugural Lecture a King's College London tun bayan kafuwar jami'ar a shekarar 1829. Lakcarsa mai taken ''"Africa: A Voice to be Heard, Not a Problem to be Solved"'' ta samu kulawa sosai a fagen ilimi da nazarin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/university-of-london-nigerian-become-first-black-scholar-to-give-lecture-2024080515043859471 |title=Nigerian become first black scholar to give lecture |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=2026-05-30 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 16 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian educators]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian writers]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]] [[Category:King's College London alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of King's College London]] [[Category:Nigerian political scientists]] [[Category:Nigerian scholars]] 66kzh3qkosepkgu21vxgs6gx3qo1dc0 Abiodun Layonu 0 153955 882469 844783 2026-07-13T19:35:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abiodun Layonu | image = | birth_name = Abiodun Ishola Layonu | birth_date = 24 Disamba 1960 | birth_place = Jihar Osun, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Jami'ar Ife; London School of Economics | occupation = Lauya, mai shiga tsakani (arbitrator) | known_for = Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN) | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria }} '''Abiodun Ishola Layonu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma mai riƙe da muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Ya shahara a fannonin dokokin kasuwanci, shari'o'in gine-gine, dokokin kadarori, sulhu da sasanci (arbitration), da kuma harkokin dawo da basussuka da gyaran kasuwanci. Ya kasance babban abokin hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Abiodun Layonu (SAN) & Co'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Abiodun Ishola Layonu a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1960 a Jihar Osun, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun sakandare a '''Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo''' tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1976. Bayan haka ya samu digirin LL.B (Hons) daga '''Jami'ar Ife''' (yanzu '''Obafemi Awolowo University''') a shekarar 1981. Daga bisani ya samu digirin LL.M daga '''London School of Economics and Political Science''' a shekarar 1984, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1989. An kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Layonu ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Kusamotu, Olojo & Co.''' a Legas. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'in shari'a a '''London Borough of Southwark''' a Birtaniya, tare da koyar da darussan shari'a a matsayin malami na ɗan lokaci a '''Willesden College of Technology''' da ke Landan. Daga baya ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Abiodun Layonu (SAN) & Co.''', wanda ke ba da hidimomi a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a ciki har da dokokin kamfanoni, harkokin banki, kadarori, da kuma dokokin teku (admiralty law).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/about.html |title=About Abiodun Layonu & Co. |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905180743/http://layonuandco.com/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Muƙamai da ƙwarewa == Layonu ya yi aiki a hukumomi da kwamitoci daban-daban na gwamnati a Jihohin Oyo da Osun, ciki har da '''Land Use and Allocation Committee''' da kuma '''Local Government Service Commission'''. Haka kuma ya kasance memba kuma ɗan ƙwararre a '''Chartered Institute of Arbitrators'''. Ya kasance shugaban '''Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN)''', ƙungiyar da ke kula da harkokin dawo da kamfanoni da warware matsalolin rashin biyan bashi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Kamfanoni da shugabanci == Baya ga aikin lauya, Layonu ya kasance darekta a kamfanoni da dama a Najeriya. Daga cikin kamfanonin da aka ambace shi a matsayin darekta akwai '''Stabilini Visinoni Ltd''' da kuma '''Bi-Courtney Ltd''', kamfanin da ke da alhakin gudanar da Terminal 2 na filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed da ke Legas. Wannan ya nuna rawar da yake takawa wajen haɗa ilimin shari'a da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shahararrun shari'o'i == A shekarar 2025, Layonu ya samu karɓuwa a kafafen yaɗa labarai bayan ya wakilci '''General Hydrocarbons Limited (GHL)''' a wata shari'a da ta shafi '''Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON)'''. Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin halastaccen lauya mai wakiltar kamfanin bayan wata takaddama da ta taso kan wanda ke da ikon wakiltar GHL a kotu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/news/court-bars-amcon-lawyer-from-representing-ghl-for-violating-order/ |title=Court bars AMCON lawyer from representing GHL for violating order |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punchng.com/court-to-rule-on-counsel-dispute-in-general-hydrocarbons-case/ |title=Court to rule on counsel dispute in general hydrocarbons case |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya bayyana a wasu manyan shari'o'i na kasuwanci da kadarori a Najeriya, inda ya wakilci mutane da kamfanoni a gaban manyan kotuna. A shekarar 2025, ya wakilci ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma a wata shari'ar da gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta shigar kan zargin jabun takardun fili da rushe kadarori a yankin Lekki.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.legalnigeria.com/two-lawyers-estate-developer-arraigned-for-forgery-demolition/ |title=Two lawyers, estate developer arraigned for forgery, demolition |work=Legal Nigeria |date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == An ba Layonu muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2009, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa da ake bai wa lauyoyi a Najeriya saboda ƙwarewa da gudummawar da suka bayar ga harkar shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9orwv1bgf80e9sjmr4couhqt6nu459v . Lawrence Omole 0 153966 882743 844796 2026-07-14T07:37:01Z BnHamid 12586 Redirected page to [[Lawrence Omole]] 882743 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lawrence Omole]] lswc2bpyn75rdvvxlj49i7aji28kqof Ambaliyar Ruwan Somaliya 0 154209 882834 845347 2026-07-14T09:58:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Somaliya''' rukuni ne na [[ambaliyar ruwa]] da ke faruwa kowace shekara a ƙasar [[Somaliya]] . Ambaliyar ruwa ta faru ne sakamakon ruwan sama na Gu, wanda shine ruwan sama kamar damina da ke zuwa kowace Maris a yankin. <ref name="floodlist">{{Cite web |last=Lawson, Mark |date=20 May 2013 |title=50,000 Displaced in Somalia Floods |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-may-2013 |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Kowace shekara, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan ruwan sama na Gu daga Maris zuwa Yuli, ambaliyar ruwa ta afkawa yankunan ƙananan [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] da ƙananan [[Kogin Shebelle|Shabelle]] na Somaliya. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa ta faru ne sakamakon barna da ɓarna, suna haifar da asarar rayuka da kuma ƙaura. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tasirin ambaliyar ruwa ya ƙaru idan aka kwatanta da ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Somaliya da kuma rashin ingantattun hanyoyin shiri, kuma ana iya misalta su ta hanyar dalilan yanayi. == Ruwan sama na Gu == Lokacin Somaliya ya haɗa da Xagaa daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, Dayr daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, Jilal daga Disamba zuwa Maris, da Gu daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa Yuni. <ref name="MongaBay">{{Cite web |title=Somalia - GEOGRAPHY |url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/somalia/GEOGRAPHY.html |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> Lokacin Xagaa da Jilal sun fi bushewa, kuma suna iya haifar da fari. <ref name="MongaBay" /> Akasin haka, lokacin Dayr da Gu suna da ruwan sama mafi yawa, inda Gu shine lokacin ruwan sama mafi ƙarfi a cikin biyun. Ambaliyar da ke girgiza yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar sakamakon ruwan sama na Gu da ke faɗuwa kowace shekara. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga ruwan sama yana kwarara zuwa ƙananan wurare kusa da kwarin [[Kogin Jubba]] da kwarin [[Kogin Shebelle|Kogin Shabelle]] a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani ruwa mai yawa da ke kwarara daga koguna biyu shi ma zai iya taimakawa wajen kwararar ruwa. Ruwan yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa ga al'ummomin da ke yankin kwaruruka biyu na koguna. Yayin da ruwan sama na Gu ke faɗuwa kowace shekara, Kogin Jubba da kwaruruka na Shabelle suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa kowace shekara saboda yanayin ƙasa da yanayin yankin. == Ƙarfafa Noma == Baya ga ambaliyar ruwa, Somaliya ma tana fama da [[fari]] mai tsanani. An yi wa fari da ke faruwa a ƙasar lakabi da "Matsalar Jinƙai Mafi Muni". <ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite web |last=Muhumed, Malkhadir |date=10 June 2011 |title=Somalia Drought Is 'Worst Humanitarian Crisis': U.N. |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/somalia-drought-worst-humanitarian-crisis-_n_894072.html |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> Farin yana shafar noma a ƙasar. Noma da kiwon dabbobi suna da babban gudummawa ga GDP na Somaliya. <ref name="povertyportal">{{Cite web |title=Geography, agriculture and the economy |url=http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/ar/country/geography/tags/somalia |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Manyan yankunan noma suna cikin ƙananan kogunan Jubba da Shabelle. <ref name="povertyportal" /> Don haka, a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana kallon ruwan sama na Gu da kyau, yayin da yake ƙarewa na dogon lokaci, bushewa, kuma yana kawo kyakkyawan wurin kiwo a ƙananan inda ruwan sama ke kwarara. Wannan ruwan sama yana sauƙaƙa noma, yana kawo abubuwan gina jiki don ci gaban amfanin gona, da kuma namun daji su sami tallafi. Ambaliyar ruwa tana kawo wartsakewa ga gonakin da fari ya shafa, kuma tana farfaɗo da ƙasa don girma. <ref name="floodlist"/> == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Fayil:2016_27_Beletweyne_Flooding-4_(27309119055).jpg|thumb|Titunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Beledweyne, 2016]] === Haɓakawar ɗan adam yana ƙaruwa zuwa lalacewa === Al'ummomi da gwamnatin Somaliya sun yi aiki ta hanyoyin da ke ƙara yawan lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, ana tilasta wa mutane da yawa zama a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ambaliyar ruwa, don haka, sun fi fuskantar lalacewa da asarar rayuka sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin agajin ambaliyar ruwa da gwamnati ke kula da su yanzu sun lalace bayan fara Yaƙin Basasa na Somaliya . Ganin cewa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta yanzu ba ta da cikakken iko a kan ƙasar, babu wata hukuma da za ta iya kula da agajin gaggawa, ko kuma ta yi nasarar sarrafa hanyoyin agajin ambaliyar ruwa, waɗanda ke rarraba ruwan ambaliyar ruwa daga yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Waɗannan hanyoyin agajin ambaliyar ruwa, musamman waɗanda ke kusa da kwarurukan kogin Jubba da Shabelle, ba su da aiki kuma ba sa kare yankunansu. <ref name="floodforecasting" /> Haka kuma, lalacewar gabar kogin don amfanin ban ruwa yana sa kogunan su kumbura kuma su yi ambaliya cikin sauƙi. <ref name="floodforecasting" /> === Ƙoƙarin rage barna === An yi hasashen cewa an yi yunƙurin shawo kan illolin ambaliyar ruwa da dama. A shekarar 2007, haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyoyi kamar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], Aikin Gudanar da Bayanai kan Ruwa da Ƙasa na Somaliya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da sauransu sun ba da shawarar wani sabon tsarin gargaɗi da wuri don taimakawa wajen gano ambaliyar ruwa da wuri don ba da damar ƙaura da kuma rufewa. Tsarin gargaɗin farko, wanda zai ba da ƙarin lokaci don ƙaura da shiri ya kasance mai tsada, kuma yana da wahalar sarrafawa cikin nasara a yankin. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana ba da taimakon jin kai ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. === Rashin tallafin da ake buƙata === Saboda yanayin siyasar Somaliya a yanzu, sau da yawa taimako yana da wahalar samu saboda tsoron rashin tsari a cikin ƙasar. <ref name="2006site">{{Cite web |title=Flooding 2006 |url=http://www.biyokulule.com/Flooding%202006.htm |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521074823/http://www.biyokulule.com/Flooding%202006.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da matsayin masanin yanayi wanda zai kula da shirye-shiryen gargaɗi da wuri da gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="vacancy">{{Cite web |title=Meteorologist, Mogadishu, Somalia |url=http://unjobs.org/vacancies/1369084145989 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Matsayin bai cika ba. Tsoron tsarin siyasa da rashin kuɗi galibi suna takaita duk wani ra'ayi game da yadda za a shawo kan sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. === Juriya === Saboda rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki a ƙasar, waɗanda abin ya shafa galibi suna fuskantar mummunan tasiri. A ambaliyar ruwa ta baya-bayan nan ta watan Mayun 2013, an ruwaito cewa yara bakwai sun mutu, kuma sama da mutane 50,000 sun rasa matsuguni a gefen ruwa. <ref name="floodlist"/> Tare da ƙarancin fasahar hasashen ambaliyar ruwa, da ƙarancin kuɗi don gina gidaje masu kyau, ko samar da sufuri daga yankunan da abin ya shafa, adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa yana ƙaruwa sosai. Tare da ambaliyar ruwa, yawan mutanen Somaliya yana fama da fari, matsalar abinci, <ref name="africawitness">{{Cite web |last=Isilow, Hassan |date=11 October 2012 |title=Flood victims in Somalia urgently need help |url=http://africawitness.wordpress.com/tag/flash-floods/ |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Africa witness}}</ref> da cututtuka. Wasu cututtuka suna yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga ambaliyar ruwa kuma yawan [[sauro]] yana ƙaruwa. Barkewar cutar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], da barkewar cutar Ebola sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa ne kai tsaye, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga jama'ar [[Ɗan Adam|bil'adama]] . <ref name="diseases">{{Cite web |last=Dennis, Staci |date=26 January 2007 |title=War-torn Somalia battles floods, malaria |url=http://www.ob.org/programs/disaster_relief/news/2007/dr_2007_0126_Somalia_relief.asp |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Operation Blessing International |archive-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228235621/http://www.ob.org/programs/disaster_relief/news/2007/dr_2007_0126_Somalia_relief.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Al'ummomin da ke yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa ba su da juriya ga matsalolin da ambaliyar ruwa ke kawowa, kuma wannan yana haifar da babbar barna ga dukiya da rayuwar ɗan adam. == Bayanan tarihi == Ruwan sama na Guga yana kawo ruwan sama na shekara-shekara zuwa yankin kudu maso yammacin Somaliya. Tare da ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa kusan koyaushe tana shafar filayen ambaliyar ruwa ta wata hanya. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, barnar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi ta yi muni sosai, inda a shekarun 2006, 2011, 2012, da 2013 suka haifar da barna mai yawa fiye da da. <ref name="floodlist"/> * A shekara ta 2006, ambaliyar ruwan ta kasance ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni a [[Gabashin Afirka]] cikin shekaru 50. <ref name="2006site"/> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwan ta nutsar da dabbobi, ta mamaye amfanin gona, ta kwashe gidaje, sannan ta jefa jama'a cikin yunwa a kan ma'aunin da ba a taɓa gani ba. <ref name="2006site" /> Ambaliyar ruwan ta 2006 ta shafi akalla mutane 300,000, <ref name="2006flood">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie, David |date=6 December 2006 |title=Somalia floods devastate communities |url=http://www.unicef.org/emerg/somalia_37396.html |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> * Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 2007 ta raba akalla mutane 400,000 da muhallansu. <ref name="2007flood">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2013 |title=2007 Humanitarian appeal for Somalia launched as droughts, flood and conflict exacerbate the country's dire humanitarian situation |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/2007-humanitarian-appeal-somalia-launched-droughts-flood-and-conflict-exacerbate |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=reliefweb}}</ref> * Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 2011 ta raba gidaje akalla 1,000 da muhallinsu. <ref name="2011flood">{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Floods - Oct 2011 |url=http://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2011-000161-som |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=reliefweb}}</ref> * A shekarar 2012, akalla mutane 25 ne ambaliyar ta kashe, dabbobi 5,000 suka nutse, sannan mutane 20,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. <ref name="2012flood">{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Floods - Sep 2012 |url=http://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2012-000173-som |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=reliefweb}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, akalla mutane 7 suka mutu, kuma mutane 50,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. <ref name="floodlist"/> * A shekarar 2018, mutane 215,000 sun rasa matsugunansu, yayin da sama da mutane 630,000 suka fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa. * A shekarar 2019, sama da mutane 500,000 ambaliyar ruwan ta raba da gidajensu. <ref name="AP_2020">{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2020 |title=UN: Floods in central Somalia hit nearly 1 million people |url=https://hosted.ap.org/reformer/article/d0c08c8648d6c1c72b97afd46c0ff192/un-floods-central-somalia-hit-nearly-1-million-people |website=AP.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * A shekarar 2020, kusan mutane miliyan 1 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, inda mutane 400,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Gundumar Beledweyne ita ce yankin da abin ya fi shafa, inda kauyuka 25 da kuma kashi 85% na garin Beledweyne suka shafa. Kashi 40% na mazauna Jowhar suma sun rasa matsugunansu. <ref name="AP_2020" /> == Kwatantawa da irin waɗannan rikice-rikice na halitta == Idan aka kwatanta da ambaliyar ruwa ta Colorado ta 2013, ambaliyar ruwan Somaliya ta faru a irin wannan lokaci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ambaliyar ruwan Somaliya da ambaliyar ruwa ta Colorado matsaloli ne na halitta da suka faru sakamakon ruwan sama da ya shafi yankin da ba a shirya ba. Duk da haka, saboda bambancin tattalin arziki, tsari, kayayyakin more rayuwa, fasaha, martani da taimako, yankin Somaliya ya lalace fiye da yankin Colorado. A [[Colorado]], an ruwaito cewa mutane kusan goma sun mutu, kuma an lalata gidaje kusan 1,800. <ref name="boulder">{{Cite web |last=Coffman, Keith |date=19 September 2013 |title=Likely death toll in Colorado floods rises to at least 10 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-colorado-flooding-idUSBRE98I0YX20130920 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Ikon mayar da martani, kwashe mutane, da kuma kyamar jama'a ba su da ƙarfi a Somaliya kamar yadda suke a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya zama babban abin da ke haifar da bambancin adadin barnar. == Manazarta == 05isk5won5andt3wl3pz0vjusfhopb1 Ali Dussah Zubairu 0 154817 882704 847090 2026-07-14T06:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ali Dussah Zubairu | honorific_suffix = SAN, mni | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Arbitrator, Legal Consultant | education = Ahmadu Bello University | alma_mater = Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria | known_for = Legal Practice, Litigation, Arbitration, Commercial Law | title = Principal Partner, Ali Zubairu & Associates | citizenship = Nigeria }} '''Ali Dussah Zubairu''' SAN, mni, lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, mai shiga tsakani a harkokin sulhu (arbitration), kuma mashawarci a harkokin shari'a. Shi ne Babban Abokin Hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na ''Ali Zubairu & Associates'' da ke Abuja. Ya yi suna wajen gudanar da shari'o'in farar hula, na laifuffuka, harkokin kasuwanci, sulhu ta hanyar arbitration, da kuma dokokin kare bayanan sirri (privacy law).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/people/ |title=People - Ali Zubairu & Associates |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ali Dussah Zubairu ya samu digirin LL.B (Hons) a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an kira shi zuwa aikin lauya a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Haka kuma ya halarci shirin Senior Executive Course (SEC 46/2024) na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi da Dabaru ta Ƙasa (NIPSS), Kuru, Jos, wanda Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) ta ɗauki nauyinsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/people/ |title=People - Ali Zubairu & Associates |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Bayan kammala hidimar NYSC dinsa a kamfanin lauyoyi na E. A. Ibrahim Effiong & Co. a Jalingo, Jihar Taraba, Zubairu ya shiga kamfanin Y. C. Maikyau (SAN) & Co., inda ya samu horo a fannonin shari'o'in farar hula da na laifuffuka. A tsawon shekarunsa a kamfanin, ya kai matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shari'a (Head of Litigation) sannan daga bisani ya zama Shugaban Chambers. Daga baya ya kafa kamfaninsa mai suna ''Ali Zubairu & Associates''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ciarbabuja.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CIARB-LAST.pdf |title=CIArb Abuja Chapter Members Directory |publisher=Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Abuja Branch |access-date=4 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na lauya, ya wakilci mutane da hukumomi a manyan shari'o'i a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, da manyan kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a harkokin sulhu (arbitration), shawarwarin kasuwanci, harkokin banki, inshora, da kuma shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma ƙware a fannin dokokin kare bayanan sirri (Privacy Law da Data Protection), inda ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a Amurka. Kamfaninsa ya samu lasisin zama Data Protection Compliance Organisation (DPCO) daga Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Najeriya (NDPC).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/in/ali-zubairu-san-mni-b6549a60 |title=Ali Zubairu SAN mni |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Muƙamai da ƙungiyoyi == Zubairu memba ne na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA), International Bar Association (IBA), Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK/Nigeria), da Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (CITN). Haka kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin Notary Public ta hannun Babban Alƙalin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee (LPPC) ya zaɓi Ali Dussah Zubairu cikin lauyoyi 57 da aka ba matsayi mafi girma a aikin lauya na Najeriya, wato '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Wannan matsayi yana daga cikin manyan karramawa da ake bai wa fitattun lauyoyi a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/809410-lppc-names-57-lawyers-for-san-rank.html |title=LPPC names 57 lawyers for SAN rank |publisher=Premium Times |date=24 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/privileges-cttee-names-zubairu-nwaiwu-labaran-54-others-as-senior-advocates/ |title=Privileges C’ttee Names Zubairu, Nwaiwu, Labaran, 54 Others As Senior Advocates |publisher=Daily Trust |date=24 July 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ahmadu Bello University alumni]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners]] {{Infobox person | name = Ali Dussah Zubairu | honorific_suffix = SAN, mni | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Arbitrator, Legal Consultant | education = Ahmadu Bello University | alma_mater = Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria | known_for = Legal Practice, Litigation, Arbitration, Commercial Law | title = Principal Partner, Ali Zubairu & Associates | citizenship = Nigeria }} '''Ali Dussah Zubairu''' SAN, mni, lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, mai shiga tsakani a harkokin sulhu (arbitration), kuma mashawarci a harkokin shari'a. Shi ne Babban Abokin Hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na ''Ali Zubairu & Associates'' da ke Abuja. Ya yi suna wajen gudanar da shari'o'in farar hula, na laifuffuka, harkokin kasuwanci, sulhu ta hanyar arbitration, da kuma dokokin kare bayanan sirri (privacy law).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/people/ |title=People - Ali Zubairu & Associates |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ali Dussah Zubairu ya samu digirin LL.B (Hons) a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an kira shi zuwa aikin lauya a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Haka kuma ya halarci shirin Senior Executive Course (SEC 46/2024) na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi da Dabaru ta Ƙasa (NIPSS), Kuru, Jos, wanda Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) ta ɗauki nauyinsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/people/ |title=People - Ali Zubairu & Associates |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Bayan kammala hidimar NYSC dinsa a kamfanin lauyoyi na E. A. Ibrahim Effiong & Co. a Jalingo, Jihar Taraba, Zubairu ya shiga kamfanin Y. C. Maikyau (SAN) & Co., inda ya samu horo a fannonin shari'o'in farar hula da na laifuffuka. A tsawon shekarunsa a kamfanin, ya kai matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shari'a (Head of Litigation) sannan daga bisani ya zama Shugaban Chambers. Daga baya ya kafa kamfaninsa mai suna ''Ali Zubairu & Associates''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ciarbabuja.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CIARB-LAST.pdf |title=CIArb Abuja Chapter Members Directory |publisher=Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Abuja Branch |access-date=4 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na lauya, ya wakilci mutane da hukumomi a manyan shari'o'i a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, da manyan kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a harkokin sulhu (arbitration), shawarwarin kasuwanci, harkokin banki, inshora, da kuma shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma ƙware a fannin dokokin kare bayanan sirri (Privacy Law da Data Protection), inda ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a Amurka. Kamfaninsa ya samu lasisin zama Data Protection Compliance Organisation (DPCO) daga Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Najeriya (NDPC).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/mr-ali-dussah-zubairu-mni/ |title=Mr Ali Dussah Zubairu, mni |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/in/ali-zubairu-san-mni-b6549a60 |title=Ali Zubairu SAN mni |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Muƙamai da ƙungiyoyi == Zubairu memba ne na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA), International Bar Association (IBA), Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK/Nigeria), da Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (CITN). Haka kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin Notary Public ta hannun Babban Alƙalin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alizubairuandassociates.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Ali Zubairu & Associates |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee (LPPC) ya zaɓi Ali Dussah Zubairu cikin lauyoyi 57 da aka ba matsayi mafi girma a aikin lauya na Najeriya, wato '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Wannan matsayi yana daga cikin manyan karramawa da ake bai wa fitattun lauyoyi a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/809410-lppc-names-57-lawyers-for-san-rank.html |title=LPPC names 57 lawyers for SAN rank |publisher=Premium Times |date=24 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/privileges-cttee-names-zubairu-nwaiwu-labaran-54-others-as-senior-advocates/ |title=Privileges C’ttee Names Zubairu, Nwaiwu, Labaran, 54 Others As Senior Advocates |publisher=Daily Trust |date=24 July 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ahmadu Bello University alumni]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners] 3t8le9ku1eh01sweq496wxjbbmmq9e0 Aminu Sani Gadanya 0 154818 882865 847091 2026-07-14T11:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aminu Sani Gadanya | image = | caption = Aminu Sani Gadanya | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice, Nigerian Bar Association Leadership | alma_mater = Bayero University Kano | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | organization = Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) }} '''Aminu Sani Gadanya''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkokin shari'a musamman a Jihar Kano. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ya samu karɓuwa a fagen shari'a ta hanyar jagoranci da kuma ayyukan inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci. A shekarar 2025 an ba shi muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi na ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CJN swears in 57 new SANs |url=https://solacebase.com/cjn-swears-in-57-new-sans/ |publisher=SolaceBase |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> == Ilimi == Aminu Sani Gadanya ya yi karatu a '''Jami'ar Bayero da ke Kano (Bayero University Kano)''', inda ya samu digirin gaba da na gaba-gaba a fannin shari'a. Ya kammala digirin '''Master of Business and Commercial Law (MBCL)''' a shekarar 2012 sannan ya samu '''Master of Laws (LL.M)''' a shekarar 2018. Waɗannan nasarori na ilimi sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa aikinsa a harkar lauya da shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bayero University Alumnus Aminu S. Gadanya Elevated to Senior Advocate of Nigeria |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/bayero-university-alumnus-aminu-s-gadanya-elevated-to-senior-advocate-of-nigeria |publisher=MySchoolNews |date=26 July 2025}}</ref> == Aikin Shari'a == Gadanya ya shahara a matsayin lauya mai zaman kansa wanda ya kware a harkokin shari'a da gudanar da ƙara a kotuna. Ya kasance cikin fitattun lauyoyin Kano da suka gina suna a fagen kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma gudanar da manyan shari'o'i. Ayyukansa a fannin shari'a ne suka taimaka wajen samun amincewar Hukumar Ba da Muƙamin SAN domin ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=CJN swears in 57 new SANs |url=https://solacebase.com/cjn-swears-in-57-new-sans/ |publisher=SolaceBase |date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref> == Shugabancin NBA Kano == A watan Yunin 2020, Aminu Sani Gadanya ya lashe zaɓen shugabancin reshen Kano na '''Nigerian Bar Association (NBA)'''. Ya samu kuri'u 214 inda ya kayar da sauran 'yan takara a zaɓen da aka gudanar cikin lumana. Nasarar tasa ta nuna irin amincewar da lauyoyin Kano suka yi da shi wajen jagorantar ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=NBA Kano branch elects chairman |url=https://dailytrust.com/nba-kano-branch-elects-new-chairman/ |publisher=Daily Trust |date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BREAKING: Gadanya Emerges Kano NBA Chairman |url=https://independent.ng/breaking-gadanya-clinches-kano-nba-chairman/ |publisher=Independent Newspaper |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> Bayan rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban NBA na Kano, Gadanya ya bayyana aniyarsa ta ƙarfafa ayyukan bayar da tallafin shari'a kyauta ga marasa ƙarfi a cikin al'umma. Haka kuma ya yi alƙawarin ƙara horas da matasa lauyoyi da bunƙasa shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa da jagoranci a tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Kano NBA Chairman pledges Free legal aid services |url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2020/07/01/new-kano-nba-chairman-pledges-free-legal-aid-services/ |publisher=Nigerian Tracker |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga Tsarin Shari'a == A lokacin da yake shugabantar NBA Kano, Gadanya ya yi kira ga gwamnati da ta tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin kuɗaɗen bangaren shari'a domin ƙarfafa 'yancin kai na kotuna. Ya bayyana cewa samun 'yancin kuɗi ga bangaren shari'a zai taimaka wajen inganta dimokuraɗiyya da ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judicial financial autonomy key to national development – NBA |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/judicial-financial-autonomy-key-to-national-development-nba-2024081721462989081 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria (NAN) |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> Har ila yau, a shekarar 2020 ya jagoranci tawagar NBA Kano zuwa ziyara a ofishin '''Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)''' a Kano domin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin lauyoyi da hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya bayyana cewa haɗin gwiwar zai taimaka wajen inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=EFCC Seeks NBA’s Intervention Against Frivolous Motions |url=https://theyesng.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |publisher=YES International Magazine |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065812/https://theyesng.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EFCC Seeks NBA’s Intervention Against Frivolous Motions |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |publisher=The Gazelle News |date=25 August 2020}}</ref> == Karramawa == * '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' (2025) * Shugaban '''Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), Kano Branch''' (2020–2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NBA Kano branch elects chairman |url=https://dailytrust.com/nba-kano-branch-elects-new-chairman/ |publisher=Daily Trust |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 4wbwmovossx89l4zis8ie4wj2nka7wv Fedude Zimughan 0 154823 882755 847097 2026-07-14T07:43:51Z BnHamid 12586 882755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fedude Zimughan | honorific_suffix = SAN | birth_date = 28 March 1958 | birth_place = Amabulou, Ekeremor, Bayelsa State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | education = Government College, Bomadi | alma_mater = University of Nigeria, Nsukka | occupation = Lawyer | profession = Legal Practitioner | known_for = Legal practice, public service, and corporate law | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | years_active = 1983–present | organization = Fedude Zimughan & Co. }} '''Fedude Zimughan''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin harkokin shari'a kuma shugaban kamfanin lauyoyi na ''Fedude Zimughan & Co.''. An san shi da gogewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da suka haɗa da dokokin kamfanoni, dokokin muhalli, dokokin teku, dokokin man fetur da iskar gas, da kuma shari'o'in zaɓe. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Jihar Bayelsa, inda ya riƙe ma'aikatun Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Muhalli, da Ƙananan Hukumomi a lokuta daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Fedude Zimughan a ranar 28 ga Maris 1958 a garin Amabulou da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Ekeremor a Jihar Bayelsa. Ya yi karatun firamare a Local Authority Primary School da ke Amabulou tsakanin shekarun 1965 zuwa 1970. Daga baya ya halarci Government College Bomadi inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala makarantar sakandare ta West African School Certificate a shekarar 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Ya shiga jami'ar University of Nigeria, Nsukka a shekarar 1978 inda ya karanci fannin shari'a, kuma ya kammala da digirin LL.B (Hons) a shekarar 1982. Bayan haka ya halarci Nigerian Law School da ke Victoria Island, Lagos, inda aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1983 a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Zimughan ya yi aikin bautar ƙasa (NYSC) a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Kano a matsayin matashin lauya. Daga baya ya yi aiki a ofishin lauyoyi na Wilfred Ogbuadu Onoriode a Warri, Jihar Delta. A watan Oktoban shekarar 1985 ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi mai suna ''Fedude Zimughan & Co.'', wanda ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan shari'a a fannoni daban-daban na doka tsawon shekaru masu yawa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Kamfanin nasa ya ƙware a fannoni kamar dokokin kamfanoni, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, dokokin ƙasa, dokokin muhalli, dokokin teku, sulhu da sasanci, shari'o'in zaɓe, dokokin iyali da sauran ayyukan ba da shawarar shari'a ga kamfanoni da cibiyoyi na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Practice Areas |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/practice-areas/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan gwamnati == A lokacin aikinsa na lauya, gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsa ta naɗa shi kwamishina inda ya jagoranci ma'aikatun Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Muhalli, da Ƙananan Hukumomi. Ayyukansa a waɗannan mukamai sun sanya shi cikin manyan jami'an gwamnati masu tasiri a jihar a lokacin da yake aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Girmamawa da lambobin yabo == Zimughan ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin jin kai saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'umma da kuma sana'ar lauya. Haka kuma ya kasance memba na Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) tare da kasancewa mai ba da goyon baya ga Young Lawyers Forum a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an rantsar da Fedude Zimughan a matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi na ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya. An bayyana wannan matsayin a matsayin karramawa ga shekaru masu yawa na ƙwarewa da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa sana'ar lauya a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akpomudje congratulates newly sworn-in Senior Advocates of Nigeria |url=https://pebnews.com/2025/09/29/akpomudje-congratulates-newly-sworn-in-senior-advocates-of-nigeria |publisher=PEB News |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> 7 == Rayuwar sirri == Fedude Zimughan Kirista ne na darikar Katolika. Yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza da mata. Bayan aikinsa na lauya, yana sha'awar wasannin tebur (table tennis), lawn tennis da kuma iyo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Fedude Zimughan |url=https://fedudezimughanandco.com/attorney/chief-fedude-zimughan/ |publisher=Fedude Zimughan & Co. |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] bpffx06gxay31826fqjhsgkq5if03y6 Mubarak Tijani Adekilekun 0 154924 882756 847308 2026-07-14T07:44:35Z BnHamid 12586 882756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mubarak Tijani Adekilekun | honorific_suffix = SAN | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Academic | known_for = Business Law, Legal Practice | alma_mater = University of Ilorin<br>Nigerian Law School<br>Obafemi Awolowo University<br>University of Malaya | employer = University of Ilorin | organization = The Law Lounge }} '''Mubarak Tijani Adekilekun''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, malamin jami'a kuma masani a fannin dokokin kasuwanci (Business Law). Ya yi suna a harkar lauya da koyarwa, inda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a da suka haɗa da shari'o'in kasuwanci, sasanci (arbitration), da kuma dokokin kamfanoni. Haka kuma ya kasance malami a Sashen Dokokin Kasuwanci na Jami'ar Ilorin. A shekarar 2025 an naɗa shi a matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Unilorites sworn-in as silks |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/two-unilorites-sworn-in-as-silks/ |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNILORIN Produces Two New SANs |url=https://thecampulse.com/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |publisher=The Campulse |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Adekilekun ya karanci shari'a a '''Jami'ar Ilorin''' inda ya kammala digirin farko na LL.B a shekarar 2003 da sakamako mai daraja ta ''Second Class Upper Division''. Daga nan ya halarci '''Nigerian Law School''' da ke Abuja, inda ya samu cancantar zama lauya (Barrister-at-Law) a shekarar 2005. Bayan haka ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (Master's Degree) daga '''Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo''' da ke Ile-Ife, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (PhD) a '''University of Malaya''' da ke Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – The Law Lounge |url=https://thelawlounge.net/about-us/ |publisher=The Law Lounge |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adekilekun ya yi aiki a sanannen kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Yusuf O. Ali & Co''' a Ilorin. A lokacin aikinsa ya samu gogewa a fannoni daban-daban na aikin lauya, kuma ya wakilci abokan huldarsa a kotuna daban-daban har zuwa Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Ya kuma ƙware a fannonin sasanci, dokokin kamfanoni, shari'o'in farar hula da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – The Law Lounge |url=https://thelawlounge.net/about-us/ |publisher=The Law Lounge |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. MUBARAK TIJANI ADEKILEKUN |url=https://nbailorin.org/directory/find-lawyer/mubarak-tijani-adekilekun/ |publisher=Nigerian Bar Association, Ilorin Branch |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A shekarar 2008 ya shiga aikin koyarwa a '''Jami'ar Ilorin''' a matsayin Mataimakin Malami (Assistant Lecturer). Daga baya ya ci gaba da samun matsayi har ya zama Farfesa a Sashen Dokokin Kasuwanci. Tsakanin shekarun 2020 zuwa 2022 ya kasance Shugaban Sashen (Head of Department) na Business Law. A matsayinsa na masani, ya gudanar da bincike da wallafe-wallafe masu yawa a fannin dokokin kasuwanci da manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – The Law Lounge |url=https://thelawlounge.net/about-us/ |publisher=The Law Lounge |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Lakcar fara'a == A watan Janairun shekarar 2025, Adekilekun ya gabatar da Lakcar Fara'a ta 273 (273rd Inaugural Lecture) a Jami'ar Ilorin mai taken ''"Devils and Saints in the Legal Landscape of Public-Private Partnership in Africa"''. A cikin lakcar ya yi kira ga ƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen samar da ababen more rayuwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adekilekun canvasses greater PPP initiatives in infrastructural development |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/adekilekun-canvasses-greater-ppp-initiatives-in-infrastructural-development/ |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A watan Yulin shekarar 2025, Kwamitin '''Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee (LPPC)''' ya sanar da ɗaga Adekilekun zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Daga baya Babbar Alkalin Najeriya ta rantsar da shi tare da sauran sababbin SANs a watan Satumban shekarar 2025. Wannan matsayi na SAN shi ne mafi girman karramawa da ake bai wa lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNILORIN produces two new SANs |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Two Unilorites sworn-in as silks |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/two-unilorites-sworn-in-as-silks/ |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa da shawarwari == Adekilekun ya bayar da shawarwari ga cibiyoyi da kamfanoni a fannoni da suka haɗa da bin ƙa'idojin doka (regulatory compliance), sake fasalin kamfanoni, zuba jari, nazarin haɗarin kasuwanci da kuma warware rikice-rikicen kasuwanci. Har ila yau yana gudanar da aikin lauya ta hanyar kamfaninsa mai suna '''The Law Lounge''' da ke Ilorin.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – The Law Lounge |url=https://thelawlounge.net/about-us/ |publisher=The Law Lounge |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. MUBARAK TIJANI ADEKILEKUN |url=https://nbailorin.org/directory/find-lawyer/mubarak-tijani-adekilekun/ |publisher=Nigerian Bar Association, Ilorin Branch |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:University of Ilorin alumni]] [[Category:University of Ilorin people]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] 0zkbk9r5ircyr8mn8a28uaxht69idcb Amma likitoci 0 154973 882879 852980 2026-07-14T11:23:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mais Médicos (lit. 'Mafi yawan Likitoci') wani shirin zamantakewa ne na Brazil wanda Gwamnatin Dilma ta ƙaddamar a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2013, tare da burin rufe karancin likitoci a kananan hukumomi da kuma a gefen manyan biranen Brazil. Aikin ya samar da likitoci 15,000 zuwa yankunan da babu masu sana'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Moraes |first=Mauricio |date=2012-09-02 |title=Dúvidas sobre chegada de médicos cubanos alimentam debate jurídico |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/09/130902_mais_medicos_mm |access-date=2012-09-02 |website=BBC Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-03 |title=Temer mata em silêncio o Mais Médicos: Atrasa salários, reduz profissionais, deixando 7,7 milhões sem médico brasileiro nem cubano |url=https://www.viomundo.com.br/denuncias/temer-mata-silenciosamente-o-mais-medicos-atrasa-salarios-reduz-profissionais-ja-deixando-77-milhoes-sem-medico-brasileiro-nem-cubano.html |access-date=2017-04-03 |website=Viomundo}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2017, shirin yana da likitoci 18,240 kuma ya tabbatar da samun dama ga mutane miliyan 63 a wurare 4,058. "shigar da" daga wasu ƙasashe an soki shi sosai daga ƙungiyoyin da ke wakiltar likitoci, jama'a, ɗaliban kiwon lafiya har ma da Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopes |first=Adriana Dias |date=2021-01-27 |title=Menos médicos |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/saude/menos-medicos |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Veja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-10 |title=MPT defende que há ilegalidades na contratação dos profissionais do Mais Médicos |url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/mpt-defende-que-ha-ilegalidades-na-contratacao-dos-profissionais-do-mais-medicos-7186/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Carta Capital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Veja a diferença entre os programas 'Mais Médicos' e 'Médicos pelo Brasil' |url=https://cartacampinas.com.br/2019/08/veja-a-diferenca-entre-os-programas-mais-medicos-e-medicos-pelo-brasil/ |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=Carta Campinas}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2019, Gwamnatin Bolsonaro ta kaddamar da Médicos pelo Brasil (lit. 'Doctors for Brazil'), maye gurbin Mais Médicos, amma ba tare da tabbatar da ko masu sana'a daga aikin da ya gabata za a iya sake sanya su ba ko kuma dole ne su shiga sabon tsarin zaɓe. Dangane da bincike na farko, tsarin sabon shirin ba zai ba da damar sake sanya likitocin Cuban da suka kasance a Brazil ba tare da tabbatar da difloma a kasar ba. Gwamnatin Bolsonaro ta kuma ba da shawarar rage kasafin kuɗi na 50%, wanda zai shafi ba kawai shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya ba, har ma da manufofi kamar Farmácia Popular do Brasil (lit. 'People's Pharmacy of Brazil'). A baya, kashi 61% da aka ware don sayen kayan aiki da gyaran asibitoci a cikin cibiyoyin ilimin kanjamau da haihuwa an yanke su daga kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya kuma an tura su zuwa abin da ake kira kasafin kudin sirri [pt].[1][2][3] == Tarihi == Kafin isowar kwararru na kasashen waje, Brazil tana da likitoci 388,015, wanda ya dace da biyu ga kowane mazauna dubu. Idan aka kwatanta, Argentina tana da kashi 3.2, Portugal 4, Amurka 2.6, Koriya ta Kudu 1.9 da Japan 2. Kodayake an yi la'akari da wannan adadi mai kyau, jihohi 22 suna da ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa saboda rarrabawar da ba daidai ba. Duk da yake Gundumar Tarayya da jihohin São Paulo da Rio de Janeiro suna da ƙimar da ta fi matsakaicin ƙasa - 4.09, 3.62 da 2.64 likitoci ga kowane mazauna dubu bi da bi - jihohin Maranhão, Pará da [[Amapá]] ba su da likita ɗaya ga kowane mazaunin dubu ɗari, tare da ƙimar 0.71, 0.84 da 0.95 bi da bi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madeiras |first=Tainá |date=2013-07-11 |title=Drauzio Varella: sobre médicos estrangeiros no Brasil |url=https://www.pragmatismopolitico.com.br/2013/07/drauzio-varella-sobre-medicos-estrangeiros-no-brasil.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Pragmatismo Político}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Demografia médica no Brasil |url=https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/demografiamedicanobrasil_vol2.pdf |journal=CFM |volume=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Densidade de médicos |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=ks&v=2226&l=pt |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Index Mundi}}</ref> A cikin 2011, don ƙoƙarin warware matsalar, gwamnatin tarayya ta kirkiro wani shirin da ake kira Valorização dos Profissionais da Atenção Básica (Turanci: Darajar Kwararrun Kwararrun Kula da Firamare) tare da manufar jan hankalin likitocin da suka kammala karatun kwanan nan zuwa yankuna matalauta ta hanyar samar musu da albashi na R $ 8,000. Kimanin kananan hukumomi 3,000 sun nemi kwararru 13,000, amma 4,392 sun yi amfani da su kuma, daga cikin wadannan, kawai 3,800 sun sanya hannu kan kwangila. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana la'akari da dabarun kawo likitocin kasashen waje zuwa yankunan talauci don rage karancin masu sana'a. An dauki shirin a matsayin madadin gajeren lokaci har sai fadada horar da likitoci ya sami sakamako. Sérgio Perini, likitan zuciya kuma likitan da ke aiki a Santa Maria das Barreiras daga watan Afrilu na 2012 har zuwa farkon shirin, ya yi sharhi: "Mutane ba su da wanda za su juya zuwa gare ni don neman taimako sai dai ni. Idan ina da fiye da lokuta uku na gaggawa don halarta nan da nan, me nake yi?" <ref name=":1"/> Tsakanin 1998 da 2003, gwamnatin Tocantins ta aiwatar da shirin kawo likitocin Cuban zuwa yankuna masu nisa na jihar.<ref name=":0"/> A lokacin, mujallar ''Veja'' ta wallafa wani labarin da ya dace da shirin kuma ta soki Majalisar Magunguna ta Tarayya don shigar da karar tare da Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara na Jama'a yana neman kawo karshen yarjejeniyar tare da gwamnatin Cuban. Koyaya, ''Veja'' a halin yanzu tana adawa da Mais Médicos, tana mai da'awar cewa Cuba tana da ɗayan mafi munin tsarin kiwon lafiya a duniya kuma aikin "zai mamaye Brazil da 'yan leƙen asirin kwaminisanci". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Entini |first=Carlos Eduardo |date=2013-08-25 |title=Tocantins contratou médicos cubanos em 1998 |url=http://m.acervo.estadao.com.br/noticias/acervo,tocantins-contratou-medicos-cubanos-em-1998,9219,0.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Estadão |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214114423/http://m.acervo.estadao.com.br/noticias/acervo,tocantins-contratou-medicos-cubanos-em-1998,9219,0.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Azevedo |first=Reinaldo |date=2020-07-31 |title=Ah, agora entendi de onde vem a onda dessa gente mixuruca. Ou: VEJA e os cubanos numa reportagem de 1999 |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/reinaldo/ah-agora-entendi-de-onde-vem-a-onda-dessa-gente-mixuruca-ou-veja-e-os-cubanos-numa-reportagem-de-1999 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Veja}}</ref> == Shirin == [[Fayil:Maismedicos.JPG|thumb|Likitan Cuban Josefa Rebeca Rodriguez yana ba da kulawa a cikin garin Vargem Grande . Hoton: Marcello Casal Jr./ABr]] Shugaba Dilma Rousseff ne ya ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2013, Shirin Mais Médicos ya ƙunshi matakai biyu. Na farko shi ne kafa likitoci, ko na Brazil ko na kasashen waje, a cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a a cikin kananan hukumomi da kuma a gefen manyan birane. Na biyu shi ne ya tsawaita karatun likita da shekaru biyu, wani tsari da gwamnati ta sauƙaƙa lokacin da ta fuskanci zargi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-14 |title=Brasil recruta 1ª leva de estrangeiros do Mais Médicos; entenda |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/08/130814_mais_medicos_mdb |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=BBC Brasil}}</ref> Mataki na farko, wanda aka yi niyyar yin rajistar likitocin da suka kammala karatu a Brazil ko kuma an riga an ba su izinin yin aiki a kasar don yin aiki a wuraren da akwai ƙwararrun ƙwararru kaɗan, sun cika kashi 6% kawai na buƙatun. Daga baya, an buɗe aikace-aikace ga likitoci da ke aiki a kasashen waje. Dole ne masu sana'a na kasashen waje su kwashe makonni uku a karkashin kimantawa daga jami'a kafin a ba su izinin aiki kuma gwamnati za ta biya wadanda aka zaba don tafiya zuwa Brazil. Shirin ya kasance mai inganci na tsawon shekaru uku kuma ana iya tsawaita shi na wasu uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-11 |title=Prova de médicos formados no exterior terá três perguntas |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/saude/prova-de-medicos-formados-no-exterior-tera-tres-perguntas |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Veja}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-12 |title=Aumenta aprovação à contratação de médicos estrangeiros no Brasil |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2013/08/1324760-aumenta-aprovacao-a-contratacao-de-medicos-estrangeiros-no-pais.shtml |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=UOL}}</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya, an ba da fifiko ga masu sana'a na Brazil don cika wuraren zama. Likitoci tare da difloma na kasa da kasa za su yi aiki tare da izinin kwararru na wucin gadi, wanda aka ƙuntata ga kulawa ta farko da yankunan da aka ba su ta hanyar shirin. Shirin sauyawa zai kasance sa'o'i 40 a mako kuma za a biya likitoci R$10,000. Bugu da kari, masu sana'a za su sami gidaje da alawus na abinci, alhakin kananan hukumomi. Yayinda Portuguese, Argentinians da Mutanen Espanya suka sanya hannu da son rai don shirin, Cubans sun yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da sabis don kwangilar da gwamnatin Cuban ta sayar wa Ma'aikatar Lafiya a karkashin matsakaiciyar Hukumar Lafiya ta Pan American ta [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (PAHO / WHO). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=Helena Eri |last2=Santos |first2=Leonor Maria Pacheco |last3=Sanchez |first3=Mauro Niskier |last4=Hone |first4=Thomas |last5=Millett |first5=Christopher |last6=Harris |first6=Matthew |date=December 2021 |title=Challenges facing the More Doctors program (Programa Mais Médicos) in vulnerable and peri-urban areas in Greater Brasilia, Brazil |journal=Human Resources for Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=134 |doi=10.1186/s12960-021-00672-2 |issn=1478-4491 |pmc=8559374 |pmid=34724943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ba da albashi na farko na US $ 3,000 ga gwamnatin Cuban, wanda ya canja kashi 40% kawai na kuɗin (US $ 400) ga likitoci, wanda ya haifar da zargi daga ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da 'yan adawa.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":2"/> A farkon shekara ta 2014, bayan da Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara ya kaddamar da bincike, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa likitocin Cuba za su sami US $ 1245 ban da kuɗin su. Daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, masu sana'a na Cuban sun sami damar samun US $ 845, tare da sauran US $ 400 zuwa gwamnatin Cuban. A cewar Ministan Lafiya a lokacin, Arthur Chioro, karuwar ba ta wakilci karin kudin ga Brazil ba: "Babu wani dinari daga gwamnatin Brazil, wannan hanya ce da gwamnatin Cuba ke canja wurin [ga kwararru]. Abin da ya faru shine tattaunawar tsakanin Shugaba Dilma da Cuba. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Calgaro |first=Fernanda |date=2014-02-28 |title=Governo anuncia aumento no salário repassado a médicos cubanos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2014/02/28/governo-anuncia-aumento-no-salario-repassado-a-medicos-cubanos.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=UOL}}</ref> A cikin 2017, akwai 'yan Brazil 8,316 a cikin shirin, wanda ke wakiltar 45.6% na jimlar. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta fi dacewa ita ce kara yawan shiga cikin kasa, yin shirin mai zaman kansa da kuma tabbatar da kulawar kiwon lafiya ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-05 |title=Participação de brasileiros no Mais Médicos aumenta 44% |url=http://maismedicos.gov.br/noticias/257-participacao-de-brasileiros-no-programa-mais-medicos-aumenta-44 |access-date=2018-11-15 |website=Mais Medicos |archive-date=2018-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001084429/http://maismedicos.gov.br/noticias/257-participacao-de-brasileiros-no-programa-mais-medicos-aumenta-44 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == === Binciken ra'ayi === A watan Yunin 2013, a cewar Datafolha, kashi 47% na yawan jama'a sun goyi bayan shirin kuma kashi 48% sun yi adawa. A cikin binciken da aka yi a watan Agusta da wannan cibiyar ta yi, kuri'un da suka dace sun kasance 54% kuma kuri'un marasa kyau sun kasance 40%. Dangane da binciken da cibiyar MDA ta yi, wanda Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Kasa ta ba da umarni kuma aka gudanar a watan Satumba, kashi 73.9% na yawan jama'a sun goyi bayan likitocin kasashen waje da ke aiki a kasar. Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Inganci (ICTQ) ta yi, kashi 61% na mazaunan Porto Alegre sun goyi bayan shirin, yayin da matsakaicin dukkan manyan birane goma sha shida da aka bincika ya kasance 33%. Wani bincike, wanda Cibiyar Methodus ta yi, ta nuna cewa kashi 59.3% na mutanen Rio Grande do Sul sun amince da aikin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lopes |first=Maria |last2=Costa |first2=Maria |last3=Santana |first3=Rafaela |last4=Pinheiro |first4=Cleoneide |year=2017 |title=Percepção de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde acerca do Programa Mais Médicos em um município do interior do Ceará |url=https://periodicos.ufes.br/rbps/article/download/19802/13225/56618 |journal=Revista Brasileira de PEsquisa da Saúde |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-21 |title=Pesquisa indica aceitação do Mais Médicos em Porto Alegre |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/saude/vida/noticia/2013/08/pesquisa-indica-aceitacao-do-mais-medicos-em-porto-alegre-4241887.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=GZH}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> === Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya === Shirin Mais Médicos ya sami karbuwa daga kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya. A ƙarshen watan Yulin 2013, an shirya jerin zanga-zangar adawa da aikin. A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2013, Kungiyar Likitocin Brazil (AMB) da Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Tarayya (CFM) sun shigar da kara tare da Kotun Koli ta Tarayya, STF don dakatar da shirin. A cikin korafin su, kungiyoyin sun yi iƙirarin cewa hayar masu sana'a da aka horar a wasu ƙasashe ba tare da wuce jarrabawar sake tabbatar da difloma ta likita ta kasa ba (Revalida) ba zai zama ba bisa ka'ida ba. "Wannan matakin ya hana majalisun kiwon lafiya na yanki ƙwarewa don tantance ingancin ƙwararren likitan musayar, tunda ya cire yiwuwar kula da aikin ƙwararru ta hanyar nazarin takardun da ake buƙata don yin magani", in ji takardar. Kungiyoyin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa matakin gwamnati ya inganta aikin magani ba bisa ka'ida ba: "Shirye-shiryen gwamnatin tarayya ba ya tabbatar da manufofin jama'a masu inganci kuma yana ba da damar yin aikin magani ba daidai ba a Brazil, tunda kowa ya san cewa babu sake tabbatarwa". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Ana Cristina |date=2013-08-24 |title=Governo tem segurança jurídica sobre o Programa Mais Médicos, ressalta Padilha |url=https://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2013-08-24/governo-tem-seguranca-juridica-sobre-programa-mais-medicos-ressalta-padilha |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Agência Brasil}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aquino |first=Yara |date=2013-07-30 |title=Profissionais da saúde fazem protestos contra Programa Mais Médicos |url=https://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2013-07-30/profissionais-da-saude-fazem-protestos-contra-programa-mais-medicos |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Agência Brasil}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2013, shugaban Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin Minas Gerais (CRM-MG), João Batista Gomes Soares, ya ce ya kamata likitocin Brazil su "taimaka" ko kuma su zama "masu tallafawa" kwararru na kasashen waje kuma zai shawarci 'yan uwansa masu sana'a kada su taimaka wa abokan aikinsu na Cuban. João Batista Ribeiro, babban alƙali na Kotun Tarayya ta 5 ta Minas Gerais, ya musanta bukatar da CRM-MG ta yi na kada ta ba da rajistar ƙwararru ga likitocin ƙasashen waje. A cewar Ribeiro, da'awar da mahallin ya yi cewa matakin wucin gadi wanda ya kafa Shirin Mais Médicos bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Luiza |date=2013-08-28 |title=CRM de MG não pode negar registro a médicos estrangeiros, decide juiz |url=https://g1.globo.com/minas-gerais/noticia/2013/08/crm-de-mg-nao-pode-negar-registro-de-medicos-estrangeiros-decide-juiz.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=G1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-23 |title=CRM de Minas diz que vai orientar médicos a não socorrerem erros de cubanos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2013/08/23/nao-serei-preceptor-de-medico-estrangeiro-diz-presidente-do-crm-de-minas.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=UOL}}</ref> A Fortaleza, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje 96 sun fuskanci matsala daga ƙungiyar likitoci daga Ceará. Lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da baƙi ke barin aji na horo na farko kuma kusan likitocin Brazil 50 sun kafa hanyar mutum kuma sun tsananta musu. Likitocin kasashen waje sun zauna na minti 40 bayan lacca na farko don kauce wa hanyar da mazaunan Ceará suka kafa. 'Yan sanda sun bi zanga-zangar sosai, amma ba su shiga tsakani ba. Wani sakatare a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya ga zanga-zangar a matsayin "aikin xenophobia".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Lauriberto |date=2013-08-26 |title=Médicos hostilizam colegas estrangeiros em Fortaleza |url=https://exame.com/brasil/medicos-hostilizam-colegas-estrangeiros-em-fortaleza/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Exame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Estrangeiros do programa Mais Médicos são hostilizados em Fortaleza |url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-hoje/noticia/2013/08/estrangeiros-do-programa-mais-medicos-sao-hostilizados-em-fortaleza.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=G1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nassif |first=Luis |date=2013-08-30 |title=O suicídio de imagem da medicina brasileira |url=https://jornalggn.com.br/politicas-sociais/o-suicidio-de-imagem-da-medicina-brasileira/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Jornal GGN}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, likita Drauzio Varella ya yi hasashen cewa Shirin Mais Médicos zai sami "ƙananan tasiri a kan lafiyar jama'a ta kasar", saboda "wani mataki ne mai tsauri". Daga baya, Varella ya bayyana cewa wannan "mataki na palliative" shine "shirin shiga ciki tare da mafi girma da kuma tsawon lokaci. Ba a taɓa samun shirin da ya kai mutane da yawa a cikin ƙasar kuma ya daɗe sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neuman |first=Camila |date=2013-12-23 |title=Mais Médicos terá pouco impacto na saúde pública, diz Drauzio Varella |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2013/12/23/mais-medicos-e-medida-paliativa-de-pequeno-impacto-diz-drauzio-varella.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=UOL}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title="Mais Médicos está ameaçado", diz Drauzio Varella |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/saude/mais-medicos-esta-ameacado-diz-drauzio-varella/ |access-date=2018-12-04 |website=Veja}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ww58f0x7mqbrk6jaudhzyi7bfaja00 Charles Oyaole Musa 0 155069 882726 847750 2026-07-14T07:28:14Z BnHamid 12586 882726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Oyaole Musa | image = | caption = Charles Oyaole Musa | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer, Arbitrator, Mediator | alma_mater = Obafemi Awolowo University | known_for = Commercial Law, Banking and Finance Law, Arbitration | years_active = 1988–present | employer = Charles Musa & Co. | title = Principal Partner }} '''Charles Oyaole Musa''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, masani a fannin dokokin kasuwanci, harkokin bankuna da kuɗi, sasanci (mediation) da sulhu ta hanyar shari’ar sasanci (arbitration). Shi ne Babban Abokin Hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na ''Charles Musa & Co.'', ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kamfanonin shari’a masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. Ya shafe sama da shekaru talatin yana gudanar da aikin lauya, inda ya kware wajen ba da shawarar doka ga kamfanoni, hukumomin gwamnati da masu zuba jari. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://charlesmusaandco.com/index.php/counsel-in-chambers/ |title=Counsel in Chambers – Charles Musa & Co. |publisher=Charles Musa & Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://charlesmusaandco.com/ |title=Welcome to Charles Musa & Co. |publisher=Charles Musa & Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Charles Oyaole Musa ya karanci fannin shari’a a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (tsohuwar Jami'ar Ife), inda ya samu digirin LL.B. Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Horar da Lauyoyi ta Najeriya (Nigerian Law School), inda ya samu takardar B.L. Har ila yau, ya yi karatun digiri na biyu (LL.M.) a fannin Dokokin Kasuwanci (Commercial Law). Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararre ne a harkar sasanci, kasancewarsa Chartered Arbitrator a Birtaniya da kuma Accredited Mediator daga CEDR na Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://charlesmusaandco.com/index.php/counsel-in-chambers/ |title=Counsel in Chambers – Charles Musa & Co. |publisher=Charles Musa & Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar Lauya == Musa ya kafa suna a fannin dokokin kamfanoni da kasuwanci, dokokin bankuna da harkokin kuɗi, da kuma warware rikice-rikicen kasuwanci ta hanyar sasanci. A matsayin Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Charles Musa & Co., ya jagoranci ayyukan shari’a da dama ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hukumomin gwamnati da cibiyoyin kuɗi a Najeriya. Kamfanin ya kasance yana ba da hidimomin shari’a tun shekarar 1988, tare da mai da hankali kan ba da mafita ga matsalolin kasuwanci da rikice-rikicen doka. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://charlesmusaandco.com/ |title=Welcome to Charles Musa & Co. |publisher=Charles Musa & Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Lambar Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A shekarar 2024, Kwamitin Ba da Lambar ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria'' (LPPC) ya sanya Charles Oyaole Musa cikin jerin lauyoyin da aka tantance domin samun wannan babbar lambar girmamawa a harkar shari’a ta Najeriya. Daga baya kuma an bayyana shi a cikin jerin sababbin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya (SAN) da aka rantsar a shekarar 2024. Wannan ci gaba ya nuna irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban aikin lauya da tsarin shari’a a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/lppc-shortlists-tinubus-lawyer-97-others-for-san-rank/ |title=LPPC Shortlists Tinubu’s Lawyer, 97 Others For SAN Rank |work=New Telegraph |date=3 July 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/full-list-lppc-shortlists-98-lawyers-for-san-2024072707021908884 |title=Full List: LPPC Shortlists 98 Lawyers for SAN Conferment |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newswirelawandevents.com/nonso-azih-congratulates-members-nba-lagos-branch-newly-elevated-inner-bar/ |title=Nonso Azih Congratulates Members of the NBA Lagos Branch Newly Elevated to the Inner Bar |work=Newswire Law & Events |date=30 September 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Kwarewa da Ƙwarewar Sana'a == An san Musa a matsayin ƙwararren lauya a fannoni da suka haɗa da dokokin kamfanoni, kasuwanci, harkokin bankuna da kuɗi, da sasanci. Haka kuma yana da takardar shaidar Notary Public, wanda ke ba shi damar tabbatar da takardun doka da mu'amaloli na hukuma. Kwarewarsa a matsayin Chartered Arbitrator da Mediator ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da ake nema wajen sasanta manyan rikice-rikicen kasuwanci a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://charlesmusaandco.com/index.php/counsel-in-chambers/ |title=Counsel in Chambers – Charles Musa & Co. |publisher=Charles Musa & Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] cjo05350vev45302jlyy7xw0ocq0t2o Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism 0 155099 882766 847814 2026-07-14T07:52:03Z BnHamid 12586 882766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism littafi ne na 2005 na John Banja . Banja ya bayyana "narcissism na likita" a matsayin bukatar masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don adana girman kansu wanda ke haifar da sulhu game da bayyana kuskure ga marasa lafiya. A cikin littafin ya bincika tasirin tunani, ɗabi'a da shari'a na kurakurai na kiwon lafiya da kuma yadda buƙatar tabbatar da ƙwarewarsu koyaushe na iya haifar da iyawa, har ma da na musamman, masu sana'a su fada cikin tarkon narcissistic. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa: {{Blockquote|...most health professionals (in fact, most professionals of any ilk) work on cultivating a self that exudes authority, control, knowledge, competence and respectability. It's the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent.}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nzhyfpbtsr8r7jqnawre1r6s9mw009u Ambaliyar ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2010 0 155331 882842 852968 2026-07-14T10:11:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ambaliyar ruwan Nijar ta shekarar 2010''' ta faru ne a fadin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] wanda ya bar mutane sama da 111,000 ba su da matsuguni. Nijar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci sakamakon fari mai tsawo a yankin [[Sahel]] . Ya zuwa ranar 24 ga Agusta 2010, akalla mutane 6 zuwa 8 sun mutu. [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Nijar]] ya koma matsayinsa mafi girma a cikin shekaru 80. Daga baya ambaliyar ruwan ta bazu a [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Niger]] zuwa [[Najeriya]], [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]] da [[Benin]] a cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa. Daga baya guguwa ta taso a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|CAR]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] da arewacin [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . == 1-2 ga Yuni == An tabbatar da cewa a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni an kashe akalla mutane 24 a fadin Ghana a karshen makon da ya gabata a cewar Mista Kofi Portuphy, mai kula da Hukumar Kula da Bala'i ta Kasa. Yankuna uku, ciki har da babban birnin Accra, sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a ranar Lahadin da ta gabata. == 11 ga Yuli == A ranar 11 ga Yuli, Asusun Gaggawa na Agajin Gaggawa na Agajin Gaggawa na Tarayya ya zaɓi CHF 134,948 (USD 124,353 ko EUR 101,870) don tallafawa Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Ghana wajen isar da tallafin farko ga kimanin mutane 5,000. [[The International Federation's Disaster Relief Emergency Fund|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ce ta ƙirƙiri Asusun Gaggawa na Agajin Gaggawa na Agajin Gaggawa na]] Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya (DREF) a shekarar 1985 domin tabbatar da cewa ana samun tallafin kuɗi nan take don tallafawa agajin gaggawa ga bala'o'in [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] da [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Crescent]] . == 9-10 ga Agusta == A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin [[Ghana]] ta fitar da gargadin ambaliyar ruwa ga yankuna uku na arewacin kasar saboda karuwar ruwan da ke madatsun ruwa guda biyu a ambaliyar da ta afkawa makwabciyarta [[Burkina Faso]] . Kamfanin dillancin labarai na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Irin ya ce mutane 40 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Ghana a watan Yuni da Yuli, yayin da mutane 14 suka mutu a Burkina Faso a watan da ya gabata. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta duniya ta ce tana bayar da agaji ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar kasa suka shafa a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] da kuma [[Ivory Coast]] . CAFOD ta kuma ce tana shirin aika agaji zuwa Guinea. Ruwan sama ya yi sanadiyyar zaftarewar kasa ya kashe akalla mutane 13 (galibi yara) a babban birnin [[Saliyo]], Freetown. <ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> Ruwan sama mai karfi ya sauka a wani bangare na ruwan [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Niger]] da ke kewaye da [[Burkina Faso]] <ref name="familyfarming.typepad.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Niger: Floods after the drought - LEISA's Farm / AgriCultures Network blog |url=http://familyfarming.typepad.com/leisas_farm/2010/08/niger-floods-after-the-drought.html |access-date=5 February 2017 |website=Typepad.com |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205183039/http://familyfarming.typepad.com/leisas_farm/2010/08/niger-floods-after-the-drought.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a saman kogin, har zuwa yankin [[Niamey]] 's Commune 4 a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2010. <ref name="familyfarming.typepad.com" /> A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2010, ambaliyar [[Neja (kogi)|ruwan kogin Niger]] ta kashe dabbobi 30,000, ta lalata gidaje 500, kuma mutane 20,000 sun fuskanci rashin matsuguni sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka a cewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Yankin arewacin [[Cadi|Chadi]] yana cikin hamadar [[Sahara]] (ƙasar da yunwa ta mamaye a farkon wannan shekarar) kuma an sami ruwan sama mafi yawa a cikin shekaru 50 da duwatsun ƙanƙara, girman ƙwai da aka lalata a tsakiyar [[Gini|Guinea]] a watan Yuli, in ji Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> == Agusta 20–31 == A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni ta tsawon shekaru 80 ta afkawa yankin Shale. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) ta yi gargadin cewa [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kamaru]] da arewacin [[Najeriya]] na cikin mawuyacin hali na matsalar abinci mafi muni tun shekarar 2006. A yankin dausayi na [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], Najeriya, sama da iyalai 2,000 ambaliyar ruwa ta raba da gidajensu, kuma a yankin [[Jihar Jigawa|Jigawa]] da ke kusa, an kwashe wani kauye gaba daya saboda ambaliyar ruwa. Ana samun ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a kusa da sassan [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] . <ref name="npr.org">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=In Grip Of Drought, Floods, Niger Faces Hunger Crisis |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129316900 |access-date=5 February 2017 |website=NPR.org}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa ta afkawa Nijar wanda ya bar mutane sama da 111,000 ba su da matsuguni. Nijar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci sakamakon fari mai tsawo a yankin [[Sahel]] . Ya zuwa ranar 24 ga Agusta 2010, akalla mutane 6 zuwa 8 sun mutu. [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Niger]] ya koma mafi girman matsayinsa a cikin shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 August 2010 |title=Thousands left homeless in Niger |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/08/2010824133834821879.html |access-date=5 February 2017 |website=Aljazeera.net}}</ref> Najeriya ta ga dukkan kauyukan arewacin kasar sun watse, kuma ma'aikatan agaji sun gano cewa mutane 200,000 sun rasa matsuguni a Nijar tun lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara sauka a tsakiyar watan Agusta. <ref name="Benin1">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2010 |title=beninfloods; |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101018/wl_africa_afp/beninfloods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025022824/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101018/wl_africa_afp/beninfloods |archive-date=25 October 2010 |access-date=15 November 2010 |publisher=news.yahoo.com}}</ref> Wani yaro ɗan [[Muritaniya|ƙasar Mauritania]], ya rasu sakamakon [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ta lalata gadoji da gidaje da yawa a garin Aioun mai tsaunuka. Ana samun ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a kusa da sassan [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chad]] . <ref name="npr.org"/> A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, dubban mutane sun tsere daga ambaliyar ruwa a kudancin Sudan. Sama da mutane 57,135 sun rasa matsuguni, in ji [[Olivia Lomoro]], mataimakiyar sakatare ta lafiya [[Sudan|ta Sudan]] . Ruwan sama mai karfi da kuma dan lokaci kadan ya afkawa arewacin jihar [[Bahr el Ghazal (Yankin Sudan ta Kudu)|Bahr el-Ghazal]] kuma ya bazu zuwa kudu, tare da yawancin garin Aweil da ke kewaye da karkara a karkashin ruwa saboda ruwan sama mai karfi na tsawon wata daya. <ref name="terradaily.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Niger floods bring disaster on top of food crisis |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Niger_floods_bring_disaster_on_top_of_food_crisis_999.html |access-date=5 February 2017 |website=TerraDaily.com}}</ref> Ministan Lafiya na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] [[Luka Monoja]] ya yi gargadin cewa ruwan sama, wanda zai dade har zuwa watan Oktoba, zai iya tilastawa mutane da yawa tserewa yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a yankin da bala'in ya shafa. <ref name="terradaily.com" /> Hukumomin agaji suna aiki don tallafawa wadanda ambaliyar ta raba da gidajensu kuma ma'aikatar lafiya ta Sudan ta aika da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya kuma ma'aikatar jin kai ta Sudan ta Kudu tana aika tantuna don mafaka ta gaggawa da buhuna 15,000 na [[hatsi]] don maye gurbin wanda ya ɓace lokacin da gonakin gida da wuraren kiwon [[Saniya|shanu]] suka yi ambaliya. <ref name="terradaily.com" /> Yawancin lardin ya kasance lebur kuma an rufe shi da kasa mara narkewa kuma mai jure ruwa. Ambaliyar za ta samar da ruwa don ciyar da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kuma [[Sudan]] da Kudancin Masar sun shirya tsaf don hawan ruwa mai yawa a zurfin kogin Nilu. <ref name="terradaily.com" /> == Satumba 1–19 == [[File:West African floods of 2010.png|thumb|right|200px|Wannan hoton yana nuna ƙasashen da ambaliyar ruwan Yammacin Afirka ta 2010 ta shafa. Ƙasashen da suka fi wahala suna da launin shuɗi.]] A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, ambaliyar ruwa ta afka wa ƙasar Nijar. Gundumomin Zarmagandaye, Lamorde, da Karadje su ne gundumomi uku na babban birnin ƙasar na Yammacin Afirka, wato Niamey, waɗanda suka zama kuffai da kango sanadin ambaliyar. Wannan ita ce ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni da Kogin Nijar ya taɓa haifarwa tun daga shekarar 1929. Wani tsofaffi masari mai suna Abdou Ganda ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa ganin irin wannan abu ba a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Niger_floods_bring_disaster_on_top_of_food_crisis_999.html| title=Niger_floods_bring_disaster_on_top_of_food_crisis_999.html |publisher= www.terradaily.com |access-date=19 November 2010|author=Staff Writer}}</ref> A ranar 18-19 ga watan Satumba a Hadejia, Najeriya, waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa suna kwana a duk inda suka samu guri, maza suna neman busassun wurare a kan hanyoyi yayin da mata da ƙaramai suka ci gaba da cunkushewa a cikin gidajensu da ke tsaye da ƙafafunsu, sakamakon komawar dubun-dubatar mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu zuwa ƙauyukan da ambaliyar ta shafa a Arewacin Najeriya. Fiye da mutane miliyan biyu ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, kuma fiye da iyalai 50,000 ne har yanzu suke yawo ba tare da gida ba. Wuraren zama na ƙauyen Kararar Rima su ma sun lalace a ambaliyar. Yawancin gidajen an yi su ne da laka (taɓo), saboda haka sun narke cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan ambaliyar.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121206004455/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iguvcTEOiu7FW6ptKz_UKMeKNOgQ?docId=CNG.df9e6a188a034ac23300ab0760b91861.8f1 AFP: Flood victims sleep by roadsides in northern Nigeria]</ref> Yayinda aka tafka ruwan sama, ƙarshen fari da yunwar da ake fargaba ya yi kama da ya kusanto. == Oktoba 6–8 == Zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, an ware kuɗi har guda CHF 122,297 (Dalar Amurka 124,389 ko Euro 92,163) daga Asusun Agajin Gaggawa na Bala'i na IFRC ga Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Ghana don ba da tallafin gaggawa ga kusan gidaje 3,000.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/10/MDRGH003do.pdf MDRGH003do.pdf]</ref> An bayar da rahoton ambaliyar ruwan madaukacin iska (monsoon) a yankunan Brong-Ahafo, Gabas, Yamma, da Arewacin Ghana, inda iyalai da yawa suka rasa matsugunansu a wannan bala'i. Yankin Yamma ya sami sanarwar cewa kusan mutane 6,000 ne abin ya shafa sannan mutane biyu suka mutu a gundumar Enchi, a cewar kiyasin farko na Red Cross. Sauran yankunan da abin ya shafa sosai sun haɗa da gundumomin Chereponi, Gusheigu, West Mamprusi, East-2, Mamprusi, East Gonja, da West Gonja.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Gundumar West Gonja ta shaida lalacewar gidaje fiye da 900, gine-ginen makarantu 11, kusan eka 832 na gonaki, da gadar hanyoyi guda 3, sannan mutane fiye da 500 suka rasa matsugunansu. Yankin Arewa ya yi rashin rayuka 18, mutane 25 suka ji rauni, kusan gidaje 2,097 suka rushe, kuma zuwa yanzu mutane 25 ne suka ji rauni. Gadoji da eka 8,760 na gonaki sun lalace kuma kusan gidaje 9,674 ne suka rasa matsugunansu. A halin yanzu, kusan al'ummomi 123 ne abin ya shafa musamman a gundumar West Gonja.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Ghana tana da lokutan damina guda biyu na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ɗaukar tsawon lokaci daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta a kudu da kuma Agusta zuwa Satumba a arewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da barazana ninki biyu na yuwuwar ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara. Kwararar rarar ruwa ta saman katangar katange a madatsar ruwa ta Bagre Dam da ke makwabtaka da ƙasar Burkina Faso, ana ranar za ta ci gaba kuma za ta haifar da ƙarin mummunan ambaliyar ruwa a cikin gida a Burkina Faso tare da haifar da ƙarin ambaliya a Ghana a cikin makonni masu zuwa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Dukansu Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Ghana, Hukumar Kula da Bala'i ta Ƙasa (NADMO), rundunar 'yan sandan Ghana da sojojin Ghana, Ma'aikatun Gwamnatin Ghana, UNICEF, USAID, Ƙungiyar Ƙaura ta Ƙasa (IOM), da FAO duk sun ba da agajinsu ga yankin arewa da ambaliyar ta shafa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilsherline.net.uk/ |title=wilsherline.net.uk |author= |date= |work=Wilsherline.net.uk |access-date=5 February 2017 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tsakanin Oktoba 8 da 31, 2010, an ware CHF 122,297 (Dalar Amurka 124,389 ko Euro 92,163) daga Asusun Agajin Gaggawa na Bala'i na IFRC (DREF) don taimakawa wajen tallafa wa babban aikin agaji na Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Ghana (GRCS) ga gidaje 3,000.<ref>[http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/10/MDRGH00301.pdf MDRGH00301.pdf]</ref> == Oktoba 9–18 == Mazauna birnin Cotonou sun tilastu shiga jiragen kwalƙwali a ƙasar Benin a ranar 9 ga watan saboda mummunar ambaliyar ruwa. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa mutane 680,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu yayin da eka fiye da 300,000 na amfanin gona suka lalace kuma dabbobi 81,000 suka mutu.<ref name="Benin 2">{{cite web|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39967007/ns/weather|title= 39967007/ns; |publisher= MSNBC |access-date=15 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101107075630/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39967007/ns/weather| archive-date= 7 November 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta fara ne a tsakiyar watan Satumba lokacin da daddalar ruwan sama ta sa Kogin Nijar a arewacin Benin ya cika ya kuma fasa gaɓororinsa. Ruwan saman ya ci gaba da sauka a faɗin ƙasar, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa ambaliyar za ta ci gaba.<ref name="Benin 2"/> Masanancin ruwan sama ya haifar da rugujewar madatsar ruwa da riga ta lalace a Ghana kuma hakan ya raba mutane fiye da 700,000 da matsugunansu.<ref name="Benin 2"/> A ƙarshe an samu sauƙi daga yunwar, amma ambaliyar ruwa ta afka wa Ghana, Nijar, Najeriya, da Benin a watan Oktoba,<ref name="Benin 2"/> amma wata ambaliyar ruwa mai tsananin gaske ta afka wa wasu ƙasashe maimakon haka.<ref name="Benin 2"/> Kwanaki 15 na ambaliyar ruwa da tafka taccen ruwan sama sun kashe mutane 43, sun bar mutane 97,815 ba tare da gida ba, kuma sun lalata gidaje 55,000 a Benin a cewar ma'aikacin agaji na Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Haɗin Gwiwar Al'amuran Taimakon Dan Adam (OCHA), Kemoral Jadjombaye.<ref name="Benin1"/> Kusan kashi 66% na ƙasar yana fuskantar wani mataki na ambaliyar ruwa kuma birnin Cotonou, babban birnin tattalin arziki, yana cikin rikici a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba. Jimillar gundumomi (communes) 42 daga cikin 77 ne ambaliyar ta shafa. Cotonou birni ne mai ƙasankantar tudu kuma kusan kowace shekara Kogin Oueme yana yi masa ambaliya. Mutane 800 kuma sun kamu da cutar kwalara, inda mutane 7 daga ciki suka mutu.<ref name="Benin1"/> == Nuwamba 29–30 == Zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya (WFP) ta samar da abinci ga mutane 25,000 waɗanda ke buƙatar agajin gaggawa, wanda darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka 300,000, wanda ya haɗa da baka, wake, man girki, da gishiri, in ji hukumar ta MDD a wata sanarwa da ta rarraba wa kafafen yada labarai na duniya. Gundumomin da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da East Gonja, Kpandai, Wa East, Wa West, da Krachi East.<ref name="publicagendaghana.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicagendaghana.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=464:wfp-begins-food-distributions-for-ghana-flood-victims&Itemid=53|title=機関車風俗|trans-title=|author=|date=|work=PublicAgendaGhana.org|access-date=5 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mugun yanayi na madaukacin iska (monsoon) ya afka wa sassa da yawa na ƙasar wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da ta shafi mutane fiye da 140,000, abin da ya daɗa tsananta saboda kwararar rarar ruwa daga katangar madatsar ruwa ta Bagre Dam da Kompienga Dam a ƙasar Burkina Faso, wanda hakan ya janyo cikar madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo Dam na ƙasar Ghana har ya ambaliye.<ref name="publicagendaghana.org"/> {{main|Cyclone Carmen}} Ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba ta shaida yadda guguwar Turai ta bazu zuwa Arewacin Afirka a ranar da yamma, inda aƙalla mutane 30 suka mutu a ƙasar Maroko bayan tafka taccen ruwan sama da ambaliya. Hukumar yaɗa labarai ta MAP ta Maroko ta bayyana cewa mutane 24 ne suka mutu lokacin da wata motar bas ta nitse sanadin ambaliyar kogi a garin Bouznika da ke gaɓar teku. Mutane huɗu suka mutu lokacin da mamakon ruwan sama ya rushe gidajensu kusa da tsakiyar birnin Khenifra da kuma a Salé. Wata yarinya kuma ta narke a Tiflet bayan wata gado ta ruguje cikin kogin da ke gudu da ƙarfi.<ref name="xe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.xe.com/news/2010-11-30%2012:27:00.0/1555365.htm?c=1&t=|title=XE Currency Blog - Market Analysis & Forex News|author=|date=|work=xe.com|access-date=5 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hukumomi a Casablanca sun ba da umarnin rufe makarantu bayan santimita 18 (inci 7) na ruwan sama ya sauka a kai cikin dare.<ref name="xe.com"/> Shugaban hukumar kula da yanayi ta Maroko ya bayyana a gidan talabijin na 2M Al-Maghribia cewa tafka taccen ruwan saman zai ci gaba har zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Disamba.<ref name="xe.com"/> An jinkirta tashin jiragen saman kamfanin Royal Air Maroc a babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar da ke Casablanca yayin da suke jiran fasinjojin da suka kasa isa filin jirgin saboda ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="xe.com"/> Dukansu injunan cire kuɗi na kansa (automated teller machines) da tsarin sadarwa na tsakanin bankuna da ke ƙarƙashin bankin Attijariwafa Bank a Rabat sun lalace saboda taruwar wutar lantarki ta tsit (static electricity) a lokacin tsawa da aka yi a ranar da yamma.<ref name="xe.com"/> == Disamba 12–29 == A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, ƙungiyar Action-Aid Ghana ta gabatar da wasu kayan gini ga hukumomi a gundumar Central Gonja ta yankin Arewacin ƙasar don rarraba wa al'ummomi 13 da bala'in ambaliyar ya shafa sosai kuma suka amince su koma wurare mafi tudu. Mutane 32,000 a cikin al'ummomi 55 ne ambaliyar ta shafa, yayin da ta lalata gidaje, gonaki, hanyoyi, da gadoji da sauran abubuwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://savannahnewsblogspotcom.blogspot.com/2010/12/actionaid-ghana-supports-buipe-flood.html|title=SAVANNAH NEWS: ACTIONAID GHANA SUPPORTS BUIPE FLOOD VICTIMS|first=Joseph Ziem And Edmond|last=Gyebi|date=7 December 2010|work=savannahnewsblogspotcom.Blogspot.com|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> Zuwa ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Katolika (CRS) ta rarraba takardun shaidar ba da agaji (aid-trade vouchers) da darajarsu ta kai GHc 70.00 ga mutane fiye da 700 da suka rasa matsugunansu daga gidaje 700 da ambaliyar ta shafa a garin Buipe. Za a yi amfani da su ne don musanya da kayan gini, tufafi, kayan gado, da littattafan yara. Hakanan za a iya amfani da su don yin rajistar asusu da Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa na Ghana (National Health Insurance Scheme), wanda Hukumar Agaji ta Amurka (USAID), Taron Limaman Cocin Katolika na Ghana, da Majalisar Gundumar Central Gonja suka ɗauki nauyinsa. Manufar ita ce taimakawa mutane 33,305 da suka rasa matsugunansu sanadin ambaliyar ruwan baya-bayan nan da ta afka wa Yankin Arewa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=199956|title=Buipe flood victims get support|author=|date=|work=GhanaWeb.com|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta afka wa Tamale, Ghana, babban birnin Yankin Arewacin Ghana a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grassrootsclimatesolutions.net/node/870|title=1万円から気軽にFXを始めるラボ|work=GrassrootsClimateSolutions.net|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221172854/http://grassrootsclimatesolutions.net/node/870|archive-date=2014-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ranar 29 ga watan Disamba ta shaida yadda bikin baje kolin takardun shaida na USAID ya taimaka wa waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFFhy_mOJ7c|title=USAID Voucher Fair Helps Floods Victims in Northern Ghana|first=|last=usaidghana|date=29 December 2010|publisher=|access-date=5 February 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 1bxz0t39d7pftzn8hj4xx9ndv1umfzr Alamar zuciya 0 155534 882638 849719 2026-07-14T04:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882638 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue; color:inherit;" |Alamar zuciya |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:AMI_bloodtests_engl.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Kinetics na alamun zuciya [[Troponin]] da [[CK-MB]] a cikin ciwon zuciya na myocardial tare da ko ba tare da magani ba.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[LOINC]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/58260-1.html?sections=Comprehensive 58260-1]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |} {{Country data}}'''Alamun zuciya''' sune alamun halittu da aka auna don kimanta aikin zuciya. Suna iya zama da amfani a farkon tsinkaya ko ganewar asali na cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB |year=2019 |title=Opportunities for microRNAs in the Crowded Field of Cardiovascular Biomarkers |journal=Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease |volume=14 |pages=211–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012827 |pmc=6442682 |pmid=30332561}}</ref> Kodayake galibi ana tattauna su a cikin mahallin ciwon zuciya, wasu yanayi na iya haifar da hauhawar matakin alamar zuciya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hadziselimovic |first=Edina |last2=Greve |first2=Anders M. |last3=Sajadieh |first3=Ahmad |last4=Olsen |first4=Michael H. |last5=Kesäniemi |first5=Y. Antero |last6=Nienaber |first6=Christoph A. |last7=Ray |first7=Simon G. |last8=Rossebø |first8=Anne B. |last9=Wachtell |first9=Kristian |last10=Nielsen |first10=Olav W. |date=April 2023 |title=Association of high-sensitivity troponin T with outcomes in asymptomatic non-severe aortic stenosis: a post-hoc substudy of the SEAS trial |url= |journal=eClinicalMedicine |volume=58 |doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101875 |issn=2589-5370 |pmc=10006443 |pmid=36915288}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hadziselimovic |first=Edina |last2=Greve |first2=Anders M. |last3=Sajadieh |first3=Ahmad |last4=Olsen |first4=Michael H. |last5=Kesäniemi |first5=Y. Antero |last6=Nienaber |first6=Christoph A. |last7=Ray |first7=Simon G. |last8=Rossebø |first8=Anne B. |last9=Willenheimer |first9=Ronnie |last10=Wachtell |first10=Kristian |last11=Nielsen |first11=Olav W. |date=2022-04-01 |title=Association of Annual N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurements With Clinical Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Nonsevere Aortic Stenosis: A Post Hoc Substudy of the SEAS Trial |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2788912 |journal=JAMA Cardiology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=435–444 |doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5916 |issn=2380-6583 |pmc=8851368 |pmid=35171199}}</ref> Ana amfani da alamun zuciya don ganewar asali da haɗarin haɗari na marasa lafiya tare da ciwon kirji da ake zargi da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani da kuma gudanarwa da hangen nesa a cikin marasa lafiya tare le cututtuka kamar ciwon zuciya. Yawancin alamun farko da aka gano sune enzymes, kuma a sakamakon haka, ana amfani da kalmar "enzymes na zuciya" a wasu lokuta. Koyaya, ba duk alamun da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu ba ne enzymes. Misali, a cikin amfani na yau da kullun, ba za a lissafa troponin a matsayin enzyme na zuciya ba.<ref name="pmid10468091">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB |date=August 1999 |title=Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies, ablations, and defibrillator implantations |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=470, A9 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00337-9 |pmid=10468091}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen ma'auni == Auna alamun zuciya na iya zama mataki zuwa yin ganewar asali don yanayin. Ganin cewa hoton zuciya sau da yawa yana tabbatar da ganewar asali, ma'aunin ma'auni na zuciya mai sauƙi da ƙarancin tsada na iya ba da shawara ga likita ko hanyoyin da suka fi rikitarwa ko masu mamayewa sun dace. A lokuta da yawa al'ummomin kiwon lafiya suna ba da shawara ga likitoci suyi ma'aunin ma'auni na farko da dabarun gwaji na farko musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke da ƙananan haɗarin mutuwar zuciya.[1][2] Yawancin samfuran IVD masu mahimmanci na zuciya ana yin niyya ne a kasuwannin da ba na gargajiya ba, ''misali'', asibitin ER maimakon asibiti na gargajiya ko wuraren dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Gasar a cikin ci gaban samfuran bincike na alamar zuciya da fadada su cikin sabbin kasuwanni suna da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Cardiac Marker Diagnostic Testing Markets |url=http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Cardiac-Marker-Diagnostic-Testing-Markets.html |publisher=TriMark Publications, LLC}}</ref> Kwanan nan, lalacewar myocardium da gangan ta hanyar shan barasa ya haifar da gano ƙarin alamomi masu yuwuwa.<ref name="pmid18769631">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis GD |last2=Wei R |last3=Liu E |last4=Yang |first4=Elaine |last5=Shi |first5=Xu |last6=Martinovic |first6=Maryann |last7=Farrell |first7=Laurie |last8=Asnani |first8=Aarti |last9=Cyrille |first9=Marcoli |display-authors=3 |date=October 2008 |title=Metabolite profiling of blood from individuals undergoing planned myocardial infarction reveals early markers of myocardial injury |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=3503–12 |doi=10.1172/JCI35111 |pmc=2525696 |pmid=18769631}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == Nau'o'in alamun zuciya sun haɗa da: {| class="wikitable" !Gwaje-gwaje !Mai hankali da takamaiman !Kimanin mafi girma !Bayyanawa |- |Gwajin Troponin |Gwajin da ya fi dacewa da takamaiman don lalacewar myocardial. Saboda ya karu da takamaiman idan aka kwatanta da CK-MB, troponin ya ƙunshi sunadarai 3 - Troponin C, Cardic troponin I, da Cardiac troponin T. Troponin I musamman yana da babban alaƙa da raunin myocardial. |Sa'o'i 12 |Ana saki Troponin a lokacin MI daga tafkin cytosolic na myocytes. Sakamakon da aka saki ya kara tsawo tare da lalacewar actin da myosin filaments. Isoforms na furotin, T da I, takamaiman ne ga myocardium. Binciken bambancin hauhawar troponin ya haɗa da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, mummunar embolism na huhu wanda ke haifar da matsanancin zuciya na dama, gazawar zuciya, myocarditis. Troponins kuma na iya lissafin girman ciwon zuciya amma dole ne a auna mafi girma a rana ta 3. Bayan raunin myocyte, an saki troponin cikin awanni 2-4 kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa kwanaki 7. Darajar al'ada ita ce - Troponin I <0.3 ng/ml da troponin T <0.2 ng/ml. A cikin marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan aortic valve stenosis ba tare da cututtuka na jijiyoyin zuciya ba, an sami karuwar troponin T (sama da 14 pg / mL) yana da alaƙa da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na shekaru 5 na ischemic (myocardial infarction, shiga tsakani na zuciya, ko tiyata ta hanyar jijiyoyin zuciya). <ref name=":0"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |Gwajin Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) |Yana da ɗan takamaiman lokacin da lalacewar tsoka ba ta nan. |Sa'o'i 10-24 |CK-MB isoform na creatine kinase an bayyana shi a cikin tsokoki na zuciya. Yana zaune a cikin cytosol kuma yana sauƙaƙa motsi na phosphates mai ƙarfi a ciki da waje na mitochondria. Tun da yake yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba za a iya amfani da shi ba don ganowa na ƙarshe na MI mai tsanani amma ana iya amfani da su don ba da shawarar tsawo na ciwon zuciya idan matakan sun sake tashi. Wannan yawanci yana dawowa cikin al'ada a cikin kwanaki 2-3. Yanayin al'ada - 2-6 ng/ml&nbsp; |- |Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |LDH ba takamaiman ba ne kamar troponin. |Sa'o'i 72 |lactate dehydrogenase yana haɓaka jujjuyawar pyruvate zuwa lactate. Ana samun isozyme na LDH-1 a cikin tsokoki na zuciya kuma ana samun LDH-2 galibi a cikin jini. Babban matakin LDH-1 zuwa LDH-2 yana ba da shawarar MI. Matakan LDH ma suna da yawa a cikin lalacewar nama ko haemolysis. Yana iya nufin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]], encephalitis, ko HIV. Wannan yawanci ya koma kwanaki 10-14 na yau da kullun. |- |Aspartate transaminase (AST) | | |Wannan shi ne na farko da aka yi amfani da shi.<ref name="pmid14324110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=NISSEN NI, RANLOV P, WEIS-FOGH J |date=July 1965 |title=Evaluation of Four Different Serum Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction |url= |journal=Br Heart J |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=520–6 |doi=10.1136/hrt.27.4.520 |pmc=503341 |pmid=14324110}}</ref> Ba takamaiman lalacewar zuciya ba ne, kuma yana daya daga cikin transaminases na hanta. |- |Myoglobin (Mb) |ƙarancin ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na zuciya[[Ciwon zuciya|Ciwon zuciya na myocardial]] |Sa'o'i 2 |Ana amfani da myoglobin ƙasa da sauran alamomi. Myoglobin shine farkon sinadarin oxygen na ƙwayoyin tsoka. Yana da girma lokacin da tsoka ta lalace amma ba ta da takamaiman bayani. Yana da fa'idar amsawa da sauri, tashi da faɗuwa a baya fiye da CK-MB ko troponin.<ref name="urlUse of Cardiac Markers in the Emergency Department: - eMedicine">{{Cite web |title=Use of Cardiac Markers in the Emergency Department: - eMedicine |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/811905-overview |access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da shi wajen tantance sake dawowa bayan thrombolysis.<ref name="pmid9323061">{{Cite journal |last=Christenson RH |last2=Ohman EM |last3=Topol EJ |last4=Peck |first4=S |last5=Newby |first5=LK |last6=Duh |first6=SH |last7=Kereiakes |first7=DJ |last8=Worley |first8=SJ |last9=Alosozana |first9=GL |display-authors=3 |date=September 1997 |title=Assessment of coronary reperfusion after thrombolysis with a model combining myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and clinical variables. TAMI-7 Study Group. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction-7 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9323061 |journal=Circulation |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=1776–82 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1776 |pmid=9323061 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) |ƙarancin ƙayyadaddun | |Ana iya gano IMA ta hanyar gwajin ɗaurewar albumin cobalt (ACB), ƙayyadadden gwajin da FDA ta amince da shi. Myocardial ischemia yana canza N-ƙarewa na albumin yana rage ikon cobalt don ɗaure zuwa albumin. IMA tana auna ischemia a cikin jijiyoyin jini kuma ta haka ne ya dawo yana haifar da minti maimakon alamun gargajiya na necrosis wanda ke ɗaukar sa'o'i. [[ACB test|Gwajin ACB]] yana da ƙarancin ƙayyadaddun sabili da haka yana samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙididdigar ƙarya kuma dole ne a yi amfani da shi tare da hanyoyin da suka dace kamar ECG da jarrabawar jiki. Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu. |- |Pro-ƙwaƙwalwa natriuretic peptide | | |Wannan yana ƙaruwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da [[gazawar zuciya]]. An amince da shi a matsayin alama don ciwon zuciya mai tsanani. Marasa lafiya tare da < 80 suna da mafi girma na rayuwa ba tare da alamun ba a cikin shekara guda. Gabaɗaya, pt tare da CHF zai sami > 100. Marasa lafiya da ba su da alamun aortic valve stenosis, ƙaruwar shekaru da jima'i masu daidaitawa na N-ƙarshe na natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) kadai kuma an haɗa su da karuwar 50% ko karuwa mafi girma daga baseline an gano abubuwan da suka faru na aortic stenosistic valve asibiti (mutuwar asibiti).<ref name=":1"/> |- |Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB |0.854 da 0.767 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lippi |first=G. |last2=Mattiuzzi |first2=C. |last3=Comelli |first3=I. |last4=Cervellin |first4=G. |year=2013 |title=Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. |journal=Biochem Med (Zagreb) |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.11613/bm.2013.010 |pmc=3900091 |pmid=23457768}}</ref> |Sa'o'i 7 |glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan isoforms guda uku na glycogen phosforylase . Wannan isoform na enzyme ya wanzu a cikin zuciya (zuciya) da kwayar kwakwalwa. Saboda shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa, ana iya ganin GP-BB a matsayin takamaiman ga tsokoki na zuciya. GP-BB yana daya daga cikin "sabon alamun zuciya" wanda ake la'akari da inganta ganewar asali a cikin ciwon zuciya mai tsanani. A lokacin aiwatar da ischemia, GP-BB an canza shi zuwa wani nau'i mai narkewa kuma an sake shi cikin jini. Ana iya ganin saurin hauhawar matakan jini a cikin ciwon zuciya da angina mara daidaituwa. GP-BB an ɗaga shi 1-3 hours bayan tsari na ischemia. |} [[Fayil:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_units.png|right|thumb|Yanayin bincike don gwajin jini, wanda aka auna a cikin raka'a, gami da alamun zuciya da yawa.]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Ciwon zuciya|Alamun zuciya]] a cikin ciwon zuciya * Reference ranges for blood tests § Cardiac tests == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3hdulstkh3qx2vefm4s77p29w7n4ovo Al-Qalamoun 0 156430 882728 853724 2026-07-14T07:29:09Z BnHamid 12586 882728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al-Qalamoun''' (Larabci: القلمون, romanized: al-Qalamoun) birni ne da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum na lardin Arewa na Lebanon a gundumar Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=صفحة بلدية القلمون الرسمية |url=https://www.qalamoun.org/ |website=www.qalamoun.org}}</ref> Garin yana da nisan kilomita 5 kudu da Tripoli kuma shine gari na farko a kudancin Tripoli.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon |url=http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref>.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Al Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120423/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref> == Sunan == A lokacin Girka da Romawa Al-Qalamoun an san shi da Kalamos ko Kalomo, yayin da a lokacin Crusades an san garin da Calmont ko Calamón . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Major Cities – Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175130/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |archive-date=2008-07-24 |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Lebanon - al Qalamoun |url=https://www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog/loubnan/qalamoun.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en |website=www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog}}</ref> Sauran sunayen zamani na Al-Qalamoun sun haɗa da: El-Qalmoun, Al-Qalamun, El-Qalmoûn, Al-Qlamūn da El-Qalamoûn . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Al Qalamun, Lebanon |url=http://www.fallingrain.com:80/world/LE/3/Al_Qalamun.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031033649/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LE/3/Al_Qalamun.html |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Al-Qalamoun yana da tarihin shekaru 5000 kuma a lokacin tarihinsa ƙauyen noma ne.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon |url=http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun "Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon"]. Archived from [http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun the original] on 2010-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> A zamanin yau ya zama cibiyar masu yin ƙarfe da ke aiki a jan ƙarfe, tagulla da tagulla. Wannan ya faru ne bayan ma'aikatan ƙarfe da masu sana'a daga Souk an-Nahhassine na Tripoli (ar: "سوقُ Paísesحّ knowingِ", kasuwar gargajiya ta Tripoli) sun koma Al-Qalamoun shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Major Cities – Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175130/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |archive-date=2008-07-24 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175130/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm "Major Cities – Qalamoun"]. Archived from [http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm the original] on 2008-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Lebanon - al Qalamoun |url=https://www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog/loubnan/qalamoun.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en |website=www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog/loubnan/qalamoun.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en "Lebanon - al Qalamoun"]. ''www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog''.</cite></ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Al Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130045600/http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ |archive-date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Al Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120423/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120423/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 "Al Qalamoun"]. Archived from [http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 the original] on 2016-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon |url=http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun "Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon"]. Archived from [http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun the original] on 2010-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Gine-gine == A Al-Qalamoun akwai wani tsohon masallaci da aka sani da masallacin teku "جامِع ٱلبَحْر". Kamar yadda aka san shi a tsakanin mazauna garin, masallacin ya samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru 800 da suka gabata. Wannan ya tabbata ne ta hanyar wani allo mai layi uku da aka liƙa a bango banda mumbari (527 H./1132 H.E.). Wannan ranar ta yi daidai da lokacin da Tripoli ke ƙarƙashin mulkin 'yan Salibiyya. Sheikh Ali al-Baghdadi ne ya gyara masallacin (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1192 H./1778 H.E.). Masallacin ya ƙunshi manyan dakunan kwana biyu. An gina shi da dutse mai yashi, kamar yadda yake a masallacin Tripoli. Bangaren sama na bango yana da kyawawan katanga kuma a saman masallacin akwai sabuwar minaret. Kudancin masallacin teku shine gidan addu'a na Ayn el-Jami'i. Kamar yadda aka rarraba tsakanin 'yan garin, masallacin ya samo asali ne daga Crusaders. Musulmai sun gina wannan wuri kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, sannan ya zama gidan addu'a, sannan yafuuka Masallacin Ayn. Wata kungiya mai ba da agaji ta canza masallacin zuwa makarantar tauhidi.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon |url=http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun "Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon"]. Archived from [http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun the original] on 2010-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna matsakaicin alamun yanayi na kowane wata a cikin Al-Qalamoun bisa ga shekaru 8 na karatun yanayi na tarihi.{{Weather box}} == Tattalin Arziki == Babban titin (hanya) a cikin garin yana da ƙananan bita da ɗakunan baje kolin inda ake samar da kwano na tagulla, kyandirori da sauran abubuwa (hammered out) a cikin tsohuwar hanyar gargajiya. Kyakkyawan kallo a kusa da waɗannan shaguna na iya bayyana kayan tarihi masu ban sha'awa. Tsayawa a gefen hanya kuma suna sayar da kayan man zaitun da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da syrups da aka yi daga cranberry, mulberry, lemun tsami, orange da sauran ruwan 'ya'.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Lebanon - al Qalamoun |url=https://www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog/loubnan/qalamoun.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en |website=www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog/loubnan/qalamoun.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en "Lebanon - al Qalamoun"]. ''www-kfs10-com-br.translate.goog''.</cite></ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Al Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130045600/http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ |archive-date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091130045600/http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ "Al Qalamoun"]. Archived from [http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/QALAMOUN/ the original] on 2009-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalamoun Homepage |url=http://www.kalamoun.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926214713/http://www.kalamoun.com/ |archive-date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Al Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120423/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120423/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 "Al Qalamoun"]. Archived from [http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/SiteDetails.aspx?Sites=324 the original] on 2016-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Major Cities – Qalamoun |url=http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175130/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm |archive-date=2008-07-24 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175130/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm "Major Cities – Qalamoun"]. Archived from [http://www.lebanonatlas.com/lebanonmajorcities/North/Qalamoun/index.htm the original] on 2008-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Al-Qalamoun kuma sananne ne ga furanni da furanni, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ƙara ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙanshi ga kayan zaki. Har ila yau, an san garin da Jazariyyeh (wani nau'in zuma da aka yi da kabewa). <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon |url=http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415204605/http://www.tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun "Towns and Villages Neighbouring Tripoli Lebanon"]. Archived from [http://tripoli-city.org/neighbour.html#qalamoun the original] on 2010-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yawan jama'a == Mazaunan Al-Qalamoun galibi Musulmai ne na Sunni kuma suna da 'yan dubban mutane na addinai daban-daban kamar Kristanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2010 |title=Municipal and ikhtiyariah elections in Northern Lebanon |url=http://www.localiban.org/IMG/pdf/iiMonthly-Municip-Mar10-E92.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040803/http://www.localiban.org/IMG/pdf/iiMonthly-Municip-Mar10-E92.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=20 April 2015 |publisher=The Monthly |page=8}}</ref> Sun wakilci kashi 97.72% na masu jefa kuri'a a cikin gida a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=التوزيع حسب المذاهب للناخبين/ناخبات في بلدة القلمون، قضاء طرابلس محافظة الشمال في لبنان |url=https://lub-anan.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8/ |website=إعْرَفْ لبنان}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane == Wasu sanannun mutane da aka haifa a ko zuriyar Al-Qalamoun sun hada da: * Saint Marina The Monk * Rashid Rida, (1865-1935), mai gyara addinin Musulunci na farko * Mustafa Agha Barbar - Gwamnan [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] na karni na 19 na lardunan Ottoman na Tripoli da Latakia . == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.qalamoun.org Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na garin Qalamoun] * [http://maps.google.com.au/maps?lr=&q=al-kalamoun%2C%20lebanon&sa=N&hl=en&tab=pl Taswirar Google: al-Qalamoun, Lebanon] * [http://qalamoun.com Shafin yanar gizon Qalamoun] * Gidan yanar gizon Qalamoun Tools An adana shi 2018-05-06 a [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s1ehmieog3n78axhglbx734kdoyjizf Jami'ar Clemson 0 156748 882730 854798 2026-07-14T07:30:25Z BnHamid 12586 882730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clemson University''' jami’ar gwamnati ce ta bincike da ke [[Clemson, South Carolina]], a ƙasar [[Amurka]]. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1889 ta hanyar [[Thomas Green Clemson]], kuma tana daga cikin manyan jami’o’in bincike a Amurka. == Tarihi == An kafa Clemson University da nufin inganta ilimi a fannin aikin gona da injiniya. Daga baya jami’ar ta faɗaɗa zuwa fannoni da dama na ilimi da bincike. == Sassan karatu == Jami’ar tana da manyan fannoni kamar: * Injiniya (Engineering) * Kimiyya (Science) * Kasuwanci (Business) * Aikin gona (Agriculture) * Ilimi (Education) * Fasaha da Human Sciences == Muhimmanci == Clemson University tana daga cikin jami’o’in da suka shahara a Amurka saboda: * Ingancin bincike * Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa (Clemson Tigers) * Haɗin kai da masana’antu == Wasanni == Ƙungiyar Clemson Tigers tana wakiltar jami’ar a wasannin NCAA, musamman ƙwallon ƙafa (American football). == Duba kuma == * [[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)]] * [[Dabo Swinney]] * [[Gillette Stadium]] (wasannin Amurka) * [[Ilimi a Amurka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jami’o’i a Amurka]] [[Category:Jami’o’in bincike]] [[Category:Clemson University]] [[Category:1889 kafuwa]] jd66n87wunpen3ugy4qx1bxisvqyu6h 882731 882730 2026-07-14T07:30:41Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Clemson University]] to [[Jami'ar Clemson]] 882730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clemson University''' jami’ar gwamnati ce ta bincike da ke [[Clemson, South Carolina]], a ƙasar [[Amurka]]. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1889 ta hanyar [[Thomas Green Clemson]], kuma tana daga cikin manyan jami’o’in bincike a Amurka. == Tarihi == An kafa Clemson University da nufin inganta ilimi a fannin aikin gona da injiniya. Daga baya jami’ar ta faɗaɗa zuwa fannoni da dama na ilimi da bincike. == Sassan karatu == Jami’ar tana da manyan fannoni kamar: * Injiniya (Engineering) * Kimiyya (Science) * Kasuwanci (Business) * Aikin gona (Agriculture) * Ilimi (Education) * Fasaha da Human Sciences == Muhimmanci == Clemson University tana daga cikin jami’o’in da suka shahara a Amurka saboda: * Ingancin bincike * Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa (Clemson Tigers) * Haɗin kai da masana’antu == Wasanni == Ƙungiyar Clemson Tigers tana wakiltar jami’ar a wasannin NCAA, musamman ƙwallon ƙafa (American football). == Duba kuma == * [[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)]] * [[Dabo Swinney]] * [[Gillette Stadium]] (wasannin Amurka) * [[Ilimi a Amurka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jami’o’i a Amurka]] [[Category:Jami’o’in bincike]] [[Category:Clemson University]] [[Category:1889 kafuwa]] jd66n87wunpen3ugy4qx1bxisvqyu6h Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed 0 156973 882534 855586 2026-07-13T22:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | term_start1 = 18 March 2015 | term_end1 = 18 March 2019 | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from [[Malete, Nigeria|Moro Local Government]] | term_start2 = 18 March 2015 | term_end2 = 18 March 2019 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | constituency2 = Ipaye/Malete/Oloru | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|01|03|df=y}} | birth_place = Malete,Moro Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1959) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8 wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Ipaye / Malete / Oloru Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta Kwara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-adebayo-babatunde-mohammed/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Member7 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Associates, Friends Felicitate Saraki at 61, Hold Special Prayers {{!}} THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/20/associates-friends-felicitate-saraki-at-61-hold-special-prayers/?amp |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 018jyhuiudk69wtoaqcsn7t3l6ol2gl Nile Basin 0 157082 882290 855833 2026-07-13T12:38:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 882290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nile_basin_map.png|right|thumb|450x450px|Kogin Nilu]] '''Kogin Nilu''' wani bangare ne na [[Afirka]] wanda [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da maɓulɓulansa suka kwashe. Baya ga kasancewarsa ta biyu mafi girma [[Ruwan ruwa|a fannin samar da ruwa]] a Afirka, Kogin Nilu shi ne mafi shahara a fannin samar da magudanar ruwa a nahiyar. Ya mamaye 3,112,369&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup>, <ref>{{Cite web |title=نهر النيل |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/28/%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> ko kuma kusan kashi 10% na yankin Afirka, wanda ke ratsa yankunan busassu kuma yana da yawan jama'a. [[Shirin Kogin Nilu|Shirin Tafkin Nilu]] (NBI) ya kasance tun daga shekarar 1999, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa wajen raba albarkatun da abin ya shafa.<ref>[https://www.nilebasin.org/what-we-do/nbi-strategy NBI Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324213832/https://www.nilebasin.org/what-we-do/nbi-strategy|date=2023-03-24}}. NBI. 2020</ref> Yankin ruwa na kwandon ya rufe [[Burundi]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], Masar, [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Sudan]] ta Kudu, Sudan, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Uganda]]. Basin shine babban mai samar da ruwa mai kyau, wutar lantarki, da kifi ga mazauna yankin na waɗannan ƙasashe, yana tallafawa kimanin mazauna miliyan 270, ko 20% na yawan Afirka. Kogin ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka kuma yana gudana a yankuna masu bushewa sosai, musamman hamadar Sahara.<ref name="Waternet2">[https://www.waternet.be/nile The Nile River Basin - an introduction]. Waternet. 2017.</ref> Babban hanyar da ake iya zirga-zirga a kanta ta ruwa ita ce ta cikin Kogin Nilu, daga bakin kogin da yake shiga cikin Tekun Bahar Rum (wato bayan yankin Delta na Nilu) har zuwa lokacin da kogin ya kewaye birnin Aswan a kudancin Masar. Haka kuma akwai wasu hanyoyin ruwa da ake iya zirga-zirga a cikinsu a yankin Dam ɗin Aswan. A tsakiyar Kogin Nilu, bayan dam ɗin, saboda kasancewar jerin rafuffuka masu gangara (cataracts) a arewacin Khartoum na ƙasar Sudan, ana iya zirga-zirga a cikin kogin ne kawai a sassa uku. Sashe na farko yana daga iyakar Masar da Sudan zuwa ƙarshen kudancin Tafkin Nasser. Sashe na biyu yana tsakanin cataract na uku da na huɗu. Sashe na uku kuma, wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci, yana daga Khartoum a kudu har zuwa Juba a ƙasar South Sudan.<ref name="Bittanica3">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/Dams-and-reservoirs Nile river basin: Dams and reservoirs]. Encypaedia Bittanica. 2020.</ref> Babban mai samar da ruwa ga kwandon shine [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda ke cikin Babban Rift Valley.<ref name="Bittanica2">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/Dams-and-reservoirs Nile river basin: Dams and reservoirs]. Encypaedia Bittanica. 2020.</ref> Kimanin mutane miliyan 238 suna zaune a cikin kwarin Nilu, miliyan 172 daga cikin waɗannan suna zaune a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kimenyi|first1=Mwangi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg54BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime|last2=Mbaku|first2=John|date=2015-02-12|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2656-2|pages=10–11|language=en}}</ref> A yankin kudu maso yammacin kwandon a Sudan ta Kudu kusa da ruwa tare da taimakon kwandon kwandon kwari na Kongo an yi shi da babban [[Mai tafiya|pediplain]] guda ɗaya.<ref name="ZeitSouthSudan">{{Cite journal |last=Fölster |first=Horst |year=1964 |title=Morphogenese der südsudanischen Pediplane |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie]] |language=German |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=393–423}}</ref> Tsawon da ke tashi sama da wannan pediplain suna dauke da ƙasa ta laterite, wani lokacin tare da pisolites ko ferricrete, kuma ragowar [[Fuskar Fuskar|tsohuwar farfajiyar]].<ref name="ZeitSouthSudan" /> Wasu daga cikin taron da suka dace da tsohuwar farfajiyar da aka ambata an kafa su ne ta hanyar [[Taimako mai juyawa|sauyawa]] kwari.<ref name="ZeitSouthSudan" /> == Manazarta == rylojx7mcn73ehz7d8q3a60l8r79jgi Nazarin wasan tarihi 0 157518 882800 857270 2026-07-14T08:55:17Z Usman saadu 46863 882800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nazarin wasanni na tarihi''' shine fannin ilimi wanda ya shafi wakilci da amfani da kayan tarihi, ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi a cikin wasanni. Saboda haka ya mamaye fannoni na [[tarihi]], musamman ƙananan fannoni kamar karɓar abubuwan da suka gabata, da nazarin wasanni . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Stefano |last2=Bonello Rutter Giappone |first2=Krista |last3=Majkowski |first3=Tomasz Z. |date=2023 |title=Ten years of Historical Game Studies. Towards the intersection with memory studies |url=https://www.gamejournal.it/i10-03-caselli-bonello-majkowski/ |journal=Game: The Journal of Italian Game Studies}}</ref> Wasanni galibi suna amfani da kayan tarihi don jan hankalin masu sauraro da kuma samar da takamaiman kyawawan halaye da ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar wasanni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copplestone |first=Tara Jane |date=2017 |title=But that’s not accurate: the differing perceptions of accuracy in cultural-heritage videogames between creators, consumers and critics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642529.2017.1256615 |journal=Rethinking History |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415-416}}</ref> Wannan wani lokacin yana buƙatar amfani da jigon tarihi gaba ɗaya amma kuma yana iya nufin amfani da abubuwan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su a tarihi kamar babban gudummawar da aka samu daga zamanin da ga nau'in tatsuniya . Hakanan sau da yawa akwai sha'awar amfani da wasanni a cikin mahallin koyarwa don tarihi, wanda shine wani dalili na sha'awar nazarin wasanni na tarihi. == Ci gaba == Ana iya gano hanyoyi da dama na wasannin tarihi kafin a ci gaba da haɓaka fannin ilimi gaba ɗaya. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar musamman takardar William Uricchio ta 2005 mai suna 'Simulation, History, and Computer Games' a matsayin babban misali na farko na tsarin nazarin wasanni na tarihi: sai fagen ya ci gaba sosai a farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2010s, gami da tushen takamaiman hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi da abubuwan da suka faru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Adam |last2=Foka |first2=Anna |last3=Westin |first3=Jonathan |date=2017 |title=Introduction: what is historical game studies? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642529.2016.1256638 |journal=Rethinking History |volume=21 |issue=3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Stefano |last2=Bonello Rutter Giappone |first2=Krista |last3=Majkowski |first3=Tomasz Z. |date=2023 |title=Ten years of Historical Game Studies. Towards the intersection with memory studies |url=https://www.gamejournal.it/i10-03-caselli-bonello-majkowski/ |journal=Game: The Journal of Italian Game Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uricchio |first=William |date=2005 |title=Simulation, History, and Computer Games |journal=Handbook of Computer Games Studies |pages=327–338}}</ref> Wani muhimmin ci gaba shine kundin 2013 mai suna ''Playing With the Past'', wanda Matthew Wilhelm Kapell da Andrew BR Elliott suka shirya, wanda masanin tarihi Esther Wright ya ambata a matsayin "wuri na farko da aka ayyana wanda ya tattara ƙungiya (babban) da ke sha'awar yadda aka wakilci baya, da kuma yadda aka bayyana tarihi, ta hanyar wasannin dijital". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Esther |date=December 2022 |title=Still Playing With The Past: History, Historians, and Digital Games |journal=History and Theory |volume=61 |issue=4 |page=167}}</ref> Akwai ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi da dama don ci gaba da nazarin wasannin tarihi. Wataƙila na farko kuma mafi shahara daga cikinsu shine Cibiyar Wasannin Tarihi (da farko Cibiyar Nazarin Wasannin Tarihi) wacce aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2014-15. Sauran shirye-shirye sun mayar da hankali kan takamaiman lokutan tarihi, kamar jerin tarurrukan Wasannin Zamani na Tsakiyar Zamani. == Hanyoyin ka'idoji da ra'ayoyi == Bambanci tsakanin hanyoyin da aka mayar da hankali kan '''daidaito''' (gwargwadon yadda wasan ko wasan ya kwaikwayi yanayin tarihi) da kuma '''sahihanci''' (gwargwadon yadda wasan ko wasan yake jin kamar yana wakiltar yanayi ga masu sauraro) shine wurin farawa na ka'ida gama gari ga nazarin wasanni na tarihi. Masana da suka shahara a fannin sun saba kin daidaito a matsayin ma'auni mai tsauri, suna masu ambaton cewa muhimmancin wasanni yana cikin tasirin da 'yan wasa ke yi wa 'yan wasa da kuma hanyoyin da wasanni ke ba da gudummawa wajen tatsuniyoyi da gina sabbin fahimta game da abubuwan da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an lura da sahihanci a matsayin 'babu tabbas' kuma yana da wahalar tantancewa saboda yanayinsa na zahiri da wahalar tabbatar da takamaiman tasirin. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=E.}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana sun lura da mahimmancin matakan da ke tabbatar da daidaito wajen ginawa da riƙe jin sahihancin wasu sassan al'ummar 'yan wasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Michael |date=2025 |title=Cultural Combinatorics and Conjured Spectres |journal=Digital Culture & Society |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=88}}</ref> Wani ka'ida da aka saba amfani da ita, wacce ta fi dacewa da wasannin da ke da cikakken yanayin tarihi, ita ce bambance ''wasannin sake ginawa'', ''wasannin gini'', da wasannin ''deconstructionist'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copplestone |first=Tara Jane |date=2017 |title=But that’s not accurate: the differing perceptions of accuracy in cultural-heritage videogames between creators, consumers and critics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642529.2017.1256615 |journal=Rethinking History |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=417-419}}</ref> Wasannin '''sake ginawa''' sune waɗanda ke ɗaukar wani abu na musamman, na gaske, wanda ke da alaƙa da kwaikwayon gaskiya, suna sake ƙirƙirar takamaiman yanayi tare da aminci mai yawa, musamman a gani. Wannan yana faruwa misali a cikin abubuwan tarihi na jerin wasannin ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' . Wasannin '''gine-gine''' suna ƙoƙarin sake ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da hanyoyin tarihi, misali a cikin jerin ''Crusader Kings'', kuma suna da alaƙa da salon kwaikwayo na ra'ayi mafi rikitarwa. Wani nau'in wasannin '''deconstructionist''' mafi araha kamar ''Pentiment'' gamify kuma suna la'akari da tambayoyin samowa da tunawa da tarihi don kiran tushen ilimin tarihi na ɗan wasa cikin tambaya. Nazarin wasannin tarihi yana amfani da kuma haɓaka tsarin tunani game da matsayin ɗan wasa a cikin wasa a cikin mahallin tarihi, musamman tsarin Sararin '''Matsala na Tarihi''' wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda wasa ke ba wa ɗan wasa wakilci mai kyau (ko mara kyau) na ''zaɓuɓɓukan'' da ake da su ga 'yan wasan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCall |first=Jeremiah |date=2020 |title=The Historical Problem Space Framework: Games as a Historical Medium |url=https://gamestudies.org/2003/articles/mccall |journal=Game Studies |volume=20 |issue=3}}</ref> Hanyoyin da suka dogara da asalin ƙabila ko ƙasa suma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin nazarin wasannin tarihi. Ra'ayoyi na musamman game da tarihi galibi suna da mahimmanci wajen gina ra'ayoyin zamani game da jinsi ko ƙasa da asalinsu, kuma ana iya yada su ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na wasanni. Abubuwan da suka shafi tarihi waɗanda har yanzu suna da ƙarfi a halin yanzu kuma ana iya yin su a cikin wasanni, kamar mulkin mallaka da hanyoyin bayan mulkin mallaka, suma suna iya zama abin sha'awa musamman ga masana da ke neman tambayar yadda wasanni ke hulɗa da fahimtar zamani na baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Esther |date=December 2022 |title=Still Playing With The Past: History, Historians, and Digital Games |journal=History and Theory |volume=61 |issue=4 |page=168}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6wz40ocv3pnp0jlbzbeoq5m0pafl0p0 Rashin Glutathione synthetase 0 157874 882771 858406 2026-07-14T07:59:57Z BnHamid 12586 882771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin glutathione synthetase''' ('''GSD''') wani cuta ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta wanda ke hana samar da glutathione.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=Runa |last2=Ristoff |first2=Ellinor |last3=Carlsson |first3=Katarina |last4=Winkler |first4=Andreas |last5=Larsson |first5=Agne |last6=Norgren |first6=Svante |year=2005 |title=Genotype, enzyme activity, glutathione level, and clinical phenotype in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Human Genetics |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=384–9 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-1255-6 |pmid=15717202 |s2cid=19707969}}</ref> Glutathione yana taimakawa wajen hana lalacewar sel ta hanyar kawar da kwayoyin cutarwa da aka samar yayin samar da makamashi. Glutathione kuma tana taka rawa wajen sarrafa magunguna da mahadi masu haifar da ciwon daji (carcinogens), da kuma gina DNA, sunadarai, da sauran mahimman abubuwan salula. == Alamomi da alamomi == == Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|right|thumb|Rashin Glutathione synthetase yana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta ta ''GSS'' suna haifar da karancin glutathione synthetase. Wannan kwayar halitta tana ba da umarni don yin enzyme glutathione synthetase. Wannan enzyme yana da hannu a cikin wani tsari da ake kira gamma-glutamyl sake zagayowar, wanda ke faruwa a mafi yawan sel na jiki. Wannan sake zagayowar ya zama dole don samar da kwayar da ake kira glutathione. Glutathione yana kare sel daga lalacewar da ke haifar da kwayoyin da ke dauke da iskar oxygen, waɗanda ke samar da makamashi. Glutathione ana kiranta Antioxidant saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen kare sel daga lalacewar tasirin waɗannan kwayoyin da ba su da ƙarfi waɗanda ke samar da makamashi. Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta ta ''GSS'' suna hana sel yin isasshen matakan glutathione, wanda ke haifar da alamomi da alamun karancin glutathiona synthetase. Wannan cuta an gada ta a cikin tsarin recessive na autosomal, wanda ke nufin kwayar halitta mai lahani tana kan kwayar halitta, kuma ana buƙatar kwafin kwayar halitta guda biyu - ɗaya daga kowane iyaye - don a haife shi tare da cuta. Iyayen mutum da ke fama da cutar autosomal recessive kowannensu yana ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, amma yawanci cutar ba ta shafar su. == Binciken ganewa == Rashin Glutathione synthetase ana iya rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i uku: mai sauƙi, matsakaici da mai tsanani.<ref name="Pmid">{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=R. |year=2005 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=17 |pages=1938–45 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5163-7 |pmc=11139123 |pmid=15990954 |s2cid=59244}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarancin glutathione synthetase yawanci yana haifar da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini (hemolytic anemia). Ba sau da yawa, mutanen da abin ya shafa suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na fili da ake kira 5-oxoproline (wanda ake kira pyroglutamic acid, ko pyroglutamate) a cikin fitsarin su (5-oxoprolinuria). Wannan fili yana tarawa lokacin da ba a sarrafa glutathione daidai a cikin sel ba.<ref name="Pmid">{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=R. |year=2005 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=17 |pages=1938–45 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5163-7 |pmc=11139123 |pmid=15990954 |s2cid=59244}}</ref> * Mutanen da ke da karancin glutathione synthetase na iya fuskantar alamun da suka fara jim kadan bayan haihuwa ciki har da anemia hemolytic, 5-oxoprolinuria, da kuma hauhawar acidity a cikin jini da kyallen takarda (metabolic acidosis). <ref name="nlm" /> * Baya ga siffofin da ke cikin matsakaiciyar ƙarancin glutathione synthetase, mutanen da ke fama da mummunar nau'in wannan cuta na iya fuskantar alamun jijiyoyi. Wadannan matsalolin na iya haɗawa da fashewa; raguwar halayen jiki, motsi, da magana (rashin hankali); nakasa ta hankali; da asarar daidaitawa (ataxia). Wasu mutanen da ke fama da karancin glutathione synthetase ''mai tsanani'' suna ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="nlm" /> == Magani == Ya zuwa 2018, babu magani ga GSD, kuma an ƙuntata magani don sarrafa alamomi da matsalolin da ke tattare da su.<ref name="nih1" /> Don haka, ana ba da shawarar sodium bicarbonate don magance metabolic acidosis, da antioxidants, daga cikinsu bitamin E da C, na iya rage lalacewar oxidative.<ref name="nih1">{{Cite web |last=NIH |date=May 13, 2018 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10047/glutathione-synthetase-deficiency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126005251/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10047/glutathione-synthetase-deficiency |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |publisher=NIH/GARD}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Glutathione synthetase deficiencyaNLMHalitta na Gida * {{Cite journal |last=Beutler |first=E |last2=Gelbart |first2=T |last3=Pegelow |first3=C |year=1986 |title=Erythrocyte glutathione synthetase deficiency leads not only to glutathione but also to glutathione-S-transferase deficiency |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1172/JCI112298 |pmc=423305 |pmid=3944259}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rekjup41byk2grykaw10tpvn2njojoz Rashin jima'i 0 158013 882691 858779 2026-07-14T06:45:18Z Fateemah usman 29326 Nayi Gyara 882691 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>    <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}} Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be "enduring".<ref name="apahelp">{{Cite web |title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808010101/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual%2Dorientation.aspx |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.<ref name="Halter" /><ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref> Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be "enduring".<ref name="apahelp" /> Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.<ref name="Halter" /><ref name="Prause" /> Acceptance of asexuality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new,<ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007">Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> as a growing body of research from both sociological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop.<ref name="Prause" /> While some researchers assert that asexuality is a sexual orientation, other researchers disagree.<ref name="Bogaert 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}</ref> Asexual individuals may represent about one percent of the population.<ref name="Helm" /> Various asexual communities have started to form since the impact of the Internet and social media in the mid-1990s. The most prolific and well-known of these communities is the Asexual Visibility and Education Network, which was founded in 2001 by David Jay. == Definition, identity and relationships. == Because there is significant variation among those who identify as asexual, the term ''asexuality'' can encompass broad definitions. Researchers generally define asexuality as the lack of sexual attraction or the lack of interest in [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|sexual activity]],<ref name="Prause" /><ref name="Bogaert2006">{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}</ref> though specific definitions vary—the term may be used to refer to individuals with low or absent sexual behavior or exclusively romantic non-sexual partnerships in addition to low or absent sexual desire or attraction.<ref name="Prause" /> Asexuality is often abbreviated as ''[[wiktionary:ace#Etymology_2|ace]]'', a phonetic shortening of ''asexual'',<ref name="AceSuits">{{Cite book|last3=Julie Sondra Decker}}{{Page needed|date=April 2019}}</ref> and the community as a whole is likewise referred to as the ''ace community''. === Relationships. ===   Despite lacking sexual attraction, some asexuals might engage in purely romantic relationships, while others may not. Some who identify as asexual report that they experience sexual attraction, though lack the inclination to act on it, citing no desire to engage in sexual activity—some asexuals also lack the desire to engage in non-sexual physical activity such as cuddling or hand-holding, while others choose to do so.<ref name="Prause" /> Asexual people may seek relationships without romantic or sexual activity, known as "queerplatonic relationships".<ref name="AceSuits" /> A ''squish'' is a term used by the asexual community to describe a platonic crush.<ref name="AceSuits" /> Certain asexuals may participate in sexual activity out of curiosity.<ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007">Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Some may also masturbate as a form of solitary release, while others may not feel a need to do so.<ref name="New Scientist">{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref> The desire for masturbation or other sexual activity is often referred to as ''sex drive'' by asexuals, who disassociate it from sexual attraction and being asexual; asexuals who masturbate generally consider it to be a normal product of the human body rather than a sign of latent sexuality, and others do not find it pleasurable.<ref name="Prause" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2014 |title=Sexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.2409 |s2cid=4091448}}</ref> Some asexual men are unable to get an erection and are unable to attempt penetration.<ref name="More to life">{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}</ref> Asexuals also differ in their views on performing sexual acts: some are indifferent and may engage in sexual activity for the benefit of a romantic partner, while others are more strongly averse to the idea, though they are not typically against sex as a whole so as to condemn other people for engaging in any form of sexual activity.<ref name="Prause" /><ref name="Cerankowski and Milks" /><ref name="Bridgeman" /> Many who identify as asexual may identify with diverse [[Asalin jinsi|gender identities]] or classifications of romantic orientation.<ref name="Padraig">{{Cite journal |last=MacNeela |first=Pádraig |last2=Murphy |first2=Aisling |date=December 30, 2014 |title=Freedom, Invisibility, and Community: A Qualitative Study of Self-Identification with Asexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=799–812 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0458-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=25548065 |s2cid=23757013}}</ref> These are often integrated with a person's asexual identity, and asexuals may still identify as heterosexual, [[Maɗigo|lesbian]], [[Jima'in jinsi|gay]], bisexual or pansexual regarding romantic or emotional aspects of sexual orientation or sexual identity in addition to identifying as asexual. The romantic aspects of sexual orientations may also be indicated by a variety of romantic identities, including biromantic, heteroromantic, homoromantic, or panromantic, and those who do not experience romantic attraction may identify as aromantic.<ref name="Richards and Barker" /> This split between romantic and sexual orientation is commonly explained as the split attraction model, which states that romantic and sexual attraction are not strictly linked for all people. Individuals who are both aromantic and asexual are sometimes known as ''[[wiktionary:aro-ace#English|aro-ace]]'' or ''aroace''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kliegman |first=Julie |date=2021-10-29 |title=What Does AroAce Mean? Not Everyone Who's Aromantic Is Asexual |url=https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728140047/https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |language=en}}</ref> === Romantic and interpersonal relationships. === Asexual people are very different in terms of matters related to romantic attraction, intimacy and relationship building. Although asexuality implies the lack of sexual attraction, most asexual individuals are romantically attracted, which creates some distinctions between asexual people as aromantic, biromantic, homoromantic, or demiromantic identities. Romantic attraction refers to the yearning of intimacy or relationship which does not depend on sexual ambitions. Studies in 2011 and 2017 concluded that asexual people have various relationship formats such as long-term romantic relationships, queerplatonic relationships, and mixed-orientation relationships between an asexual person and an allosexual person. Emotional intimacy, understanding of each other, and boundary and expectation communication are strongly related to relationship satisfaction among asexual people. These studies also concluded that successful partnerships often involve clear negotiation of physical affection, respect for differing needs, and flexibility in defining what intimacy means for each partner. In mixed-orientation relationships especially, couples may develop tailored arrangements that accommodate both partners’ comfort levels while preserving trust and mutual support. A 2012 study concluded that asexual people also might have difficulties in dealing with social stigma, their compulsion to have sex, or their partners not understanding them. These experiences may add to minority stress but are usually alleviated by positive social networks and communities. === Gray asexuality === The term ''gray asexuality'' refers to the spectrum between asexuality and non-asexuality (also referred to as {{Visible anchor|allosexuality|allosexual}}).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}</ref> Individuals who identify as gray asexual may occasionally experience sexual attraction, or only experience sexual attraction as a secondary component once a reasonably stable or large emotional connection has been formed with the target, known as ''demisexuality''. == Research == === Prevalence === [[Fayil:Kinsey_Scale.svg|thumb|Kinsey scale of sexual responses, indicating degrees of sexual orientation. The original scale included a designation of "X", indicating a lack of sexual behavior.]] Asexuality is rare, with around 1% of the population identifying as asexual.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rothblum |first=Esther D. |last2=Krueger |first2=Evan A. |last3=Kittle |first3=Krystal R. |last4=Meyer |first4=Ilan H. |date=2019-06-18 |title=Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=757–767 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmc=7059692 |pmid=31214906}}</ref> It is not a new aspect of human sexuality, but it is relatively new to public discourse. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The current source is an opinion piece (WP:NEWSOPED). (April 2025)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In comparison to other sexualities, asexuality has received little attention from the scientific community, and there is relatively little quantitative data available about the prevalence of asexuality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LeBreton |first=Marianne E. |year=2014 |editor-last=Bogaert |editor-first=Anthony F. |title=Understanding Asexuality |journal=QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175 |issn=2327-1574 |jstor=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poston |first=Dudley L. |last2=Baumle |first2=Amanda K. |year=2010 |title=Patterns of asexuality in the United States |journal=Demographic Research |volume=23 |pages=509–530 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.18 |issn=1435-9871 |jstor=26349603 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In his creation of the Kinsey scale, which he used to rate individuals' sexual activity from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual), Alfred Kinsey included an additional category, "X", for individuals with "no socio-sexual contacts or reactions". Although in modern times, this category has been interpreted as representing asexual people, scholar Justin J. Lehmiller has noted that "the Kinsey X classification emphasized a lack of sexual behavior, whereas the modern definition of asexuality emphasizes a lack of sexual attraction. As such, the Kinsey Scale may not be sufficient for accurate classification of asexuality". Kinsey labeled 1.5% of the adult male population as ''X''.<ref name="Kinsey-male" /><ref name="Kinsey-female" /> In his second book, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'', Kinsey reported a breakdown of individuals who fall under the ''X'' category: unmarried females = 14–19%, married females = 1–3%, previously married females = 5–8%, unmarried males = 3–4%, married males = 0%, and previously married males = 1–2%.<ref name="Kinsey-female" /> Further empirical data about an asexual demographic appeared in 1994 when a research team in the United Kingdom carried out a comprehensive survey of 18,876 British residents, spurred by the need for sexual information in the wake of the AIDS pandemic. The survey included a question on sexual attraction, to which 1.05% of the respondents replied that they had "never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all". The study of this phenomenon was continued by Canadian sexuality researcher Anthony Bogaert in 2004, who explored the asexual demographic in a series of studies. Bogaert's research indicated that 1% of the British population does not experience sexual attraction, but he believed that the 1% figure was not an accurate reflection of the likely much larger percentage of the population that could be identified as asexual, noting that 30% of people contacted for the initial survey chose not to participate in the survey. Since less sexually experienced people are more likely to refuse to participate in studies about sexuality, and asexuals tend to be less sexually experienced than allosexuals, asexuals were likely under-represented in the responding participants. The same study found the number of homosexuals and bisexuals combined to be about 1.1% of the population, which is much smaller than other studies indicate.<ref name="Bogaert2006">{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBogaert2006">Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 "Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality"]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 the original]</span> on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Bogaert2004">{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2004 |title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–87 |doi=10.1080/00224490409552235 |pmid=15497056 |s2cid=41057104}}</ref> Contrasting Bogaert's 1% figure, a study by Aicken et al., published in 2013, suggests that, based on Natsal-2 data from 2000 to 2001, the prevalence of asexuality in Britain is only 0.4% for the age range 16–44.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Aicken |first=Catherine R. H. |last2=Mercer |first2=Catherine H. |last3=Cassell |first3=Jackie A. |date=2013-05-01 |title=Who reports absence of sexual attraction in Britain? Evidence from national probability surveys |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |url-status=live |journal=Psychology & Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774161 |issn=1941-9899 |s2cid=62275856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043744/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=October 14, 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This percentage indicates a decrease from the 0.9% figure determined from the Natsal-1 data collected on the same age-range a decade earlier.<ref name=":0" /> A 2015 analysis by Bogaert also found a similar decline between the Natsal-1 and Natsal-2 data.<ref name="bogaert2015">{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=A. F. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}</ref> Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell found some evidence of ethnic differences among respondents who had not experienced sexual attraction; both men and women of Indian and Pakistani origin had a higher likelihood of reporting a lack of sexual attraction.<ref name=":0" /> In a survey conducted by YouGov in 2015, 1,632 British adults were asked to try to place themselves on the Kinsey scale. 1% of participants answered "No sexuality". The breakdown of participants was 0% men, 2% women, and 1% across all age ranges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-16 |title=1 in 2 young people say they are not 100% heterosexual |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409173050/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |access-date=2018-12-31 |at=See the full poll results |format=PDF}}</ref> In a nationwide survey conducted in [[Japan]] in 2023 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 49 respondents (0.9%) out of 5,339 valid responses identified their sexual orientation as asexual.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=家族と性と多様性にかんする全国アンケート結果概要 |trans-title=Summary Report of the National Survey of Family, Gender/Sexuality, and Diversity |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524150730/https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2025 |language=ja |publication-date=2023-10-27}}</ref> In the same survey, 0.4% identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 1.8% identified as bisexual.<ref name=":13" /> This survey "reports that 1.3% of cisgender women and 0.3% of cisgender men identify as asexual, 1.6% (86 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic asexual, 1.5% (81 people) of all respondents may be classified as romantic asexual, and 1.1% (58 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic sexual".<ref>{{Citation|journal=Zelma}}</ref> In a separate survey conducted in 2019 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in [[Osaka|Osaka City]], Japan, among 4,285 valid responses in a randomized survey on sexual minorities, 33 respondents (0.8%) identified their sexual orientation as asexual. When categorized by sex assigned at birth, 0.3% of male respondents and 1.1% of female respondents identified as asexual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=大阪市民の働き方と暮らしの多様性と共生にかんするアンケート報告書 |trans-title=Survey on diversity of work and life, and coexistence among the residents of Osaka City |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI/%EF%BC%8A20191108%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%89.pdf |language=ja |publication-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> The survey also investigated not only self-identification but also experiences of sexual and romantic attraction. According to the results, 1.6% of respondents (0.9% of males and 2.1% of females) reported having never experienced either sexual or romantic attraction. Additionally, 1.3% (0.6% of males and 1.8% of females) reported experiencing only romantic attraction, and 0.8% (1.0% of males and 0.7% of females) reported experiencing only sexual attraction. === Sexual orientation, mental health and cause === There is significant debate over whether or not asexuality is a sexual orientation.<ref name="Bogaert 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBogaertAF2015">Bogaert, AF (April 2015). "Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters". ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].</cite></ref> It has been compared and equated with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a diagnosis which was in the DSM-4, in that both imply a general lack of sexual attraction to anyone; HSDD has been used to [[Magunguna|medicalize]] asexuality, but asexuality is generally not considered a disorder or a sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia, anhedonia, etc.), because it does not necessarily define someone as having a medical problem or problems relating to others socially.<ref name="Reconsidering Asexuality">{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2013 |title=Reconsidering Asexuality and Its Radical Potential |url=http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=405 |doi=10.1353/fem.2013.0054 |s2cid=147025548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303164252/http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref> Unlike people with HSDD, asexual people normally do not experience "marked distress" and "interpersonal difficulty" concerning feelings about their sexuality, or generally a lack of sexual arousal; asexuality is considered the lack or absence of sexual attraction as a life-enduring characteristic.<ref name="Bogaert2006">{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBogaert2006">Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 "Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality"]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18172400 the original]</span> on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Richards and Barker" /> One study found that, compared to HSDD subjects, asexuals reported lower levels of sexual desire, sexual experience, sex-related distress, and depressive symptoms.<ref name="brotto2015">{{Cite journal |last=Brotto, L. A. |last2=Yule, M. A. |last3=Gorzalka, B..B. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: An Extreme Variant of Sexual Desire Disorder? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=646–660 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12806 |pmid=25545124 |s2cid=30504509}}</ref> Researchers Richards and Barker report that asexuals do not have disproportionate rates of alexithymia, depression, or personality disorders.<ref name="Richards and Barker" /> Some people, however, may identify as asexual even if their non-sexual state is explained by one or more of the aforementioned disorders. Academic Angela Chen has argued that this distinction is illogical since discrimination and bigotry faced by asexual people can cause distress. She believes that when low sexual desire is inherently seen as a problem, people will want to cure it, but that people should not have to feel like they have a "moral obligation" to increase their sexual desire. Since the release of the DSM-5 in 2013, which split HSDD into diagnoses for female sexual arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, both disorders have been criticised for similar issues to HSDD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conley-Fonda |first=Brenna |last2=Leisher |first2=Taylor |date=2018-01-02 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Health Does Not Require Sex |journal=Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |doi=10.1080/10720162.2018.1475699 |issn=1072-0162 |s2cid=149652679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the DSM-5 mentions asexuality as an exclusion criterion for these two disorders, individuals must self-identify as asexual to meet the differential diagnosis and this requirement has been criticised for imposing a diagnosis on people who are possibly asexual but do not yet identify as such.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Houdenhove |first=Ellen |last2=Enzlin |first2=Paul |last3=Gijs |first3=Luk |date=2017-04-01 |title=A Positive Approach Toward Asexuality: Some First Steps, But Still a Long Way to Go |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=647–651 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=28091869 |s2cid=20911875 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, HSDD continues to be used to describe transgender women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cocchetti |first=Carlotta |last2=Ristori |first2=Jiska |last3=Mazzoli |first3=Francesca |last4=Vignozzi |first4=Linda |last5=Maggi |first5=Mario |last6=Fisher |first6=Alessandra Daphne |date=November 2021 |title=Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=703–709 |doi=10.1038/s41443-021-00409-8 |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=33558671 |s2cid=231850308 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719081450/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> The first study that gave empirical data about asexuals was published in 1983 by Paula Nurius concerning the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health. 689 subjects—most of whom were students at various universities in the United States taking psychology or sociology classes—were given several surveys, including four clinical well-being scales. In the results, asexuals were more likely to have low self-esteem and more likely to be depressed than members of other sexual orientations: 25.88% of heterosexuals, 26.54% of bisexuals (called "ambisexuals"), 29.88% of homosexuals, and 33.57% of asexuals were reported to have problems with self-esteem. A similar trend existed for depression. For various reasons, Nurius did not believe that firm conclusions could be drawn from this.<ref name="Ruspini" /><ref name="Nurius">{{Cite journal |last=Nurius |first=Paula |year=1983 |title=Mental Health Implications of Sexual Orientation |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1080/00224498309551174}}</ref> In a 2013 study, Yule et al. looked into mental health variances between Caucasian heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, and asexuals. The results of 203 male and 603 female participants were included in the findings. Yule et al. found that asexual male participants were more likely to report having a mood disorder than other males, particularly in comparison to heterosexual participants. The same was found for female asexual participants over their heterosexual counterparts; however, non-asexual, non-heterosexual females had the highest rates. Asexual participants of both sexes were more likely to have anxiety disorders than heterosexual and non-heterosexual participants, as were they more likely than heterosexual participants to report having had recent suicidal feelings. Yule et al. hypothesized that some of these differences may be due to discrimination and other societal factors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2013 |title=Mental Health and Interpersonal Functioning in Self-Identified Asexual Men and Women |journal=Psychology & Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=136–151 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774162 |s2cid=147120909}}</ref> With regard to sexual orientation categories, asexuality may be argued as not being a meaningful category to add to the continuum and instead argued as the lack of sexual orientation or sexuality.<ref name="Bogaert 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBogaertAF2015">Bogaert, AF (April 2015). "Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters". ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].</cite></ref> Other arguments propose that asexuality is the denial of one's natural sexuality and that it is a disorder caused by shame of sexuality, anxiety, or sexual abuse, sometimes basing this belief on asexuals who masturbate or occasionally engage in sexual activity to please a romantic partner.<ref name="Bogaert 2015" /><ref name="More to life">{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarrigan2011">Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). "There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community". ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): <span class="nowrap">462–</span>478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].</cite></ref> Within the context of sexual orientation identity politics, asexuality may pragmatically fulfill the political function of a sexual orientation identity category.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChasin2015">Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2015). "Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance". ''Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology''. '''25''' (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>180. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/casp.2203|10.1002/casp.2203]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1298 1099-1298].</cite></ref> The suggestion that asexuality is a sexual dysfunction is controversial among the asexual community. Those who identify as asexual usually prefer it to be recognized as a sexual orientation. Scholars who argue that asexuality is a sexual orientation may point to the existence of different sexual preferences.<ref name="Bogaert 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBogaertAF2015">Bogaert, AF (April 2015). "Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters". ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].</cite></ref><ref name="More to life">{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarrigan2011">Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). "There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community". ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): <span class="nowrap">462–</span>478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].</cite></ref> They and many asexual people believe that the lack of sexual attraction is valid enough to be categorized as a sexual orientation. The researchers argue that asexuals do not choose to have no sexual desire and generally start to find out their differences in sexual behaviors around adolescence. Because of these facts coming to light, it is reasoned that asexuality is more than a behavioral choice and is not something that can be cured like a disorder.<ref name="More to life" /> There is also analysis on whether identifying as asexual is becoming more popular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Doug |year=2017 |title=The Disregarding of Heteronormativity: Emphasizing a Happy Queer Adulthood and Localizing Anti-Queer Violence to Adolescent Schools |journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.1007/s13178-016-0272-7 |s2cid=151482192}}</ref> Research on the etiology of sexual orientation when applied to asexuality has the definitional problem of sexual orientation not consistently being defined by researchers as including asexuality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Falgueras |first=A |last2=Swaab |first2=DF |year=2010 |title=Sexual hormones and the brain: an essential alliance for sexual identity and sexual orientation |journal=Endocrine Development |volume=17 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1159/000262525 |isbn=978-3-8055-9302-1 |pmid=19955753}}</ref> While heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are usually, but not always, determined during the early years of preadolescent life, it is not known when asexuality is determined. "It is unclear whether these characteristics [''viz.'', "lacking interest in or desire for sex"] are thought to be lifelong, or if they may be acquired".<ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007">Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> One criterion usually taken to define a sexual orientation is that it is stable over time. In a 2016 analysis in the ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Brotto et al. found "only weak support" for this criterion being met among asexual individuals.<ref name="Brotto-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Brotto |first=L. A. |last2=Yule |first2=M. |year=2016 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Orientation, Paraphilia, Sexual Dysfunction, or None of the Above? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=619–627 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0802-7 |pmid=27542079 |s2cid=207092428}}</ref> An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health by Stephen Cranney found that, of 14{{Efn|This denominator is mistakenly given as 25 in the abstract of Cranney's initial study. The number of individuals who reported no sexual attraction in wave III was 14, according to Table 2, the first paragraph of the section "Multivariate Analysis", and the following quote from Cranney's subsequent commentary: "Specifically, of the 14 people who indicated 'no sexual attraction' in Wave III, only three went on to do so in Wave IV (Table 2)."<ref name="Cranney-2" />}} individuals who reported no sexual attraction in the study's third wave (when subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26), only 3 continued to identify in this way at the fourth wave, six years later.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=The Temporal Stability of Lack of Sexual Attraction across Young Adulthood |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=743–749 |doi=10.1007/s10508-015-0583-4 |pmc=5443108 |pmid=26228992}}</ref> However, Cranney notes that asexual identification in the third wave was still significant as a predictor of asexual identification in the subsequent wave. In a subsequent commentary, Cranney stated that the interpretation of this data was complicated by the absence of any "set quantitative standard for how long a sexual desire must last before it is considered stable or intrinsic enough to be considered an orientation".<ref name="Cranney-2">{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=Does Asexuality Meet the Stability Criterion for a Sexual Orientation? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=637–638 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0887-z |pmid=27815642 |s2cid=40119928}}</ref> While some asexuals masturbate as a solitary form of release or have sex for the benefit of a romantic partner, others do not (see above).<ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007">Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="New Scientist">{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestphal,_Sylvia_Pagan">Westphal, Sylvia Pagan. [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 "Feature: Glad to be asexual"]. ''[[New Scientist]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 Archived] from the original on December 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> Fischer et al. reported that "scholars who study the physiology of asexuality suggest that people who are asexual are capable of genital arousal but may experience difficulty with so-called subjective arousal". This means that "while the body becomes aroused, subjectively – at the level of the mind and emotions – one does not experience arousal". The Kinsey Institute sponsored another small survey on the topic in 2007, which found that self-identified asexuals "reported significantly less desire for sex with a partner, lower sexual arousability, and lower sexual excitation but did not differ consistently from non-asexuals in their sexual inhibition scores or their desire to masturbate".<ref name="Prause">{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007">Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A 1977 paper titled ''Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups'', by Myra T. Johnson, is explicitly devoted to asexuality in humans. Johnson defines asexuals as those men and women "who, regardless of physical or emotional condition, actual sexual history, and marital status or ideological orientation, seem to ''prefer'' not to engage in sexual activity". She contrasts autoerotic women with asexual women: "The asexual woman&nbsp;... has no sexual desires at all [but] the autoerotic woman&nbsp;... recognizes such desires but prefers to satisfy them alone". Johnson's evidence is mostly letters to the editor found in women's magazines written by asexual/autoerotic women. She portrays them as invisible, "oppressed by a consensus that they are non-existent," and left behind by both the sexual revolution and the feminist movement. Johnson argued that society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons.<ref name="Cerankowski and Milks 3" /><ref>"Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups" found in ed. Gochros, H.&nbsp;L.; J.&nbsp;S. Gochros (1977). ''The Sexually Oppressed''. Associated Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8096-1915-3}}</ref> In a study published in 1979 in volume five of ''Advances in the Study of Affect'', as well as in another article using the same data and published in 1980 in the ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', Michael D. Storms of the University of Kansas outlined his own reimagining of the Kinsey scale. Whereas Kinsey measured sexual orientation based on a combination of actual sexual behavior and fantasizing and eroticism, Storms used only fantasizing and eroticism. Storms, however, placed hetero-eroticism and homo-eroticism on separate axes rather than at two ends of a single scale; this allows for a distinction between bisexuality (exhibiting both hetero- and homo-eroticism in degrees comparable to hetero- or homosexuals, respectively) and asexuality (exhibiting a level of homo-eroticism comparable to a heterosexual and a level of hetero-eroticism comparable to a homosexual, namely, little to none). This type of scale accounted for asexuality for the first time. Storms conjectured that many researchers following Kinsey's model could be mis-categorizing asexual subjects as bisexual, because both were simply defined by a lack of preference for gender in sexual partners.<ref name="Storms1980">{{Cite journal |last=Storms |first=Michael D. |year=1980 |title=Theories of Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=783–792 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043737/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> fkm4a2gwwyz6khf5ubw56liwgtj4ndg Keith Conners 0 158088 882784 859028 2026-07-14T08:10:46Z BnHamid 12586 882784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carmen Keith Conners''' (Maris 20, 1933 - Yuli 5, 2017) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da kafa ka'idoji na farko don gano cutar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD). ==Farkon rayuwa== An haifi Conners a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1933, a Bingham Canyon, Utah, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na Michael Conners, masanin injiniya, da Merle Conners, wanda ke aiki a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Ya sami digiri daga Jami'ar Chicago (BA), [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (MA), da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (PhD). <ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite web |last=BENEDICT CAREY |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Keith Conners, Psychologist Who Set Standard for Diagnosing A.D.H.D., Dies at 84 - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/health/keith-conners-dead-psychologist-adhd-diagnosing.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yaba wa Conners kamar yadda ya sanya ADHD a taswirar a Amurka kuma ya taimaka wajen bunkasa kimantawa na farko don ADHD, <ref name="Frances 2016">{{Cite web |last=Frances |first=Allen |date=March 28, 2016 |title=Keith Conners, Father of ADHD, Regrets Its Current Misuse |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/keith-conners-father-of-adhd_b_9558252.html |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> gami da Conners Comprehensive Behaviour Rating Scale. <ref name="pmid4900822">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Conners CK |date=December 1969 |title=A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children |url= |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=884–8 |doi=10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 |pmid=4900822}}</ref><ref name="pmid3385082">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cohen M |date=April 1988 |title=The Revised Conners Parent Rating Scale: factor structure replication with a diversified clinical sample |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=187–96 |doi=10.1007/BF00913594 |pmid=3385082}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya nuna damuwa game da yawan ganewar asali na ADHD a Amurka idan aka kwatanta da Turai, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya gano ADHD akai-akai a Amurka.<ref name="Frances 2016" /> Ya yi imanin cewa yawan gaske na ADHD na yara sun kasance 2-3% .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmerson |first=Jeff |date=July 8, 2017 |title=A founding father of the ADHD diagnosis wrote his own obituary to warn against current... |url=https://medium.com/@IAmJeffEmmerson/a-founding-father-of-the-adhd-diagnosis-wrote-his-own-obituary-to-warn-against-current-c54d2459e620 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230806/https://medium.com/@IAmJeffEmmerson/a-founding-father-of-the-adhd-diagnosis-wrote-his-own-obituary-to-warn-against-current-c54d2459e620 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=September 9, 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> Conners ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2017, a Durham, North Carolina, yana da shekaru 84. <ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite web |last=BENEDICT CAREY |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Keith Conners, Psychologist Who Set Standard for Diagnosing A.D.H.D., Dies at 84 - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/health/keith-conners-dead-psychologist-adhd-diagnosing.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8duj5logirvgw5m9nh6g7roj61etyp7 Arsenamide 0 158227 882724 859556 2026-07-14T07:27:10Z BnHamid 12586 882724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arsenamide''' ko '''Tiacetarsamide''' (sunan kasuwanci '''Caparsolate''') arsenical ne. Yana da wani wakili na chemotherapeutic da aka gabatar akan canine filaria da trichomonas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagata |first=M. |last2=Yamada |first2=K. |date=1962-03-20 |title=Caparsolate Sodium in the Treatment of Canine Filariasis |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvma1951/15/3/15_3_94/_article |journal=Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association |language=ja |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.12935/jvma1951.15.94 |issn=0446-6454 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} njgnct4y02q8v7lp2g360pasu5dup5x Glycobiarsol 0 158412 882725 860259 2026-07-14T07:27:34Z BnHamid 12586 882725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glycobiarsol''' (sunan kasuwanci '''Milibis''') wakili ne na organometallic antiprotozoal wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mutane <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berberian |first=D. A. |year=1954 |title=The trichomonacidal activity of milibis (glycobiarsol) |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine |volume=54 |issue=22 |pages=3102–3105 |pmid=13214428}}</ref> da kuma cikin karnuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kibble |first=R. M. |year=1969 |title=Glycobiarsol for the control of Trichuris vulpis infection in the dog |journal=Australian Veterinary Journal |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=387 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.1969.tb06633.x |pmid=5389346}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qjg9c0t88vyeagom4rnezamr52gexax Milbemycin oxime 0 158457 882764 860405 2026-07-14T07:49:56Z BnHamid 12586 882764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Milbemycin oxime''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan alama Interceptor da sauransu, magani ne na dabbobi daga ƙungiyar milbemycins, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman maganin rigakafi. Yana aiki ne akan tsutsotsi (anthelmintic) <ref name="DailyMed" /> da ƙwayoyin cuta (miticide). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=R. S. |year=2012 |title=An update on the therapy of canine demodicosis |journal=Compendium (Yardley, Pa) |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=E1-4 |pmid=22488596}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Milbemycins samfurori ne na fermentation ta nau'in ''Streptomyces''. Suna da irin wannan hanyar aiki, amma tsawon rabin rayuwa fiye da avermectins. Milbemycin oxime yana samuwa ne daga ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus''. Yana buɗe tashoshin chloride masu mahimmanci na glutamate a cikin neurons da myocytes na invertebrates, wanda ke haifar da hyperpolarisation na waɗannan sel da toshe canja wurin sigina. == Amfani da shi == Milbemycin oxime yana aiki akan nau'in nematodes. Bakan miticide ya haɗa da Sarcoptes da Demodex. Maganin shine FDA-an yarda don rigakafin cututtukan zuciya a cikin karnuka da kuliyoyi, [1] ko da yake ba shi da ƙarfi a kan tsutsotsin zuciya fiye da ivermectin. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Sau da yawa ana haɗa abu tare da wasu magungunan parasiticides don cimma babban nau'in aiki. Irin waɗannan kayayyakin sun haɗa da: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}} * Milbemax da Interceptor Plus (tare da praziquantel) * Sentinel Flavor Tabs (tare da lufenuron) * Trifexis (tare da spinosad) * Nexgard Spectra (tare da afoxolaner) An yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin akwatunan ruwa na ruwa don kawar da cututtukan Tegastidae arthropod a kan yankunan coral masu wuya. Wannan magani ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne kuma zai kashe arthropods da ake so kamar shrimps da crabs. == Sakamakon sakamako == Yawancin lokaci ana jure wa miyagun ƙwayoyi da kyau, amma irin wannan sakamako na iya faruwa kamar su amai, phlegming, da idanu masu gilashi.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A watan Yunin 2025, Kwamitin Kayan Magunguna na Kayan Magungunan Turai ya karɓi kyakkyawan ra'ayi, yana ba da shawarar ba da izinin talla don samfurin maganin dabbobi Bravecto Combiuno da aka yi wa karnuka. <ref name="Bravecto CombiUNO EPAR" /> Mai nema don wannan samfurin magani na dabbobi shine Intervet International B.V . <ref name="Bravecto CombiUNO EPAR" /> Bravecto Combiuno samfurin magani ne na rigakafin da ke dauke da fluralaner da milbemycin oxime a matsayin abubuwa masu aiki. Dukkanin abubuwa suna yin aiki na parasiticidal ta hanyar hulɗa tare da tashoshin ion masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsarin juyayi na kwayoyin cuta daban-daban kamar kwari, acari da helminths.<ref name="Bravecto CombiUNO EPAR">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Bravecto CombiUNO EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/bravecto-combiuno |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2791xl7kdobp2r6a99kreex8uqcm8q Cinchonism 0 158494 882778 860634 2026-07-14T08:07:16Z BnHamid 12586 882778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cinchonism''' wani yanayi ne na cututtukan da ya haifar da wuce gona da iri na quinine ko tushen sa na halitta, cinchona bark. Ana amfani da Quinine da abubuwan da aka samo asali a magani don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da lupus erythematosus. A cikin ƙananan adadi, quinine shine sinadarin abin sha na tonic, yana aiki azaman wakili mai zaki. Cinchonism na iya faruwa daga maganin maganin quinine, ko dai daga daya ko da yawa manyan allurai. Quinidine (a Class 1A anti-arrhythmic) kuma na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism don bunkasa tare da kadan kamar kashi ɗaya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomi da alamun cinchonism mai sauƙi (wanda zai iya faruwa daga daidaitattun maganin maganin quinine) sun haɗa da fata mai laushi da gumi, ƙarar kunnuwa (tinnitus), hangen nesa, rashin ji, rikicewar rikice-rikice, asarar ji mai yawa, ciwon kai, ciwon ciki, rashes, [[Lichen planus|lichenoid]]_reaction" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Drug-induced lichenoid reaction">maganin da aka haifar da lichenoid (lichenoid photosensitivity), <ref name="pmid7711556">{{Cite journal |last=Dawson |first=T A J |year=1995 |title=Side effect of quinine for nocturnal cramps |journal=BMJ |volume=310 |issue=6981 |pages=738 |doi=10.1136/bmj.310.6981.738a |pmc=2549119 |pmid=7711556}}</ref> Vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]]. Yawancin allurai na quinine na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism mai tsanani (amma mai iya jujjuyawa): rashes na fata, kurma, rashin bacci, raguwar gani ko makanta, girgiza anaphylactic, da damuwa a cikin bugun zuciya ko tafiyarwa, da mutuwa daga cututtukan zuciya (lalacewar zuciya). Hakanan Quinine na iya haifar da wani nau'i na rashin hankali da ba kasafai ba a cikin marasa lafiyar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ake kira zazzabin ruwan baƙar fata, wanda ke haifar da babban haemolysis, haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinuria, da gazawar koda. Yawancin alamomin cinchonism (sai dai a lokuta masu tsanani) suna canzawa kuma suna ɓacewa da zarar an cire quinine. Ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ta hanyar shan babban kashi na quinine ya haifar da hangen nesa na ramin da ba za a iya jurewa ba da kuma nakasar gani sosai.[1] Marasa lafiya da aka kula da su da quinine na iya fama da karancin sukari a jini, musamman idan an ba da shi ta hanyar intravenous, da kuma hypotension (karancin Hawan jini). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Quinine, kamar [[chloroquine]], yana kashe enzymes a cikin lysosomes na sel kuma yana da tasirin rigakafi, saboda haka amfani da shi a cikin maganin rheumatoid arthritis. Koyaya, rashin aiki na waɗannan enzymes na iya haifar da tarin glycogen da phospholipids a cikin lysosomes, wanda ke haifar da myopathy mai guba. Yana yiwuwa wannan aikin shine tushen cinchonism. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Xi |last2=Chen |first2=Shanping |last3=Tee |first3=Daniel |date=May 1998 |title=Effects of Quinine on the Excitability and Voltage-Dependent Currents of Isolated Spiral Ganglion Neurons in Culture |url=http://jn.physiology.org/content/79/5/2503 |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=2503–12 |doi=10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2503 |pmid=9582223 |url-access=subscription}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 35oaleqjxyl1i7xinmqca3i0vgrwdrm 882779 882778 2026-07-14T08:07:45Z BnHamid 12586 882779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cinchonism''' wani yanayi ne na cututtukan da ya haifar da wuce gona da iri na quinine ko tushen sa na halitta, cinchona bark. Ana amfani da Quinine da abubuwan da aka samo asali a magani don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da lupus erythematosus. A cikin ƙananan adadi, quinine shine sinadarin abin sha na tonic, yana aiki azaman wakili mai zaki. Cinchonism na iya faruwa daga maganin maganin quinine, ko dai daga daya ko da yawa manyan allurai. Quinidine (a Class 1A anti-arrhythmic) kuma na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism don bunkasa tare da kadan kamar kashi ɗaya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomi da alamun cinchonism mai sauƙi (wanda zai iya faruwa daga daidaitattun maganin maganin quinine) sun haɗa da fata mai laushi da gumi, ƙarar kunnuwa (tinnitus), hangen nesa, rashin ji, rikicewar rikice-rikice, asarar ji mai yawa, ciwon kai, ciwon ciki, rashes, [[Lichen planus|lichenoid]]_reaction" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Drug-induced lichenoid reaction">maganin da aka haifar da lichenoid (lichenoid photosensitivity), <ref name="pmid7711556">{{Cite journal |last=Dawson |first=T A J |year=1995 |title=Side effect of quinine for nocturnal cramps |journal=BMJ |volume=310 |issue=6981 |pages=738 |doi=10.1136/bmj.310.6981.738a |pmc=2549119 |pmid=7711556}}</ref> Vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]]. Yawancin allurai na quinine na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism mai tsanani (amma mai iya jujjuyawa): rashes na fata, kurma, rashin bacci, raguwar gani ko makanta, girgiza anaphylactic, da damuwa a cikin bugun zuciya ko tafiyarwa, da mutuwa daga cututtukan zuciya (lalacewar zuciya). Hakanan Quinine na iya haifar da wani nau'i na rashin hankali da ba kasafai ba a cikin marasa lafiyar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ake kira zazzabin ruwan baƙar fata, wanda ke haifar da babban haemolysis, haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinuria, da gazawar koda. Yawancin alamomin cinchonism (sai dai a lokuta masu tsanani) suna canzawa kuma suna ɓacewa da zarar an cire quinine. Ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ta hanyar shan babban kashi na quinine ya haifar da hangen nesa na ramin da ba za a iya jurewa ba da kuma nakasar gani sosai.[1] Marasa lafiya da aka kula da su da quinine na iya fama da karancin sukari a jini, musamman idan an ba da shi ta hanyar intravenous, da kuma hypotension (karancin Hawan jini). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} Quinine, kamar [[chloroquine]], yana kashe enzymes a cikin lysosomes na sel kuma yana da tasirin rigakafi, saboda haka amfani da shi a cikin maganin rheumatoid arthritis. Koyaya, rashin aiki na waɗannan enzymes na iya haifar da tarin glycogen da phospholipids a cikin lysosomes, wanda ke haifar da myopathy mai guba. Yana yiwuwa wannan aikin shine tushen cinchonism. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Xi |last2=Chen |first2=Shanping |last3=Tee |first3=Daniel |date=May 1998 |title=Effects of Quinine on the Excitability and Voltage-Dependent Currents of Isolated Spiral Ganglion Neurons in Culture |url=http://jn.physiology.org/content/79/5/2503 |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=2503–12 |doi=10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2503 |pmid=9582223 |url-access=subscription}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qyrda8d42z7vdhtly4qnl6d3pndcm8j Aljeriya Jirgin ruwa 0 158832 882775 869515 2026-07-14T08:04:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Algérie Ferries''' (Arabic: النقل البحري الجزائري) or Entreprise Nationale de Transport Maritime de Voyageurs (ENTMV) (Arabic: المؤسسة الوطنية للنقل البحري للمسافرين) is a state-owned Algerian shipping company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2010 |title=Algérie Ferries is looking for a new ferry |url=http://www.ship2shore.it/en/shipping/algerie-ferries-is-looking-for-a-new-ferry_48517.htm |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Ship2Shore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title=NAVANTIA starts the works of repairing and modernization of the first ship for the Algerian Navy |url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228 |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Navantia |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921010541/http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company operates passenger and freight services between [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Faransa|France]] and [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. == Hanyoyi == Algeria Ferries tana aiki da hanyoyi takwas a fadin Bahar Rum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International ferries |url=http://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/International_ferries/ |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Travellers' Point}}</ref> * [[Oran]] - Alicante * [[Oran]] - [[Marseille]] * [[Aljir|Algiers]] - Alicante * [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Barcelona]] * [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Marseille]] * [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] - [[Marseille]] * [[Skikda]] - [[Marseille]] * [[Annaba]] - [[Marseille]] == Jirgin Ruwa == Algeria Ferries tana aiki da jiragen ruwa na fasinjoji biyar / motoci: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micke Asklander |title=Fakta om fartyg - Algérie Ferries |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/algerie_ferries.htm |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !Fadar !Shigar da sabis !Jirgin ruwa da ya shiga !Tsawon (m) !Beam (m) !Sautin sautin !Fasinjoji !Saurin sabis !Bayani |- |Tariq Ibn Ziyad |{{Flag|Algeria}} | colspan="2" |1995 |153,3 |25,2 |21,659 GT |1,276 |Ƙungiyoyi 21 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tariq Ibn Ziyad - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200531/https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Tassili na II |{{Flag|Algeria}} | colspan="2" |2004 |146,6 |24 |20,124 GT |1,320 |23.5 knots |<ref>{{Cite web |title=TASSILI II (Passenger Ship) Registered in Algeria |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200532/https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |El Djazair na II |{{Flag|Algeria}} | colspan="2" |2005 |146,6 |24 |20,124 GT |1,320 |23.5 knots |<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Djazair II - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/index.php/el-djazair-ii |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Badji-Mokhtar na III |{{Flag|Algeria}} | colspan="2" |2021 |200 |30 |49,785 GT |1,800 |24 knots |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BADJI MOKHTAR III, Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo Ship |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829205320/https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.vesselfinder.com}}</ref> |} == Abin kunya == A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2022, an kori Shugaba Kamel Issad daga matsayinsa saboda "halayensa wanda ya lalata hoton Aljeriya kuma yana da lahani ga bukatun 'yan ƙasa". A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023, an yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kula da jiragen kamfanin. An kama shi 'yan kwanaki bayan an kore shi a watan Yunin 2022 kan zargin "rashin amfani da kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba". An kuma yanke wa wasu tsoffin shugabannin hukunci a wannan shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six ans de prison ferme pour l’ancien PDG d’Algérie Ferries – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1410759/politique/six-ans-de-prison-ferme-pour-lancien-pdg-dalgerie-ferries/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Tsohon darektan kasuwanci Karim Bouzenad ya sami hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Hamouche Aghiles da Oufar Malika, dukansu 'yan gudun hijira, an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku kuma suna ƙarƙashin takardar shaidar kamawa ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Algérie Ferries : Les traversées Oran- Alicante suspendues - Journal communautaire algérien |url=https://www.djaliadz.com/algerie-ferries-les-traversees-oran/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2023, Kotun Algiers ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke a farkon shari'ar ENTMV. An yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku, Karim Bouzenad, tsohon darektan kasuwanci, hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Zargin sun hada da cin zarafin kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba. An wanke Kamel Eddalia da Cherifi Ikbal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affaire ENTMV: les peines prononcées en première instance confirmées |url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/156256-affaire-entmv-la-cour-d-alger-confirme-les-peines-de-premiere-instance-a-l-encontre-des-accuses |website=Algérie Presse Service |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == ipljjaqa6klil9uhjgo32meuo82xi66 Radeeya Jibril 0 158884 882311 874075 2026-07-13T13:35:59Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == M == fjn4rvfblsirjvp425jd5wmyqk2l67w 882312 882311 2026-07-13T13:36:18Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Ma == 4641mbs0ju2j7olpilf9u883vmz6wys 882313 882312 2026-07-13T13:36:35Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Man == 2zk4q7fws8zwuvafxx0tr2908w5hdxa 882314 882313 2026-07-13T13:37:02Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Mana == 2u2p5ydsv41x9upltu5we3nt5krzobv 882316 882314 2026-07-13T13:37:37Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manaz == 25k0f5voy58r2ijp3i7namzckalvoje 882317 882316 2026-07-13T13:38:10Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manaza == gshp6hpy4gb8nil51ul149joym32s2q 882319 882317 2026-07-13T13:38:37Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazar == 9g1r5le05fopldnpcwq7bwyxz4i34y1 882320 882319 2026-07-13T13:38:58Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazart == 8hyp80hu7x69dqvd8hped5585io7smr 882321 882320 2026-07-13T13:39:15Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazarta == g9ppkfnlmhl0hd2nwrwfebymncqmi74 882322 882321 2026-07-13T13:40:30Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1): == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazarta == mvmsunoihmexlo54e5wm0dej37hkh2q 882324 882322 2026-07-13T13:44:49Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1):<ref> https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cd6q828g2xxo.amp</ref> == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazarta == j0hphttc28e2pq6d16zst9hr3llpzra 882334 882324 2026-07-13T14:11:20Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 882334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1):<ref> https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cd6q828g2xxo.amp</ref><ref>https://hausa360.com/radeeya-jibril-tayi-aurenta-ta-bar-kannywood/amp/</ref> == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Manazarta == snl9lrwnw9vdhjegw4mbq92dfzpson4 Michael Glawogger 0 159228 882757 863543 2026-07-14T07:45:44Z BnHamid 12586 882757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Michael_Glawogger_Linz_improved.JPG|thumb|Glawogger a watan Nuwamba 2006]] '''Michael Glawogger''' (3 Disamba 1959 - 23 Afrilu 2014) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na Austriya, marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto, an haife shi a [[Graz]] . Daga 1981 zuwa 1982, Glawogger ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco, kuma daga 1983 zuwa 1989 a Kwalejin Fim ta Vienna . Kamar ɗan'uwan darektan Austrian Ulrich Seidl, wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi sau da yawa, an fi saninsa da fina-finai na shirye-shiryensa, kamar Megacities (1998), Workingman's Death (2005) da Whores' Glory (2011). A shekara ta 2008 ya kasance memba na juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Moscow na 30. <ref name="Moscow2008">{{Cite web |title=30th Moscow International Film Festival (2008) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050837/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2008 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == A cikin 2013, Glawogger ya ba da gudummawa ga babi ɗaya ga Cathedrals of Culture, fim na 3-D akan gine-gine wanda Wim Wenders ya samar. == Mutuwa da gado == Kwanaki huɗu bayan an gano shi da cutar [[typhus]], ya mutu daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2014 jim kadan kafin tsakar dare a [[Monrovia]], [[Laberiya]] yayin samar da fim. A watan Fabrairun 2015, an saki wani littafi na labarun mai taken ''69 Hotelzimmer'' . Labaran sun yi amfani da dakunan otal ɗin da Glawogger ya ziyarta (ko a wasu lokuta kawai ya ji game da shi a cikin wucewa) a matsayin tashi don labarun da ke nuna wadatar gani wanda ake yin bikin fina-finai. == Hotunan fina-finai == * 1989 - ''Yaƙi a Vienna'' (''Krieg a Wien''; shirin) * 1995 - Ant Street (''Die Ameisenstraße'') * 1996 - ''Fim a cikin Zuciya'' (''Kino im Kopf''; shirin) * 1998 - Megacities (takardun shaida) * 2000 - ''Faransa, A nan Mun zo!'' (Frankreich, wir kommen; fim) * 2002 - ''Yanayin Kasar: Austria a cikin Babi shida'' (takardun shaida) * 2004 - ''Slugs'' (''Nacktschnecken'') * 2005 - ''[[Workingman's Death|Mutuwar Ma'aikaci]]'' (documentary) * 2006 - ''Rashin hankali'' * 2009 - ''Kashe Daddy Good Night'' (''Das Vaterspiel'') * 2009 - ''Babban Saduwa'' * 2011 - Glory of Whores (documentary) * 2011 - 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero (documentary) * 2017 - Untitled (documentary, bayan mutuwar da Monika Willi ya shirya) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb name|0322198}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2h22sfz2892qe957ndc8xk0it1w5d9 882758 882757 2026-07-14T07:46:05Z BnHamid 12586 /* Haɗin waje */ 882758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Michael_Glawogger_Linz_improved.JPG|thumb|Glawogger a watan Nuwamba 2006]] '''Michael Glawogger''' (3 Disamba 1959 - 23 Afrilu 2014) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na Austriya, marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto, an haife shi a [[Graz]] . Daga 1981 zuwa 1982, Glawogger ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco, kuma daga 1983 zuwa 1989 a Kwalejin Fim ta Vienna . Kamar ɗan'uwan darektan Austrian Ulrich Seidl, wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi sau da yawa, an fi saninsa da fina-finai na shirye-shiryensa, kamar Megacities (1998), Workingman's Death (2005) da Whores' Glory (2011). A shekara ta 2008 ya kasance memba na juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Moscow na 30. <ref name="Moscow2008">{{Cite web |title=30th Moscow International Film Festival (2008) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050837/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2008 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == A cikin 2013, Glawogger ya ba da gudummawa ga babi ɗaya ga Cathedrals of Culture, fim na 3-D akan gine-gine wanda Wim Wenders ya samar. == Mutuwa da gado == Kwanaki huɗu bayan an gano shi da cutar [[typhus]], ya mutu daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2014 jim kadan kafin tsakar dare a [[Monrovia]], [[Laberiya]] yayin samar da fim. A watan Fabrairun 2015, an saki wani littafi na labarun mai taken ''69 Hotelzimmer'' . Labaran sun yi amfani da dakunan otal ɗin da Glawogger ya ziyarta (ko a wasu lokuta kawai ya ji game da shi a cikin wucewa) a matsayin tashi don labarun da ke nuna wadatar gani wanda ake yin bikin fina-finai. == Hotunan fina-finai == * 1989 - ''Yaƙi a Vienna'' (''Krieg a Wien''; shirin) * 1995 - Ant Street (''Die Ameisenstraße'') * 1996 - ''Fim a cikin Zuciya'' (''Kino im Kopf''; shirin) * 1998 - Megacities (takardun shaida) * 2000 - ''Faransa, A nan Mun zo!'' (Frankreich, wir kommen; fim) * 2002 - ''Yanayin Kasar: Austria a cikin Babi shida'' (takardun shaida) * 2004 - ''Slugs'' (''Nacktschnecken'') * 2005 - ''[[Workingman's Death|Mutuwar Ma'aikaci]]'' (documentary) * 2006 - ''Rashin hankali'' * 2009 - ''Kashe Daddy Good Night'' (''Das Vaterspiel'') * 2009 - ''Babban Saduwa'' * 2011 - Glory of Whores (documentary) * 2011 - 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero (documentary) * 2017 - Untitled (documentary, bayan mutuwar da Monika Willi ya shirya) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb name|0322198}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24bfgyqeeecr8g2ht2qr2evdhcbavps Aiyukan Ruwa na Katosi 0 159440 882609 864952 2026-07-14T02:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aiyukan Ruwa na Katosi''' ko '''Katosi Water Works''' ('''KWW'''), ko kuma '''Katosi Water Treatment Plant''' wani aiki ne na tace ruwa da rarraba shi a Uganda.<ref name="One">{{cite web|access-date=26 April 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/exclusive-nwsc-embarks-on-new-160millon-litres-katosi-water-works/ |title=NWSC Embarks on New 160 millon Litres Katosi Water Works |date=5 February 2018 |work=Chimpreports.com |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Wuri== Ginin tace ruwan yana cikin garin da ke kusa da tafki na Katosi, a gundumar Ntenjeru, Gundumar Mukono, a Yankin Buganda na Uganda. Katosi yana da tazarar kusan kilomita 23.5 ta kan hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Mukono, inda hedkwatar gundumar take.<ref name="Two">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mukono/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2263085,32.720376,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dfc05135cc4e9:0xf99cbaf9eaeacc70!2m2!1d32.7633036!2d0.2835476!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |title=Distance Between Mukono And Katosi | access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> Wannan yana da tazarar kusan kilomita 53 ta kan hanya, kudu maso gabashin Kampala, babban birnin Uganda.<ref name="Three">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2625272,32.5580349,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |title=Distance Between Kampala And Katosi | access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> Lambobin yanki na ginin tace ruwan sune: 00°07'02.0"N, 32°46'37.0"E (Latitude:0.117222; Longitude:32.776944).<ref name="LatnlonR">{{google maps|title=Location of Katosi Water Works | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B007'02.0%22N+32%C2%B046'37.0%22E/@0.1172222,32.7769444,392m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.1172222!4d32.7769444 |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> ==Bayani na Gabaɗaya== Tun can baya a shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Uganda, ta hanyar Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa (NWSC), ta fara shirin gina sabon ginin tace ruwa a Katosi, don ƙara wa gine-ginen da ke Ggaba (Ggaba I, II & III) ƙarfi, domin biyan bukatun al'ummar Kampala da gundumomin da ke kewaye da ita da ke haɓaka cikin sauri.<ref name="Four">{{cite web|date=17 April 2011 |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/news116532-html/ |title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=Water-Technology.net | author=Water Technology}}</ref> Kamfanin GKW Consult GmbH, tare da haɗin gwiwar Alliance Consultants Limited, sun sami kwangila daga NWSC don samar da ayyukan tuntuɓa na shirya zane-zane na sabon Ginin Tace Ruwan Sha kusa da Katosi. Bayar da kwangila da kula da ayyukan gine-gine suna cikin wannan kwangilar tuntuɓar.<ref name="Five">{{cite web|url=https://www.gkw-consult.com/en/news/news-message/article/new-major-water-supply-project-in-uganda/ |title=New Major Water Supply Project in Uganda |access-date=26 April 2018 |date=23 June 2016 | publisher=GKWConsult.com |location=Mannheim, Germany | author=GKW Consult}}</ref> Zanen ya kuma haɗa da bututun kwashe ruwa zuwa babban akwatin ajiye ruwa a kan Dutsen Nsumba, kusan kilomita 7 zuwa arewa maso yamma.<ref name="7R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/Nsumba+Nursery+School/@0.1745599,32.7789181,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!1m5!1m1!1s0x177debf3e44afe97:0x18283652f33a8fc0!2m2!1d32.7910152!2d0.193365!3e0 |title=Travel Distance From Katosi To Nsumba Hill |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> Lokacin da aka kammala, ana sa ran ginin zai kasance yana da damar samar da mita kubik 160,000 na ruwa kowace rana da farko, wanda za a iya faɗaɗa shi zuwa mita kubik 240,000 na ruwa kowace rana.<ref name="CapR">{{cite web |url=https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |title=National Water building Sh378 billion treatment plant at Katosi |date=June 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=The Ugandan |location=Kampala |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015401/https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Al'ummar da aka yi niyya ita ce kimanin mutane miliyan 4.5 zuwa shekarar 2025 da miliyan 7 zuwa shekarar 2040, waɗanda ake sa ran za su zauna a birnin Kampala da sauran manyan biranen da ke kewaye da shi.<ref name="Five"/> ==Mallaka== Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa (NWSC) ce ke da cikakken mallakar wannan ginin tace ruwa, wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha da ayyukan kwashe kazanta a faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="One"/> ==Gina Shi== Ginin Ginin Tace Ruwa na Katosi yana cikin babban shirin da ake kira Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project, wanda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2011. Aikin ya haɗa da inganta samar da ruwa da inganta ayyukan tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mazauna birnin Kampala miliyan 2 a wancan lokacin.<ref name="Seven">{{cite web | access-date=26 April 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en | last=European Commission | publisher=Hukumar Tarayyar Turai | date=21 July 2015 | title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN)}}</ref><ref name="EuroR">{{cite web|date=5 May 2011 | url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/finance-and-risk/item/4164-european-finance-to-transform-water-supply-in-uganda?font-size=smaller |title=European finance to transform water supply in Uganda |publisher=Waterbriefing.org |author=Water Briefing Organization |access-date=3 April 2019 |location=Bristol, United Kingdom}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na wancan shirin, wanda kuma ya haɗa da inganta Ginin Tace Ruwa na NWSC Ggaba, an yi kiran gina sabon ginin tace ruwa mai ƙarfin mita kubik 120,000 kowace rana a Katosi, Gundumar Mukono, gabashin Kampala.<ref name="Four"/> Kamfanonin BRL Ingenierie SA, IGIP da WE Consult ne suka gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aikin. A watan Yunin 2016, an zaɓi GKW Consult GmbH da Alliance Consultants Limited a matsayin injiniyoyin tuntuɓa. An tallata takardun neman kwangilar gine-gine a cikin rubu'i na farko na shekarar 2017, tare da sa ran duba tayin a watan Mayun 2017.<ref name="TendR">{{cite web|title=Uganda, Kampala: EIB Package 4B: Katosi Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Nsumba Pumping Main and Reservoir | url=http://www.publictenders.net/node/3445379 |date=19 August 2016 |work=Publictenders.net |author=Anonymous |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar ga wata haɗakar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da Suez International na Masar da Sogea-Satom na Faransa. A watan Yunin 2018, NWSC ta sanya hannu kan kwangila ta tabbatacciya tare da haɗakar kamfanonin don tsarawa da gina Katosi Water Works, tare da abubuwan da suka shafi hako ruwa, ajiya da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa a kan farashin kwangila na Euro miliyan 84 (shilingi biliyan 378). An fara ginin ne a watan Janairun 2019 kuma ana sa ran kammalawa a watan Maris na 2021.<ref name="CapR"/><ref name="NewthR">{{cite web| date=9 January 2020 | url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-to-employ-new-technology-to-increase-water-safety-in-uganda/ |title=NWSC To Employ New Technology To Increase Water Safety In Uganda |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=ChimpReports |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire | place=Kampala}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2020, an kiyasta cewa ginin ya kai kashi 80 cikin ɗari. An tsara gwajin famfo a cikin rubu'i na huɗu na shekarar 2020, tare da sa ran ƙaddamarwa a cikin rubu'i na farko na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{cite web| date=13 May 2020 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Kampala-water-demand-outstrips-supply-NWSC/688606-5550568-obfgtf/index.html | title=Kampala Water Demand Outstrips Supply - NWSC |work=Daily Monitor |author=Ashita Chopra |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Tallafin Kuɗi== Ana nuna tallafin kuɗi na Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (WATSAN) a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa:<ref name="Nine">{{cite web |title=Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) | publisher=European Investment Bank |author=European Investment Bank | url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=26 April 2018 | date=27 October 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Tallafin Kuɗi na Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project ! Matsayi !! Abokin Haɗin Gwiwa na Ci gaba !! Gudunmawa da Euro !! Kashi !! Bayanai |- | 1 || Gwamnatin Uganda || miliyan 34.0 || 16.04 || Zuba Jari |- | 2 || KfW na Jamus || miliyan 20.0 || 9.44 || Kyauta |- | 3 || Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai || miliyan 75.0 || 35.38 || Lamuni |- | 4 || Hukumar Ci Gaban Faransa || miliyan 75.0 || 35.38 || Lamuni |- | 5 || Asusun Amintaccen Kayan Aiki na Tarayyar Turai || miliyan 8.0 || 3.77 || Kyauta |- | || '''Jimilla''' || '''miliyan 212.00''' || '''100.00''' || |- |} * Bayani: Jimillar ta ɗan bambanta saboda kintace lambobi. A watan Fabrairun 2019, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Hukumar Ci Gaban Faransa (AFD), wadda Stéphanie Rivoal, Jakadiyar Faransa a Uganda ta wakilta, da gwamnatin Uganda, wadda Matia Kasaija, Ministan Kuɗi na Uganda ya wakilta don lamuni na shekaru 20 na shilingi biliyan 630 (Euro miliyan 150), wando ke wakiltar gudunmawar kuɗi na EIB da AFD a cikin wannan aikin.<ref name="LoanR">{{cite web|publisher=Afrik21 |date=6 February 2019 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ |title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects | access-date=31 March 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu | location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="Loan1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.softpower.ug/govt-to-borrow-over-shs-1-trillion-for-water-sanitation-projects/ |title=Government To Borrow Over One Trillion For Water Sanitation Projects |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |author=SoftPower Reporter |date=6 November 2018 | access-date=31 March 2019 | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Samar da Wutar Lantarki ga Ginin== A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, Umeme, babban kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki a Uganda, ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana gina layin wutar lantarki na musamman mai da'ira biyu na 33kV kaitsaye daga tasharsa da ke Mbalala (ba Mbarara ba), a kan titin Kampala zuwa Jinja, don samar da tsayayyen wutar lantarki ga ginin tace ruwan. Ana sa ran kammala layin wutar lantarkin a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020.<ref name=XXR>{{cite web| url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Finance/Umeme-seeks-to-integrate-Mukono-power-network/688608-5604982-15af6arz/index.html |title=Umeme seeks to integrate Mukono power network |date=6 August 2020 |newspaper=Daily Monitor | author=Christine Kasemiire |access-date=29 August 2020 | place=Kampala}}</ref> ==Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan== A watan Afrilun 2021, tare da kusan kashi 95 na ginin ya kammala, 'yan kwangilar da injiniyoyin NWSC sun fara gwada tsarin lantarki da na makanikai na sabon ginin. Wannan ya haɗa da sassa daban-daban na sarrafa wutar lantarki, mita masu auna matsin lamba, bututun shigar da ruwa da na fitarwa, gyaran fili da gidajen ma'aikata. Ana sa ran ƙaddamar da cikakken tsarin a mako na huɗu na watan Afrilun 2021.<ref name="FinR">{{cite web|url=https://pumps-africa.com/uganda-begins-system-testing-on-katosi-water-treatment-plant-2/ |title=Uganda begins system testing on new Katosi water plant |publisher=Pumps-Africa.com |date=1 April 2021 |author=Martina, A. |access-date=4 April 2021 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Ministan Ruwa da Muhalli na Uganda, Sam Cheptoris, shugaban Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa (NWSC), Injiniya Badru Kiggundu da Shugaban Gudanarwa na NWSC, Dokta Silver Mugisha, sun ziyarci cikakken ginin tace ruwan. Kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin tace ruwa a Katosi, rumbunan ajiye ruwa a kan Dutsen Nsumba da Dutsen Sonde, a Gundumar Mukono da kuma famfo mai ƙarfafa gudu a Namugongo, a Gundumar Wakiso. Jimillar kilomita 51 na bututun ruwa ya haɗa Ginin Tace Ruwa na Katosi da Ntinda, wata unguwa a birnin Kampala, inda ruwan da aka tace yake haɗuwa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa ta NWSC a cikin Babban Birnin Kampala wanda ya haɗa da Birnin Kampala, Gundumar Mukono da Gundumar Wakiso.<ref name="CompR">{{cite web|work=Daily Monitor | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/nwsc-now-has-more-water-than-demanded-in-kampala-metro--3536444 |date=3 September 2021 |title=NWSC now has more water than demanded in Kampala Metro |author=Stephen Otage |access-date=3 September 2021 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1331920/nwsc-increase-water-supply NWSC to increase water supply by 50%] As of 5 August 2015. * [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-katosi-drinking-water-plant-to-be-put-into-service-in-february-2021/ Uganda: Katosi drinking water plant to be put into service in February 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127045317/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-katosi-drinking-water-plant-to-be-put-into-service-in-february-2021/ |date=2024-11-27 }} As of 18 August 2020. rw537ffoj1dixsfed6w0fbwyx2mett9 Aikin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli na Masaka–Mbarara 0 159446 882601 864979 2026-07-14T02:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aikin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli na Masaka–Mbarara''' a turance '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') wani tsari ne na hako ruwa, tace shi, rarraba shi gami da tattara ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi da zubar da shi a biranen Masaka da Mbarara da ke Yankin Tsakiya da Yankin Yammacin Uganda. An yi nufin aikin ne domin biyan bukatun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na kimanin mutane 1,055,000 zuwa shekarar 2030. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta Uganda ce za ta gudanar da aikin ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa (NWSC). Hukumar Ci Gaban Faransa da Tarayyar Turai ne suka samar da tallafin kuɗi (lamuni da kyauta).<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 | author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Wuri== Ginin tace ruwan zai kasance ne a Gundumar Isingiro da ke Yammacin Uganda, wanda babban birninta wato Isingiro, yake da tazarar kusan kilomita 42 kudu maso gabashin birnin Mbarara, babban tsakiyar birni a Yammacin Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro tana da tazarar kusan kilomita 307 ta kan hanya, kudu maso yamma da Kampala, babban birnin Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Bayani na Gabaɗaya== Gwamnatin Uganda (GoU) tana kan aiwatar da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da kwashe kazanta a manyan birane uku a kudu maso yammacin Uganda; wato Masaka, Mbarara da Isingiro. Gyare-gyaren za su amfani yankunan kewayen biranen uku da kuma ƙananan birane sama da 40 a cikin gundumomin guda uku. Gwamnatin Uganda tana aiki ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta Uganda, tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa (NWSC), kamfanin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gwamnati. Ana samun kuɗaɗen ne ta hanyar lamuni da kyaututtuka daga Hukumar Ci Gaban Faransa (AFD) da Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=The Uganda Independent |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent | access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Wurin hako ruwan zai kasance ne daga Kogin Kagera wanda ke samar da iyakar kudu na Gundumar Isingiro, kuma a lokaci guda iyakar ƙasa tsakanin Uganda da maƙwabciyarta Tanzania. Za a tura ɗanyen ruwan ta hanyar famfo zuwa wurin da za a gina sabon ginin tace ruwa. Daga nan kuma za a rarraba ruwan sha da aka tace zuwa (a) Birnin Masaka da kewaye (b) Birnin Mbarara da kewaye da kuma (c) Birnin Isingiro da al'ummomin karkara da ke kewaye da shi.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da wani shirin gwamnati da ke gudana na ma'aikatar guda; wato Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kogin Kagera zai kasance matsayin tushen danyen ruwa ga birnin Isingiro shi ma. Haka kuma NWSC ce za ta gudanar da wannan aikin, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Sauran Lamura== A Birnin Mbarara, Gwamnatin Uganda tana haɗin gwiwa ne da RSK Uganda, wani kamfani na RSK Group, babban kamfanin injiniyan muhalli da ayyuka da ke da hedkwata a ƙasar Ingila. Cikakken fadin aikin a Mbarara yana da sassa kamar haka:<ref name="7R"/> * Gyara Ginin Tace Ruwa na Ruharo don ƙara ƙarfin samar da ruwa daga mita kubik 8,000 kowace rana zuwa mita kubik 12,000 kowace rana<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Faɗaɗa da inganta manyan bututun tura ruwa na kilomita 13 a cikin shekarar 2021 da babban bututun rarraba ruwa na kilomita 27 a cikin shekarar 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Faɗaɗa da inganta hanyoyin sadarwar kwashe kazanta na kilomita 8 da ke akwai a cikin shekarar 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Gyara wuraren tafkunan daidaita dattin ruwa (waste stabilization ponds) a yankunan Katete, Kakoba da Kizungu<ref name="7R"/> * Gina cibiyar tace dattin masai (faecal sludge) mai ƙarfin tace mita kubik 50 kowace rana<ref name="7R"/> ==Gine-Gine== A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2022, an ba da kwangilar injiniya, saye da gine-gine (EPC) ga Sogea-Satom, wani kamfani na rukunin Faransa na Vinci SA. Aikin ya haɗa da gina sabon wurin hako ɗanyen ruwa a kan Kogin Kagera, gina sabon ginin tace ruwa mai ƙarfin mita kubik 30,000 kowane sa'o'i 24. Sauran abubuwan haɓakawa sun haɗa da gina tashar matsawa, da shimfiɗa sababbin bututu na kilomita 62 don rarraba ruwan sha ga kimanin abokan ciniki 200,000. Ana sa ran ɗaukar sabbin ma'aikata kusan 200 don aikin, wanda ake sa ran zai ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu. Farashin kwangilar ya kai Euro miliyan 73, wanda aka ranto daga Hukumar Ci Gaban Faransa (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 |location=Paris, France }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Ci-gaba== A watan Janairu na shekarar 2023, NWSC ta sami sabuwar tashar famfo ta zamani mai ƙarfin tura mita kubik 160,000 na ruwa kowace sa'a. An shigar da famfon ne don tura ruwa daga Tafkin Nalubaale zuwa ginin tace ruwa na Nabajjuzi da ke Birnin Masaka. Ana adana ruwan da aka tace a cikin rumbuna huɗu da ke Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu da Kyabakuza. Sabuwar tashar famfon tana ƙara wa wasu tashoshi biyu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da ƙarfin tura mita kubik 230,000 na ruwa kowace sa'a. Tashoshi uku suna samar da jimillar mita kubik 390,000 kowace sa'a wanda ya yi daidai da mita kubik 9,360,000 kowane sa'o'i 24.<ref name="9R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804104539/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sauran Lamura== Ya zuwa watan Janairu na shekarar 2023, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar Uganda sun kai mutane miliyan 49. Daga cikin waɗannan, kimanin miliyan 7 (kashi 14.3 cikin ɗari) ba su da hanyar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta. Wannan aikin yana cikin ƙoƙarin ƙasar na ganin an sami wadatar ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kowa da kowa zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="9R"/> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] 3x06tfv4wezrgwuilnq6bnfqhgeonkc Aikin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli na Busia 0 159447 882599 864988 2026-07-14T02:04:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Busia''' ('''BWSSP'''), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tsarukan Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa na Busia''' wani tsari ne na shan ruwa, tacewa, rarrabawa, da kuma tattara gami da zubar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a gundumar Busia, kasar Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=Daily Monitor |date=7 August 2020 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/busia-banks-on-shs50b-water-project-to-end-disease-burden-1916116 | title=Busia banks on Shs50b water project to end disease burden | author=Daily Monitor |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Wuri== Wurin tace ruwa da zubar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi yana nan ana gina shi ne a garin Majanji dake kusa da tafki, a yankin Majanji Parish, karamar hukumar Majanji Sub-County, a gundumar Busia, kimanin kilomita 28 ta kan titi, kudu da garin Busia, inda babban ofishin gundumar yake.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Busia+Uganda/Majanji/@0.5121128,34.8657871,7.42z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fa0e07078428b:0x6c1d4dd11b933d52!2m2!1d34.0919803!2d0.4706692!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fb83d0abb3f5b:0x908ae6a57360fa5d!2m2!1d33.9888878!2d0.265!3e0 | title=Road Distance Between Busia, Uganda And Majanji, Uganda | access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> Majanji tana da tazarar kimanin kilomita 187 ta kan titi, gabacin Kampala, babban birnin kasar Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Majanji/@0.6033306,32.887464,9z/data=!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fb83d0abb3f5b:0x908ae6a57360fa5d!2m2!1d33.9888878!2d0.265!3e0!5i1 | title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Majanji, Uganda With Interactive Map |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> Lambobin yanki na masana'antar tace ruwan sune: 00°14'37.0"N, 33°59'17.0"E (Latitude:0.243611; Longitude:33.988056).<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B014'37.0%22N+33%C2%B059'17.0%22E/@0.2401253,33.9831388,14.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.2436111!4d33.9880556 |title=Location of Busia Water Supply and Treatment Plant |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web| work=World Bank Group |date=April 2018 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/477671507927648680/pdf/SFG3693-V1-REVISED-EA-P163782-PUBLIC-Disclosed-5-3-2018.pdf |title=Water Supply And Sanitation Project In Majanji, Lumino, Buhehe, Masafu, Masaba, Dabani, Buteba, Masinya, And Siduka Sub-Counties; Busia Municipality, Busia District: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project: Updated And Final Environmental And Social Impact Report |author=ESIA Team |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> ==Bayanai na Gaba Daya== A ƙarshen shekara ta 2020, Gwamnatin Uganda ta karɓi rance daga Bankin Duniya don kafa ''Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Gundumar Busia'' a Gabashin Uganda. Babban makasudin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a garin Busia, Uganda, da kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na yankunan karkara na gundumar da ke kewaye da shi.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-13-6-million-from-wb-for-drinking-water-in-busia-district/ |title=Uganda: $13.6 million from WB for drinking water in Busia district |date=14 August 2020 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190435/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-13-6-million-from-wb-for-drinking-water-in-busia-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wurin kwaso ruwan zai kasance ne a Tafkin Victoria, kimanin mita 300 daga gaɓar teku, a garin Majanji. Haka kuma, za a gina masana'antar tace ruwa da ke da ikon tace lita 12,988,000 na ruwa duk bayan sa'o'i 24 a garin Majanji. Za a kuma kafa babban tankin ajiye ruwa na sama wanda ke da ikon ajiye lita 1,720,000 na tsaftataccen ruwan sha a Dabani, tsakanin Majanji da tsakiyar garin Busia.<ref name="6R"/> Za a kafa babbar cibiyar tattara ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a unguwar da ake kira 'Osapir' a cikin Karamar Hukumar Busia, a kan fili da majalisar garin ta riga ta mallaka. Da farko, za a tace ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar matatun dausayi na zamani don raba ruwa da abubuwa masu tauri. Sannan za a karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankunan dausayi na halitta. Za a busar da busassun takin da aka samu sannan a sayar ko a ba wa manoma kyauta don amfani da shi azaman taki.<ref name="5R"/><ref name="6R"/> Sauran shirye-shiryen ci gaban ababen more rayuwa sun haɗa da gina wuraren bandaki na jama'a guda takwas masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar garin Busia, Uganda, don rage yin ba-gari a sarari da kuma rage cututtuka masu yaduwa ta ruwa, ciki har da Kwalara, zazzabin taifot, da gudawa na jini, wadanda suka zama ruwan dare a yanzu.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R"/><ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=Construction Review Online |title=Chinese company to implement Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Uganda |date=5 May 2021 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/uganda/chinese-company-to-implement-busia-water-supply-and-sanitation-project-in-uganda/ |author=Dennis Ayemba |access-date=30 August 2021 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Gina da Tallafin Kudi== A watan Afrilun 2021, Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta Uganda, wacce ita ce hukumar da ke aiwatar da aikin, ta ba da kwangilar gine-gine, saye, da kafawa (EPC) ga kamfanin 'Zhonghao Overseas Construction Engineering Company'. An kiyasta farashin kwangilar a kan kudi Shiling na Uganda biliyan 50 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 14). Ana saurin ginin zai dauki tsawon shekaru 6.<ref name="8R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-chinas-zhonghao-wins-contract-for-busia-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Uganda: China’s Zhonghao wins contract for Busia water and sanitation project |date=4 May 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191940/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-chinas-zhonghao-wins-contract-for-busia-water-and-sanitation-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sauran Lamura== Wani bangare na ruwan da aka kwaso daga Tafkin Victoria a karkashin wannan aikin an yi niyya ne don samar da ruwan ban-ruwa ga wasu kamfanonin sarrafa kayan gona da dama a gundumar Busia.<ref name="8R"/> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] kyavfte98sqnzw3tmo9wfpe6q6hwjky Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Gulu 0 159449 882598 864994 2026-07-14T02:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Gulu''' (GWSSP), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tsarukan Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa na Gulu''', wani tsari ne na shan ruwa, tacewa, rarrabawa, da kuma tattara gami da zubar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a birnin Gulu, babban cibiyar birni mafi girma a Yankin Arewa na kasar Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/10/museveni-commissions-gulu-water-supply-and-sanitation-project.html |title=Museveni commissions Gulu water supply and sanitation project |work=PML Daily |date=23 October 2020 |author=Javira Ssebwami | access-date=4 September 2021 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2020, gwamnatin Uganda ta kammala Mataki na 1 na inganta samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birnin, tare da tallafin kudi daga Bankin Duniya, KfW, da Gwamnatin Uganda. Ana saurin fara ingantawa na Mataki na 2 a shekarar 2021, tare da tallafin kudi daga Bankin Duniya, KfW, da kamfanin Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC Group).<ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-government-inaugurates-water-and-sanitation-project-in-gulu/ |title=Uganda: Government inaugurates water and sanitation project in Gulu |date=23 October 2020 |work=Afrik21.africa |access-date=4 September 2021 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170244/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-government-inaugurates-water-and-sanitation-project-in-gulu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Wuri== Wurin tace ruwan yana can a sashin arewa maso yamma na birnin Gulu (kimanin mutane 177,400 (bana kiyasi) a shekarar 2020),<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Citypopulation.de |date=14 June 2020 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/cities/ |title=The population of all Ugandan cities and towns with more than 15,000 inhabitants according to census results and latest official projections |author=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |access-date=4 September 2021 |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> a gundumar Gulu, a Yankin Arewa na kasar Uganda, kimanin kilomita 334 ta kan titi, arewa da Kampala, babban birnin kasar kuma birni mafi girma.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Gulu/@1.5597519,31.174661,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x1771a65c0fc42a27:0xce6ef3d1c3d80e06!2m2!1d32.2880726!2d2.7724038!3e0 | title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Gulu, Uganda | access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> ==Bayanai na Gaba Daya== Kafin samun matsayin birni, Gulu ta dogara ne kacokan a kan madatsar ruwa guda daya a kan Kogin Oyitino, wacce aka sani da Oyitino I, a matsayin babban tushen ruwanta. Sai dai kuma, tsawon lokacin rani ya sa madatsar ruwan ta gaza biyan bukatun birnin da ke fadin kansa da kuma yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da shi.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="5R">{{cite web|work=New Vision | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1420867/updf-nswc-partner-provide-safe-water |title=UPDF, NSWC partner to provide safe water |date=2016 |author=New Vision |access-date=4 September 2021 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> A zaman wani bangare na kokarin samar da isasshen tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga Gulu da babban birninta, gwamnatin Uganda, tare da sauran abokan hulda na ci gaba, sun tsara Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Gulu. An raba shi zuwa matakai biyu, Mataki na I da Mataki na II. Jimillar kudin da aka tsara na duka matakan biyu dalar Amurka miliyan 46 (Shiling na Uganda biliyan 170).<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=PML Daily | url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/2018/05/nwsc-earmarks-shs170b-in-bid-to-end-gulu-water-crisis.html |date=4 May 2018 | title=NWSC earmarks Shs170b in bid to end Gulu water crisis | author=George Okello |access-date=5 September 2021 | place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an kara wannan kasafin kudin zuwa dala miliyan 75 (Shiling na Uganda biliyan 269).<ref name="7R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-e26-million-in-additional-funding-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ |title=Uganda: €26 million in additional funding for water and sanitation in Gulu |work=Afrik21.africa |date=9 March 2022 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 March 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309103309/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-e26-million-in-additional-funding-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mataki na 1=== An aiwatar da Mataki na 1 tsakanin shekarar 2017 da 2020. Aiki na farko shi ne hakar rijiyar burtsatse kusa da Kakanyero Hotel, wacce ke samar da lita 50,000 a kowace sa'a, wanda ke nufin lita 1,200,000 a kowace rana. Rijiyar tana sanye da famfunan lantarki da ke tura sabon ruwan kai tsaye zuwa manyan tankunan ajiya a wasu unguwanni na Birnin Gulu, wadanda suka hada da (a) Senior Quarters (b) Kitgum Road da kuma (c) Alur Road, da sauransu.<ref name="6R"/> An haka wasu rijiyoyin burtsatse guda biyar masu amfani da inji wadanda ke da jimillar karfin samar da lita 2,400,000 na ruwa a kowace rana.<ref name="2R"/> Abu na biyu a cikin Mataki na I shi ne gina wata madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Oyitino (Oyitino II). An shimfida sabbin bututun kwaso ruwa don janye danyen ruwa daga madatsun ruwa guda biyu kuma su kai shi kilomita 7 zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa da ke unguwar Kabedopong. An daidaita kwaso danyen ruwa daga Oyitino I da Oyitino II kuma aka sanya musu sabon janareton lantarki na 400 kVA. An gyara masana'antar tace ruwan kuma aka kara karfinta daga lita 4,000,000 a kowace rana zuwa lita 10,000,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> Wani sashe na Mataki na I shi ne gina sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan kazanta a wata unguwar Gulu da ake kira Cubu. Sabbin bututun tura ruwan kazanta zuwa sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa guda 200 sun fadada tsarin tattarawa da zubar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a birnin. An gina sabbin bandakunan jama'a guda arba'in da biyu, wadanda ke da ikon daukar mutane 250 a lokaci guda. Ingantawa na Mataki na I ya ci dalar Amurka miliyan 23.5 (Shiling na Uganda biliyan 82.3).<ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> ===Mataki na 2=== An fara aikin ingantawa na Mataki na II a shekarar 2021 kuma ana saurin kammala shi a shekarar 2024. Wannan ya hada da shimfida bututun kwaso danyen ruwa daga Kogin Nilu na Victoria a gundumar Oyam, zuwa sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwa a Karuma. Za a gina sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwa a Karuma, kusa da wurin kwaso danyen ruwan. Za a shimfida sabon bututun jigilar taceccen ruwa mai tsawon kimanin kilomita 75 tsakanin Karuma da Gulu. Kowane yanki da bututun taceccen ruwan ya ratsa zai amfana da taceccen ruwan sha. Sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan za ta kasance tana da karfin tace lita 30,000,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="7R"/> A watan Fabrairun 2022, Sogea-Satom, wani reshe na kamfanin Vinci SA na kasar Faransa, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don gudanar da aiwatar da wannan matakin. A karkashin kwangilar da aka sanya wa hannu tare da hukumar NWSC, kamfanin na Faransa ya dauki alkawarin gudanar da abubuwa kamar haka: (a) sanya kayan aikin injiniya da lantarki masu karfin kwaso lita 30,000,000 na danyen ruwa a kowace rana a kan Kogin Nilu na Victoria, a kusa da Karuma (b) gina masana'antar tace ruwa a Karuma, wacce za ta iya samar da lita 30,000,000 na tsaftataccen ruwan sha a kowace rana. Masana'antar tace ruwan za ta kasance tana da babban tanki "don ajiye ruwan sha".<ref name="8R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |date=4 February 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-wins-a-major-contract-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom wins a major contract for water and sanitation in Gulu |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=9 February 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209122517/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-wins-a-major-contract-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran alkawuran sun hada da (c) gina wurin busar da laka a masana'antar tace ruwan kazanta da ke Gulu a halin yanzu. Wurin busar da lakar zai zauna a kan fili mai fadin murabba'in mita 450 da kuma (d) Sogea-Satom kuma zai kasance da alhakin shigar da dukkan kayan aikin lantarki, na sarrafa kansa, da na kula da tsarin gaba daya daga nesa.<ref name="8R"/> Wannan aikin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsabtace muhalli zai amfani garuruwa da al'ummomi da ke kan hanyar kilomita 75, tsakanin Karuma da Gulu, wadanda suka hada da: Kamdini, Koro Abili, Karuma, Bobi, Palenga, da Minakuru. Hukumar NWSC ta kiyasta cewa aikin zai amfani kusan mutane 490,000 a wadannan kananan cibiyoyin birane.<ref name="8R"/> A watan Maris na 2022, an sake zuba kararin Yuro miliyan 26 (Shiling na Uganda biliyan 94) da aka samo daga Bankin Duniya, Kfw, da Asusun Gwamnatin Uganda, a cikin mataki na biyu na wannan aikin.<ref name="7R"/> ==Mallaka== Wuraren tace ruwa na Gulu, tare da tsarin tace ruwan kazanta da zubar da shi, mallakar Gwamnatin Uganda ne kacokan ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli. Hukumar National Water and Sewerage Corporation ce ke kula da gudanarwa da gyaransu, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha da ayyukan kwashe ruwan kazanta a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R"/> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Mahaɗa== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/12/nwsc-moves-to-solve-water-shortage-in-gulu-municipality.html NWSC moves to solve water shortage in Gulu Municipality] As of 6 December 2018. qqln7ppxu21jrfazur8o6qnsusmgsuq Aikin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli na Rukungiri 0 159450 882602 864998 2026-07-14T02:06:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rukungiri Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''RWSSP'''), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Rukungiri Water Supply and Sewerage System''', wani tsari ne na shan ruwa, tacewa, rarrabawa da kuma tattarawa tare da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa a cikin garin Rukungiri, a Shiyyar Yammacin Uganda. Idan an kammala shi, ana ran tsarin zai riƙa samar da {{convert|9600|m3|liters}} na ruwa kullum, ga kusan mutane 120,000 a garin Rukungiri da al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka da su a cikin Rukungiri District da kuma sassa na Ntungamo District. Wannan aikin haɓaka ababen more rayuwa haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin World Bank da Gwamnatin Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nswc-takes-over-rukungiri-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Uganda: NSWC takes over Rukungiri water and sanitation project |date=11 March 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=5 June 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324184853/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nswc-takes-over-rukungiri-water-and-sanitation-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://pumps-africa.com/why-ugandas-nswc-is-taking-over-rukungiri-water-supply-project-2/ |title=Why Uganda's NSWC is taking over Rukungiri water supply project |date=15 March 2021 |author=Aziz Mohamed |access-date=5 June 2022 |work=Pumps-Afric.com}}</ref> ==Wuri== Sabuwar matatar tace ruwan tana a Ƙauyen Kabingo, Kebisoni Sub-county, a cikin Rukungiri District.<ref name="2R"/> Kebisoni tana da nisa na kusan {{convert|12|km|0}}, kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar garin Rukungiri Town.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kebisoni/Rukungiri/@-0.8213398,29.9275552,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19deb7352809f833:0x317e30a6c7bd525d!2m2!1d30!2d-0.85!1m5!1m1!1s0x19deb88727232873:0xb12d21f57a49f851!2m2!1d29.924903!2d-0.7911388!3e0 |title=Travel Distance Between Kebisoni, Uganda And Rukungiri, Uganda |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> ==Tarihi== A shekarar 2016, World Bank da Gwamnatin Uganda sun ba wa kamfanin kasar Indiya mai suna Technofab Engineering kwangilar gudanar da wannan aiki. Sai dai kuma, ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2021, fiye da shekaru biyar bayan bayar da kwangilar, kusan kashi 35 cikin ɗari na aikin ne kawai aka kammala, a aikin da aka tsara zai ɗauki shekaru biyu kacal.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> A watan Maris na shekarar 2021, an soke kwangilar da kamfanin na Indiya, aka kuma mika wa National Water and Sewerage Corporation alhakin kammala aikin.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Bayanin Gabaɗaya== A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin samar da isasshen tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga Rukungiri District, gwamnatin Uganda tare da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, sun tsara aikin Rukungiri Water Supply And Sanitation Project. An raba aikin gida biyu, wato Mataki na 1 (Phase I) da Mataki na 2 (Phase II). Jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka ware don duka matakan biyu ya kai Shiling na Uganda (USh) biliyan 44 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 12).<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nwsc-to-take-over-construction-of-stalled-multi-billion-rukungiri-water-project-3306894 |title=NWSC to take over construction of stalled multi-billion Rukungiri water project |work=Daily Monitor | date=28 February 2021 |author=Ronald Kabanza |access-date=5 June 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ===Mataki na 1=== Mataki na 1 ya haɗa da gina sabon wurin ɗibar danyen ruwa a Kogin Kahengye, tare da tashar famfo. Za a riga ana tura danyen ruwan zuwa sabuwar matatar tace ruwa da ke Ƙauyen Kabingo, Kebisoni Sub-county. Za a kuma gina sabon babban rariyar ajiye ruwa (reservoir) mai ƙarfin daukar {{convert|700|m3|liter}} a Tsaunin Mukazi. Haka kuma za a gina sabon ginin gudanarwa, wurin samar da wutar lantarki (generator) da gidan na'urori. Za a shimfiɗa kusan {{convert|40|km|0}} na manyan bututun rarraba tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ===Mataki na 2=== Haɓakawa na Mataki na II ya haɗa da gina manyan wuraren ajiye ruwa guda biyar kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa. Ya kuma haɗa da gina mazaunin gurbataccen ruwa (waste lagoon) da shimfiɗa {{convert|20|km}} na bututun rarraba ruwan sha. NWSC na shirin gina dakunan wanka da bayan gida na jama'a a garin Rukungiri don sauƙaƙa buƙatun tsaftace muhalli a tsakiyar birnin.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Aikin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Rukungiri: Abubuwan da ke cikin Mataki na II ! Matsayi !! Wurin rariyar ruwa !! Karfi !! Bayani |- | 1 || Rwanyakashesha || {{convert|1000|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 2 || Bwoma ||{{convert|300|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 3 || Buyanja ||{{convert|400|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 4 || Kebisoni ||{{convert|200|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 4 || Rwerere ||{{convert|100|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- |} ==Sauran Lamura== Bayan kammala Mataki na II, an tsara dukkan tsarin don samar da {{convert|9600|m3|liter}} na tsaftataccen ruwa kowace rana. Al'umar da ke cikin Rukungiri District na buƙatar ruwan sha da aka ƙiyasta ya kai {{convert|3000|m3|liter}} kowace rana. Kafin wannan aikin, lita {{convert|600|m3|liter}} kaɗai suke samu a rana. An bayar da rahoton cewa aikin ya lakume kudi USh$44 biliyan (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 12).<ref name="4R"/> ==Kammalawa== A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Injiniya Silver Mugisha, Shugaban Kamfanin National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), ya mika aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da aka kammala ga Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta Uganda. NWSC ita ce babban ɗan kwangila na wannan aiki. Haka kuma, an zaɓi wannan kamfani na gwamnati don gudanar da aikin kulawa da tafiyar da tsarin (operations and maintenance). Ana ran aikin zai amfani kusan mutane 163,000 a Garin Rukungiri, sassa na Rukungiri District da kuma sassa na Ntungamo District, aƙalla har zuwa shekara ta 2040.<ref>{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-a-new-drinking-water-supply-serves-163000-people-in-rukungiri/ |date=25 November 2022 |title=Uganda: A new drinking water supply serves 163,000 people in Rukungiri |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=30 November 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130135738/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-a-new-drinking-water-supply-serves-163000-people-in-rukungiri/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] oc5smcezgiloruhnumly5ed72p7kvyz Aikin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli na Isingiro 0 159453 882600 865005 2026-07-14T02:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''IWSSP'''), wanda kuma ake kira da ''Isingiro Water Supply and Sewerage System'' wani tsari ne na shan ruwa, tacewa, rarrabawa da kuma tattarawa tare da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa a cikin Isingiro District, a Shiyyar Yammacin Uganda. An tsara aikin ne don biyan buƙatun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na mutane 340,000 (kashi 61.8 cikin ɗari) daga cikin mazaunan gundumar su 550,000. Masu amfana da aikin sun haɗa da mutane 100,000 da ke zaune a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nakivale da kuma mutane 32,000 da ke zaune a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Oruchinga. Hukumar da za ta gudanar da aikin ita ce Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta Uganda ta hanyar kamfanin samar da ababen more rayuwa na gwamnati, wato National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Hukumar Haɓakawa ta Faransa (French Development Agency) da Tarayyar Turai (European Union) ne suka samar da kuɗaɗen aikin (bashi da tallafi).<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-and-eu-grant-e78-56-million-for-water-and-sanitation-in-insingiro/ |title=Uganda: AFD and EU grant €78.56 million for water and sanitation in Insingiro |work=Afrik21.africa |date=27 September 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=30 September 2021 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929140616/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-and-eu-grant-e78-56-million-for-water-and-sanitation-in-insingiro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Wuri== Tashar tace ruwan za ta kasance ne a Isingiro District da ke Yammacin Uganda, inda babban birnin gundumar wato Isingiro, yake da nisa na kusan {{convert|42|km|0}} kudu maso gabas da birnin Mbarara, wanda shi ne mafi girman cibiyar birni a Yammacin Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> Isingiro tana da nisa na kusan {{convert|307|km|0}} ta kan hanya, kudu maso yamma da Kampala, babban birnin kasar Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ==Bayanin Gabaɗaya== A shekarar 2021, Gwamnatin Uganda ta karbi rancen kudi daga Agence française de développement (AFD) don kafa aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Isingiro District Water Supply and Sanitation Project, a Yammacin Uganda. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a gundumar, musamman ga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira guda biyu da ke yankin, wadanda ke da karfin daukar mutane 100,000 da mutane 32,000, wanda ya sanya jimillar 'yan gudun hijira 132,000. Sauran mazauna yankin mutane 208,000 wadanda ba 'yan gudun hijira ba su ma za su amfana, daga cikin jimillar al'ummar gundumar mutane 550,000.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Smartwatermagazine.com |date=23 September 2021 |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/agence-francaise-de-developpement-afd/uganda-afd-and-eu-finance-better-access-rural-water |title=Uganda: AFD and the EU to finance better access to rural water in the district of Isingiro | author=Agence Française de Développement |access-date=30 September 2021 |location=Madrid, Spain}}</ref> Wurin dibar danyen ruwan zai kasance ne daga Kogin Kagera wanda ke samar da iyakar kudancin Isingiro District, kuma a lokaci guda iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Uganda da makwabciyarta Tanzania. Za a tura danyen ruwan zuwa inda za a gina sabuwar matatar tace ruwa. Daga nan sai a rarraba tsaftataccen ruwan sha da aka tace zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira guda biyu da kuma al'ummomin karkara da na birane a cikin Isingiro District.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=30 September 2021 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Wannan aiki yana da alaka da wani aikin gwamnati da ke gudana ta karkashin ma'aikatar guda; wato Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kogin Kagera zai kasance tushen danyen ruwa ga birnin Mbarara shi ma. Shi ma wannan aiki na biyu, hukumar NWSC ce za ta gudanar da shi, tare da tallafin kudi daga AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> Sauran tsare-tsaren inganta ababen more rayuwa sun haɗa da gina tsarin tsaftace muhalli a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira guda biyu da kuma a wasu cibiyoyin birane a cikin Isingiro District.<ref name="4R"/> ==Kuɗaɗen Aiki== Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna tushen samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da wannan aiki. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Tushen Samar da Kuɗi na Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project ! Matsayi !! Abokin Haɗin Gwiwa !! Gudunmawa da Yuro !! Kashi !! Bayani |- | 1 ||Agence Française de Développement (AFD) || Miliyan 69.0 || 86.8 || Bashi<ref name="4R"/> |- | 2 || Tarayyar Turai (European Union) || Miliyan 8.0 || 10.1 || Tallafi<ref name="4R"/> |- | 3 || Agence Française de Développement || Miliyan 2.5 || 3.1 || Tallafi<ref name="4R"/> |- | || '''Jimilla''' || '''Miliyan 79.5''' || '''100.00''' || |- |} Tallafin Yuro miliyan 8 da Tarayyar Turai ta bayar an tsara shi ne musamman don amfani wajen gina tsarin tsaftar muhalli a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira guda biyu na Nakivale da Oruchinga.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="6R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-and-eu-grant-e78-56-million-for-water-and-sanitation-in-insingiro/ |title=Uganda: AFD and EU grant €78.56 million for water and sanitation in Insingiro |work=Afrik21.africa |date=27 September 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=9 February 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303111042/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-and-eu-grant-e78-56-million-for-water-and-sanitation-in-insingiro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2022, Hukumar Haɓakawa ta Faransa da gwamnatocin Uganda sun sanyawa takardun lamuni hannu na kudi da suka kai Yuro miliyan 153 (kimanin Shiling na Uganda biliyan 604.8), wanda ke da alaka da wannan aiki da sauran ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a gundumar Gulu, Kyankwanzi, Kalungu da Bushenyi. Tsarin ya bukaci cire ruwa kimanin {{convert|700|millions|liters}} kowace rana daga Kogin Kagera don wadatar da Isingiro District da Mbarara City kowace rana.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| work=The Observer (Uganda) |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202208050170.html |title=Govt Moves to End Isingiro's Water Crisis | author=Moses Mugalu |access-date=8 August 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda |format=via AllAfrica.com}}</ref> ==Sauran Lamura== Ana ran wannan aikin zai rage gurbataccen ruwan da ake zubarwa a cikin Tafkin Nakivale (Lake Nakivale) sannan kuma zai rage yawan ruwan da ake diba daga shi kansa tafkin.<ref name="8R">{{cite web| work=Ec.Europa.eu |date=2019 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eu-external-investment-plan/projects/isingiro-water-supply-and-sanitation-improvement-project_en |title=Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project |author=European Commission |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/communique-de-presse/uganda-afd-and-eu-finance-better-access-rural-water-district-isingiro Uganda: AFD And The EU To Finance Better And Inclusive Access To Rural Water In The District Of Isingiro] As of 21 September 2021. ei2dxrap3yzrx75qktunltoon96aie3 C4A 0 159460 882777 865017 2026-07-14T08:06:19Z BnHamid 12586 882777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Complement C4-A wani nau'i ne na Complement component 4 furotin wanda a cikin mutane an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta ''C4A''.<ref name="entrez">{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: C4A complement component 4A (Rodgers blood group) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=720}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Wannan kwayar halitta ta ƙunshi nau'in acidic na haɓaka factor 4, wani ɓangare na hanyar kunnawa na gargajiya. An bayyana sunadarin a matsayin mafari guda ɗaya wanda aka manne ta hanyar proteolyt zuwa sarƙoƙin alpha, beta, da gamma kafin ɓoyewa. Trimer yana ba da fili don hulɗa tsakanin hadaddun antigen-antibody da sauran abubuwan da suka dace. Ana iya manne sarkar alpha don sakin C4 anaphylatoxin, matsakanci na kumburin gida. Rashin wannan furotin yana haɗuwa da tsarin lupus erythematosus da nau'in ciwon sukari na I. Yawan samarwa saboda lambar kwafin da ya fi na al'ada ya nuna babban yuwuwar alaƙar da ke haifar da schizophrenia da cuta ta bipolar tare da psychosis, wanda zai iya bayyana yanayin gadon waɗannan cututtuka.[7] Wannan kwayar halitta ta bayyana zuwa wurin RCCX a cikin babban yanki na chromosome na 6. [8] [9] Bambance-bambancen haplotypes na wannan rukunin kwayoyin halitta sun wanzu, ta yadda mutane zasu iya samun kwafi 1, 2, ko 3 na wannan kwayar halitta.[10] Kowane kwafin kwayoyin halitta, saboda maye gurbin nucleotide guda biyar yana haifar da canje-canjen amino acid guda huɗu da aikin rigakafi na rigakafi, [11] na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin nau'i biyu: C4A da C4B.[12]. Kowane jinsin ya ƙunshi exons 41 kuma yana da bambancin girman dichotomous tsakanin kusan 22 kb da 16 kb, tare da mafi tsayin bambance-bambancen shine sakamakon haɗakar da kwayar cutar retrovirus HERV-K (C4) zuwa cikin intron 9.[9]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * Human C4AYanayin kwayar halitta daC4ABayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikinUCSC Genome Browser. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b4g8fwo2hxnuy77mfrfbfm4wgj52qk7 Alfred Bannwarth 0 159777 882681 868039 2026-07-14T06:33:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882681 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Alfred Bannwarth''' (1903-1969) masanin ilimin jijiyoyin jiki ne na Jamus wanda aka yaba da shi don bayar da rahoton farko na lymphocytic meningoradiculitis . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Bayan fara karatun kiɗa, Bannwarth ya yi karatun magani a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München a [[München|Munich]], Jamus, kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin likitan ƙwaƙwalwa na Jamus Max Nonne a [[Hamburg]]-Eppendorf" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf">Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Hamburg-Eppendorf a Hamburg . === Ayyukan soja === Bannwarth ya shiga aikin likita a cikin sojojin Jamus a shekarar 1945. A lokacin hidimarsa, an ajiye shi a kwarin Lake Tegern, inda sojojin Amurka suka kama shi kuma suka tsare shi a kurkuku har zuwa Yuni 1946. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * "Chronische lymphocytäre Meningitis, wineündliche Polyneuritis und 'Rheumatismus'. "Rheumat zum Matsalar 'Allergie und Nervensystem'." Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1941, 113: 284-376. * "Zur Klinik und Pathogenese der 'chronischen lymphocytären Meningitis'." Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1944, 117: 161-185, 682-716. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/500.html Wanene Ya Sanya Shi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425181256/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/500.html |date=2025-04-25 }} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] buib0fdxvl4er9wip1otncuvkpittr6 Tattaunawar user:Renamed user 4ef7cc523804cb853f83511aeb157a39 3 159914 882831 868930 2026-07-14T09:49:45Z Dr-Taher 4721 Dr-Taher moved page [[Tattaunawar user:濱田 桂輔]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Renamed user 4ef7cc523804cb853f83511aeb157a39]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/濱田 桂輔|濱田 桂輔]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 4ef7cc523804cb853f83511aeb157a39|Renamed user 4ef7cc523804cb853f83511aeb157a39]]" 868930 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 濱田 桂輔! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/濱田 桂輔|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) lddn202z8lhe4j11pr8ll405la0mk02 Wikipedia:Hausa Wikimedia Data Support/2026/Cycle 2.json 4 159936 882358 872976 2026-07-13T14:35:15Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 Update application statuses 882358 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" }, "u26434": { "username": "Habibah A Jisambo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inna kin dadi wanan Wikipedia din Nima inason nabada nawa gudun muwan sanan kuma nakara kwarewa a ga fanin edition Nima inason nakoma baban editor nan gaba debit kawo Yan uwana na kusa Dani don suma si amfana sosai" }, "u24962": { "username": "Abdulrahman tahir shika", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina nemana tallafinnan ne sbd inaso naqara dagewa a wajen bada gudunmawwna a wikipedia insha Allahu Ina mai godiya sosai zamu qara dagewa wajen yin edit a wikipedia Kuma zan qara bama Yan uwa na shawara ta yanda suma zasu dage sosai" }, "u12577": { "username": "Umar-askira", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum,\nIna neman tallafin data daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation domin ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia. A matsayina na mai ba da gudummawa kuma mai koyar da al’umma kan yadda ake amfani da Wikipedia da sauran Wikimedia projects, wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen ci gaba da horar da sababbin masu amfani, gudanar da edit-a-thons, da kuma inganta yawan da ingancin abubuwan da ake ƙirƙira a Hausa Wikipedia.\n\nSaboda ƙalubalen samun data mai inganci da tsada a wasu lokuta, tallafin zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da ci gaba da ayyukan ilimantarwa da kuma ƙara yawan gudummawar da ake yi daga al’umma. Ina da cikakken niyya da himma wajen ganin Hausa Wikipedia ta ci gaba da bunƙasa da kuma wakiltar al’adunmu yadda ya kamata.\n\nNagode da kulawa, ina fatan samun goyon baya daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation. Na gode" }, "u45966": { "username": "Laurat saleh", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai son tallafi sosai saboda na kara samun daman ci gaba ta yin editing yaran turanci zuwa harshan Hausa wanda zai bada gudun muwar ga karin fahimtar turanci zuwa harshan Hausa.Kuma ina rokon wannan kungiya mai albarka da ta bani tallafi domin karin karfin gwiwa,..gaskiya samun wannan daman babbar nasara ce kuma ina fatan samun rabon wannan tallafin mai albarka" }, "u35709": { "username": "Muhammad mamman danumma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access online learning materials, communicate effectively, create articles, attend virtual classes, conduct research, and complete academic tasks. It will help me improve my studies and stay connected to important educational resources." }, "u44560": { "username": "Mai Jiddah muhammad", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum. Ina matuƙar sha'awar samun damar Data Support saboda ina son ci gaba da ba da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikipedia da sauran ayyukan Wikimedia. Rashin isasshen data yana iya hana ni yin gyare-gyare da bincike akai-akai. Idan aka ba ni wannan tallafi, zan yi amfani da shi ne kawai wajen gudanar da ayyukan Wikimedia, ƙara inganta gudummawata, da kuma koyon sabbin dabaru. Na yi alƙawarin yin amfani da wannan dama cikin gaskiya da ƙwazo. Na gode da la'akari da buƙatata." }, "u29326": { "username": "Fateemah usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Yana temakawa gurina siyan data Muna amfani dashi musiya data saboda gyara da fassara a Wikipedia Hausa ko babu data support zamuci GABA da gyara da fassara a Wikipedia Hausa Muna alfahari da Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u30038": { "username": "Abdoooll", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting support through the Data Support Fund to help document and contribute on the Hausa wikimedia projects. This will go a long way in motivating me to carry on with being part of the project. Thank you." }, "u31746": { "username": "Miss abbas", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": ".Domin yin bincike (research) don samun ingantattun bayanai.\n.Shiga cikin Wikipedia na tsawon lokaci don gyara labarai, ƙara hotuna, da fassara.\n.domin yin aiki a kan wayar hannu ko laptop ba tare da katsewa ba.Idan mutum ya rasa isasshiyar data, yana iya tsayawa daga aiki, wanda hakan ke rage gudummawar da zan bada a Wikipedia. Domin intanet data yana da tsada, kuma ana buƙatar shi sosai don ci gaba da bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia da sauran ayyukan Wikimedia." }, "u45707": { "username": "Amama24", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatar tallafin data support wanda hausa wikimedia ke tallafawa domin in samu in dinga rubtawa da gyaran mukala duba da yanayin da ake ciki zan Yi matukar farin ciki na samu kaina cikin mutanen da zasu amfana da wannan tsari" }, "u45710": { "username": "D son203", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina so nayi amfani nayi rubutu domin samun tallafi na Hausa wikimedia saboda zai taimaka min rubuta mukaloli sosai zanyi matukar jindadi Indan na shiga daya daga cikin wadanda zasu samu damar cin gasar nan nagode" }, "u43930": { "username": "Abubakar Zaharadeen", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalam barka da Dare an wuni lfy? Ina so nayi amfani da wannan damar na naimi taimakon tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka mini wajen gudanar da aikin Wikimedia, nagode da wannan damar da aka bani na neman wannan tallafin." }, "u15061": { "username": "Bikhrah", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan data support dinnan ne domin ta haka ne zaiban kwarin gwiwa da bada himma a wurin su edit da sauran ayyukan domin bada gudummuwa a wurin wannan tafiya ba tare da samun wasu nmtsalolii" }, "u45736": { "username": "Hon.Mubarak", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Na kasance sabon eduta daya fara bada gudunmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma ina san cigaba da bada gudunmuwar a kowane lokaci Amman tabbas wani lokacin rashin isassar data kansa na hakura da yin editing din, tabbas idan na sami Datar nan zata taimaka min wajen cigaba da bada gumuwa a shafukan hausa Wikipedia, domin zan rubanya ayyukan da nakeyi fike da a baya saboda daman matsalata data kuma na samu, ina fatan samun wannan tallafi na data" }, "u44703": { "username": "Bazullahi", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Because of I need to gain different education.\n To avoid illiteracy within humanity.\n To educate illiterate people who does not have knowledge.\n To enlightenment the humanity owing to dark situation some of us were." }, "u14698": { "username": "Musafuntua", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina bukatar tallafin data fon inganta da kara samun saukin editing domin da inganta ayyukan Wikimedia hausa, ga lambar waya ta nan 07033441153 Allah ya bada sa'a.\n\n\nNa gode da gudummawar da kuke badawa wajen inganta Wikipedia don ilmamtar da al'ummar duniya da kuma magance jahilci" }, "u42167": { "username": "Mhizabdoul", "state": "Yobe", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "A matsayina Na president na wikimedia fan club dake garin yobe samun gudumawar data zata taimaka min da mabiya na wajen cigaba da bada gudumuwa ma wikipedia hausa. zamu cigaba da gyara shafi zamu cigaba da fassara shafuka da kuma gyare gyare" }, "u14817": { "username": "Aisha Yahuza", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I need this data because it will help me in contributing a lot in Wikipedia due to how data a expensive now I could contribute a lot but if am able to get the data support it will actually keeping going further with my contribution thank you" }, "u19064": { "username": "Mansir Yusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin na kara habaka ayyukan da nakeyi na gaya makalolin wikipedia, gaskiya idan aka bani wannan tallafi na data zai taimaka min sosai wajen na cigaba da yin editing na wikipedia sosai, na taba samun wannan tallafin a shekarar data wuce kuma ya taimaka min wajen kara kuzarina a wajen gyararrakin makalolin wikipedia dama samar da sabbi" }, "u24854": { "username": "Nura Bello", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I am applying this data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects.\n2026-06-26\nThanks." }, "u45981": { "username": "Murtala Abubakar Sokoto", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne domin na cigaba da fadada gyare gyaren da nake yi da Kuma faassarorin wasu makalu a wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, wannan zai taimakamin wajen ganin cewa na Kara jajircewa wajen cigaba da gyare gyaren da nake yi a wannan man hajar a kowane kokaci ba tare da matsala ba." }, "u14653": { "username": "Merjoor", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I am an active Hausa Wikipedia editor. I Edit articles and mentored new members. High mobile data costs are limiting my work. This data support will enable me to continue contributing to the Hausa Wikipedia community.\n\nThank you" }, "u45735": { "username": "Meentu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Dan allah inane man yanda zan iya siyan data banda india to dan allah mina son alaafin da zan siya data please iku iywtifeu hsja zbjaggslvduslbzgiwvcsjnavgajla zupa svzkz amkqvsuislbsgIanv sn z j x kc b ksuwkbsisnsisbstzuzbzysiskbwjwusjsjsbdbxjxxhhdl dbdkxuagqknq sidpdndv" }, "u38003": { "username": "Abdulrahaman Barau Ahmad", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne domin bunkasa bincike da Kuma kara zurfafa shiga cikin neman sanin yanda tariho da wasu al'ada suke acen baya, Kuma Muna cigaba da kara tattauna da masana tarihi domin Jin Karin haske gameda duk wani bincike da zamuyi, wannan tallafin yakan karamana kwarin gwuiwa domin muje mukara shiga cikin tarihi muna fassarashi." }, "u45977": { "username": "Umar Bello Kaura", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I need the data support to access online learning materials, conduct academic research, attend virtual classes, communicate with lecturers and classmates, complete assignments, and submit coursework on time. The data support will help me continue my studies effectively despite financial constraints." }, "u45972": { "username": "Hamzo1210", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Assalamualaikum, I hope you are well. I would like to take this opportunity to receive financial assistance because doing so will help me in carrying out my work for Wikimedia. I really need your help considering the current situation. I would like to have my case looked into. Thank you." }, "u45982": { "username": "Zainu Dan Galadima", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I need the data that will enable me to continue editing and continuing updating on our hausa language like some of the hausa culture activities and other hausa life style that some people need to know about us, so I will appreciate to use these data to enable me to complete my mission without any delay" }, "u37986": { "username": "Maiakwai4u", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data support ne domin na ninninka gudunmawar editing, Fasara, bunkasa harshen Hausa da nakeyi a Wikipedia, samun tallafin a gare ne zai bunkasa gudunmuwar da nake badawa, a baya na nema ban samu ba wanda hakan yaso ya kashe min gwiwa na rage editing, amman nayi ƙoƙarin yaƙar hakan, ina fatan wannan karon na samu domin hakan zai bani damar ƙara yawan da kuma lokacin da nake editing da Kuma Fasara makalolin Wikipedia.\nNa gode" }, "u24821": { "username": "Ashiru Lawal", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I need data support as a Wikipedia editor to research, verify, and update articles using reliable sources. A stable internet connection enables me to access references, edit pages, participate in discussions, and contribute accurate, up-to-date information that benefits millions of readers worldwide." }, "u35826": { "username": "Hafsah3639", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in kara samun dama wajan jajirce wa don yin ayyukan bada gudumma wa a hausa Wikipedia, hakan zai Kara bani daman shigaba da bada gummawa na a hausa Wikipedia shiyasa nake leman tallafin data support" }, "u46263": { "username": "Young ibskeed", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaibani kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sababbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun da suke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba. Kuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sababbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u28228": { "username": "HK RIGASA2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Assalamu Alaikum.\nIna neman tallafin Wikipedia Data Support domin in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikipedia ba tare da cikas ba.\nIna da ƙwazo da himma wajen gyarawa da ƙara inganta bayanai a Wikipedia, kuma samun wannan tallafi zai ba ni damar ci gaba da yin aiki akai-akai da kuma ba da gudummawa mai amfani ga al'umma.\nIna roƙon ku da ku yi la'akari da buƙatata. Zan yi amfani da wannan damar yadda ya dace wajen ci gaba da tallafa wa ci gaban Wikipedia. Duk dacewa awaccen karon sunana yafito acikin jerin wadda za'a ba Amma bansamu ba, Ina fatan wannan karon zan samu tare da warware waccen matsalar da aka Samu \nNa gode ƙwarai da lokacinku da kulawarku" }, "u45975": { "username": "Mubeen200", "state": "Sokoto", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I need the data support in order to keep editing and translating in Wikipedia page to keep adding my total number of the pages translated and also to keep being online actively, so that i may not miss any updates that will be of much impact and benefits to me. Thank you" }, "u15906": { "username": "Baban Asiya", "state": "Kano", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin ya ƙara bani damar jajircewa, wajen cigaba da bada mahimmiyar gudunmawata a Wikipedia.\nZan yi matukar alfahari sosai, idan wannan buƙata tawa ta sami karɓuwa.\n\nNa gode.\nMai biyayya ga dokokin Wikipedia,\nBaban Asiya" }, "u44504": { "username": "Nafsy829", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Assalamu Alaikum barkanku da yamma yakuke ya aiki Amasayina na edita inaneman taimakon tallafin da kuke badawa na data domin kukara bamu kaimi wurin bada gudumuwarmu wajan Kara bunkasa Hausa Wikipedia Nagode daga taku Mai yimaku fatan alkhairi a koda yaushe" }, "u45913": { "username": "Mangal52", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Na rubuta wannan bukata ne domin samun tallafin data daga Wikipedia saboda ta taimaka mun wajen ci gaba da bincike da kuma wallafa bayanai da za su amfani al'umma.\nA matsayina na edita a Wikipedia samun tallafin data daga Wikipedia zai taimaka wa aikina sosai." }, "u45959": { "username": "Salma Raddah", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I am applying for this data support because it will help me continue contributing as a Hausa Wikipedia editor. Editing Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching information, verifying sources, improving existing articles, and creating new content in the Hausa language.\n\nThere are times when I am unable to afford data, which makes it difficult for me to continue my editing work and contribute consistently. This data support would enable me to remain active on Wikipedia, improve the quality of articles, and help make free and reliable knowledge more accessible to Hausa-speaking readers.\n\nThank you very much for considering my application. I sincerely appreciate your support and the opportunity to continue contributing to free knowledge." }, "u43719": { "username": "Anti Hanan", "state": "Kano", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "Ban taba Samu ba Ina sa ran wannan lokacin zan Samu, ko ban sa mu ba zan cigaba da ba da gudummawar a Harshin hausa za mu za mu ma su amfani da Shi zamu Samu wasu editing Dan su shi go su ba da ta su gudummawar a wannan harshin hausa zamu bunka sa shi l" }, "u23926": { "username": "Abdulwahabameenu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-28", "text": "I’m an active hausa Wikipedia writer, Lack of data often limits how much I can research, edit, and upload content. This data support will help me stay online consistently to expand Hausa articles, add reliable sources, and train new contributors, so we can grow free knowledge in Hausa." }, "u46444": { "username": "Habiba Abubakar Sahabi", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Iam applying for data support as a Wikipedia editor to research, verify, and update articles using reliable sources. A stable internet connection enables me to access references, edit pages, participate in discussions, and contribute accurate, up-to-date information that benefits millions of readers worldwide." }, "u14682": { "username": "Aminu Ya'u", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina bukatar wannan tallafin data ne domin zurfafa bincike, Sanin tarihi da al'adu na kasar Hausa. Na kan zauna da manyan mutane domin Jin tarihi da Sanin wasu abubuwa da yanzu ba'a amfani dasu a Hausa. Kuma zai taimaka mani wajen Kara jajircewa kan editin musamman yadda rayuwa tayi tsada Muna matukar godiya da wannan karfafawa da kuke mana Kuma Hakan zai Kara mana kwarin gwiwa.\nNa gode sosai" }, "u45914": { "username": "Habiba Bello", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "I wish to apply for data support as a Wikipedia editor to research, verify, and update articles using reliable sources. A stable internet connection enables me to access references, edit pages, participate in discussions, and contribute accurate, up-to-date information that benefits millions of readers worldwide." }, "u27019": { "username": "Abba Bashir Sheshe", "state": "Kano", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin ci gaba da kasancewa mai aiki a ayyukan Wikimedia duk da tsadar intanet. Wannan tallafin zai ba ni damar sa ido kan sabbin gyare-gyare, gudanar da ayyukan al'umma, shiga kamfen na gyara maƙaloli, da ci gaba da ba da gudummawa mai amfani ga ayyukan Wikimedia na Hausa ba tare da tsaiko ba." }, "u46449": { "username": "Prince Nasir Ibrahim", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Wannan tallafi na data support ina neman shi ne domin samun damar cigaba da bada gudunmuwa a shafukan wikipedia tare da zama maiyin gyararraki a lokuta da dama fiye da yadda nakeyi a yanzun. domin wannan tallafin zaitaimaka min sosai wajen taskance shafukan hausa wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin makaloli" }, "u46455": { "username": "Anas Ahmeddk", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin na cigaba da yin gyararraki da translation na sabbin makaloli a Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas wannan tallafi zai taimaka min sosai wajen karamin kuzarin cigaba da contribution a Hausa Wikipedia dama yan uwan ta ina fatan samun shi domin na cigaba da bada gudunmawa" }, "u45571": { "username": "Rahama Buhari Sani", "state": "Katsina", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a hausa wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai kara man kwarin guiwa sosai wajan kirkirar sababbin mukaloli, ina ma hausa wikipedia fatan alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka nagode sosai." }, "u45910": { "username": "Drseeyah muhammad", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne domin bunkasa bincike da Kuma kara zurfafa shiga cikin neman sanin yanda tariho da wasu al'ada suke acen baya, Kuma Muna cigaba da kara tattauna da masana tarihi domin Jin Karin haske gameda duk wani bincike da zamuyi, wannan tallafin yakan karamana kwarin gwuiwa domin muje mukara shiga cikin tarihi muna fassarashi.ga number 09031839107,MTN" }, "u28682": { "username": "Khalifah123", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Na kirkiri mukaloli masu yawa a kan al'adu, tarihi da kuma fitattun mutane.\n\nIna gyara mukaloli domin inganta tsari da zubin rubutunsu.\nSannan kuma zan cigaba da bada cikekken Goyan baya da kuma lokaci wurin cigaban wikimedia" }, "u20906": { "username": "Adamu Sani Muhammad", "state": "Kano", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Assalamu alaikum,\nIna mai neman wannan tallafi domin kara samun kwarin guiwa a cikin gudummawar da nake bayarwa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia. Hakika wannan ba karamin ragi da sauki zan samu ba idan Allah ya sanya nemana ya samu karɓuwa na kasanceta mai karsashi da sha'awar bayar da gudummawa a wannan shafi." }, "u44487": { "username": "Maryam sani Danfulani", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina Mai Neman wannan tallafinne na data domain na qara samun damar bincike bincekena da zuffa cikin Neman sani tayadda zan habbaka wallafe wallafen labarai. hadi da gyaran makalu dama wallafa wasu sabbabin Labaran. idan nasamu wannan datar zanfijin karsashi yin Aikin a Koda yaushe batare zullumin koh fargaban data Zata iya yankemunba. Nagode Allah yasa mudacee Amien" }, "u15944": { "username": "Lawan Bala", "state": "Bauchi", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Ina Neman wannan tallafin na internet data support sabo da ƙara samun damar ci gaba da bada gudunmawa ta a shafin Hausa Wikipedia da Wiktionary da sauran aiyukan Wikimedia. Samun wannan tallafi zai ƙara mun ƙwarin guiwa da ƙwazo wajen ci gaba da bada gudunmawa a ɓangarorin Wikimedia insha Allah. Ina me matuƙar sanya rai da fatan samun wannan tallafi, duk da a baya na nema amma Allah bai sanya na samu ba, shi yasa nake sanya ran samu a wannan zagayen." }, "u38856": { "username": "Baby juuu", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "approved", "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "Dalilin da yasa nake buƙatar tallafin data:\nIna buƙatar tallafin data domin ina yin gyare-gyare da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia. Wannan aiki yana buƙatar amfani da intanet akai-akai domin bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai, da kuma loda gyare-gyare. Tallafin data zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma hakan zai ƙara yawan ingantattun bayanan da ake samu ga masu amfani da Wikipedia." }, "u46507": { "username": "Yaron daddy", "state": "Zamfara", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-30", "text": "Ina neman tallafi data domin Ambani wurin editing a wikipedia Domin kara fahimta ga duk Abunda yake buqatar gyara dakuma kawo ci gaba Awurin rubutu da karatun hausa domin mugyara inda muke kuskure Awurin rubutu da karatu hausa musamman Agurin rubaya labaran wasu ko tarihin wani abu daya faru" }, "u46515": { "username": "Ibnjafarmahuta12", "state": "Katsina", "status": "declined", "date": "2026-06-30", "text": "I need a data support to continue editing and learn new things to improve the general Hausa Wikipedia. To also attend virtual classes, conduct academic researches and to collect informations from old Hausa people inorder to get authentic Hausa Language. \nIf my request is accepted, I will be grateful and delight. \nThank you." } } gw5kp0iadmv1kgbat2xtiwhchzj2ea1 Aikin Ruwan sha na UNICEF 0 160046 882597 879513 2026-07-14T02:03:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara alif 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekara al 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara alif 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[ "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} gpw5ilx08icp8c294a89rht268qftiv Kayan aiki don Binciken Hadarin Cutar Cutar Ciki 0 160110 882727 870619 2026-07-14T07:28:43Z BnHamid 12586 882727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kayan aiki don Binciken Hadarin Cutar Cutar Ciki (TIPRA) ''', kayan aiki ne wanda Shirin Cutar Cike na Duniya ya haɓaka.<ref name="Trock">{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Stephen A. |last2=Trock |first2=Susan C. |year=2018 |title=Use of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool for Prepandemic Preparedness |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=471–477 |doi=10.3201/eid2403.171852 |pmc=5823356 |pmid=29460739}}</ref> An kirkireshi ne da manufar samun da inganta tsarin don tallafawa kimantawar haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta na mura tare da yiwuwar haifar da annoba.<ref name="questions">{{Cite web |title=TIPRA Frequently Asked Questions, March 2017 |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/areas_of_work/human_animal_interface/tipra_faqs/en/#what |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421151845/http://www.who.int/influenza/areas_of_work/human_animal_interface/tipra_faqs/en/#what |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=who.int}}</ref> An tsara TIPRA ne bayan kayan aikin kimantawa na Influenza Risk Assessment (IRAT), kayan aikin kimarwa wanda Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka suka kirkira.<ref name="questions" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin Kula da Cutar Ruwa da Amsawa na Duniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 3n604oldlv38en320qgtnjas4ded02m Adonis Bosso 0 160155 882545 870784 2026-07-13T23:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Adonis Bosso''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1990) ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Kanada. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bosso a [[Ivory Coast]] kuma ta girma a [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Model Adonis Bosso Talks Race, Money, and Life in New York City |url=https://www.complex.com/style/2016/03/adonis-bosso-interview-race-new-york-life |website=Complex}}</ref> Shi ne babba a cikin 'yan uwa 6.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=How This Model Went from The Dolce & Gabbana Runway to Your Spotify Playlist |url=http://coveteur.com/2018/02/27/model-adonis-bosso-telfar-nyfw-show-behind-the-scenes/ |website=Coveteur}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An gano Bosso a shekara ta 2009, lokacin da ya bi budurwa zuwa wata hukumar kera kayayyaki; an sanya hannu a wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=how model adonis bosso is confronting fashion's diversity problem - i-D |url=https://i-d.co/article/how-model-adonis-bosso-is-confronting-fashions-diversity-problem/ |website=i-d.vice.com}}</ref> Bosso ya yi niyyar zama ma'aikacin kula da yara ga yara masu buƙatu na musamman.<ref name="Cov">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=HOW THIS MODEL WENT FROM THE DOLCE & GABBANA RUNWAY TO YOUR SPOTIFY PLAYLIST |url=http://coveteur.com/2018/02/27/model-adonis-bosso-telfar-nyfw-show-behind-the-scenes/ |website=Coveteur}}</ref> Bosso ya tsara don alamomi ciki har da Dolce &amp;amp; Gabbana, H&amp;amp;M, Armani Exchange, Belstaff, Gap Inc., Levi's, TOM FORD, [[Kanye West|Yeezy]], [[Vivienne Westwood]], Jamhuriyar Banana, da Thom Browne.<ref name="Cov"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=DENIM FOR ALL AT H&M WITH SUKI WATERHOUSE, ANAÏS GALLAGHER AND ADONIS BOSSO |url=https://about.hm.com/en/media/news/general-news-2018/denim-for-all-at-h-m-with-suki-waterhouse--anais-gallagher-and-a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424223322/https://about.hm.com/en/media/news/general-news-2018/denim-for-all-at-h-m-with-suki-waterhouse--anais-gallagher-and-a.html |archive-date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2019-04-24 |website=H&M}}</ref> Bosso ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar mai kula da kayan ado Nick Wooster . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=Adonis Bosso, Male Modeling's Newest Star, Is Far More Than Just a Pretty Face |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/adonis-bosso-male-modeling-trendsetter |website=Vogue}}</ref> Bosso a halin yanzu yana cikin matsayi a matsayin "Money Guy" a kan models.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Money Guys |url=https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGuys/10551#10551 |website=models.com}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen "Top 50 Men".<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Top 50 Men |url=https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50Men/10551 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623130748/https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50Men/10551 |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=models.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bosso yana da ɗa tare da samfurin Amurka da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Slick Woods . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Model Adonis Bosso Talks Fatherhood and Music |url=https://www.papermag.com/adonis-bosso-2604300364.html |website=Paper Magazine}}</ref> Bosso ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=Model Adonis Bosso comes out as sexually fluid |url=https://cd-gaytimes.j.layershift.co.uk/life/model-adonis-bosso-comes-out-as-sexually-fluid/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 4huj8bylroussm9nfuirq85hrr44azo Walter M. Fitch 0 160280 882748 871950 2026-07-14T07:40:05Z BnHamid 12586 882748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Monroe Fitch''' (Mayu 21, 1929 - Maris 10, 2011) ya kasance mai bincike na Amurka a cikin Juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atchley |first=William R. |date=2011-05-13 |title=Walter M. Fitch (1929–2011) |journal=Science |language=en |volume=332 |issue=6031 |pages=804 |bibcode=2011Sci...332..804A |doi=10.1126/science.1207426 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=21566183 |s2cid=39275648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Fitch ya halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya kammala karatu tare da A.B. a cikin ilmin sunadarai a 1953 da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu a 1958. Fitch ya shafe shekaru 24 a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, sannan ya biyo bayan shekaru uku a Jami'an Kudancin California sannan ya kasance [[farfesa]] a fannin Juyin halitta a Jami'aren California, Irvine, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+M.+Fitch&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> da Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya, kuma ya kasance memba na Ƙasashen waje na Ƙungiyar Linnean ta London. Ya kafa mujallar Molecular Biology and Evolution, tare da Masatoshi Nei, kuma shi ne shugaban farko na Society for Molecular Biological and Evolution . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Monroe Fitch |url=https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/waltermonroefitch.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=senate.universityofcalifornia.edu}}</ref> == Bincike == Fitch ya yi aiki na farko a kan sake gina phylogenies (bishiyoyi na juyin halitta) daga furotin da jerin DNA. Ya buga babban takarda na farko game da hanyoyin matrix na nesa, wanda ya gabatar da Hanyar Fitch-Margoliash tare da Emanuel Margoliash. Yana neman itacen da ya fi dacewa da tsinkaya da saiti na nesa tsakanin jinsuna. Ya kuma haɓaka Fitch matsakaicin parsimony algorithm, wanda ke kimantawa da sauri kuma daidai da mafi ƙarancin canje-canje na yanayin jerin a kan wani phylogeny da aka ba shi. An ambaci ma'anarsa game da jerin abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai kuma ana amfani da shi azaman bayani a cikin wallafe-wallafen bincike da yawa. == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Fitch, W. M. da E. Margoliash. (1967). Gine-gine na bishiyoyi. ''Kimiyya'' 155: 279-284. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bambance homologous daga sunadarai masu kama da juna. Tsarin Biology 19 (2): 99-113. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Zuwa ga bayyana hanyar juyin halitta: mafi ƙarancin canji ga ƙayyadadden yanayin itace. Tsarin Zoology 20 (4): 406-416 * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] ''Rashin Nasara Uku na Halitta: Ma'ana, Magana, da Kimiyya''. Jami'ar California Press. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == * Labari a [[Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Kasa|Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kimiyya ta Kasa]] * [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1207426 Binciken da ya faru a ''Kimiyya''] * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/fitch-walter.pdf Francisco J. Ayala, "Walter Monroe Fitch", Tarihin Rayuwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (2011)] * [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/6/1329.full.pdf Tunatarwa na Walter Fitch da fara Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n9mnphe3yyp3qh2wjmact47s96ckg14 Cheryl Cohen 0 160283 882774 871959 2026-07-14T08:03:03Z BnHamid 12586 882774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cheryl Cohen''' mai binciken lafiyar jama'a ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce farfesa ce a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . Tana neman samar da manufofin da suka danganci shaida don rage nauyin cututtukan numfashi. A lokacin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Cohen ya bincika yawan COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mahaifiyarta ce ta yi wa Cohen wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kazi |first=Farooq |last2=Mushtaq |first2=Ammara |date=2022-03-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen—promoting evidence-based health policy |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00078-0/abstract |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=English |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00078-0 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=35218755 |s2cid=247099767 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yayinda take yarinya, ta bi mahaifiyarta a cikin asibitin cututtukan cututtukani na gida. Daga bisani ta yi karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2020-12-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen: tracking respiratory diseases, informing policy |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=828–829 |doi=10.2471/BLT.20.031220 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=7716097 |pmid=33293742}}</ref> Ta fahimci cewa yana da wahala a magance cututtukan cututtuka a Afirka. Musamman, yana da wahala a tabbatar da magungunan antiretroviral don maganin cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ta bayyana aiki a asibitoci a lokacin kamar kasancewa a cikin yankin yaƙi.<ref name=":0" /> Ta yanke shawarar cewa za ta sami ƙarin tasiri wajen aiki a cikin lafiyar jama'a, don haka ta sami MSc a cikin ilmin annoba a Makarantar Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cheryl Cohen, Associate Professor, University of the Witwatersrand |url=https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005180737/https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=isirv.org}}</ref> Binciken digirin ta ya yi la'akari da cututtuka da mutuwa da ke da alaƙa da mura a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Bincike da aiki == Cohen yana jagorantar Cibiyar Cututtukan numfashi da Meningitis a Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtukani ta Kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kazi |first=Farooq |last2=Mushtaq |first2=Ammara |date=2022-03-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen—promoting evidence-based health policy |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00078-0/abstract |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=English |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00078-0 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=35218755 |s2cid=247099767 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cheryl Cohen, Associate Professor, University of the Witwatersrand |url=https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005180737/https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=isirv.org}}</ref> Tana kula da kula da lafiyar jama'a don cututtukan numfashi.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2009, ta kafa shirin sa ido na kasa don kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukanta sun nuna cewa nauyin cutar mura a Afirka ta Kudu ya wuce na kasashe masu samun kudin shiga. Ta gano cewa mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da mura. Ta nuna cewa yawancin manya da ke asibiti da mura suma sun kamu da kwayar cutar HIV.<ref name=":0" /> Cohen ya gano cewa yara ƙanana suna da saukin kamuwa da mura, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa shirye-shiryen rigakafin nan gaba su mai da hankali kan wannan yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ta bazu a duk faɗin duniya a cikin 2020, Cohen ya shirya sosai don nazarin yaduwar SARS-CoV-2 . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ta gano cewa kusan kashi 85% na mutanen da suka kamu da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Ta kuma nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau suna iya fama da mummunar nau'ikan COVID-19, kuma suna iya zubar da SARS-CoV-2 na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":0" /> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rog00ndklqftbhlzzq5xbb4rmx4zhyl 882776 882774 2026-07-14T08:05:32Z BnHamid 12586 /* Littattafan da aka zaɓa */ 882776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cheryl Cohen''' mai binciken lafiyar jama'a ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce farfesa ce a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . Tana neman samar da manufofin da suka danganci shaida don rage nauyin cututtukan numfashi. A lokacin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Cohen ya bincika yawan COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mahaifiyarta ce ta yi wa Cohen wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kazi |first=Farooq |last2=Mushtaq |first2=Ammara |date=2022-03-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen—promoting evidence-based health policy |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00078-0/abstract |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=English |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00078-0 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=35218755 |s2cid=247099767 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yayinda take yarinya, ta bi mahaifiyarta a cikin asibitin cututtukan cututtukani na gida. Daga bisani ta yi karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2020-12-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen: tracking respiratory diseases, informing policy |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=828–829 |doi=10.2471/BLT.20.031220 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=7716097 |pmid=33293742}}</ref> Ta fahimci cewa yana da wahala a magance cututtukan cututtuka a Afirka. Musamman, yana da wahala a tabbatar da magungunan antiretroviral don maganin cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ta bayyana aiki a asibitoci a lokacin kamar kasancewa a cikin yankin yaƙi.<ref name=":0" /> Ta yanke shawarar cewa za ta sami ƙarin tasiri wajen aiki a cikin lafiyar jama'a, don haka ta sami MSc a cikin ilmin annoba a Makarantar Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cheryl Cohen, Associate Professor, University of the Witwatersrand |url=https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005180737/https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=isirv.org}}</ref> Binciken digirin ta ya yi la'akari da cututtuka da mutuwa da ke da alaƙa da mura a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Bincike da aiki == Cohen yana jagorantar Cibiyar Cututtukan numfashi da Meningitis a Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtukani ta Kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kazi |first=Farooq |last2=Mushtaq |first2=Ammara |date=2022-03-01 |title=Cheryl Cohen—promoting evidence-based health policy |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00078-0/abstract |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=English |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00078-0 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=35218755 |s2cid=247099767 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cheryl Cohen, Associate Professor, University of the Witwatersrand |url=https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005180737/https://isirv.org/site/index.php/board-members/10-board/300-cheryl-cohen |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=isirv.org}}</ref> Tana kula da kula da lafiyar jama'a don cututtukan numfashi.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2009, ta kafa shirin sa ido na kasa don kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukanta sun nuna cewa nauyin cutar mura a Afirka ta Kudu ya wuce na kasashe masu samun kudin shiga. Ta gano cewa mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da mura. Ta nuna cewa yawancin manya da ke asibiti da mura suma sun kamu da kwayar cutar HIV.<ref name=":0" /> Cohen ya gano cewa yara ƙanana suna da saukin kamuwa da mura, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa shirye-shiryen rigakafin nan gaba su mai da hankali kan wannan yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ta bazu a duk faɗin duniya a cikin 2020, Cohen ya shirya sosai don nazarin yaduwar SARS-CoV-2 . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ta gano cewa kusan kashi 85% na mutanen da suka kamu da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Ta kuma nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau suna iya fama da mummunar nau'ikan COVID-19, kuma suna iya zubar da SARS-CoV-2 na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":0" /> == Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa== * Anne von Gottberg; Linda de Gouveia; Stefano Tempia; et al. (11 November 2014). "Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (20): 1889–1899. doi:10.1056/NEJMOA1401914. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 25386897. Wikidata Q41667955. * Sonja J Olsen; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner; Alicia P Budd; Lynnette Brammer; Sheena Sullivan; Rodrigo Fasce Pineda; Cheryl Cohen; Alicia M Fry (18 September 2020). "Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (37): 1305–1309. doi:10.15585/MMWR.MM6937A6. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7498167. PMID 32941415. Wikidata Q99561460. * Cheryl Cohen; Joanne M White; Emma J Savage; Judith R Glynn; Yoon Choi; Nick Andrews; David Brown; Mary Elizabeth Ramsay (1 January 2007). "Vaccine effectiveness estimates, 2004-2005 mumps outbreak, England". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 12–17. doi:10.3201/EID1301.060649. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2913658. PMID 17370510. Wikidata Q34034726 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3jcn1k7yb4ale4p7e41wc1rybp6i22r Ali Adler 0 160344 882699 872177 2026-07-14T06:50:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Allison Beth Adler''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 gwagwalada ga Mayu, 1967) ita ce mai shirya talabijin na Kanada- Amurka kuma marubuciya. Ita ce co-haliccin <nowiki><i id="mwCA">Supergirl</i></nowiki> da The New Normal, kuma a san ta da aikinta a kan ''Chuck'' da Family Guy . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adler a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, a cikin iyalin [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Ali |date=October 29, 2018 |title=This is my Opa and his documentation saying he is Jewish. He had to wear a Jewish star at all times and present this card upon demand or risk being shot. |url=https://twitter.com/AliAdler/status/1057020682926784512}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Ali Adler on Instagram: "This is my Opa and his documentation saying he is Jewish. He had to wear a Jewish star at all times and present this card upon demand or…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BpiDNhmAdfC/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090506/https://www.instagram.com/p/BpiDNhmAdfC/ |archive-date=2023-02-06 |website=Instagram |access-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Kakanta da mahaifinta sun tsira daga Holocaust daga Romania.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /> Daga baya sun zama 'yan ƙasar Amurka.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /> == Ayyuka == Adler ta fara aikinta ta hanyar aiki a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira Veronica's Closet a shekarar 1997. Daga 2001 zuwa 2002, Adler ya samar da aukuwa 13 na Family Guy <ref name="times">{{Cite web |last=Haber |first=Matt |date=June 3, 2015 |title=Ali Adler, ''Supergirl'' Writer, Rescues the Sexually Befuddled Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/fashion/mens-style/ali-adler-supergirl-writer-rescues-the-sexually-befuddled-man.html |access-date=September 5, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> da kuma aukuwa 16 na Just Shoot Me! ; ta kasance mai kula da furodusa na abubuwa tara na Still Standing . Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa a cikin shirye- shirye daban-daban, gami da Life As We Know It, Women of a Certain Age, da Emily's Reasons Why Not . Adler ya samar da ''Chuck'' a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mai ba da izini daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Adler daga nan ya shiga jerin [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] No Ordinary gwagwalada Family a watan Mayu 2010 kuma a 2011 ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar rubuce-rubucen ''Glee'' tun daga kakar wasa ta uku.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwua="">Glee-six-join-writing-staff-202566<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>''</nowiki>Glee<nowiki>''</nowiki>: Six Join Writing Staff for Season 3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Goldberg<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Lesley<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;website<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[The Hollywood Reporter]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;June 16, 2011<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwvg\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFGoldberg2011\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Goldberg, Lesley (June 16, 2011). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/glee-six-join-writing-staff-202566\" id=\"mwvw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"<i id=\"mwwA\">Glee</i></nowiki>: Six Join Writing Staff for Season 3\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwwQ\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"106\" href=\"./The_Hollywood_Reporter\" id=\"mwwg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"The Hollywood Reporter\">The Hollywood Reporter</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Ali_Adler#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ita da mahaliccin Glee Ryan Murphy sun kirkiro The New Normal, wanda ta yi aiki har sai an soke shi a watan Mayu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=January 27, 2012 |title=NBC Picks Up ''New Normal'' Family Comedy Pilot From Ryan Murphy And Allison Adler; Is Network Done With Half-Hour Orders? |url=https://deadline.com/2012/01/nbc-greenlights-ryan-murphy-allison-adler-new-normal-family-comedy-221513/ |access-date=September 5, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Adler ya kirkiro ''Supergirl'' tare da Greg Berlanti da Andrew Kreisberg . Wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya samo asali ne daga dan uwan Superman, Kara Zor-El . <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwyg="">Supergirl<nowiki>''</nowiki> Drama From Greg Berlanti <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Ali Adler Lands CBS Series Commitment<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://deadline.com/2014/09/supergirl-tv-series-cbs-dc-greg-berlati-ali-adler-836682/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Nellie&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Andreeva&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Deadline</nowiki> Hollywood<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;September 19, 2014<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;April 1, 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw0g\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt28\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFAndreeva2014\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Andreeva, Nellie (September 19, 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://deadline.com/2014/09/supergirl-tv-series-cbs-dc-greg-berlati-ali-adler-836682/\" id=\"mw0w\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"<i id=\"mw1A\">Supergirl</i></nowiki> Drama From Greg Berlanti <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Ali Adler Lands CBS Series Commitment\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw1Q\">Deadline Hollywood</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw1g\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw1w\">April 1,</span></nowiki> 2015<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Ali_Adler#cite_note-7 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Bayan yanayi biyu, a cikin 2017 Adler ya bar Supergirl cikakken lokaci don shiga CW ta sake farawa na Dynasty kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba tare da CBS Television Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=June 16, 2017 |title=''Supergirl'' Co-Creator Ali Adler Inks CBS TV Studios Overall Deal, Joins ''Dynasty'' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/supergirl-co-creator-ali-adler-overall-deal-cbs-tv-studios-dynasty-consultant-1202114853/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, Adler ya sanya hannu kan wata wasika ta Artists4Ceasefire ga [[Joe Biden]], Shugaban Amurka, yana kira ga dakatar da harin bam na Isra'ila a Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists4Ceasefire |url=https://www.artists4ceasefire.org/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Artists4Ceasefire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Daga 2001 zuwa 2011, Adler tana cikin dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Sara Gilbert . Suna da 'ya'ya biyu - ɗa, wanda aka haifa wa Adler a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Levi Hank Gilbert-Adler |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-1222340/levi-hank-gilbert-adler-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207121014/https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-1222340/levi-hank-gilbert-adler-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2018 |publisher=[[MyHeritage.com]]}}</ref> da kuma 'yar, wanda aka kafa wa Gilbert a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007. A watan Agustan 2011, Gilbert ta ba da sanarwar cewa ita da Adler sun rabu da abokantaka. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 59fgrzdt9ayz5vl6w40nlbidawpjkll ASME Y14.41 0 160383 882380 872419 2026-07-13T15:10:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''ASME Y14.4''' wani tsari ne da Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka (ASME) ta buga wanda ke kafa buƙatu da takaddun shaida da suka dace da shiri da gyaran bayanan ma'anar samfurin dijital (wanda kuma aka sani da ma'anar tushen samfuri), wanda ya shafi software na CAD da wa'''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''ɗanda ke amfani da software na CAD don ƙirƙirar ma'anar samfurin a cikin samfurin 3D. ASME ta fitar da sigar farko ta wannan ma'aunin masana'antu a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003 a matsayin ASME Y14.41-2003. Nan da nan ƙungiyoyin masana'antu da dama suka amince da shi, da kuma Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DOD). An fitar da sabon gyaran ASME Y14.41 a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2019 a matsayin ASME Y14.41-2019. == Tarihi da manufar == ASME Y14.41 an haife shi ne daga buƙatar amfani da ƙirar taimakon kwamfuta (CAD) a matsayin tushen masana'antu da / ko dubawa. A ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, ƙirar ƙira da CAD sun zama mahimman kayan aiki ga injiniyoyi da ke neman ƙirƙirar da bayyana ƙididdigar ƙira mai rikitarwa. Misali, [[Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics|ergonomic]] da aerodynamic contoured surface sun kasance da matukar wahala a bayyana a kan zane-zanen injiniya. Dangane da buƙatun daga sassa daban-daban na masana'antar, sabon ƙaramin kwamiti ya fara ci gaba da ma'auni a cikin 1998. Tunda kamfanoni daban-daban a masana'antu, ciki har da jiragen sama, motoci, noma, da kayan aiki masu nauyi, sun riga sun fara amfani da bayanan CAD don dalilai na masana'antu ba tare da wani tsari ba, dole ne a kafa ma'anoni da dama a matsayin fassarar duniya baki ɗaya. An rubuta ma'aunin don ya zama ba tare da wani takamaiman aiwatar da software na CAD ba. ASME Y14.41 ya zama tushen ma'auni na kasa da kasa ''ISO 16792:2006 Takaddun samfurin fasaha - Ayyukan bayanan ma'anar samfurin dijital''. Dukkanin ka'idojin suna mai da hankali kan gabatarwar girman Geometric da haƙuri (GD & T) tare da lissafin samfurin. An sake tsara kayan a cikin bita na 2012 don gano duk bayanan akan batun tare a cikin rubutun. Wannan yana bawa mai karatu damar samun duk bukatun don yanki mai aiki a wuri ɗaya. Bugu da kari, an sake fasalin ASME Y14.41 don haɗa canje-canje bisa ga bukatun masana'antu da kuma nuna canje-canjen da aka yi wa "ASME Y14.5-2009 Dimensioning and Tolerance". An kirkiro ma'anar rarrabuwa na bayanai don bayyana haɗuwa da samfurin da zane-zane waɗanda abokin ciniki zai iya buƙata. Ana haɗa wannan kayan a cikin "ASME Y14.100 Injiniyanci Drawing Practices", saboda yana da fa'ida mai yawa fiye da yadda ya dace da ASME Y14.41. == Hanyoyi == Matsayin yana magana ne game da yadda za a tsara da kuma gabatar da bayanan ma'anar samfurin ta amfani da bayanan da suka danganci CAD. An bayyana hanyoyi biyu. === Hanyar Misali da aka Bayyana === Wadannan sassan suna rufe ayyuka, buƙatu, da fassarar bayanan CAD lokacin da babu aikin injiniya mai zane. Dukkanin buƙatun ƙira ana nuna su a cikin sararin samaniya na 3D kuma suna da alaƙa da tsarin lissafi. === Misali da Zane Hanyar Hotuna === Wadannan sassan suna rufe shari'o'i lokacin da ake amfani da samfurin CAD da takardar zane-zane na injiniya. Ana nuna bukatun ƙira gabaɗaya a kan takardar zane. Yi la'akari da rarraba bayanai a cikin ASME Y14.100. == Amfani da aka yi niyya == ASME Y14.41 Standard shine ga kowane kamfani tare da aikin [[Injinia.|injiniya]], [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], ko ayyukan dubawa waɗanda ke ƙunshe ko amfani da bayanan CAD. Idan kamfani ya tsara ko ya kirkiro mock-ups a cikin 3D, to ASME Y14.41 shine ma'auni na zabi don fassarar duniya da ayyukan masana'antu. Idan kamfani yayi amfani da CAD, masana'antun taimakon kwamfuta (CAM) ko Binciken taimakon kwamfuta, kamar binciken ma'auni (CMM), to ASME Y14.41 shine ma'aunin zabi don fassarar duniya da ayyukan masana'antu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon [http://www.asme.org ASME] don American Society of Mechanical Engineers * [http://www.etinews.com/services_onsite_y1441.html ASME Y14.41 Horarwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219112333/http://www.etinews.com/services_onsite_y1441.html |date=2019-02-19 }} Wani bita da ke koyar da ASME Y 14.41-2003 Standard on Digital Product Definition Data Practices * [https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ASME/ASMEY14472019] Ina za a sayi ma'auni * Math-Based Development Processes da Y14.41 Wani labarin a cikin ETImail: Online GD&T Newsletter daga ETI * NIST MBE PMI Tabbatar da Tabbatar da Ayyukan Gwaje-gwaje Gwaje-gyare na GD&T a cikin software na CAD [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qrdf913mux9xs0q5uw9pgn03vs5krw1 Neils Walwin Holm 0 160397 882300 879537 2026-07-13T13:07:47Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361233976|Neils Walwin Holm]]" 882300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neils Walwin Holm''' (1866-1927?) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Afirka ta Yamma wanda daga baya ya sake horar da shi a matsayin lauya.<ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}</ref> An kira shi "mafi kyawun mai daukar hoto na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Afirka ta Yamma, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa 1910".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |year=2013 |title=Neils Walwin Holm: Radicalising the Image in Lagos Colony, West Africa |journal=History of Photography |volume=37 |issue=3}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Neils_Walwin_Holm_from_Accra.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na waje na 'yan Afirka, tare da mutum daya a tsakiya yana zaune a kan kujera]] An haifi Holm a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] . <ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOlubukola_A._Gbadegesin2014">Olubukola A. Gbadegesin (2014). "'Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers". ''History of Photography''. '''38''' (1).</cite></ref> Ya bar makaranta a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya koya wa 'yan uwansa, wadanda suka kasance masu daukar hoto. Ya bar su a shekara ta 1885, wani dan kasuwa na Jamus ne ya ba shi izini wanda ya shigo da kayan daukar hoto don amfani da shi. Tare da aikinsa ya sami nasarar siyan kayan aikin, kuma ya koma Legas Colony a 1886.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Graham-Stewart |first=Michael |last2=McWhannell |first2=Francis |date=April 2020 |title=Broad Sunlight: Early West African Photography |url=https://michaelgrahamstewart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BROADSUNLIGHT_vEXCERPT.pdf |website=MGS |page=87-93 |isbn=978-1-5272-5150-2}}</ref> A can, ya gina kasuwancin daukar hoto mai nasara, yana samun kwamitocin farko daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. An ce shi ne mai daukar hoto na farko a Legas Colony don gabatar da farantin bushe, ta amfani da farantin da aka ƙera a Ilford a Ingila. Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1890, kodayake matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1872.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref>(((((((((((((((((((((he built a successful photographic business, gaining early commissions from the colonial administration. He is said to have been the first photographer in Lagos Colony to introduce the dry plate, using plates manufactured in Ilford in England. He married in 1890 A watan Yulin 1893, Holm ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a karo na farko, ya ziyarci baje kolin Pall Mall ta Photographic Society of Great Britain. Lokacin da ya dawo Legas, ya tallata kansa a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Yamma na masana'antun Burtaniya. Ya ci gaba da haɗin transatlantic ta amfani da adireshin kebul na telegraphic da tallace-tallace a cikin mujallar Burtaniya Practical Photographer . A shekara ta 1895, an zabe shi memba na Royal Photographic Society, kuma a shekara ta 1896 ya zama Fellow.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1900, ya koma London don halartar Taron Pan-Afirka na farko, tare da wani ziyarar zuwa London a shekara ta 1903. <ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1910, ya daina daukar hoto, kuma daga 1910 zuwa 1917 ya horar da shi a Haikali na Tsakiya a matsayin lauya ga kotunan Legas.<ref name="IntersectingArchives" /> == Dubi kuma == * Francis W. Joaque * John Parkes Decker * Masu daukar hoto na Lutterodt * [[JA Green (mai daukar hoto)|J. A. Green (mai daukar hoto)]] * Augustus Washington * Alphonso Lisk-Carew * Alex Agbaglo Acolatse <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} l1y7snox8ry3zv9hg0mrulsqwufzc2p 882305 882300 2026-07-13T13:09:58Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361233976|Neils Walwin Holm]]" 882305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neils Walwin Holm''' (1866-1927?) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Afirka ta Yamma wanda daga baya ya sake horar da shi a matsayin lauya.<ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}</ref> An kira shi "mafi kyawun mai daukar hoto na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Afirka ta Yamma, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa 1910".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |year=2013 |title=Neils Walwin Holm: Radicalising the Image in Lagos Colony, West Africa |journal=History of Photography |volume=37 |issue=3}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Neils_Walwin_Holm_from_Accra.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na waje na 'yan Afirka, tare da mutum daya a tsakiya yana zaune a kan kujera]] An haifi Holm a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] . <ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOlubukola_A._Gbadegesin2014">Olubukola A. Gbadegesin (2014). "'Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers". ''History of Photography''. '''38''' (1).</cite></ref> Ya bar makaranta a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya koya wa 'yan uwansa, wadanda suka kasance masu daukar hoto. Ya bar su a shekara ta 1885, wani dan kasuwa na Jamus ne ya ba shi izini wanda ya shigo da kayan daukar hoto don amfani da shi. Tare da aikinsa ya sami nasarar siyan kayan aikin, kuma ya koma Legas Colony a 1886.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Graham-Stewart |first=Michael |last2=McWhannell |first2=Francis |date=April 2020 |title=Broad Sunlight: Early West African Photography |url=https://michaelgrahamstewart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BROADSUNLIGHT_vEXCERPT.pdf |website=MGS |page=87-93 |isbn=978-1-5272-5150-2}}</ref> A can, ya gina kasuwancin daukar hoto mai nasara, yana samun kwamitocin farko daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. An ce shi ne mai daukar hoto na farko a Legas Colony don gabatar da farantin bushe, ta amfani da farantin da aka ƙera a Ilford a Ingila. Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1890, kodayake matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1872.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref>(((((((((((((((((((((he built a successful photographic business, gaining early commissions from the colonial administration. He is said to have been the first photographer in Lagos Colony to introduce the dry plate, using plates manufactured in Ilford in England. He married in 1890 A watan Yulin 1893, Holm ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a karo na farko, ya ziyarci baje kolin Pall Mall ta Photographic Society of Great Britain. Lokacin da ya dawo Legas, ya tallata kansa a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Yamma na masana'antun Burtaniya. Ya ci gaba da haɗin transatlantic ta amfani da adireshin kebul na telegraphic da tallace-tallace a cikin mujallar Burtaniya Practical Photographer . A shekara ta 1895, an zabe shi memba na Royal Photographic Society, kuma a shekara ta 1896 ya zama Fellow.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1900, ya koma London don halartar Taron Pan-Afirka na farko, tare da wani ziyarar zuwa London a shekara ta 1903. <ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1910, ya daina daukar hoto, kuma daga 1910 zuwa 1917 ya horar da shi a Haikali na Tsakiya a matsayin lauya ga kotunan Legas.<ref name="IntersectingArchives" /> == Dubi kuma == * Francis W. Joaque * John Parkes Decker * Masu daukar hoto na Lutterodt * [[JA Green (mai daukar hoto)|J. A. Green (mai daukar hoto)]] * Augustus Washington * Alphonso Lisk-Carew * Alex Agbaglo Acolatse == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} irpovflbwexf6yw1jr7rh3it0eoaijb 882306 882305 2026-07-13T13:13:23Z Ummu Ilham 45024 882306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Neils Walwin Holm from Accra.jpg | caption = Holm, {{circa}} 1900 | birth_date = {{Birth year|1866}} | birth_place = Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) | death_date = {{Death year and age|1927|1866}} | occupation = {{hlist|Photographer|barrister}} | years_active = c. 1885–1910 | organization = Royal Photographic Society (member, 1895; fellow, 1896) | known_for = {{hlist|Pioneer photography in Lagos Colony|introduction of dry-plate photography in Lagos}} | spouse = Unknown ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1890; {{abbr|d.|died}} 1892) }} '''Neils Walwin Holm''' (1866-1927?) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Afirka ta Yamma wanda daga baya ya sake horar da shi a matsayin lauya.<ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}</ref> An kira shi "mafi kyawun mai daukar hoto na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Afirka ta Yamma, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa 1910".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |year=2013 |title=Neils Walwin Holm: Radicalising the Image in Lagos Colony, West Africa |journal=History of Photography |volume=37 |issue=3}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Neils_Walwin_Holm_from_Accra.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na waje na 'yan Afirka, tare da mutum daya a tsakiya yana zaune a kan kujera]] An haifi Holm a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] . <ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOlubukola_A._Gbadegesin2014">Olubukola A. Gbadegesin (2014). "'Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers". ''History of Photography''. '''38''' (1).</cite></ref> Ya bar makaranta a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya koya wa 'yan uwansa, wadanda suka kasance masu daukar hoto. Ya bar su a shekara ta 1885, wani dan kasuwa na Jamus ne ya ba shi izini wanda ya shigo da kayan daukar hoto don amfani da shi. Tare da aikinsa ya sami nasarar siyan kayan aikin, kuma ya koma Legas Colony a 1886.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Graham-Stewart |first=Michael |last2=McWhannell |first2=Francis |date=April 2020 |title=Broad Sunlight: Early West African Photography |url=https://michaelgrahamstewart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BROADSUNLIGHT_vEXCERPT.pdf |website=MGS |page=87-93 |isbn=978-1-5272-5150-2}}</ref> A can, ya gina kasuwancin daukar hoto mai nasara, yana samun kwamitocin farko daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. An ce shi ne mai daukar hoto na farko a Legas Colony don gabatar da farantin bushe, ta amfani da farantin da aka ƙera a Ilford a Ingila. Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1890, kodayake matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1872.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A watan Yulin 1893, Holm ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a karo na farko, ya ziyarci baje kolin Pall Mall ta Photographic Society of Great Britain. Lokacin da ya dawo Legas, ya tallata kansa a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Yamma na masana'antun Burtaniya. Ya ci gaba da haɗin transatlantic ta amfani da adireshin kebul na telegraphic da tallace-tallace a cikin mujallar Burtaniya Practical Photographer . A shekara ta 1895, an zabe shi memba na Royal Photographic Society, kuma a shekara ta 1896 ya zama Fellow.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1900, ya koma London don halartar Taron Pan-Afirka na farko, tare da wani ziyarar zuwa London a shekara ta 1903. <ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCharles_Gore2015">Charles Gore (Autumn 2015). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf "Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Arts''. '''48''' (3).</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1910, ya daina daukar hoto, kuma daga 1910 zuwa 1917 ya horar da shi a Haikali na Tsakiya a matsayin lauya ga kotunan Legas.<ref name="IntersectingArchives" /> == Dubi kuma == * Francis W. Joaque * John Parkes Decker * Masu daukar hoto na Lutterodt * [[JA Green (mai daukar hoto)|J. A. Green (mai daukar hoto)]] * Augustus Washington * Alphonso Lisk-Carew * Alex Agbaglo Acolatse == Manazarta = fmg9wt30ydszgj1wvpwcupjfh9mwtl0 Akademie 0 160797 882612 876269 2026-07-14T03:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar koyon aikin hannu''' ta Jamusanci makaranta ce ko kwaleji, makarantar koyon aikin hannu ko wata cibiyar ilimi. Kalmar Akademie (ba kamar kalmomin Gymnasium ko Universität ba) ba ta da kariyar doka, kuma kowace makaranta ko kwaleji na iya zaɓar kiran kanta Akademie. Makarantar koyon aikin hannu ta Sommerakademie (Makarantar Aikin Haihuwa) shiri ne da ke koyar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yara ko manya, yawanci a lokacin bazara. Wani lokaci waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna da kyau a yanayi. == Asalin kalmar == Kalmar Akademie ta samo asali ne daga Kwalejin Platonic, wacce take kusa da ofishin Akademos . == Misalai na Makarantun Ilimi == * [[Akademie deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim]] <ref name="akademie-weinheim">{{Cite web |last=Akademie Deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim e. V. |title=Bäcker Kurse, Weiterbildung, Seminare, Bäckermeister Ausbildung - Team und Referenten - Akademie - Akademie Deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim |url=http://www.akademie-weinheim.de/akademie-weinheim.html |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akademie-weinheim.de |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705141023/http://www.akademie-weinheim.de/akademie-weinheim.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Akademie für musische Bildung und Medienerziehung]] <ref name="akademieremscheid">{{Cite web |title=Akademie Remscheid |url=http://www.akademieremscheid.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akademieremscheid.de}}</ref> * [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Makarantar Sakandare ta Künste]] <ref name="adk">{{Cite web |title=Startseite Akademie der Künste, Berlin |url=http://www.adk.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adk.de}}</ref> * Akademie der bildenden Künste <ref name="adbk">{{Cite web |title=Akademie der Bildenden Künste München - Startseite |url=http://www.adbk.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adbk.de}}</ref> <ref name="adbk-nuernberg">{{Cite web |title=AdBK Nuernberg |url=http://www.adbk-nuernberg.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adbk-nuernberg.de}}</ref> <ref name="akbild">{{Cite web |title=&#93;a&#91; akademie der bildenden künste wien |url=http://www.akbild.ac.at/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akbild.ac.at}}</ref> == Manazarta == kal0r8fttv5mpm7uzysux8rxe7y0cyy Alkan Tololo 0 160847 882780 876842 2026-07-14T08:08:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sir Alkan Tololo''' KBE (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) shi ne darektan sashen ilimi na [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] kuma dan asalin Papua New Guinea ne ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Papua New Guinea (UPNG) da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Papua New Guinea. Ya kuma zama shugaban Jami'ar Vudal, tare da rike mukamai na diflomasiyya a Ostiraliya da Malaysia. == Adamu == Alkan Tololo wani Tolai ne daga yankin Kokopo na yanzu Lardin Gabashin Biritaniya a Papua New Guinea (PNG). Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin makarantar firamare a shekara ta 1957. == Ayyuka a cikin ilimi == Tololo ya yi aiki a tsarin ilimi na Yankin Papua da New Guinea kuma, lokacin da PNG ta zama mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarshen 1973, kafin samun 'yancin kai a 1975, ya zama darektan ilimi, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1975 ya wallafa littafin Handbook for Headmasters and Teachers in Secondary Schools in Papua New Guinea . Yawancin mutanen Papua New Guineans, gami da Tololo, ba su da farin ciki da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Australiya game da ilimi. A shekara ta 1974, ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke da cikakken memba na Papua New Guinea, wanda ya tsara shirin ilimi na shekaru biyar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya ba da fifiko ga makarantar da ke cikin al'umma da kuma amfani da harsunan gida, tare da samar da ilimi daidai kuma tare da samun damar samun ilimi ga 'yan mata. Ra'ayoyin Tololo sun kawo shi cikin rikici tare da wasu, musamman Jami'ar Papua New Guinea a Port Moresby . Ya damu da samun saurin ci gaba a cikin yawan malamai amma ya damu da cewa dangantakar kusa tsakanin Kwalejin Malamai ta Goroka (GTC) da UPNG tana haifar da GTC ta karɓi ƙarin tsarin ilimi ga ilimi, wanda zai lalata ikon ƙara yawan malamain da sauri. Ma'aikatan jami'a, duk da haka, sun damu da cewa tayin GTC don bayar da B.Ed. digiri wanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na horo a cikin sabis zai haifar da digiri wanda za'a yi tunanin ya fi ƙasa da wanda jami'ar ta bayar. Tololo ya yi la'akari da cewa ba a buƙatar Kwalejin Ilimi ta UPNG. Ya kuma sami kansa cikin rikici tare da UPNG da Unitech a Lae game da shawarwarinsa, wanda Firayim Minista na farko na PNG, Michael Somare, da Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Kasa na kasar suka goyi bayan, don a haɗa jami'o'in biyu. Ba a cimma wannan haɗuwa ba, amma Tololo ya zama shugaban cibiyoyin biyu a 1975, kuma majalisunsu masu mulki suna da mambobi da yawa. Ya ci gaba da jaddada cewa rawar da jami'o'i ke takawa ita ce ta cika bukatun ma'aikata masu horar da al'umma mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.unitech.ac.pg/unitech/history |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=UNITECH |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107231405/https://www.unitech.ac.pg/unitech/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tololo ya kuma gamu da zanga-zangar dalibai da yawa, inda ya sa ran jami'o'i za su yi karin don hana ɗaliban su. Wani damuwa na musamman shi ne na zanga-zangar dalibai da ke zubowa cikin al'umma kuma Tololo da ministan ilimi sun bayyana a fili cewa za a ba da izinin zanga-zambe ne kawai a harabar. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan rashin jin daɗi shine ci gaba da rawar da [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ta taka a matsayin Shugaban Gwamnatin PNG. A watan Fabrairun 1976, Gwamna-Janar, Sir [[John Guise (Papua New Guinea politician)|John Guise]], wakilin Sarauniya, dalibai sun nutsar da shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yin magana a UPNG. == Ayyukan diflomasiyya == A kusa da 1980, an sanya Tololo Janar-Janar na Papua New Guinea a [[Sydney]], Australia. Daga nan sai ya zama Babban Kwamishinan kasar a babban birnin Australia, [[Kanberra|Canberra]], kafin a tura shi [[Kuala Lumpur]] a matsayin Babban Kwamishina a Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1981 |title=Cover |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889171558/view?sectionId=nla.obj-890861969&partId=nla.obj-889204759#page/n0/mode/1up |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |volume=52 |issue=5 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Tololo daga baya ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Vudal, wanda ke cikin lardinsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kasa na Papua New Guinea da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kasa (NARI). Wani majagaba na farko na Savings da kungiyoyin rance, ya kasance memba ne na kafa kungiyar East New Britain Savings and Loans Society, wanda ya fara da mambobi 23 kuma a lokacin mutuwarsa yana da 24,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEOPLE AND CULTURE National Broadcasting Commission |url=https://www.destinationpng.com/people-culture/national-broadcasting-commission/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Destination Papua New Guinea |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226215533/https://www.destinationpng.com/people-culture/national-broadcasting-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mutuwa == Tololo ya mutu ne daga ciwon zuciya, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2003. A lokacin mutuwarsa har yanzu shi ne shugaban jami'o'in Unitech da Vudal. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == An sanya Tololo a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE), Kwamandan wannan Order (CBE), da kuma Knight Commander of the Order (KBE). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Papua New Guinea 28th December 1984 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49975/supplement/1/data.pdf |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=The London Gazette}}</ref> An sanya wa gine-gine suna a UPNG, PNG Unitech da kuma NARI. Unitech ya kafa tushe don girmama shi, don samar da zumunci ga ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Alkan Tololo Research Centre, Bubia (NARI) |url=https://www.genesys-pgr.org/wiews/PNG006 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Genesys}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] 608etgmckpmn8auqhm3hy5r5vj734kn Adrián Marín (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) 0 160947 882546 877986 2026-07-13T23:23:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adrián Marín Gómez''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League ta Orlando City . == Aikin kulob == === Villarreal === An haife shi a Torre-Pacheco, Yankin Murcia, Marín ya shiga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Villarreal CF ta gida a shekarar 2009 yana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=El futuro, en la cantera |trans-title=The future, in the youth system |url=https://villarrealcf.es/adrian-marin-la-nueva-perla-del-submarino/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a babbar kungiyar C a kakar wasa ta 2013–14 a gasar Tercera División, kuma ya fito tare da 'yan wasan da ke cikin kungiyar a gasar Segunda División B a wannan shekarar. A watan Mayun 2014, manaja Marcelino García Toral ya kira Marín zuwa babban tawagar 'yan wasa domin tafiya zuwa Asiya kafin kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Lista de convocados para la gira asiática |trans-title=List of called up to the Asian tour |url=https://villarrealcf.es/lista-de-convocados-para-la-gira-asiatica/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> A can, ya buga wasannin sada zumunta da CF Reus Deportiu <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2014 |title=Debut con victoria para el Submarino (0–2) |trans-title=Debut with victory for the Submarine (0–2) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-reus-villarreal/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Gran victòria groga en Middlesbrough |trans-title=Great win for the yellows in Middlesbrough |url=https://villarrealcf.es/val/gran-victoria-amarilla-en-middlesbrough-2/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Catalan}}</ref> Marín ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin ƙwararre a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014, inda ya maye gurbin Jaume Costa a minti na 57 na wasan da suka doke FC Astana da ci 4-0 a gida a zagaye na play-off na gasar UEFA Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2014 |title=¡Europa, ya estamos aquí! (4–0) |trans-title=Europe, we have arrived! (4–0) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-vuelta-villarreal-astana/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> Wasansa na farko [[La Liga|a La Liga]] ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Satumba, yayin da ya fara a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Granada CF. A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016, an ba Marín aro ga ƙungiyar CD Leganés ta ƙungiyar a cikin yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Adrián Marín, talento y juventud para el lateral izquierdo |trans-title=Adrián Marín, talent and youth to the left back |url=https://www.cdleganes.com/noticias/adrian-marin-talento-y-juventud-para-el-lateral-izquierdo |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=CD Leganés |language=Spanish |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214114417/https://www.cdleganes.com/noticias/adrian-marin-talento-y-juventud-para-el-lateral-izquierdo |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ya dawo, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2021 kuma tabbas an ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. === Alavés === A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2018, Marín ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Deportivo Alavés . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=El Deportivo Alavés incorpora al lateral izquierdo Adrián Marín |trans-title=Deportivo Alavés add left-back Adrián Marín |url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/el-deportivo-alaves-incorpora-al-lateral-izquierdo-adrian-marin |access-date=11 August 2018 |publisher=Deportivo Alavés |language=Spanish}}</ref> A lokacin shekaru biyu da rabi da ya yi a filin wasa na Mendizorrotza, ya buga wasanni 28 kacal a gasa. === Granada === Marín ya koma Granada CF a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2021, kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=Adrián Marín nuevo jugador del Granada CF |trans-title=Adrián Marín new Granada CF player |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-nuevo-jugador-del-granada-cf |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Agusta, ya koma ƙungiyar Primeira Liga FC Famalicão a kan aro na shekara ɗaya tare da yarjejeniyar siyan ƙwallo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Adrián Marín jugará cedido en el Famalicao portugués |trans-title=Adrián Marín will play on loan at Portugal's Famalicão |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-jugara-cedido-en-el-famalicao-portugues |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 33 jimilla a lokacin da yake buga wasa a baya, inda ya zira kwallaye huɗu. === Gil Vicente === A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2022, Marín ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a Gil Vicente FC shi ma a gasar Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=OFICIAL: Granada anuncia Adrián Marín no Gil Vicente |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Granada announce Adrián Marín at Gil Vicente |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/mercado/oficial-granada-anuncia-adrian-marin-no-gil-vicente |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, an kore shi daga wasan a cikin daƙiƙa na ƙarshe na rabin farko inda ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara 1-0, wanda hakan ya ba wa mai masaukin baki GD Chaves damar dawowa daga baya su yi nasara da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Liga: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (crónica) |trans-title=League: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (report) |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/desp-chaves/liga-desp-chaves-gil-vicente-3-1-cronica |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}</ref> === Braga === Marín ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da SC Braga ta ƙasa ɗaya da kuma lig a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Adrián Marín é Gverreiro até 2026 |trans-title=Adrián Marín is a Warrior until 2026 |url=https://scbraga.pt/adrian-marin-e-gverreiro-ate-2026/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=S.C. Braga |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 37 a dukkan gasannin da ya yi a lokacin aikinsa, ya zura ƙwallonsa ɗaya tilo a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2024 a wasan da suka doke Maccabi Petah Tikva FC da ci 5-0 a zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=SC Braga goleia na Liga Europa |trans-title=SC Braga thrash in Europa League |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-not%C3%ADcias/Not%C3%ADcia/news/45685 |access-date=26 June 2025 |publisher=[[Portuguese Football Federation]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> === Birnin Orlando === A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2025, Marín ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League Soccer ta Orlando City SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, tare da zaɓin kakar wasa ta 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Orlando City SC acquires defender Adrián Marín |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-sc-acquires-defender-adrian-marin |access-date=7 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana 16, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara sosai wanda ya sha kashi 5-1 a Nashville SC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Austin |date=23 August 2025 |title=Orlando City Starting XI: The Lions' lineup and bench ahead of the road match at Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-starting-xi-the-lions-lineup-and-bench-ahead-of-the-road-match-at-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=Match report: Orlando City SC falls 5–1 on the road to Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/match-report-orlando-city-sc-falls-5-1-on-the-road-to-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Marín ya lashe wasa ɗaya tilo da ya buga wa Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a ranar 24 ga Maris 2016, a wasan da Croatia ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2017. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 23 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|adrian-marin-gomez/319878}}</ref><ref>{{FBref}}</ref><ref>{{WorldFootball.net|adrian-marin_2}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Taça de Portugal]], [[U.S. Open Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]] and [[MLS Cup playoffs]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Villarreal B |2013–14 |Segunda División B |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2014–15 |Segunda División B |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2015–16 |Segunda División B |14 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B play-offs]]}} |0 |16 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !19 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !21 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Villarreal |2014–15 |[[La Liga]] |4 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2015–16 |La Liga |11 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |16 |0 |- |2017–18 |La Liga |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !9 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !33 !0 |- |Leganés (loan) |2016–17 |La Liga |13 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Alavés |2018–19 |La Liga |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- |2019–20 |La Liga |12 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |0 |- |2020–21 |La Liga |5 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !23 !0 !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !28 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Granada |2020–21 |La Liga |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2021–22 |La Liga |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !9 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !9 !0 |- |Famalicão (loan) |2021–22 |Primeira Liga |29 |4 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |4 |- |Gil Vicente |2022–23 |Primeira Liga |31 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |37 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Braga |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |8 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |16 |0 |- |2024–25 |Primeira Liga |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |10[d] |1 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !2 !0 !2 !0 !15 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !37 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Orlando City |2025 |Major League Soccer |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}} |0 |8 |0 |- |2026 |Major League Soccer |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !24 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !177 !5 !20 !0 !8 !0 !25 !1 !4 !0 !234 !6 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Braga''' * Taca da Liga : 2023-24 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Adrián Marín at BDFutbol {{Orlando City SC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ayu8j1kd776c9f0yxx10ujh1hyxt41y Alingano Maisu 0 161140 882754 879389 2026-07-14T07:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Alingano Maisu''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Maisu''''' / ˈmaɪʃuː / , kwale -kwale ne mai hawa biyu da aka gina a Kawaihae, Hawaii, wanda membobin Na Kalai Wa ʻ Moku o Hawai ʻ da ʻ Wa'a daga ko'ina cikin Tekun Pacific da ƙasashen waje suka gina a matsayin kyauta da girmamawa ga mai tuƙi na Satawala Mau Piailug, wanda ya yi tafiyar jirgin ruwan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' a tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Tahiti a shekarar 1976 kuma tun daga lokacin ya horar da 'yan asalin Hawaii da yawa a cikin fasahar gano hanya . Kalmar ''maisu'' ta fito ne daga kalmar Satawalase ta ' [[Berefut|ya'yan itace mai burodi]] wanda iskar guguwa ta ruguje shi don haka yana samuwa ga kowa ya ɗauka. Ana cewa sunan yana wakiltar ilimin kewayawa wanda aka samar da shi kyauta. Manufar ''Alingano Maisu'' ta samo asali ne a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Hawaiian Traveling Society da Na Kalai ʻ Moku o ʻ suka haɗu da Piailug. Katanga biyu na {{Convert|56|ft|m}}An ƙera jirgin ruwa ta hannun Abokan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' da ''Hawai ʻ'' a kan ʻ kuma aka jigilar su zuwa Tsibirin Hawai ʻ inda aka kammala gina jirgin ruwan Na Kalai Wa ʻ . Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian ta ba da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen don ɓangaren tafiya na aikin da kuma jirgin ruwan rakiya don taimakawa wajen jigilar jirgin ruwa zuwa Satawal . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kathryn |date=August 2006 |title=Mau's Canoe |url=https://hanahou.com/9.4/maus-canoe |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=Hana Hou! }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwale-kwalen yana nan a tsibirin Yap a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan Piailug, Sesario Sewralur. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TenBruggencate |first=Jan |date=January 20, 2007 |title=Voyage of Friendship |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jan/20/ln/FP701200320.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=the.honoluluadvertiser.com}}</ref> == Tafiya ta budurwa == ''Maisu'' tare da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'', sun bar Kawaihae, Hawaii, a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2007. Bayan sun tsaya a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], Pohnpei, da Chuuk, Maisu ya isa Satawal a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2007. A ranar 18 ga Maris, yayin da suke Satawal, an shigar da masu jirgin ruwa na Hawaii guda biyar a cikin jirgin, wani dan uwan 'yan uwan Micronesian mai tsarki na manyan masu jirgin ruwa. ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' da ''Maisu'' duk sun bar Satawal a ranar 20 ga Maris suka tsaya a Woleai, Ulithi da Yap kafin su isa [[Palau]] . Daga nan ''Maisu'' suka koma Yap, yayin da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2007 Sail Plan |url=http://archive.hokulea.com/2007voyage/2007sailplan.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=archive.hokulea.com}}</ref> == Shirin Horar da Kewaya tare da Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau == A watan Yunin 2008, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau ta sanar da cewa za a yi wani shiri na shekara guda a fannin yawo da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya ba tare da kayan aiki ba a kan ''Alingano Maisu'' a ƙarƙashin Sesario Sewralur. <ref> [http://www.palau.edu/mesekiu/jun27issue.htm MESEKIU'S NEWS]{{Dead link|date=February 2019|fix-attempted=yes}} </ref> == Duba kuma == * Hokule ʻ a * Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian == Manazarta == 15kqgwcog7o68tp4fo7k40tynv50yzw Adil Aouchiche 0 161206 882544 880085 2026-07-13T22:55:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adil Aouchiche''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Schalke 04. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|571822}}</ref> An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === An academy graduate of [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG), Aouchiche made his professional debut on 30 August 2019 in a 2–0 [[Ligue 1|league]] win against Metz. He started the match and played 65 minutes before getting replaced by Leandro Paredes.<ref name="prodebut">{{Cite web |title=Metz vs. PSG – 30 August 2019 – Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/30/france/ligue-1/fc-de-metz/paris-saint-germain-fc/3030585/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> He scored his first goal on 5 January 2020 in a 6–0 Coupe de France win against Linas-Montlhéry.<ref name="firstgoal">{{Cite web |title=Linas-Montlhery vs. PSG – 5 January 2020 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/05/france/coupe-de-france/linas-montlhery/paris-saint-germain-fc/3190908/ |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> This made him the youngest player ever to score a goal for PSG in the Coupe de France at 17 years and 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Premier but en professionnel pour Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/premier-but-en-professionnel-pour-adil-aouchiche |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Paris Saint-Germain |language=fr}}</ref> He made his third and final appearance for the club as a substitute in a 6–1 cup win against Dijon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG Beat Dijon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045750/https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Aouchiche ya yi gwajin lafiya na farko da Saint-Étienne kafin ya koma kulob din kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal-linked Aouchiche undergoes Saint-Etienne medical as he turns his back on PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-linked-aouchiche-saint-etienne-medical-psg/18aas2qrn4s8s1j17whw83jl55 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, an zaɓe shi don kyautar Golden Boy Award ta 2020, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na PSG a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=2020 Golden Boy Nominees Revealed – 14 Ligue 1 players |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/2020-golden-boy-nominees-revealed-14-ligue-1-players/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> === Saint-Étienne === A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ligue 1 na Saint-Étienne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Official {{!}} St Étienne sign Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-st-etienne-sign-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a [[Ligue 1|wasan da]] suka yi nasara a kan Lorient da ci 2-0 a ranar 30 ga Agusta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Saint Etienne 2–0 Lorient |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-as-saint-etienne-fc-lorient/match-stats/2061690 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=footballcritic.com}}</ref> kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Nantes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nantes vs Saint-Étienne (2–2) Sep 20, 2020 Match Stats |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-fc-nantes-as-saint-etienne/match-stats/2061708 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=FootballCritic |language=en}}</ref> === Lorient === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2022, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ligue 1 na Lorient kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Adil Aouchiche s'engage avec les Merlus |url=https://fclweb.fr/adil-aouchiche-sengage-avec-les-merlus/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[FC Lorient]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Sunderland === A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ingila [[Sunderland A.F.C.|na Sunderland]] kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Sunderland sign Mason Burstow, Nazariy Rusyn, Timothee Pembele & Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66688539 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==== Portsmouth (aron) ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan aro zuwa Portsmouth har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche Signs On Loan |url=https://www.expressfm.com/news/football/adil-aouchiche-signs-on-loan/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Portsmouth's Express FM |language=en}}</ref> ==== Aberdeen (rance) ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ga [[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] na gasar Premier ta Scotland a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Technically gifted' Aouchiche joins Dons on loan from Sunderland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cvg874zv6j4o |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Schalke 04 === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2026, Schalke 04 ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu a Aouchiche har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Midfielder Adil Aouchiche joins FC Schalke 04 |url=https://schalke04.de/en/team/adil-aouchiche-transfer/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Aouchiche yana da ƙasashen Faransa da Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/adil-aouchiche-22900/}}</ref> wanda aka haifa ga uwa da uba daga Aljeriya. Ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, ƙasar haihuwarsa, ko kuma Aljeriya, ƙasar iyayensa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Le joueur d'origine algérienne Adil Aouchiche marque l'histoire du PSG |url=https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194325/https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa a yanzu. Ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2019 saboda ƙarfinsa na zura kwallaye. Duk da cewa shi ɗan wasan tsakiya ne, ya zira kwallaye 9 daga wasanni 5 a gasar yayin da Faransa ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da suka buga da Sweden a wasan rukuni kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye huɗu a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamhuriyar Czech . <ref name="fraswe">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – Suède – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=2019-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830182843/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="fracze">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – République Tchèque – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2853/2019-05-12/france-republique-tcheque |access-date=30 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karya tarihi da dama a lokacin gasar, ciki har da na zura kwallaye mafi yawa a kakar wasa daya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Euro, wadda 'yan kasarsa Odsonne Édouard da [[Amine Gouirin|Amine Gouiri]] suka rike a baya saboda zura kwallaye 8 a shekarar 2015 da 2017 bi da bi. <ref name="uefa2">{{Cite web |title=Aouchiche breaks record: U17 facts and figures |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375688f2-8f694a6dc02b-1000--aouchiche-breaks-record-u17-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA, wani abin da a da Édouard, Gouiri da Abel Ruiz suka raba. <ref name="uefa2" /> Jimillar kwallaye 9 da ya ci ya kuma yi daidai da tarihin yawan kwallaye a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta kasa [[UEFA|ta UEFA]], wadda a halin yanzu yake rabawa da [[Michel Platini]], Elena Danilova da Shekiera Martinez . <ref name="uefa1"/> Kwallayen da ya yi masu kyau sun sa ya samu matsayi a kungiyar gasar. <ref name="toty">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, an kira Aouchiche zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar ƙasar Algeria]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Un ancien espoir passé par le FC Lorient appelé pour la première fois en équipe d’Algérie |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/football/fc-lorient/un-ancien-espoir-passe-par-le-fc-lorient-appele-pour-la-premiere-fois-en-equipe-dalgerie-7007648.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Guatemala da ci 7-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title=Aouchiche makes his Algeria debut |url=https://schalke04.de/en/internationals/march-round-up-2526/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Aouchiche ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai kai hari, yana da baiwar ƙwarewar fasaha fiye da matsakaicin matsakaici. Ya yi fice a fannin ƙirƙirar damarmaki da kuma yin amfani da dribbling. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Wonderkids: Adil Aouchiche |url=https://soccerment.com/wonderkids-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date= |website=Soccerment}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Scottish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2019–20 |[[Ligue 1]] |1 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Saint-Étienne |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |34 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |2 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |35 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs]]}} |0 |40 |0 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !71 !2 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !77 !2 |- |Lorient |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |11 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Lorient B |2022–23 |Championnat National 2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] |2023–24 |EFL Championship |28 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |2 |- |2024–25 |EFL Championship |8 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !1 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !38 !2 |- |Portsmouth (loan) |2024–25 |EFL Championship |12 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |1 |- |[[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] (loan) |2025–26 |Scottish Premiership |20 |3 |1 |0 |2 |0 |7{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]] and five appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |Schalke 04 |2025–26 |2. Bundesliga |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !166 !11 !10 !2 !3 !0 !7 !0 !2 !0 !188 !13 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|103931}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG champions as season ended |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183551/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Ligue 1 Website}}</ref> * Coupe de France : 2019-20 '''Schalke 04''' * 2. Bundesliga : 2025–26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=Elversberg siegt – Schalke ist Meister! |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/de/2bundesliga/news/sv-elversberg-siegt-schalke-04-ist-meister-2-bundesliga-37217 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=bundesliga.com |language=de}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa''' * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta zo ta uku: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands 1–3 France: Line-ups |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924133928/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA U-17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya: 2019 * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 : Mafi yawan kwallaye: 2019 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> * Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maurice Revello Tournament 2022 best XI |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5178 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} treqdf4m3g8gij6jlbebj2x4pygyr3o Celina, Texas 0 161259 882668 880501 2026-07-14T05:49:49Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882668 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina birni ne kuma yanki ne na gwamnatin jihar Texas, Yankin Arewacin Texas. Celina na daga cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.Yawan jama'a ya kai 16,739 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> kuma bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2025, an kiyasta birnin yana da yawan mutane 64,427. ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 2fjn6li4e2aebqnbdb1w51icvatv4jo 882669 882668 2026-07-14T05:49:57Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882669 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina birni ne kuma yanki ne na gwamnatin jihar Texas, Yankin Arewacin Texas. Celina na daga cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.Yawan jama'a ya kai 16,739 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> kuma bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2025, an kiyasta birnin yana da yawan mutane 64,427. ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] k9m0pn9283qlcm10n19kmpiuuvnk2nk 882670 882669 2026-07-14T06:02:57Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882670 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar Texas, Yankin Arewacin Texas  a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Celina na daga cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.Yawan jama'a ya kai 16,739 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> kuma bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2025, an kiyasta birnin yana da yawan mutane 64,427. ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] gcigf7lg7bc7yzz5o6525lcryhxo42x 882671 882670 2026-07-14T06:04:26Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882671 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin   a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Celina na daga cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.Yawan jama'a ya kai 16,739 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> kuma bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2025, an kiyasta birnin yana da yawan mutane 64,427. ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 0acr3m0uvox9fl0pbhqmvf37n3z1857 882672 882671 2026-07-14T06:04:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882672 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Celina na daga cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.Yawan jama'a ya kai 16,739 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> kuma bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2025, an kiyasta birnin yana da yawan mutane 64,427. ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 9bmo1t2ugitfkj5qpey8ldcp479u59s 882673 882672 2026-07-14T06:06:48Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882673 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] falr64117u8tjjvh5a6e2w81s7b6re3 882675 882673 2026-07-14T06:25:48Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Remove AI translations and junk 882675 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 to 2.2°C). === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 7i9lv4a23c3rqwcsy69zsytaer6wuog 882676 882675 2026-07-14T06:26:25Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Space checked! Removed junk and obviously AI translations 882676 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 to 2.2°C). === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 1b4hbcd3pd8mmxmjafaghjvnwlz4eny 882677 882676 2026-07-14T06:26:42Z Armadillo Jack 46856 added climate temps 882677 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> ''[[:en:American_City_Business_Journals|Dallas Business Journal]]'' ta sanya Celina a matsayin birni mafi saurin girma a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex na shekaru uku a jere (2019-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Fastest-Growing Cities: Ranked by Five-Year Population Growth, 2016-2020 |url=https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021171627/https://celinaedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Fastest-Growing-2021.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> Yawan karuwar jama'a na Celina ya kasance 50.8% daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Matsakaicin yawan mutanen da Celina ke gina aikin kusan 378,000 ne.<ref name="Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation">{{Cite web |title=Celina, Texas – Economic Development Corporation |url=https://celinaedc.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 to 2.2°C). === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] s3hbws0m3sfcprmga9tasscrah3c1gx 882678 882677 2026-07-14T06:26:58Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882678 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 to 2.2°C). === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] brfr8y89ogw2gkpod2u3ckpjnvd552s 882679 882678 2026-07-14T06:29:34Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882679 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 to 2.2°C). == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 3pmf1u9o7p7nl1wmc2q7s28f06aa7w8 882680 882679 2026-07-14T06:30:27Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Yanayi */ Turanci zuwa Hausa 882680 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] goznhka5lo3xw1c4bmf3a8uom7psvmo 882695 882680 2026-07-14T06:47:38Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Yanayi */ 882695 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan == Gwamnati == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] aylmrz9xdrddc85ubtar8275m9cspqv 882701 882695 2026-07-14T06:54:43Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882701 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan == Ayyukan Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] ob0p3zpbswehvcxw2fsafq8creh72rc 882702 882701 2026-07-14T06:55:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ayyukan Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina */ 882702 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] q4g30k74g0dso4zm0ftsfl98tjog2e0 882703 882702 2026-07-14T06:56:03Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Yanayi */ formatting periods and commas 882703 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina wata [[:en:Municipality|karamar hukuma]] ce mai mulki , wacce magajin gari da majalisar birni ke jagoranta wadanda mazauna ke zaba. An kafa birnin ne a shekara ta 1876. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] sh6kp7lr9s734nrvkj1effwl3db13zx 882705 882703 2026-07-14T07:02:39Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Abubuwa na Musamman */ 882705 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] fkble73eoqq8vsgs4nz7lrpy6gyqrxv 882707 882705 2026-07-14T07:03:53Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882707 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] kimilsnnlfn20e8kr6m7zelij9bs1b1 882709 882707 2026-07-14T07:06:14Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882709 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (''Celina City Council'') == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina === City Council * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] rkug64zrri9ut7qugyilgxz0gejrxsh 882710 882709 2026-07-14T07:07:20Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882710 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (''Celina City Council'') == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina === * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 2ret6kgdk1hf8qotgi3wodo9dt5vp87 882711 882710 2026-07-14T07:09:08Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882711 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (''Celina City Council'') == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' === * Ryan Tubbs, [[:en:Mayor|Magajin gari]] * Philip Ferguson, Matsayi 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Wuri na 2 * Andy Hopkins, Magajin garin Pro Tem, Wuri na 3 * Wutar Wigginton, Wuri na 4 * Mindy Koehne, Mataimakin Magajin gari Pro Tem, Wuri 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Wuri na 6 * Robert Ranc, Manajan Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] q435ldtagwealijy709o8ewz7d8jeu0 882712 882711 2026-07-14T07:11:27Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882712 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (''Celina City Council'') == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' === * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] 86wteasza5s55792d62vmtgp01puynz 882713 882712 2026-07-14T07:11:46Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882713 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' === * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] rfl4ixrj6a9ktmunnm21utztuu3p0jj 882714 882713 2026-07-14T07:12:28Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882714 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> == Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) == * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] hm42jxikd9brip8gqu8yacc97ykqq2q 882715 882714 2026-07-14T07:12:37Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882715 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> == Majalisar Birnin Celina == * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] noxcc6slsoa92n53zd914zmuxhz15ly 882716 882715 2026-07-14T07:13:06Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Majalisar Birnin Celina */ 882716 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] frkxsm4qongfb9w0nllrn49s6bsxg2v 882717 882716 2026-07-14T07:13:25Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina */ 882717 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] s6tlfswn8sztg07s8spxkcwbq5lfswd 882718 882717 2026-07-14T07:14:08Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882718 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' === * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] rfl4ixrj6a9ktmunnm21utztuu3p0jj 882719 882718 2026-07-14T07:14:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) */ 882719 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwa na Musamman == An san Celina da karbar bakuncin abubuwan da ke kawo al'umma tare. Kowace shekara, Celina tana karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru sama da 25 tare da mafi yawansu da ke faruwa a Tarihin Downtown Square. Birnin yana da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda huɗu: Cajun Fest (Mayu), Splash & Blast (Yuli), Ku kula! Daga Square (Oktoba), Kirsimeti a kan Square (Nuwamba). Bugu da kari, birnin yana karbar bakuncin Kasuwancin Dare na Jumma'a sau ɗaya a wata daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events {{!}} Life in Celina TX |url=https://www.lifeincelinatx.com/events |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Celina |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina | Government Website | celina-tx.gov'''] gzu0dypff1pqm3n8tuzw4u7t4io2dv5 882720 882719 2026-07-14T07:15:13Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Abubuwa na Musamman */ 882720 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina '''''(Celina City Council)''''' * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> cdvx6nchc9p0neciadfga7teitfhfqd 882721 882720 2026-07-14T07:15:25Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina */ 882721 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina ''(Celina City Council)'' * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> Majalisar Birnin Celina (Celina City Council) * Ryan Tubbs, Mayor * Philip Ferguson, Place 1 * Eddie Cawlfield, Place 2 * Andy Hopkins, Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3 * Wendie Wigginton, Place 4 * Mindy Koehne, Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5 * Brandon Grumbles, Place 6 * Robert Ranc, City Manager <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> 58i7rl3ko4xaw7rs42c633u1a3w3neu 882722 882721 2026-07-14T07:16:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina */ 882722 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> '''Majalisar Birnin Celina''' ''(Celina City Council)'' * Ryan Tubbs, '''''Mayor''''' * Philip Ferguson, '''''Place 1''''' * Eddie Cawlfield, '''''Place 2''''' * Andy Hopkins, '''''Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3''''' * Wendie Wigginton, '''''Place 4''''' * Mindy Koehne, '''''Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5''''' * Brandon Grumbles, '''''Place 6''''' * Robert Ranc, '''''City Manager''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> * nv228qnxeioab4ro0ep82fjd9dxd90f 882723 882722 2026-07-14T07:17:05Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina */ 882723 wikitext text/x-wiki Celina  birni ne da ke a jihar [[Texas]], Yankin Arewacin a ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Celina a jihar Texas ta kunshi kananan hukumomin  Collin county da Denton county. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2020, jimilar mutane 64,427.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|North Louisiana Drive in Celina, 2013]] == Yanayi == Celina na da irin yanayi na Humid Subtropical climate, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan Yuli da kimanin 94 zuwa 74°F (34.4 zuwa 23.3°C). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine Janairu 55 zuwa 36°F ( 12.7 zuwa 2.2°C). Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine Mayu akalla 5.79 in ko kuma 147.0 mm a watan. == Ƙaramar Hukuma a Celina == Celina Jerin membobin da ke wakiltar birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Charter |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10055/2022-2022-21}}</ref> '''Majalisar Birnin Celina''' ''(Celina City Council)'' * Ryan Tubbs, '''Mayor''' * Philip Ferguson, '''Place 1''' * Eddie Cawlfield, '''Place 2''' * Andy Hopkins, '''Mayor Pro Tem, Place 3''' * Wendie Wigginton, '''Place 4''' * Mindy Koehne, '''Deputy Mayor Pro Tem, Place 5''' * Brandon Grumbles, '''Place 6''' * Robert Ranc, '''City Manager''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council {{!}} Celina, TX - Life Connected |url=https://www.celina-tx.gov/319/City-Council |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=www.celina-tx.gov}}</ref> * ls278i9cae6gj2ko91r6p22jihkhjn8 Colin Allred 0 161381 882603 881519 2026-07-14T02:39:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 info 882603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] An haifi Colin Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} mtcdbxr7t0le7xexmp6wwa8bj21l11o 882604 882603 2026-07-14T02:39:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] An haifi '''Colin Allred''' a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0dkxsrg2b1bxulgz3awa1h1hvyu4zua 882605 882604 2026-07-14T02:41:14Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Sources 882605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] An haifi '''Colin Allred''' a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 5c4o7dgzkbtlrphgn1bmbg785bqsmhx 882606 882605 2026-07-14T02:48:38Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] Colin Allred ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. An haifi '''Colin Allred''' a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} lx9bfyds05yaaaeempxp9hcz0558qk9 882607 882606 2026-07-14T02:48:58Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. An haifi Colin Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} mijufgerj6r5l8yev3estr5la83il62 882608 882607 2026-07-14T02:49:20Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7wrr1gz32hqiy2ozxr8kfx9o3rld8g6 882611 882608 2026-07-14T03:03:34Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ti1mds3lmzv8que3j7zdoozt4923vxi 882616 882611 2026-07-14T03:36:59Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred'''ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7wde8ylf1cw9pntdxw7ius16flbd1g2 882617 882616 2026-07-14T03:37:20Z Armadillo Jack 46856 space 882617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar Texas, Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0ftqhp3heltuu66od4t6sfxhc1l2g9p 882618 882617 2026-07-14T03:39:25Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882618 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar [[Texas]], Amurka. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} i1bll27toa0h16cjm31lgu7xg6ptboa 882619 882618 2026-07-14T03:39:51Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a Dallas, Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ta4vgawo9zjlc9md94pqwqea3uouo15 882620 882619 2026-07-14T03:41:15Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Dallas wikipedia page 882620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9gg8m4az3btdb0ew0al66xhz39fdcdn 882621 882620 2026-07-14T03:43:37Z Armadillo Jack 46856 NFL citations 882621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== Tana da unguwannin da ke arewa maso gabas kamar Garland, Richardson, University Park, Highland Park da Rowlett. Lokacin da yake ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya kasance 'mai tsaron baya na 2' wanda ya buga wa Tennessee Titans wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Allred ya daina buga ƙwallon ƙafa don komawa makarantar lauya don samun digirin Doctor na Juris, daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Daga nan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Obama da ofishin Lauyan Amurka. Allred bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2024 a kan Sanata Ted Cruz na Republican mai ci. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a 2026, duk da haka ya fice kafin zaɓen fidda gwani don yin nasara a kan 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Julie Johnson a gundumar 33 ta Majalisar Dokoki. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (NFL) Allred ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest (Hillcrest High School) da ke Dallas, sannan ya je Jami'ar Baylor. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Baylor; ɗan wasan baya ne. A watan Disamba na 2005, Allred ya ckammala karatunsa daga Baylor da digirin B.A. a tarihi. 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0881magw1464dnpv2xb472k9ct1svlp 882622 882621 2026-07-14T03:45:11Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred */AI MACHINE TRANSLATION REMOVED 882622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1s1prnw42ontou2one7f8aion5roo95 882623 882622 2026-07-14T03:49:34Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Manazarta */ 882623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ivcwdwgqqg3ggygbcngxj5c9mdkkb69 882624 882623 2026-07-14T04:09:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a Kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iaxxhofby8vad3waozl2mr6mwluyuvo 882625 882624 2026-07-14T04:09:57Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mrrr6qk3mvj1p4av807laedqx1ke08v 882626 882625 2026-07-14T04:24:45Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred== 2026 Babban Labari: Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2026 a Texas A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2025, Allred ya sake sanar da takararsa ta neman takarar Amurka, a wannan karon yana fafatawa da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican a zaɓen 2026. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Allred ya sanar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen kamfen ɗinsa, maimakon haka ya tsaya takara a gundumar majalisa ta 33 da ke Texas, bayan shigar 'yar majalisa Jasmine Crockett cikin takarar Democrat. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aokrqwureebgca94lao7gcd5o2ol4lc 882627 882626 2026-07-14T04:25:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Tarihin Rayuwar Colin Allred */ 882627 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} f44pe30ey6mmlej1vdki5ph8l4c8ohb 882628 882627 2026-07-14T04:29:28Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jwagws61aof17825b9m5cinz1eeazq5 882629 882628 2026-07-14T04:30:07Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5bxgj4vauucf9ve15046vmsqfp78h8s 882631 882629 2026-07-14T04:44:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref>An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} csiml4mkyci12t49xjwx44y7rq1n252 882632 882631 2026-07-14T04:45:01Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882632 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|thumb|Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress]] '''Colin Allred''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, OLB, Baylor |website=Draft Scout |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106202353/https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> An haifi Allred a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1983 a [[Dallas]], Jihar [[Texas]], [[Amurka]]. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma digiri na J.D. biyu a fannin Dokar jami’ar California, Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a kuma memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas.<ref name="rollcall">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Nathan L. |date=June 21, 2019 |title=For Colin Allred, Major League dreams are close to coming true |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117195309/https://www.rollcall.com/2019/06/21/for-colin-allred-major-league-dreams-are-close-to-coming-true/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Roll Call]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Rep. Colin Allred: A deeper look at the man hoping to unseat Ted Cruz |url=https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164320/https://theweek.com/2024-primaries/1023250/rep-colin-allred-a-deeper-look-at-the-man-hoping-to-unseat-ted-cruz |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=theweek |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Joseph |date=November 6, 2024 |title=10 things to know about Colin Allred, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/11/05/10-things-to-know-about-colin-allred-democratic-candidate-for-us-senate-race/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/ |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wermund">{{Cite web |last=Wermund |first=Benjamin |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Colin Allred's no-frills approach helped win football games. He's hoping it will oust Ted Cruz |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/colin-allred-texas-senate-race-19771191.php |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nickas |first=Katie |title=Democrat Colin Allred brings campaign for U.S. Senate to Corpus Christi |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164423/https://www.caller.com/story/news/local/2024/08/05/colin-allred-brings-campaign-for-u-s-senate-to-corpus-christi/74645397007/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1778899425705734587|user=ColinAllredTX|title=When I toured President Lyndon B. Johnson's boyhood home with his daughter Luci, it wasn't the first time an Allred and a Johnson got together to talk about the future of our state. Here is my relative, former Governor of Texas James V. Allred with LBJ and President Franklin Roosevelt.|access-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers Jr |first=Gromer |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What to know about Dallas' Colin Allred, who's challenging Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/05/03/heres-what-to-know-about-senate-candidate-colin-allred/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5bxgj4vauucf9ve15046vmsqfp78h8s 1552 Broadway 0 161423 882318 881726 2026-07-13T13:38:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1552 Broadway''', also known as the '''I. Miller Building''', is a commercial structure on Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, U.S. Located at the northeast corner of Broadway and 46th Street, the building was designed by Louis H. Friedland, with sculptures by Alexander Stirling Calder. The current building, designed for shoe retailer I. Miller, dates to 1926 and was combined from two 19th-century brownstone residences on the site. It contains decorative elements from several styles. The building was designed with four stories, though the top story has been removed internally. The facade was designed in a different manner on Broadway and 46th Street. The Broadway elevation is designed with a storefront at the first two stories and billboards on the top two stories. The 46th Street elevation is divided into five vertical bays, with limestone on the two lowest stories and stucco above. Between the third-story windows on 46th Street are niches with statues of actresses Ethel Barrymore, Marilyn Miller, Mary Pickford, and Rosa Ponselle. There are billboards above the roof. Inside, the storefronts were subdivided into space for I. Miller and a retail tenant, while the upper stories contained I. Miller's offices. Shoe designer Israel Miller had leased space at the previous brownstone at 1554 Broadway in the 1910s. He signed a long-term lease on the buildings in 1920 and, upon taking possession of the lease, remodeled the brownstones in 1926 with new facades by Louis H. Friedland. Miller also commissioned the actresses' sculptures from Calder, which were installed in 1929 shortly after Miller's death. The building remained an I. Miller store until the 1970s, after which the building was sold to investors. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 1552 Broadway as a city landmark in 1999, and a TGI Fridays restaurant operated at 1552 Broadway in the early 21st century. The building was sold to SL Green and Wharton Acquisitions in 2011, and the new owners made extensive renovations from 2012 to 2014, converting the building to part of an Express, Inc. store and removing the fourth floor. == Site == The I. Miller Building is at 1552 Broadway, at the northeast corner with 46th Street, along Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, U.S. While the building carries a Broadway address, it is actually on the east side of Seventh Avenue,<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1552 Broadway, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/999/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206153138/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/999/1 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref>{{Efn|As the two roads intersect at a very shallow angle, they are nearly parallel through Times Square. Broadway is west of Seventh Avenue to the north of 45th Street and east of Seventh Avenue to the south of 44th Street.<ref name=nyt-2005-06-12/> Because Broadway between 42nd and 47th Streets was closed in the 2010s, the I. Miller Building only faces Seventh Avenue.<ref name="Warerkar 2017"/><ref name="Fishbein 2017"/>}} as the adjoining section of Broadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian plaza in the 2010s.<ref name="Warerkar 2017">{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=April 19, 2017 |title=See how Snøhetta's transformation of Times Square made it more pedestrian friendly |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/19/15358234/times-square-snohetta-before-after-photos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101195300/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/19/15358234/times-square-snohetta-before-after-photos |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="Fishbein 2017">{{Cite web |last=Fishbein |first=Rebecca |date=April 19, 2017 |title=Photos: Times Square's Transformation Into A Pedestrian-Friendly Tourist Fun Zone Is Complete |url=https://gothamist.com/news/photos-times-squares-transformation-into-a-pedestrian-friendly-tourist-fun-zone-is-complete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101195259/https://gothamist.com/news/photos-times-squares-transformation-into-a-pedestrian-friendly-tourist-fun-zone-is-complete |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> The rectangular land lot covers {{Convert|3,234|ft2|m2}},<ref name="ZoLa" /> with a frontage of {{Convert|40|ft}} on Times Square and {{Convert|80|ft}} along 46th Street.<ref name="ZoLa" /> 1552 Broadway faces Duffy Square directly to the west.<ref name="ZoLa" /> The current building was adapted from a pair of four-story brownstone tenements at 1552 and 1554 Broadway.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres. The building is surrounded to the north and east by the Actors Equity Building at [[1560 Broadway]]. Immediately to the north are TSX Broadway at 1568 Broadway, containing the [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palace|Palace Theatre]], as well as the Embassy Theatre within 1560 Broadway.<ref name="ZoLa"/><ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 3-4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Other nearby buildings include the Church of St. Mary the Virgin to the east; 1540 Broadway and the Lyceum Theatre to the south; the New York Marriott Marquis to the southwest; the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre and Hotel Edison to the west; and the Morgan Stanley Building to the northwest.<ref name="ZoLa" /> == Architecture == The I. Miller Building at 1552 Broadway was designed by [[Louis H. Friedland]] as a shoe store for Israel Miller. It was adapted in 1926 from the two existing brownstone residences on the site. The building contains four statues sculpted by Alexander Stirling Calder.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The facade consists of a base with two stories and an upper section that was originally two stories. Both the western elevation on Times Square and the southern elevation on 46th Street are designed with modern classical features.<ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 5-6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Friedland designed the two elevations in different styles, since they would be seen from different viewpoints.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The modern building has three stories inside and is connected internally to 1560 Broadway.<ref name="trd">{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2019 |title=1552–1560 Broadway &#124; TRD Research |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/1552-1560-broadway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/1552-1560-broadway/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal}}</ref> [[Fayil:Times_Sq_Nov_2021_126.jpg|left|thumb|Broadway facade]] The Broadway elevation was designed with a storefront containing curved corners at the first two stories. There were originally two storefronts; the southern storefront was taken by the I. Miller store, while the northern storefront was rented out.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> At the time, it was becoming common practice in New York City to build arcaded storefronts, with the store entrances recessed behind display windows.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /> By the late 1990s, the northern storefront's arcaded entrance remained, but the southern storefront had been modified with orange marble. The second story had been covered with a curved sign that wrapped around to 46th Street.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The original storefront was restored in a 2014 renovation.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/><ref name="Tobin Parnes Design">{{Cite web |title=I. Miller Building Facade Restoration – Design – Interior Design Firm – New York |url=https://www.tobinparnes.com/i-miller-building-facade-restoration-historic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.tobinparnes.com/i-miller-building-facade-restoration-historic |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Design – Interior Design Firm – New York – Tobin Parnes Design}}</ref> Initially, the Broadway elevation contained a group of signs totaling {{Convert|3500|ft2}}. A slightly angled sign, which was in place by the 1920s, covered what was originally the top two stories.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The original brownstone on 1552 Broadway was refaced in granite, but 1554 Broadway's brownstone facade was not modified.<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> Friedland had originally planned for the top floors to be clad in stucco, with rectangular window openings on the third story.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The fourth-floor windows would have been blocked up so an oval sign with I. Miller's name would be placed there. This did not happen because there was a billboard on the existing third and fourth stories, and Miller either could not or would not break the billboard's lease.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /> {{As of|2014}}, the top stories contain {{Convert|8500|ft2}} of electronic signs, including a {{Convert|150|ft|4=-tall}} LED sign on the store's roof.<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> [[Fayil:Times_Sq_Nov_2021_138.jpg|thumb|Detail of the second bay from west, flanked by the Ethel Barrymore and Marilyn Miller niches]] The 46th Street elevation is divided into five vertical bays, with limestone on the two lowest stories and stucco above. On the first two stories, the bays are divided by piers with granite footings, and each bay has segmental arches with gray marble frames.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The arches were inspired by the French rococo style.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the westernmost bay was hidden by a marble storefront and sign, while the easternmost bay had aluminum ventilation grilles rather than windows. In the other bays, the first story had orange-marble bulkheads and spandrels, with metal-and-glass windows. The second story has tripartite windows, with two narrow panes flanking a wider pane, which largely dates from the building's 1926 conversion.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> All five bays were restored to their original design in 2014, with dark-marble bulkheads and spandrels at the first story and tripartite windows in the second story.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/><ref name="Tobin Parnes Design"/> The third and original fourth stories contain double-height arches, surrounded by terracotta frames with anthemia. Each arch is divided vertically into three panels, with dark marble spandrels separating the two formerly separate stories. Wrought-iron balconies are placed in front of the third-story windows.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The five bays flank a group of four niches, each with a statue of an actress, carved by Calder.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The statues, from west to east, depict Ethel Barrymore (in character as Ophelia), Marilyn Miller (Sunny), Mary Pickford (Little Lord Fauntleroy), and Rosa Ponselle (Norma).<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" />{{Efn|The Ethel Barrymore niche depicts drama; the Marilyn Miller niche depicts musical comedy; the Mary Pickford niche depicts film; and the Rosa Ponselle niche depicts opera.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /><ref name="nyt-1997-08-17"/>}} Inscriptions to this effect are placed beneath each niche. The niches have terracotta frames and are lined with gold-mosaic tiles; they contain curved pediments at their tops.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> The 46th Street elevation contains an entablature, with a frieze and terracotta cornice, above the former fourth story. There is an inscription on the frieze, which reads: "The Show Folks Shoe Shop Dedicated to Beauty in Footwear".<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The parapet has a plaque with the letters "I. Miller Building". The original letters were removed in the 1990s,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> but the lettering was restored during the 2014 renovation.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture">{{Cite web |title=1552–1560 Broadway: SL Green |url=https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923094110/https://tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=TPG Architecture}}</ref> The plaque is flanked by terracotta scrolls and topped by a terracotta coping. The building has a flat roof, above which rise the billboards.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture" /> The building covers {{Convert|12343|ft2}} according to the New York City Department of City Planning,<ref name="ZoLa"/> or {{Convert|12091|ft2}} according to ''Real Estate Weekly''.<ref name="Free Online Library 2005">{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2005 |title=Riese pays $48m for Times Sq. spot. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Riese+pays+%2448m+for+Times+Sq.+spot.-a0138944895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205162113/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Riese+pays+$48m+for+Times+Sq.+spot.-a0138944895 |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Real Estate Weekly |via=Free Online Library}}</ref> Initially, the building had two storefronts, one each at number 1552 (south) and 1554 (north). There were four stories, with the upper stories used as offices.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, it contains a single storefront across three stories<ref name="trd"/> and is internally connected with 1560 Broadway to the north and east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SL Green – 1552–1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture |url=https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205204352/https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=www.tpgarchitecture.com}}</ref> The space is entirely occupied by an Express, Inc. store, covering {{Convert|22500|ft2}}.<ref name="WWD 2014">{{Cite web |last=Moin |first=David |date=February 25, 2014 |title=Express Goes Big in Times Square |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/express-goes-big-in-times-square-7507680/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/express-goes-big-in-times-square-7507680/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Women's Wear Daily}}</ref><ref name="Gurfein 2014">{{Cite web |last=Gurfein |first=Laura |date=February 25, 2014 |title=The New Express Store in Times Square Is 'On Steroids' |url=https://ny.racked.com/2014/2/25/7616409/new-express-hub-in-times-square-is-on-steriods-says-ceo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.racked.com/2014/2/25/7616409/new-express-hub-in-times-square-is-on-steriods-says-ceo |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Racked NY}}</ref> == History == The site of the current I. Miller Building was occupied by residential brownstones in the 19th century.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> It is unknown exactly when the predecessor buildings at 1552 and 1554 Broadway were erected, but historian Christopher Gray estimated that they dated from between 1870 and 1890. Both buildings had originally contained stoops when they were used as residences, but the stoops had been removed by the 1910s when the buildings were converted to commercial use. Additionally, billboards had been erected over the top stories of both buildings. The current building was the result of renovations for Israel Miller (1866–1929), a Polish-born shoe designer who came to New York City in the 1890s.<ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 2-3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Miller had leased the ground-story space of the original brownstone at 1554 Broadway, the site of his first shoe store, in 1911<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> or 1915.<ref name="nyt-2008-02-10" /> Miller remodeled the buildings in 1915. === Development and early years === [[Fayil:W_46th_St_Duffy_Square_15_-_I._Miller_Building.jpg|thumb|View from 46th Street]] In December 1920, Miller signed a 63-year lease for 1552 and 1554 Broadway for $4.636 million (equivalent to $74.507 million in 2025). After the lease commenced in May 1926, Miller would have the option to buy the property for $1 million in cash (around $16 million in 2025), which would be valid for five years. Miller hired Friedland in March 1926, just before Miller was to take control of the buildings, and Friedland filed plans to remodel both structures. The work took place from May to December 1926,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> though the store seems to have reopened that November. The party wall between the buildings was demolished and new columns and beams were installed. In addition, the stairs were replaced, an elevator was installed, and the two-story rear sections of both buildings was increased to four stories.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Miller planned to put four statues in the niches on 46th Street as a gift to New York City. The I. Miller chain held a nationwide contest to determine the most popular actress in each of drama, film, musical comedy, and opera. In September 1927, Ethel Barrymore, Mary Pickford, Marilyn Miller, and Rosa Ponselle were declared the winners. Alexander Calder was hired for the project. The first of the new statues, that of Barrymore, was completed in 1928.<ref name="p1475731107" />{{Efn|''Variety'' cites the Barrymore statue as having been completed in January 1928,<ref name="p1475731107" /> while ''Women's Wear Daily'' cites the statue as having been completed in November.<ref name="p1654057451"/>}} Miller died in August 1929, just before the statues were unveiled.<ref name="nyt-1929-08-14" /><ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Two months later, on October 20, the statues were unveiled at a ceremony. Three thousand guests were in attendance, including Miller, Ponselle, producer Daniel Frohman, comedian DeWolf Hopper, and actress Elsie Ferguson.<ref name="nyt-1929-10-21" /><ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> === Mid- and late 20th century === Initially, the building had two storefronts. The southern storefront was used by I. Miller and the northern storefront and the basement hosted a dress shop and a jewelry store.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The dress shop space was operated by Michelson Inc. starting in January 1927. The upper floors of the combined structure were used as I. Miller's offices.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> I. Miller initially kept many offices at the nearby 562 Fifth Avenue building but, with the onset of the Great Depression, these offices were combined at 1552 Broadway.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> In 1931, the wholesale department was relocated from I. Miller's Broadway location to a warehouse in Long Island City. Meanwhile, Israel Miller's sons George and Maurice had taken over the I. Miller company after their father died.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> In 1939, Hollywood Linen Company leased the south storefront and Arnel Jewelers leased the north storefront. The owners announced in 1940 that they would build a $800,000 advertising board (equivalent to $18.385 million in 2025), comprising two panels facing Broadway and another on the roof of the building. The new billboard used {{Convert|100|mi}} of wire, according to media of the time; it was originally used to advertise whiskey.<ref name="p1247631413" /> Afterward, the Miller sons relocated the company's executive retail offices from the I. Miller Building to 450 Fifth Avenue,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> and jeweler Adele Inc. had space at the storefront in number 1554 during the mid-1940s. The I. Miller shoe chain was acquired by Genesco in the 1950s.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> A nine-story, 6,500-bulb sign was installed above the roof in 1957, advertising several of Time Life's magazines. When a five-alarm fire broke out in 1959 at the Howard Johnson's restaurant inside number 1554, firefighters had difficulty extinguishing the conflagration due to the presence of the rooftop billboards. In the fire's aftermath, the New York City fire commissioner contemplated legislation to restrict billboards on Times Square.<ref name="p962696707" /> [[Fayil:Manhattan_New_York_City_2008_PD_a91.JPG|thumb|TGI Fridays at the base]] Genesco extended the lease for 21 years in 1967, and the company continued to operate the building's I. Miller store until at least 1972.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By then, Times Square was in decline, though the city government was considering redeveloping the area. One reporter described the store as being in a "vulnerable" position because of this. The Riese family then acquired the lease on the property, as well as the building itself, in 1983.<ref name="acris-1983-03-01">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 1983 |title=Deed; Grantor: 1560 Associates; Grantee: 1552 Operating |url=https://a836-acris.nyc.gov/DS/DocumentSearch/DocumentImageView?doc_id=FT_1190000024919 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206153137/https://a836-acris.nyc.gov/DS/DocumentSearch/DocumentImageView?doc_id=FT_1190000024919 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=New York City Department of Finance; Office of the City Register}}</ref>{{Efn|{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|ps=|p=5}}, cites a date of 1978, but the deed was not recorded until 1983.<ref name="acris-1983-03-01"/>}} The Rieses were restaurateurs who operated dozens of food franchises throughout Manhattan. In the late 1980s, the building was considered as a possible location for an Au Printemps department store. At the time, the Riese Organization operated a ground-level fast-food restaurant at the base. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) was also considering the I. Miller Building for New York City landmark designation,<ref name="nyt-1986-10-05" /> having hosted its first hearing on the matter in 1985.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7" /> The LPC again heard the building for landmark status in 1990 but did not designate the building at the time.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the building contained a Sbarro restaurant at the corner with 46th Street. The LPC designated the I. Miller Building as a landmark on June 30, 1999.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> David W. Dunlap wrote for ''The New York Times'' that the designation went against the trend of buildings on Times Square, which he said had "been chipped away piece by piece in recent years until very little remains of what was once a splendidly pungent esthetic amalgam". A TGI Fridays was proposed for the building that year.<ref name="nyt-1999-07-04" /> However, Riese was in debt by then, and it agreed to sell 1552 Broadway and another structure at 729 Seventh Avenue that year.<ref name="nyp-2005-12-07">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=December 7, 2005 |title=Fifth Ave. Pair to Fetch $80m |url=https://betweenthebricks.com/2005/12/07/fifth-ave-pair-to-fetch-80m/ |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Between the Bricks |language=en-US |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208193539/https://betweenthebricks.com/2005/12/07/fifth-ave-pair-to-fetch-80m/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The buyer, NorthStar, then leased back the buildings to Riese Management.<ref name="nyp-2005-12-07" /> [[Fayil:W_46th_St_Duffy_Square_08_-_I._Miller_Building.jpg|thumb|Billboards above the building]] The building and eight others were refinanced for $43 million in 2003. NorthStar Realty sold the building in 2005 to Riese Management for $48 million, a rate of {{Convert|3970|$/ft2}}.<ref name="Free Online Library 2005"/><ref name="nyp-2005-12-07"/> By March 2011, Riese had placed the building for sale again, including the TGI Fridays restaurant at the base and the billboards above it.<ref name="Kludt 2011">{{Cite web |last=Kludt |first=Amanda |date=March 16, 2011 |title=Breaking: One of Midtown's Eight TGI Friday's May Close |url=https://ny.eater.com/2011/3/16/6692187/breaking-one-of-midtowns-eight-tgi-fridays-may-close |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.eater.com/2011/3/16/6692187/breaking-one-of-midtowns-eight-tgi-fridays-may-close |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Eater NY}}</ref><ref name="Between The Bricks 2011">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=March 16, 2011 |title=Rare Times Sq. deal Riese-ing |url=https://betweenthebricks.com/2011/03/16/rare-times-sq-deal-riese-ing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205162124/https://betweenthebricks.com/2011/03/16/rare-times-sq-deal-riese-ing/ |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Between The Bricks}}</ref> The building was sold that August<ref name="Commercial Property Executive 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ziegler |first=Nicholas |date=August 25, 2011 |title=Times Square Property Moves for $136M |url=https://www.commercialsearch.com/news/times-square-property-moves-for-136m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.commercialsearch.com/news/times-square-property-moves-for-136m/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Commercial Property Executive}}</ref><ref name="trd-2011-08-23">{{Cite web |last=Pincus |first=Adam |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Sutton and SL Green close on 1552 Broadway, city beaches improve ... and more – The Real Deal |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/08/23/sutton-and-sl-green-close-on-1552-broadway-city-beaches-improve-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/2011/08/23/sutton-and-sl-green-close-on-1552-broadway-city-beaches-improve-and-more/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> to SL Green and Wharton Acquisitions for $136.6 million.<ref name="Commercial Property Executive 2011" /><ref name="Geiger 2012">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Sutton's Place: The Behind-the-Scenes Negotiations That Led to Jeff Sutton's Blockbuster 1552 Broadway Acquisition |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2012/07/suttons-place-the-behind-the-scenes-negotiations-that-led-to-jeff-suttons-blockbuster-1552-broadway-acquisition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://commercialobserver.com/2012/07/suttons-place-the-behind-the-scenes-negotiations-that-led-to-jeff-suttons-blockbuster-1552-broadway-acquisition/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Commercial Observer}}</ref> The sale was valued at {{Convert|9100|$/ft2}}, much higher than the average rate of {{Convert|1000|$/ft2}} for high-quality office buildings in New York City.<ref name="Geiger 2012" /> The sale helped to clear the debt load of Riese, operator of the TGI Fridays. During TGI Fridays' occupancy, 1552 Broadway had become rundown and was indistinguishable from the other Times Square buildings with billboards.<ref name="Geiger 2012" /> TGI Fridays closed in early 2012,<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2012">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=May 8, 2012 |title=Time runs out for TGI Friday's in Times Square |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120508/REAL_ESTATE/120509899/time-runs-out-for-tgi-friday-s-in-times-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120508/REAL_ESTATE/120509899/time-runs-out-for-tgi-friday-s-in-times-square |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> and clothing retailer Express signed a lease for the storefront that May.<ref name="Grinspan 2012">{{Cite web |last=Grinspan |first=Izzy |date=May 29, 2012 |title=Express Plans to Lure in Tourists with a Times Square Flagship |url=https://ny.racked.com/2012/5/29/7723441/express-plans-to-lure-in-tourists-with-a-times-square-flagship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.racked.com/2012/5/29/7723441/express-plans-to-lure-in-tourists-with-a-times-square-flagship |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Racked NY}}</ref> [[Rogers Marvel Architects]] was subsequently hired to restore the building.<ref name="Davies 2012">{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Pete |date=September 17, 2012 |title=Shoe Biz and Show Biz Collide at Times Square Landmark |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/9/17/10369068/shoe-biz-and-show-biz-collide-at-times-square-landmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/9/17/10369068/shoe-biz-and-show-biz-collide-at-times-square-landmark |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The statues in the niches were subsequently removed for restoration in 2012, and SNA replaced the existing signs with a group of seven screens. The facade was also restored.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/> Since the landmark designation prevented SL Green and Wharton from adding stories to 1552 Broadway, they leased 1560 Broadway and 155 West 46th Street, connecting the buildings internally.<ref name="trd-2011-08-23"/> This arrangement allowed the owners to triple the size of the retail space without actually expanding 1552 Broadway.<ref name="trd-2011-08-23" /> The restoration of 1552 Broadway was completed in 2014,<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> and the Express store soft-opened that February.<ref name="WWD 2014"/><ref name="Gurfein 2014"/> The owners acquired a $195 million loan for 1552 and 1560 Broadway from United Overseas Bank in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bautista |first=Christian |date=December 5, 2017 |title=Jeff Sutton, SL Green land $195M loan to refinance Times Square property |url=https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/05/jeff-sutton-sl-green-land-195m-loan-to-refinance-times-square-property/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/05/jeff-sutton-sl-green-land-195m-loan-to-refinance-times-square-property/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> The Express store closed in 2024 after Express filed for bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuba |first=Julianne |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Fashion retailer Express closing stores, corporate office in New York |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/retail/express-close-5-nyc-stores-cut-169-employees-manhattan-corporate-office |access-date=March 7, 2025 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pflaumer |first=Erin |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Here's what Express stores are closing in NY, NJ |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/heres-what-express-stores-are-closing-in-ny-nj/ |access-date=March 7, 2025 |website=PIX11}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> cb0ynidqz8dpokijbhox79dyy6g5y8z BLAT (bioinformatics) 0 161492 882280 2026-07-13T12:02:23Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310382261|BLAT (bioinformatics)]]" 882280 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''BLAT''' ([[BLAST (biotechnology)|BLAST]]-like alignment tool) wani nau'i ne na daidaitawa na biyu wanda [[Jim Kent]] ya haɓaka a [[University of California Santa Cruz|Jami'ar California Santa Cruz]] (UCSC) a farkon 2000s don taimakawa a cikin taro da bayanin kwayar halitta ta mutum.<ref name="kent20022">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}</ref> An tsara shi da farko don rage lokacin da ake buƙata don daidaita miliyoyin karatun kwayoyin halitta na linzamin kwamfuta da kuma bayyana alamun jerin abubuwan da ke kan jerin kwayoyin halitta. Kayan aiki na daidaitawa na lokacin ba su da ikon yin waɗannan ayyukan a hanyar da za ta ba da damar sabuntawa na yau da kullun na taron kwayar halitta na mutum. Idan aka kwatanta da kayan aikin da suka riga sun kasance, BLAT ya kasance ~ sau 500 da sauri tare da yin daidaitattun [[mRNA]] / [[DNA]] kuma ~ sau 50 da sauri tare na [[Protein|furotin]] / furotin.<ref name="kent20022" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == BLAT yana daya daga cikin algorithms da yawa da aka haɓaka don bincike da kwatanta jerin halittu kamar DNA, RNA da sunadarai, tare da babban burin ƙaddamar da homology don gano aikin halittu na jerin genomic. Ba a tabbatar da samun daidaitattun lissafi mafi kyau tsakanin jerin abubuwa biyu kamar classic Needleman-Wunsch da Smith-Waterman <ref name="needle1970">{{Cite journal |last=Needleman |first=SB |last2=Wunsch, CD |year=1970 |title=A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=443–53 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(70)90057-4 |pmid=5420325}}</ref> algorithms na shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi suna yin; maimakon haka, da farko yana ƙoƙari ya gano gajerun jerin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, sannan kuma yana daidaitawa kuma ya kara fadada yankuna masu kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=TF |last2=Waterman, MS |year=1981 |title=Identification of common molecular subsequences |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=195–7 |citeseerx=10.1.1.63.2897 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5 |pmid=7265238}}</ref> Yana kama da iyalin BLAST <ref name="Edwards2009" /> na algorithms, amma kowane kayan aiki ya yi ƙoƙari ya magance matsalar daidaita jerin halittu a cikin lokaci da inganci ta hanyar ƙoƙarin dabarun algorithmic daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altschul |first=SF |last2=Gish, W |last3=Miller, W |last4=Myers, EW |last5=Lipman, DJ |year=1990 |title=Basic local alignment search tool. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=403–10 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 |pmid=2231712 |s2cid=14441902}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altschul |first=SF |last2=Madden, TL |last3=Schäffer, AA |last4=Zhang, J |last5=Zhang, Z |last6=Miller, W |last7=Lipman, DJ |year=1997 |title=Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=25 |issue=17 |pages=3389–402 |doi=10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 |pmc=146917 |pmid=9254694}}</ref> == Amfani da BLAT == Ana iya amfani da BLAT don daidaita jerin DNA da kuma furotin da kuma fassarar nucleotide (mRNA ko DNA). An tsara shi don aiki mafi kyau a kan jerin da suka yi kama da juna. Binciken DNA ya fi tasiri ga dabbobi masu tsinkaye kuma binciken furotin yana da tasiri ga dabbar da ke ƙasa.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}</ref> Bugu da kari, furotin ko tambayoyin jerin fassarar sun fi tasiri don gano wasannin da ke nesa da kuma nazarin jinsuna fiye da tambayoyin jerin DNA. Amfani da BLAT ya haɗa da waɗannan: * Haɗin jerin mRNA da yawa a kan taron kwayar halitta don ƙaddamar da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta; <ref name="book1" /> * Haɗin furotin ko jerin mRNA daga jinsin daya zuwa jerin bayanan daga wani jinsin don tantance homology. Idan jinsunan biyu ba su da bambanci sosai, daidaitattun jinsuna yana da tasiri tare da BLAT. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda BLAT ba ya buƙatar cikakkun daidaito, amma yana karɓar rashin daidaituwa a cikin daidaituwa; <ref name="Kuhn2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn |first=RM |last2=Haussler, D |last3=Kent, WJ |year=2013 |title=The UCSC genome browser and associated tools |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=144–61 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbs038 |pmc=3603215 |pmid=22908213}}</ref> * Ana iya amfani da BLAT don daidaita jerin sunadarai guda biyu. Koyaya, ba kayan aiki ne na zabi ba don waɗannan nau'ikan daidaitawa. BLAST, kayan aikin Protein BLAST na yau da kullun, ya fi dacewa a daidaitattun furotin-furotin; <ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> * Tabbatar da rarraba yankuna na exonic da intronic na kwayar halitta; * Binciken membobin dangin kwayar halitta na takamaiman binciken kwayar halitta; <ref name="book1" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> * Nuni na jerin sunadarai na takamaiman kwayar halitta. <ref name="book1" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> BLAT an tsara shi ne don samun daidaito tsakanin jerin tsawo aƙalla tushe 40 waɗanda ke da ≥95% na ainihi na nucleotide ko ≥80% na furotin da aka fassara. == Tsarin == Ana amfani da BLAT don samun yankuna a cikin bayanan genomic wanda yayi kama da jerin tambayoyin da ke ƙarƙashin jarrabawa. Tsarin algorithmic na gaba ɗaya wanda BLAT ya biyo baya yayi kama da na BLAST a cikin cewa yana fara bincike don gajerun sassan a cikin bayanan da jerin tambayoyin waɗanda ke da wasu abubuwa masu dacewa. Wadannan tsaba na daidaitawa ana fadada su a bangarorin biyu na jerin don samar da nau'i-nau'i masu girma.<ref name="lobo2008">{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Ingrid |title=Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) |url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/basic-local-alignment-search-tool-blast-29096 |access-date=15 October 2013 |website=Nature Education}}</ref> Koyaya, BLAT yana amfani da tsarin ƙididdiga daban-daban daga BLAST, wanda ke ba shi damar yin sauri don bincika manyan bayanan genomic da furotin don kamanceceniya da jerin tambayoyin. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar adana jerin abubuwan da aka jera (teburin hash) na bayanan da aka yi niyya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ke rage lokacin da ake buƙata don kwatanta jerin tambayoyin tare da bayanan da aka nufa. An gina wannan alamar ta hanyar ɗaukar ma'auni na duk k-mers da ba su da alaƙa (kalmomi tare da k haruffa) a cikin bayanan da aka yi niyya, ban da k-mers masu maimaitawa sosai. BLAT sa'an nan kuma ya gina jerin dukkan k-mers masu haɗuwa daga jerin tambayoyin da bincike don waɗannan a cikin bayanan da aka yi niyya, gina jerin abubuwan da aka buga inda akwai daidaito tsakanin jerin (Hoto 1 ya kwatanta wannan tsari).<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:BLAT_indexing.png|thumb|Hoto na 1: Misali wanda ke nuna kirkirar k-mers da ba su da alaƙa daga bayanan da aka yi niyya da kuma rufe k-mers daga jerin tambayoyin, don k=3. Ana amfani da ma'auni na jerin bayanan don tara wasannin cikin manyan daidaito (cikakken tsari ba a nuna shi ba).]] === Mataki na Bincike === Akwai dabaru daban-daban guda uku da aka yi amfani da su don bincika yankuna masu kama da juna: # Hanyar farko tana buƙatar cikakkun daidaito guda ɗaya tsakanin tambaya da jerin bayanan bayanai watau kalmomin K-mer guda biyu daidai ne. Wannan hanyar ba a dauke ta mafi amfani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda karamin girman k-mer ya zama dole don cimma matsakaicin matakan hankali, amma wannan yana ƙara yawan ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun ƙididdiga, don haka yana ƙara yawan lokacin da aka kashe a matakin daidaitawa na algorithm.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> # Hanyar ta biyu tana ba da damar akalla rashin daidaituwa guda ɗaya tsakanin kalmomin k-mer guda biyu. Wannan yana rage adadin magungunan ƙarya, yana ba da damar girman k-mer mafi girma waɗanda ba su da tsada sosai don sarrafawa fiye da waɗanda aka samar daga hanyar da ta gabata. Wannan hanyar tana da tasiri sosai wajen gano kananan yankuna masu kama da juna.<ref name="kent2002" /> # Hanyar ta uku tana buƙatar cikakkun matakai masu yawa waɗanda ke kusa da juna. Kamar yadda Kent ya nuna, <ref name="kent2002" /> wannan fasaha ce mai tasiri sosai wacce za ta iya la'akari da ƙananan sakawa da sharewa a cikin yankuna masu kama da juna. Lokacin daidaita nucleotides, BLAT yana amfani da hanyar ta uku da ke buƙatar cikakkun kalmomi guda biyu na girman 11 (11-mers). Lokacin daidaita sunadarai, sigar BLAT tana ƙayyade hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita: lokacin da aka yi aiki da sigar abokin ciniki / sabar, BLAT tana bincika cikakkun matakai uku na 4-mer; lokacin da aka amfani da sigar tsaye, BLAT yana bincika cikakkiyar 5-mer guda ɗaya tsakanin tambaya da jerin bayanan.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> == BLAT da BLAST == Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin BLAT da BLAST an tsara su a ƙasa: * BLAT yana lissafin bayanan kwayar halitta / furotin, yana riƙe da lissafin a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, sannan kuma yana bincika jerin tambayoyin don wasannin. BLAST, a gefe guda, yana gina alamar jerin tambayoyin da bincike ta hanyar bayanan don wasannin.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> Wani bambancin BLAST da ake kira MegaBLAST yana da bayanan bayanai 4 don hanzarta daidaitawa. * BLAT na iya fadadawa a kan cikakkun matches da kusan cikakkun matakai (rashin kuskure shine cikakkun matas 2 na tsawon 11 don binciken nucleotide da cikakkun matasan 3 na tsawon 4 don binciken furotin), yayin da BLAST ya fadada ne kawai lokacin da daya ko biyu matches ya faru kusa da juna.<ref name="kent2002" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> * BLAT yana haɗa kowane yanki mai kama da juna tsakanin jerin abubuwa biyu a cikin layi ɗaya mafi girma, sabanin BLAST wanda ke dawo da kowane yanki mai daidaitawa a matsayin layi na gida daban. Sakamakon BLAST shine jerin exons tare da kowane layi wanda ya wuce ƙarshen exon. BLAT, duk da haka, daidai ya sanya kowane tushe na mRNA a kan kwayar halitta, ta amfani da kowane tushe sau ɗaya kawai kuma ana iya amfani dashi don gano iyakokin Intron-exon (watau shafukan splice). <ref name="kent2002" /> * BLAT ba ta da hankali fiye da BLAST. == Amfani da shirin == Ana iya amfani da BLAT ko dai a matsayin shirin uwar garken yanar gizo ko kuma a matsayin shirin mai zaman kansa. === Abokin ciniki-mai hidima === Ana iya samun damar aikace-aikacen yanar gizo na BLAT daga shafin yanar gizon UCSC Genome Bioinformatics . Gina alamar hanya ce mai jinkiri. Sabili da haka, kowane taron kwayar halitta da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar BLAT na yanar gizo yana da alaƙa da uwar garken BLAT, don samun ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don daidaitawa. Wadannan sabobin BLAT na yanar gizo suna adana alamar a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don masu amfani su shigar da jerin tambayoyinsu.<ref name="Kuhn2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn |first=RM |last2=Haussler, D |last3=Kent, WJ |year=2013 |title=The UCSC genome browser and associated tools |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=144–61 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbs038 |pmc=3603215 |pmid=22908213}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKuhnHaussler,_DKent,_WJ2013">Kuhn, RM; Haussler, D; Kent, WJ (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603215 "The UCSC genome browser and associated tools"]. ''Briefings in Bioinformatics''. '''14''' (2): <span class="nowrap">144–</span>61. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/bib/bbs038|10.1093/bib/bbs038]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603215 3603215]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22908213 22908213].</cite></ref> Da zarar an ɗora / an tura jerin tambayoyin a cikin filin bincike, mai amfani na iya zaɓar sigogi daban-daban kamar wane nau'in jinsin da za a yi niyya (a halin yanzu akwai fiye da nau'in 50 da ke akwai) da kuma taron wannan nau'in (alal misali, kwayar halitta ta mutum tana da tarurruka huɗu don zaɓar daga), nau'in tambaya (watau ko jerin suna da alaƙa da DNA, furotin da sauransu) da kuma saitunan fitarwa (watau yadda za a tsara da gani). Mai amfani zai iya gudanar da bincike ta hanyar gabatar da tambayar ko ta amfani da BLAT "Ina jin sa'a". Bhagwat ''da sauransu.'' samar da matakai da matakai don yadda za a yi amfani da BLAT zuwa: * Taswirar jerin mRNA / cDNA zuwa jerin genomic; * Taswirar jerin sunadarai zuwa kwayar halitta; * Yi bincike na homology. ==== Shigarwa ==== BLAT na iya ɗaukar jerin bayanai masu tsawo, duk da haka, ya fi tasiri tare da gajeren jerin tambayoyin fiye da jerin tambayoyin dogon lokaci. Kent <ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> ya ba da shawarar matsakaicin tsawon tambaya na tushe 200,000. Mai binciken UCSC yana iyakance jerin tambayoyin zuwa ƙasa da haruffa 25,000 (watau nucleotides) don binciken DNA da ƙasa da haruffan 10,000 (watau [[Amino acid]]) don furotin da bincike na jerin fassara. [[Fayil:BLAT_Search_Genome.png|right|thumb|Hoto na 2: Yin amfani da BLAT na yanar gizo don bincika bayanan da aka yi niyya tare da jerin tambayoyin DNA. Ana iya ganin sigogin bincike a sama da jerin tambayoyin<ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |title=NCBI – GenBank: AACZ03015565.1 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/284370810 |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>]] BLAT Search Genome da ke samuwa a shafin yanar gizon UCSC yana karɓar jerin tambayoyin a matsayin rubutu (yanke kuma a ɗaure shi cikin akwatin tambaya) ko a ɗora shi azaman fayilolin rubutu. BLAT Search Genome na iya karɓar jerin abubuwa da yawa na iri ɗaya a lokaci guda, har zuwa matsakaicin 25. Ga jerin abubuwa da yawa, jimlar adadin nucleotides dole ne ba ta wuce 50,000 don binciken DNA ko haruffa 25,000 don furotin ko bincike na jerin fassara ba. Misali na bincika bayanan da aka yi niyya tare da jerin tambayoyin DNA an nuna shi a Hoto 2. ==== Fitarwa ==== Binciken BLAT yana dawo da jerin sakamakon da aka ba da umarni a cikin raguwa bisa ga ci. Ana dawo da bayanan da ke biyowa: kashi na daidaituwa, yankin jerin tambayoyin da ya dace da jerin bayanan, girman jerin tambayoyin, matakin ainihi a matsayin kashi na daidaito da chromosome da matsayi wanda jerin tambayoyin ke taswirar. Bhagwat ''da sauransu.''<ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> bayyana yadda ake lissafin matakan BLAT "Score" da "Identity". Ga kowane sakamakon bincike, ana ba mai amfani da hanyar haɗi zuwa UCSC Genome Browser don su iya ganin daidaituwa akan chromosome. Wannan babbar fa'ida ce ta BLAT ta yanar gizo a kan BLAT mai zaman kansa. Mai amfani yana iya samun bayanan halittu da ke da alaƙa da daidaitawa, kamar bayani game da kwayar halitta wanda tambayar zata iya dacewa da ita. Hakanan ana ba mai amfani da hanyar haɗi don duba daidaitattun jerin tambayoyin tare da taron kwayar halitta. Matsalar tsakanin tambaya da taron kwayar halitta suna da launin shudi kuma iyakokin daidaitattun suna da haske a launi. Wadannan iyakokin exon suna nuna wuraren haɗuwa. <ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> Sakamakon binciken "Ina jin sa'a" ya dawo da mafi girman daidaitattun ƙididdiga don jerin tambayoyin farko bisa ga zaɓi na fitarwa da mai amfani ya zaɓa.<ref name="UCSCGenomeBrowser" /> === Dandalin kai tsaye === BLAT mai zaman kansa ya fi dacewa da gudu, kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da BLAT na yanar gizo. Ya fi inganci saboda yana iya adana kwayar halitta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba kamar aikace-aikacen yanar gizo ba wanda kawai ke adana alamar a cikin ƙwa ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> == Lasisi == Dukansu tushen da binaries na BLAT suna samuwa kyauta don amfani da ilimi da na mutum. Lasisin kasuwanci na BLAT mai zaman kansa ana rarraba shi ta [https://kentinformatics.com/ Kent Informatics, Inc.] == Dubi kuma == * BLAST Kayan Bincike na Ƙungiya na Ƙasa * Software na daidaitawa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aisnfbi60qdnkht393dgopq5pqpcykh 882281 882280 2026-07-13T12:02:52Z D son203 45710 882281 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''BLAT''' ([[BLAST (biotechnology)|BLAST]]-like alignment tool) wani nau'i ne na daidaitawa na biyu wanda [[Jim Kent]] ya haɓaka a [[University of California Santa Cruz|Jami'ar California Santa Cruz]] (UCSC) a farkon 2000s don taimakawa a cikin taro da bayanin kwayar halitta ta mutum.<ref name="kent20022">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}</ref> An tsara shi da farko don rage lokacin da ake buƙata don daidaita miliyoyin karatun kwayoyin halitta na linzamin kwamfuta da kuma bayyana alamun jerin abubuwan da ke kan jerin kwayoyin halitta. Kayan aiki na daidaitawa na lokacin ba su da ikon yin waɗannan ayyukan a hanyar da za ta ba da damar sabuntawa na yau da kullun na taron kwayar halitta na mutum. Idan aka kwatanta da kayan aikin da suka riga sun kasance, BLAT ya kasance ~ sau 500 da sauri tare da yin daidaitattun [[mRNA]] / [[DNA]] kuma ~ sau 50 da sauri tare na [[Protein|furotin]] / furotin.<ref name="kent20022" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == BLAT yana daya daga cikin algorithms da yawa da aka haɓaka don bincike da kwatanta jerin halittu kamar DNA, RNA da sunadarai, tare da babban burin ƙaddamar da homology don gano aikin halittu na jerin genomic. Ba a tabbatar da samun daidaitattun lissafi mafi kyau tsakanin jerin abubuwa biyu kamar classic Needleman-Wunsch da Smith-Waterman <ref name="needle1970">{{Cite journal |last=Needleman |first=SB |last2=Wunsch, CD |year=1970 |title=A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=443–53 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(70)90057-4 |pmid=5420325}}</ref> algorithms na shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi suna yin; maimakon haka, da farko yana ƙoƙari ya gano gajerun jerin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, sannan kuma yana daidaitawa kuma ya kara fadada yankuna masu kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=TF |last2=Waterman, MS |year=1981 |title=Identification of common molecular subsequences |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=195–7 |citeseerx=10.1.1.63.2897 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5 |pmid=7265238}}</ref> Yana kama da iyalin BLAST <ref name="Edwards2009" /> na algorithms, amma kowane kayan aiki ya yi ƙoƙari ya magance matsalar daidaita jerin halittu a cikin lokaci da inganci ta hanyar ƙoƙarin dabarun algorithmic daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altschul |first=SF |last2=Gish, W |last3=Miller, W |last4=Myers, EW |last5=Lipman, DJ |year=1990 |title=Basic local alignment search tool. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=403–10 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 |pmid=2231712 |s2cid=14441902}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altschul |first=SF |last2=Madden, TL |last3=Schäffer, AA |last4=Zhang, J |last5=Zhang, Z |last6=Miller, W |last7=Lipman, DJ |year=1997 |title=Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=25 |issue=17 |pages=3389–402 |doi=10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 |pmc=146917 |pmid=9254694}}</ref> == Amfani da BLAT == Ana iya amfani da BLAT don daidaita jerin DNA da kuma furotin da kuma fassarar nucleotide (mRNA ko DNA). An tsara shi don aiki mafi kyau a kan jerin da suka yi kama da juna. Binciken DNA ya fi tasiri ga dabbobi masu tsinkaye kuma binciken furotin yana da tasiri ga dabbar da ke ƙasa.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}</ref> Bugu da kari, furotin ko tambayoyin jerin fassarar sun fi tasiri don gano wasannin da ke nesa da kuma nazarin jinsuna fiye da tambayoyin jerin DNA. Amfani da BLAT ya haɗa da waɗannan: * Haɗin jerin mRNA da yawa a kan taron kwayar halitta don ƙaddamar da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta; <ref name="book1" /> * Haɗin furotin ko jerin mRNA daga jinsin daya zuwa jerin bayanan daga wani jinsin don tantance homology. Idan jinsunan biyu ba su da bambanci sosai, daidaitattun jinsuna yana da tasiri tare da BLAT. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda BLAT ba ya buƙatar cikakkun daidaito, amma yana karɓar rashin daidaituwa a cikin daidaituwa; <ref name="Kuhn2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn |first=RM |last2=Haussler, D |last3=Kent, WJ |year=2013 |title=The UCSC genome browser and associated tools |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=144–61 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbs038 |pmc=3603215 |pmid=22908213}}</ref> * Ana iya amfani da BLAT don daidaita jerin sunadarai guda biyu. Koyaya, ba kayan aiki ne na zabi ba don waɗannan nau'ikan daidaitawa. BLAST, kayan aikin Protein BLAST na yau da kullun, ya fi dacewa a daidaitattun furotin-furotin; <ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> * Tabbatar da rarraba yankuna na exonic da intronic na kwayar halitta; * Binciken membobin dangin kwayar halitta na takamaiman binciken kwayar halitta; <ref name="book1" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> * Nuni na jerin sunadarai na takamaiman kwayar halitta. <ref name="book1" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> BLAT an tsara shi ne don samun daidaito tsakanin jerin tsawo aƙalla tushe 40 waɗanda ke da ≥95% na ainihi na nucleotide ko ≥80% na furotin da aka fassara. == Tsarin == Ana amfani da BLAT don samun yankuna a cikin bayanan genomic wanda yayi kama da jerin tambayoyin da ke ƙarƙashin jarrabawa. Tsarin algorithmic na gaba ɗaya wanda BLAT ya biyo baya yayi kama da na BLAST a cikin cewa yana fara bincike don gajerun sassan a cikin bayanan da jerin tambayoyin waɗanda ke da wasu abubuwa masu dacewa. Wadannan tsaba na daidaitawa ana fadada su a bangarorin biyu na jerin don samar da nau'i-nau'i masu girma.<ref name="lobo2008">{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Ingrid |title=Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) |url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/basic-local-alignment-search-tool-blast-29096 |access-date=15 October 2013 |website=Nature Education}}</ref> Koyaya, BLAT yana amfani da tsarin ƙididdiga daban-daban daga BLAST, wanda ke ba shi damar yin sauri don bincika manyan bayanan genomic da furotin don kamanceceniya da jerin tambayoyin. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar adana jerin abubuwan da aka jera (teburin hash) na bayanan da aka yi niyya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ke rage lokacin da ake buƙata don kwatanta jerin tambayoyin tare da bayanan da aka nufa. An gina wannan alamar ta hanyar ɗaukar ma'auni na duk k-mers da ba su da alaƙa (kalmomi tare da k haruffa) a cikin bayanan da aka yi niyya, ban da k-mers masu maimaitawa sosai. BLAT sa'an nan kuma ya gina jerin dukkan k-mers masu haɗuwa daga jerin tambayoyin da bincike don waɗannan a cikin bayanan da aka yi niyya, gina jerin abubuwan da aka buga inda akwai daidaito tsakanin jerin (Hoto 1 ya kwatanta wannan tsari).<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:BLAT_indexing.png|thumb|Hoto na 1: Misali wanda ke nuna kirkirar k-mers da ba su da alaƙa daga bayanan da aka yi niyya da kuma rufe k-mers daga jerin tambayoyin, don k=3. Ana amfani da ma'auni na jerin bayanan don tara wasannin cikin manyan daidaito (cikakken tsari ba a nuna shi ba).]] === Mataki na Bincike === Akwai dabaru daban-daban guda uku da aka yi amfani da su don bincika yankuna masu kama da juna: # Hanyar farko tana buƙatar cikakkun daidaito guda ɗaya tsakanin tambaya da jerin bayanan bayanai watau kalmomin K-mer guda biyu daidai ne. Wannan hanyar ba a dauke ta mafi amfani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda karamin girman k-mer ya zama dole don cimma matsakaicin matakan hankali, amma wannan yana ƙara yawan ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun ƙididdiga, don haka yana ƙara yawan lokacin da aka kashe a matakin daidaitawa na algorithm.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> # Hanyar ta biyu tana ba da damar akalla rashin daidaituwa guda ɗaya tsakanin kalmomin k-mer guda biyu. Wannan yana rage adadin magungunan ƙarya, yana ba da damar girman k-mer mafi girma waɗanda ba su da tsada sosai don sarrafawa fiye da waɗanda aka samar daga hanyar da ta gabata. Wannan hanyar tana da tasiri sosai wajen gano kananan yankuna masu kama da juna.<ref name="kent2002" /> # Hanyar ta uku tana buƙatar cikakkun matakai masu yawa waɗanda ke kusa da juna. Kamar yadda Kent ya nuna, <ref name="kent2002" /> wannan fasaha ce mai tasiri sosai wacce za ta iya la'akari da ƙananan sakawa da sharewa a cikin yankuna masu kama da juna. Lokacin daidaita nucleotides, BLAT yana amfani da hanyar ta uku da ke buƙatar cikakkun kalmomi guda biyu na girman 11 (11-mers). Lokacin daidaita sunadarai, sigar BLAT tana ƙayyade hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita: lokacin da aka yi aiki da sigar abokin ciniki / sabar, BLAT tana bincika cikakkun matakai uku na 4-mer; lokacin da aka amfani da sigar tsaye, BLAT yana bincika cikakkiyar 5-mer guda ɗaya tsakanin tambaya da jerin bayanan.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> == BLAT da BLAST == Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin BLAT da BLAST an tsara su a ƙasa: * BLAT yana lissafin bayanan kwayar halitta / furotin, yana riƙe da lissafin a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, sannan kuma yana bincika jerin tambayoyin don wasannin. BLAST, a gefe guda, yana gina alamar jerin tambayoyin da bincike ta hanyar bayanan don wasannin.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> Wani bambancin BLAST da ake kira MegaBLAST yana da bayanan bayanai 4 don hanzarta daidaitawa. * BLAT na iya fadadawa a kan cikakkun matches da kusan cikakkun matakai (rashin kuskure shine cikakkun matas 2 na tsawon 11 don binciken nucleotide da cikakkun matasan 3 na tsawon 4 don binciken furotin), yayin da BLAST ya fadada ne kawai lokacin da daya ko biyu matches ya faru kusa da juna.<ref name="kent2002" /><ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> * BLAT yana haɗa kowane yanki mai kama da juna tsakanin jerin abubuwa biyu a cikin layi ɗaya mafi girma, sabanin BLAST wanda ke dawo da kowane yanki mai daidaitawa a matsayin layi na gida daban. Sakamakon BLAST shine jerin exons tare da kowane layi wanda ya wuce ƙarshen exon. BLAT, duk da haka, daidai ya sanya kowane tushe na mRNA a kan kwayar halitta, ta amfani da kowane tushe sau ɗaya kawai kuma ana iya amfani dashi don gano iyakokin Intron-exon (watau shafukan splice). <ref name="kent2002" /> * BLAT ba ta da hankali fiye da BLAST. == Amfani da shirin == Ana iya amfani da BLAT ko dai a matsayin shirin uwar garken yanar gizo ko kuma a matsayin shirin mai zaman kansa. === Abokin ciniki-mai hidima === Ana iya samun damar aikace-aikacen yanar gizo na BLAT daga shafin yanar gizon UCSC Genome Bioinformatics . Gina alamar hanya ce mai jinkiri. Sabili da haka, kowane taron kwayar halitta da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar BLAT na yanar gizo yana da alaƙa da uwar garken BLAT, don samun ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don daidaitawa. Wadannan sabobin BLAT na yanar gizo suna adana alamar a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don masu amfani su shigar da jerin tambayoyinsu.<ref name="Kuhn2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn |first=RM |last2=Haussler, D |last3=Kent, WJ |year=2013 |title=The UCSC genome browser and associated tools |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=144–61 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbs038 |pmc=3603215 |pmid=22908213}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKuhnHaussler,_DKent,_WJ2013">Kuhn, RM; Haussler, D; Kent, WJ (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603215 "The UCSC genome browser and associated tools"]. ''Briefings in Bioinformatics''. '''14''' (2): <span class="nowrap">144–</span>61. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/bib/bbs038|10.1093/bib/bbs038]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603215 3603215]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22908213 22908213].</cite></ref> Da zarar an ɗora / an tura jerin tambayoyin a cikin filin bincike, mai amfani na iya zaɓar sigogi daban-daban kamar wane nau'in jinsin da za a yi niyya (a halin yanzu akwai fiye da nau'in 50 da ke akwai) da kuma taron wannan nau'in (alal misali, kwayar halitta ta mutum tana da tarurruka huɗu don zaɓar daga), nau'in tambaya (watau ko jerin suna da alaƙa da DNA, furotin da sauransu) da kuma saitunan fitarwa (watau yadda za a tsara da gani). Mai amfani zai iya gudanar da bincike ta hanyar gabatar da tambayar ko ta amfani da BLAT "Ina jin sa'a". Bhagwat ''da sauransu.'' samar da matakai da matakai don yadda za a yi amfani da BLAT zuwa: * Taswirar jerin mRNA / cDNA zuwa jerin genomic; * Taswirar jerin sunadarai zuwa kwayar halitta; * Yi bincike na homology. ==== Shigarwa ==== BLAT na iya ɗaukar jerin bayanai masu tsawo, duk da haka, ya fi tasiri tare da gajeren jerin tambayoyin fiye da jerin tambayoyin dogon lokaci. Kent <ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> ya ba da shawarar matsakaicin tsawon tambaya na tushe 200,000. Mai binciken UCSC yana iyakance jerin tambayoyin zuwa ƙasa da haruffa 25,000 (watau nucleotides) don binciken DNA da ƙasa da haruffan 10,000 (watau [[Amino acid]]) don furotin da bincike na jerin fassara. [[Fayil:BLAT_Search_Genome.png|right|thumb|Hoto na 2: Yin amfani da BLAT na yanar gizo don bincika bayanan da aka yi niyya tare da jerin tambayoyin DNA. Ana iya ganin sigogin bincike a sama da jerin tambayoyin<ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |title=NCBI – GenBank: AACZ03015565.1 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/284370810 |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>]] BLAT Search Genome da ke samuwa a shafin yanar gizon UCSC yana karɓar jerin tambayoyin a matsayin rubutu (yanke kuma a ɗaure shi cikin akwatin tambaya) ko a ɗora shi azaman fayilolin rubutu. BLAT Search Genome na iya karɓar jerin abubuwa da yawa na iri ɗaya a lokaci guda, har zuwa matsakaicin 25. Ga jerin abubuwa da yawa, jimlar adadin nucleotides dole ne ba ta wuce 50,000 don binciken DNA ko haruffa 25,000 don furotin ko bincike na jerin fassara ba. Misali na bincika bayanan da aka yi niyya tare da jerin tambayoyin DNA an nuna shi a Hoto 2. ==== Fitarwa ==== Binciken BLAT yana dawo da jerin sakamakon da aka ba da umarni a cikin raguwa bisa ga ci. Ana dawo da bayanan da ke biyowa: kashi na daidaituwa, yankin jerin tambayoyin da ya dace da jerin bayanan, girman jerin tambayoyin, matakin ainihi a matsayin kashi na daidaito da chromosome da matsayi wanda jerin tambayoyin ke taswirar. Bhagwat ''da sauransu.''<ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> bayyana yadda ake lissafin matakan BLAT "Score" da "Identity". Ga kowane sakamakon bincike, ana ba mai amfani da hanyar haɗi zuwa UCSC Genome Browser don su iya ganin daidaituwa akan chromosome. Wannan babbar fa'ida ce ta BLAT ta yanar gizo a kan BLAT mai zaman kansa. Mai amfani yana iya samun bayanan halittu da ke da alaƙa da daidaitawa, kamar bayani game da kwayar halitta wanda tambayar zata iya dacewa da ita. Hakanan ana ba mai amfani da hanyar haɗi don duba daidaitattun jerin tambayoyin tare da taron kwayar halitta. Matsalar tsakanin tambaya da taron kwayar halitta suna da launin shudi kuma iyakokin daidaitattun suna da haske a launi. Wadannan iyakokin exon suna nuna wuraren haɗuwa. <ref name="Bhagwat2012" /> Sakamakon binciken "Ina jin sa'a" ya dawo da mafi girman daidaitattun ƙididdiga don jerin tambayoyin farko bisa ga zaɓi na fitarwa da mai amfani ya zaɓa.<ref name="UCSCGenomeBrowser" /> === Dandalin kai tsaye === BLAT mai zaman kansa ya fi dacewa da gudu, kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da BLAT na yanar gizo. Ya fi inganci saboda yana iya adana kwayar halitta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba kamar aikace-aikacen yanar gizo ba wanda kawai ke adana alamar a cikin ƙwa ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="kent2002">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=W James |year=2002 |title=BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool |journal=Genome Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=656–664 |doi=10.1101/gr.229202 |pmc=187518 |pmid=11932250}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKent2002">Kent, W James (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 "BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool"]. ''Genome Research''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>664. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.229202|10.1101/gr.229202]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187518 187518]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932250 11932250].</cite></ref> == Lasisi == Dukansu tushen da binaries na BLAT suna samuwa kyauta don amfani da ilimi da na mutum. Lasisin kasuwanci na BLAT mai zaman kansa ana rarraba shi ta [https://kentinformatics.com/ Kent Informatics, Inc.] == Dubi kuma == * BLAST Kayan Bincike na Ƙungiya na Ƙasa * Software na daidaitawa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l88m2jr1yhce9ym2v2y37mccooqvnwy Biyar da dala Biyu 0 161493 882284 2026-07-13T12:15:31Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338355830|Pay the Two Dollars]]" 882284 wikitext text/x-wiki Biyar da Dollars Biyu zane ne na vaudeville wanda mutum ke fuskantar mummunar haɗari na shari'a saboda rashin son lauyansa ya biya tarar dala biyu. Maganar zane-zane ta shiga cikin sanannen ƙamus don komawa ga hukuncin da, koda kuwa jam'iyyar da aka hukunta ta ɗauka ba daidai ba ce, ba ta da mahimmanci don ya cancanci yin hamayya. == Hoton asali == [[Howard Brothers|Willie da Eugene Howard]] ne suka kirkiro Pay the Two Dollars don ''[[George White's Scandals|George White's Scandals na 1931]]'' a [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. <ref name="Stein2">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Jacob A. |date=1986 |title=Comes the Revolution You'll Pay the Two Dollars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211359 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=510–519 |issn=0003-0937 |jstor=41211359}}</ref> A cikin zane, Willie Howard ya taka rawar wani mazaunin gari mai tawali'u yana hawa jirgin karkashin kasa tare da abokiyar lauya, wanda Eugene ya buga; lokacin da wani mai gudanarwa ya gaya masa cewa za a tantance tarar dala biyu don tofa a ƙasa na motar jirgin kasa, yana neman ya biya shi nan da nan kuma ya kawo karshen lamarin, amma lauyan ya nace kan kalubalantar shi. An kama halin Willie, inda lauyan ya hau jerin ƙalubalen shari'a marasa ma'ana, kowannensu kawai yana ƙara yawan matsalar da mai gabatarwa yake ciki har sai a ƙarshe an yanke masa hukuncin kisa; a wannan lokacin, lauyan ya yi nasara kuma ya sami jinƙai daga gwamnan.<ref name="Stein2" /> Daga baya an haɗa zane a cikin fim din ''[[Ziegfeld Follies (film)|Ziegfeld Follies]]'' na 1945, haraji ga vaudeville, wanda ke nuna [[Victor Moore]] a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma da [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]] a matsayin lauya. Ga ''New York Times'', [[Bosley Crowther]] ya kira Arnold da Moore's version "mai ban dariya sosai". == Kyauta == An ga zane na asali don kama ikon doka don azabtar da talakawa ba tare da izini ba yayin da suke ba su ra'ayi na mafarki cewa za su iya yin tunani tare da shi, kuma saboda haka an kwatanta shi da aikin [[Franz Kafka]] a kan wannan taken.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Jacob A. |date=1986 |title=Comes the Revolution You'll Pay the Two Dollars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211359 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=510–519 |issn=0003-0937 |jstor=41211359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monder |first=Eric |date=1994 |title=George Sidney's Hi-Tech Vaudeville Show |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43456462 |journal=Film Comment |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=50–59 |issn=0015-119X |jstor=43456462}}</ref> Maganar ta shiga cikin ƙamus na shari'a a matsayin hanyar da za a taƙaita matsayin takaici na wanda ake tuhuma wanda ya fi kyau ya yarda da hukuncin da ba shi da tushe fiye da kalubalantar shi. A wannan ma'anar, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka Arthur Goldberg ne ya yi amfani da shi a cikin rashin amincewarsa da Marder v. Massachusetts, yana kiransa "ba da shawara mai kyau" amma ba lallai ba ne "ya dace da kundin tsarin mulki. " <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1965 |title=Constitutional Law: Increased Sentence and Denial of Credit on Retrial Sustained under Traditional Waiver Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1371004 |journal=Duke Law Journal |volume=1965 |issue=2 |pages=395–403 |doi=10.2307/1371004 |issn=0012-7086 |jstor=1371004 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi amfani da wannan magana a matsayin taken littafin shawarwari na 1957 game da kewaya tsarin shari'a ta Alexander Rose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marder v. Massachusetts, 377 U.S. 407 (1964) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/407/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> Tare da asalinsa na vaudeville a zuciya, Alkalin Benjamin Mehlman ya taɓa amfani da wannan magana don ya umarci ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Mel Brooks]] ya biya ƙauyen Ocean Beach, New York tarar don barin shara a ƙofar. 6toi7ce11cxl366i4j4d7gde3lycwvu 882285 882284 2026-07-13T12:16:40Z D son203 45710 882285 wikitext text/x-wiki Biyar da Dollars Biyu zane ne na vaudeville wanda mutum ke fuskantar mummunar haɗari na shari'a saboda rashin son lauyansa ya biya tarar dala biyu. Maganar zane-zane ta shiga cikin sanannen ƙamus don komawa ga hukuncin da, koda kuwa jam'iyyar da aka hukunta ta ɗauka ba daidai ba ce, ba ta da mahimmanci don ya cancanci yin hamayya. {{Databox}} == Hoton asali == [[Howard Brothers|Willie da Eugene Howard]] ne suka kirkiro Pay the Two Dollars don ''[[George White's Scandals|George White's Scandals na 1931]]'' a [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. <ref name="Stein2">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Jacob A. |date=1986 |title=Comes the Revolution You'll Pay the Two Dollars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211359 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=510–519 |issn=0003-0937 |jstor=41211359}}</ref> A cikin zane, Willie Howard ya taka rawar wani mazaunin gari mai tawali'u yana hawa jirgin karkashin kasa tare da abokiyar lauya, wanda Eugene ya buga; lokacin da wani mai gudanarwa ya gaya masa cewa za a tantance tarar dala biyu don tofa a ƙasa na motar jirgin kasa, yana neman ya biya shi nan da nan kuma ya kawo karshen lamarin, amma lauyan ya nace kan kalubalantar shi. An kama halin Willie, inda lauyan ya hau jerin ƙalubalen shari'a marasa ma'ana, kowannensu kawai yana ƙara yawan matsalar da mai gabatarwa yake ciki har sai a ƙarshe an yanke masa hukuncin kisa; a wannan lokacin, lauyan ya yi nasara kuma ya sami jinƙai daga gwamnan.<ref name="Stein2" /> Daga baya an haɗa zane a cikin fim din ''[[Ziegfeld Follies (film)|Ziegfeld Follies]]'' na 1945, haraji ga vaudeville, wanda ke nuna [[Victor Moore]] a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma da [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]] a matsayin lauya. Ga ''New York Times'', [[Bosley Crowther]] ya kira Arnold da Moore's version "mai ban dariya sosai". == Kyauta == An ga zane na asali don kama ikon doka don azabtar da talakawa ba tare da izini ba yayin da suke ba su ra'ayi na mafarki cewa za su iya yin tunani tare da shi, kuma saboda haka an kwatanta shi da aikin [[Franz Kafka]] a kan wannan taken.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Jacob A. |date=1986 |title=Comes the Revolution You'll Pay the Two Dollars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211359 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=510–519 |issn=0003-0937 |jstor=41211359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monder |first=Eric |date=1994 |title=George Sidney's Hi-Tech Vaudeville Show |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43456462 |journal=Film Comment |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=50–59 |issn=0015-119X |jstor=43456462}}</ref> Maganar ta shiga cikin ƙamus na shari'a a matsayin hanyar da za a taƙaita matsayin takaici na wanda ake tuhuma wanda ya fi kyau ya yarda da hukuncin da ba shi da tushe fiye da kalubalantar shi. A wannan ma'anar, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka Arthur Goldberg ne ya yi amfani da shi a cikin rashin amincewarsa da Marder v. Massachusetts, yana kiransa "ba da shawara mai kyau" amma ba lallai ba ne "ya dace da kundin tsarin mulki. " <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1965 |title=Constitutional Law: Increased Sentence and Denial of Credit on Retrial Sustained under Traditional Waiver Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1371004 |journal=Duke Law Journal |volume=1965 |issue=2 |pages=395–403 |doi=10.2307/1371004 |issn=0012-7086 |jstor=1371004 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi amfani da wannan magana a matsayin taken littafin shawarwari na 1957 game da kewaya tsarin shari'a ta Alexander Rose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marder v. Massachusetts, 377 U.S. 407 (1964) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/407/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> Tare da asalinsa na vaudeville a zuciya, Alkalin Benjamin Mehlman ya taɓa amfani da wannan magana don ya umarci ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Mel Brooks]] ya biya ƙauyen Ocean Beach, New York tarar don barin shara a ƙofar. kqsv0ucrzohx7ogmfs2j8s61anfz9sm I.B.M. Haruna 0 161494 882299 2026-07-13T13:05:17Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maj. Gen. IBM Haruna (rtd).jpg|thumb|right|Maj. Gen. IBM Haruna (rtd)]] '''Ibrahim Bata Malgwi Haruna''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1940) tsohon jami'in [[Nigerian Army|Sojojin Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya na Yaɗa Labarai da Al'adu tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1977. Haka kuma ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa ta [[Arewa Consultative Forum]] (ACF) daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2012. Yana riƙe da sarautar gargajiya ta ''Walin Garkida''. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ibrahim Bata Malgwi Haruna a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1940 a [[Maiduguri]], [[Borno State|Jihar Borno]]. Ya kasance cikin rukuni na farko na matasa 30 da aka ɗauka zuwa Boys Company (wadda daga baya ta zama [[Nigerian Military School]]) a shekarar 1954. Ana kiran su da suna "First Platoon".<ref>{{cite news|title=General I was born, lived in, and rose to General in the barracks – Gen. IBM Haruna|url=https://dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/i-was-born-lived-in-and-rose-to-general-in-the-barracks-gen-ibm-haruna/190643.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325042022/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/i-was-born-lived-in-and-rose-to-general-in-the-barracks-gen-ibm-haruna/190643.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 25, 2017|accessdate=18 September 2017|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1958 ya halarci makarantar horar da jami'an soja ta Regular Officers' Special Training School da ke [[Teshie|Teshi]], [[Ghana]], sannan ya wuce Mons Officers' Cadet School da ke [[Aldershot]], Ingila a shekarar 1959. A shekarar 1961 aka ba shi mukamin jami'in soja bayan ya kammala karatu a matsayin ɗan ajin RMA 27 na [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] da ke Birtaniya. == Aikin soja == A matsayinsa na jami'in soja, IBM Haruna ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama, ciki har da Joint-Services Staff College (JSSC) da ke [[Latimer, Buckinghamshire|Latimer]], Birtaniya tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1973. Tun kafin wannan ya kware a matsayin Jami'in Kayan Soja (Ordnance Officer) a [[Royal Army Ordnance Corps]] da ke [[Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut|Blackdown]], Birtaniya, a shekarar 1963. Ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a rundunar soja, ciki har da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kayayyaki da Lissafi a Army Base Ordnance Depot da ke [[Yaba, Lagos]] (1964); Kwamandan Base Ordnance Depot, Yaba-Lagos (1965); Babban Jami'in Kayan Soja na Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da Kwamandan Ordnance Corps (1966–1967); da Jagoran Tawagar Sojojin Najeriya zuwa Amurka domin ziyarar horo (1966). Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya ya fara, an naɗa shi Rear Commander na Runduna ta 1 ta Sojojin Najeriya a [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]] (1967). Ya kuma taɓa zama Kwamandan Lagos Garrison Organisation da kuma 3 Marine Commandant. Har ila yau, ya kasance Quarter Master General na Sojojin Najeriya (1968); General Officer Commanding (GOC) na Runduna ta 2 ta Sojojin Najeriya da ke Onitsha (1968–1969); Principal Staff Officer (PSO) a Babban Hedikwatar Sojoji da ke [[Dodan Barracks]], Legas (1969); Quartermaster General na Army Headquarters (AHQ) (1970); memba na Kwamitin Janar Adebayo kan dawo da tsoffin jami'an sojin Biafra cikin rundunar soja (1970); Shugaban Kwamitin Bukukuwan Wasannin Afirka na Biyu (1970); da kuma Kwamishinan Tarayya na Yaɗa Labarai da Al'adu tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1977. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1973, an naɗa shi General Officer Commanding na Rundunar Farko ta Sojojin Ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news| title = Nigeria: Military Appointment| newspaper = Africa Research Bulletin| page = 3079| date = December 1973| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3QEAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Tarayya na Yaɗa Labarai da Al'adu, ya kafa Hukumar Talabijin ta Ƙasa ([[National Television Authority|NTA]]) a shekarar 1975 da kuma [[News Agency of Nigeria]] (NAN). Haka kuma ya yi kira da a kafa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jarida ta Najeriya (Press Council of Nigeria). Ya halarci taron [[UNESCO]] kan Al'adu a Accra, [[Ghana]] (1975), da kuma Taron Ƙasashen da ba sa Mara wa Kowane Bangare Baya (Non-Aligned Nations Conference) a [[New Delhi]], Indiya (1976). Ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya a shekarar 1977 da mukamin Manjo Janar. Bayan ritayarsa, ya kasance Shugaban Tawagar Najeriya a bikin Africa's Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 1977);<ref>{{cite news|title=Those who say FESTAC '77 encouraged idol worshipping in Nigeria are misguided –Prof. Duro Oni, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor, UNILAG|url=http://punchng.com/those-who-say-festac-77-encouraged-idol-worshipping-in-nigeria-are-misguided-prof-duro-oni-former-deputy-vice-chancellor-unilag/|accessdate=18 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Speeches by Federal Commissioner for Information, Major-General I.B.M. Haruna at the Durbar events of the 2nd World Black and African Festival of Arts ... Kaduna on the 5th and 8th of February, 1977|date=1977|publisher=IBM Haruna|pages=19|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/d/Books/Speeches-Federal-Commissioner-Information-General-Festival-February/B0000E9ZMV}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Shugaban [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]] (NIIA), Legas (1978–1985); Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa ta [[National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies]] (NIPSS), Kuru, Jos (1985–1992);<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Governors|url=http://nipsskuru.gov.ng/index.php/board-and-management/board.html|website=National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS)|accessdate=18 September 2017|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922032505/http://nipsskuru.gov.ng/index.php/board-and-management/board.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> memba na Taron Tsarin Mulki (1988–1989); shugaban kwamitin gyaran Hukumar Jiragen Ƙasa ta Najeriya na ɗan lokaci (1992); memba na Kwamitin Mutane 19 da aka kafa domin Shirya Taron Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Mai Shari'a Kawu (1994); wakilin [[Arewa Consultative Forum]] (ACF) a Oputa Panel (2005); sannan Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa ta ACF daga 2009 zuwa 2012. Haruna lauya ne kuma mai izinin yin aiki a gaban [[Supreme Court of Nigeria]]. Haka kuma Notary Public ne na Tarayyar Najeriya, sannan Fellow ne na Nigerian Institute of Management. IBM Haruna ƙwararren ɗan wasan golf ne. Shi ne Shugaban Rayuwa (Life President) na Nigerian Professional Golfers Association (NPGA),<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria: PGAN Names IBM Haruna Life President|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204161276.html|accessdate=18 September 2017|agency=AllAfrica.com}}</ref> Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na IBB Golf and Country Club Abuja; memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Ladies Golfers Association of Nigeria (LGAN); sannan memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na West African Golf Tour da ke Abuja.<ref>{{cite web|title=The West Africa Golf Tour Foundation|url=http://westafricagolftour.com/foundation/|website=The West Africa Golf Tour Foundation|accessdate=18 September 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023062942/http://westafricagolftour.com/foundation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1980, tsohon Shugaban Ƙasa [[Shehu Shagari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Officer of the Federal Republic (OFR). A shekarar 2014 kuma ya samu Integrity Magazine Merit Award a Accra, Ghana. Haruna sanannen mai sharhi ne kan harkokin jama'a da siyasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=How coups failed Nigerians – Gen. I.B.M Haruna|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-coups-failed-nigeria-gen-i-b-m-haruna/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=18 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why Gowon's 3Rs programme failed – General IBM Haruna|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/why-gowon-s-3rs-programme-failed-general-ibm-haruna/200429.html|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I.B.M. HARUNA TO JONATHAN: A SOLDIER DOESN'T BEAT A RETREAT AT THE WARFRONT|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/36304/1/ibm-haruna-to-jonathan-a-soldier-doesnt-beat-a-ret.html|accessdate=18 September 2017|publisher=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NO ROOM FOR COUP IN NIGERIA –IBM HARUNA, IKPONMWEN, OTHERS|url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/05/no-room-coup-nigeria-ibm-haruna-ikponmwen-others/|publisher=New Telegraph Newspaper}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria: Macro-Nationalism is Our Bane-Maj.gen. Ibm Haruna|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200211010484.html|publisher=AllAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Concept of northern leader outdated, says IBM Haruna|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/concept-of-northern-leader-outdated-says-ibm-haruna/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=18 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Yana da mata da 'ya'ya tare da jikoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hajarah Lami Malgwi-Haruna|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/hajarah-lami-malgwi-haruna-386a9049/?ppe=1|website=LinkedIn.com|accessdate=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria: I'm Working to Be the Best I Can Be - SA'a Malgwi Haruna, 26, Pharmacist|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201304221019.html|accessdate=19 September 2017|publisher=AllAfrica.com}}</ref> A watan Satumban 2017, an naɗa shi *Life Patron* na Nigerian Military School (NMS) Zaria Ex-Boys Association (FCT Chapter). Haka kuma wasu fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai huɗu—Lt. Gen. Isaac Chikadibia Obiakor (mai ritaya), Col. John Okoli (mai ritaya), Col. Musa Shehu (mai ritaya) da Gp. Capt. Yakubu Suleiman—an karrama su a matsayin Patrons na ƙungiyar na shekarar 2017/2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria Military School Ex-boys Association Inducts New Members|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/09/13/nigeria-military-school-ex-boys-association-inducts-new-members/|accessdate=19 September 2017|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Restructuring should undergo due legislative process – IBM Haruna|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/restructuring-should-undergo-due-legislative-process-ibm-haruna.html|accessdate=19 September 2017|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == sp52m9qxil69pusnckzuxis6pher1gg Asirin da ke cikin Saint-Tropez 0 161495 882301 2026-07-13T13:07:54Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329492694|Mystère à Saint-Tropez]]" 882301 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Asirin da ke cikin Saint-Tropez |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Nicolas Benamou]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Jean-François Halin]]<br />[[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]<br />[[Jean-Marie Poiré]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Studiocanal|Studioocanal]]<br />[[Ouille Productions|Ayyukan Ouille]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |[[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]<br />[[Benoît Poelvoorde]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 14 Yuli 2021 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-07-14</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |Faransa Belgium<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Faransanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kudin kasafin kudi | class="infobox-data" |Yuro miliyan 13.5 |} TMystère à Saint-Tropez fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa da Belgium wanda [[Nicolas Benamou]] ya jagoranta kuma aka saki a shekarar 2021. == Makirci == [Hasiya] Babban jami'in 'yan sanda na [[Faris|Paris]] Jean Boulin daga 36 quai des Orfèvres, ainihin bala'i mai linzami, an aika shi a dukiyar sanannen ɗan biliyan Belgium Claude Tranchant don bincika yunkurin kisan kai da ke niyya ga matarsa. A cikin babban birni inda aka sake haɗuwa don hutun flagship na show-business, mai dubawa ya yi jerin kurakurai, yana neman mai laifi. == Masu ba da labari == * Christian Clavier a matsayin babban mai bincike Jean Boulin * Benoît Poelvoorde a matsayin Baron Claude Tranchant * Thierry Lhermitte a matsayin Yves Lamarque * Jérôme Commandeur a matsayin Cyril, mai dafa abinci * Rossy na Palma a matsayin Carmen * Virginie Hocq a matsayin Baroness Éliane Tranchant * Vincent Desagnat a matsayin Andreas Kalamannis * [[Nicolas Briançon]] a matsayin Jacques Aziza * Gérard Depardieu a matsayin babban darektan 'yan sanda Maurice Lefranc * Elisa Bachir Bey a matsayin Laura * Chloé Lambert a matsayin Francine Aziza * Gauthier Battoue a matsayin Ben * [[Camille Claris]] a matsayin Peggy * [[Gil Alma]] a matsayin Jibra'ilu * [[Philypa Phoenix]] a matsayin Angela <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you do you Saint-Tropez |url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=275190.html |access-date=18 January 2020 |publisher=[[Allociné]] |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Olivier Claverie]] a matsayin Pierre, likita * Jean Dell a matsayin Castelli, masanin mota * [[Philippe Dusseau]] a matsayin [[Jacques Chirac]] * Yves Lecoq a matsayin Jacques Chirac (murya), [[Alain Delon]] (murya) == Fitarwa == === Farawa da ci gaba === An fara aikin ne a ƙarshen 2018, lokacin da darektan fim din [[Jean-Marie Poiré]] ya nuna shi a cikin manema labarai: "Ina rubuta sabon fim kuma ina so a yi shi", in ji shi a [[BFM TV]]. "Yana da ban dariya tare da [[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]. Zai zama fim mai ban tsoro. Ina tsammanin zai zama abin ban dariya. Da nake magana da Kirista, na gaya masa cewa bai taɓa taka rawar 'yan sanda ba. A ƙarshe za mu iya ganowa, ina fatan haka, Kirista Clavier a matsayin ɗan sanda !". <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2019 |title=Clavier, Depardieu et Poelvoorde dans une comédie sur Saint-Tropez |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/cinema/clavier-depardieu-et-poelvoorde-dans-une-comedie-sur-saint-tropez-28-06-2019-2321490_35.php |website=[[Le Point]] |language=fr}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da taken Do you do you Saint-Tropez, don girmama fim din Le gendarme de Saint-Tr Lopez (1964), duk da gaskiyar cewa taken waƙar na gaba ɗaya shine Douliou-douliou Saint-Trope . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lachasse |first=Jérôme |date=26 June 2019 |title=Christian Clavier, Gérard Depardieu et Benoît Poelvoorde bientôt dans une comédie policière |url=https://people.bfmtv.com/cinema/christian-clavier-gerard-depardieu-et-benoit-poelvoorde-bientot-dans-une-comedie-policiere-1720104.html |access-date=18 January 2020 |publisher=[[BFMTV]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Fim === An yi fim din ne a yankin Belgium na Walloon Brabant <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanbellingen |first=Gérald |date=21 September 2019 |title=Lasne: Poelvoorde et Clavier tournent à Renipont |url=https://www.dhnet.be/regions/brabant/lasne-poelvoorde-et-clavier-tournent-a-renipont-5d853de0f20d5a53ccf4475a |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=La DH des sports |language=fr}}</ref> (a cikin unguwar Brussels) da kuma a cikin gulf na Saint-Tropez (Saint-Tropez, Cavalaire-sur-Mer, Ramatuelle, Gassin) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravel |first=Monique |date=19 October 2019 |title=Do you do you St-Tropez : Gassin sera dans le film ! |url=https://www.varmatin.com/vie-locale/la-saint-tropez-classic-est-dans-les-starting-blocks-municipales-2020-claude-berard-est-candidat-do-you-do-you-st-tropez-gassin-sera-dans-le-film-une-grande-messe-anniversaire-pour-la-communaute-douce-mere-de-dieu-423655 |website=Var Matin |language=fr}}</ref> Karnuka biyu na Jamus, Plume da Lily, sun shiga cikin fim din, a karkashin jagorancin Mai horar da kare na Belgium Gaëtan Doppagne, wanda ya shiga cikin fina-finai sama da 200. == Bayani game da fim din == * Vignettes da suka bayyana a kan gilashin iska na motocin gaba ɗaya suna da ban sha'awa kuma ba daidai ba ne, tare da vignette na farko da ya bayyana a cikin 1973, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin gaske a cikin jagorancin fim din. 0trxe8zvz1onfyvzi1muypuqan4ke0i 882302 882301 2026-07-13T13:08:30Z D son203 45710 882302 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Asirin da ke cikin Saint-Tropez |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Nicolas Benamou]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Jean-François Halin]]<br />[[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]<br />[[Jean-Marie Poiré]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Studiocanal|Studioocanal]]<br />[[Ouille Productions|Ayyukan Ouille]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |[[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]<br />[[Benoît Poelvoorde]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 14 Yuli 2021 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-07-14</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |Faransa Belgium<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Faransanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kudin kasafin kudi | class="infobox-data" |Yuro miliyan 13.5 |} {{Databox}} TMystère à Saint-Tropez fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa da Belgium wanda [[Nicolas Benamou]] ya jagoranta kuma aka saki a shekarar 2021. == Makirci == [Hasiya] Babban jami'in 'yan sanda na [[Faris|Paris]] Jean Boulin daga 36 quai des Orfèvres, ainihin bala'i mai linzami, an aika shi a dukiyar sanannen ɗan biliyan Belgium Claude Tranchant don bincika yunkurin kisan kai da ke niyya ga matarsa. A cikin babban birni inda aka sake haɗuwa don hutun flagship na show-business, mai dubawa ya yi jerin kurakurai, yana neman mai laifi. == Masu ba da labari == * Christian Clavier a matsayin babban mai bincike Jean Boulin * Benoît Poelvoorde a matsayin Baron Claude Tranchant * Thierry Lhermitte a matsayin Yves Lamarque * Jérôme Commandeur a matsayin Cyril, mai dafa abinci * Rossy na Palma a matsayin Carmen * Virginie Hocq a matsayin Baroness Éliane Tranchant * Vincent Desagnat a matsayin Andreas Kalamannis * [[Nicolas Briançon]] a matsayin Jacques Aziza * Gérard Depardieu a matsayin babban darektan 'yan sanda Maurice Lefranc * Elisa Bachir Bey a matsayin Laura * Chloé Lambert a matsayin Francine Aziza * Gauthier Battoue a matsayin Ben * [[Camille Claris]] a matsayin Peggy * [[Gil Alma]] a matsayin Jibra'ilu * [[Philypa Phoenix]] a matsayin Angela <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you do you Saint-Tropez |url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=275190.html |access-date=18 January 2020 |publisher=[[Allociné]] |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Olivier Claverie]] a matsayin Pierre, likita * Jean Dell a matsayin Castelli, masanin mota * [[Philippe Dusseau]] a matsayin [[Jacques Chirac]] * Yves Lecoq a matsayin Jacques Chirac (murya), [[Alain Delon]] (murya) == Fitarwa == === Farawa da ci gaba === An fara aikin ne a ƙarshen 2018, lokacin da darektan fim din [[Jean-Marie Poiré]] ya nuna shi a cikin manema labarai: "Ina rubuta sabon fim kuma ina so a yi shi", in ji shi a [[BFM TV]]. "Yana da ban dariya tare da [[Christian Clavier|Kirista Clavier]]. Zai zama fim mai ban tsoro. Ina tsammanin zai zama abin ban dariya. Da nake magana da Kirista, na gaya masa cewa bai taɓa taka rawar 'yan sanda ba. A ƙarshe za mu iya ganowa, ina fatan haka, Kirista Clavier a matsayin ɗan sanda !". <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2019 |title=Clavier, Depardieu et Poelvoorde dans une comédie sur Saint-Tropez |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/cinema/clavier-depardieu-et-poelvoorde-dans-une-comedie-sur-saint-tropez-28-06-2019-2321490_35.php |website=[[Le Point]] |language=fr}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne da taken Do you do you Saint-Tropez, don girmama fim din Le gendarme de Saint-Tr Lopez (1964), duk da gaskiyar cewa taken waƙar na gaba ɗaya shine Douliou-douliou Saint-Trope . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lachasse |first=Jérôme |date=26 June 2019 |title=Christian Clavier, Gérard Depardieu et Benoît Poelvoorde bientôt dans une comédie policière |url=https://people.bfmtv.com/cinema/christian-clavier-gerard-depardieu-et-benoit-poelvoorde-bientot-dans-une-comedie-policiere-1720104.html |access-date=18 January 2020 |publisher=[[BFMTV]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Fim === An yi fim din ne a yankin Belgium na Walloon Brabant <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanbellingen |first=Gérald |date=21 September 2019 |title=Lasne: Poelvoorde et Clavier tournent à Renipont |url=https://www.dhnet.be/regions/brabant/lasne-poelvoorde-et-clavier-tournent-a-renipont-5d853de0f20d5a53ccf4475a |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=La DH des sports |language=fr}}</ref> (a cikin unguwar Brussels) da kuma a cikin gulf na Saint-Tropez (Saint-Tropez, Cavalaire-sur-Mer, Ramatuelle, Gassin) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravel |first=Monique |date=19 October 2019 |title=Do you do you St-Tropez : Gassin sera dans le film ! |url=https://www.varmatin.com/vie-locale/la-saint-tropez-classic-est-dans-les-starting-blocks-municipales-2020-claude-berard-est-candidat-do-you-do-you-st-tropez-gassin-sera-dans-le-film-une-grande-messe-anniversaire-pour-la-communaute-douce-mere-de-dieu-423655 |website=Var Matin |language=fr}}</ref> Karnuka biyu na Jamus, Plume da Lily, sun shiga cikin fim din, a karkashin jagorancin Mai horar da kare na Belgium Gaëtan Doppagne, wanda ya shiga cikin fina-finai sama da 200. == Bayani game da fim din == * Vignettes da suka bayyana a kan gilashin iska na motocin gaba ɗaya suna da ban sha'awa kuma ba daidai ba ne, tare da vignette na farko da ya bayyana a cikin 1973, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin gaske a cikin jagorancin fim din. 4vqyeyvjw4r6l2rr591ao4tmuqvmxor Claudia Felicitas na Austria 0 161496 882309 2026-07-13T13:33:34Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358905773|Claudia Felicitas of Austria]]" 882309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claudia Felicitas na Austria''' (30 Mayu 1653 - 8 Afrilu 1676) ta kasance ta hanyar haihuwa Archduchess na Austria kuma ta hanyar aure Mai Tsarki Roman Empress, Sarauniya ta Jamus, Archduchesse consort na Austria, Sarauniya consort na Hungary da Bohemia a matsayin matar Leopold I ta biyu. Wani memba na Order na Uku na Saint Dominic, tana da kyakkyawar muryar waka da kuma waƙoƙin da aka tsara, kuma tana son farauta. Claudia Felicitas tana da babban tasiri ga mijinta; godiya ga ita, an cire dukkan abokan adawarta na siyasa daga kotu. Ta kuma yi gwagwarmaya da cin zarafin tsarin zartarwa da shari'a. A lokacin aurenta na tsawon shekaru 3, ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu waɗanda suka mutu tun suna jariri; ta mutu bayan haihuwar Some sources described her as "a very beautiful girl, with a lively character and developed intellect". The princess grew up at court in Innsbruck, which thanks to her parents became one of the centers of European [[baroque]] art and music. She had an excellent singing voice, played various instruments and also composed music. However, the great enthusiasm of the princess was hunting;<ref name="Coxe3092" /> in the preserved portrait by [[Giovanni Maria Morandi]], the 13-year-old Claudia Felicitas was depicted in the image of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the ancient goddess of [[Farauta|hunting]]. However, she didn't forget the customary pious activities, being a secular member of the [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]]. na biyu. Ofishin Tyrolean na [[House of Habsburg|Gidan Habsburg]] ya ƙare bayan mutuwarta. == Rayuwa == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Claudia Felicitas a Innsbruck a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1653. Ita ce ta farko kuma 'yar fari ta Ferdinand Charles, Archduke na Further Austria da Count na Tyrol, da matarsa da dan uwansa Anna de 'Medici. A gefen mahaifinta, kakanninta sune Leopold V, Archduke na Further Austria da matarsa Claudia de 'Medici (bayan haka ta sami sunanta na farko); a gefen mahaifiyarta, kakannin ta sune Cosimo II de 'Medicci, Grand Duke na Tuscany da matarsa Archduchess Maria Maddalena na Austria. Iyayenta sun kasa samar da magaji namiji: bayan Claudia Felicitas, suna da wasu 'ya'ya mata biyu kawai, wanda ya mutu nan da nan bayan haihuwa (19 Yuli 1654) da Maria Magdalena (17 Agusta 1656 - 21 Janairu 1669). Bayan Archduke Ferdinand Charles ya mutu a shekara ta 1662, ɗan'uwansa Sigismund Francis ya gaje shi, wanda ya mutu shekaru uku bayan haka (1665), 'yan kwanaki bayan aurensa da Hedwig na Palatinate-Sulzbach. A sakamakon haka, Claudia Felicitas da ƙanwarta sun zama mambobi na ƙarshe na reshen Tyrolean na gidan Habsburg. Some sources described her as "a very beautiful girl, with a lively character and developed intellect". The princess grew up at court in Innsbruck, which thanks to her parents became one of the centers of European [[baroque]] art and music. She had an excellent singing voice, played various instruments and also composed music. However, the great enthusiasm of the princess was hunting;<ref name="Coxe3093" /> in the preserved portrait by [[Giovanni Maria Morandi]], the 13-year-old Claudia Felicitas was depicted in the image of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the ancient goddess of [[Farauta|hunting]]. However, she didn't forget the customary pious activities, being a secular member of the [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]]. === Aure da yara === Bayan mutuwar reshen Tyrolean na gidan Habsburg a cikin shekara ta 1665, Ci gaba da Austria da County na Tyrol sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Sarkin sarakuna Leopold I. Anna de 'Medici ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare haƙƙin' ya'yanta mata. Rikici da kotun sarki ya ƙare ne kawai bayan auren 'yarta ta fari da sarki; bayan aurenta, Claudia Felicitas ta riƙe taken Countess na Tyrol . <ref name="Oresko">{{Cite journal |last=Oresko |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648) |journal=English Historical Review |pages=1030–1034 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cem219}}</ref> Daga aurensa na farko da Infanta Margaret Theresa ta Spain, Leopold na haifi 'ya'ya maza hudu (ciki har da' ya'ya maza biyu), amma duk sai 'yarta ta fari, Archduchess Maria Antonia, ta mutu jim kadan bayan haihuwa. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin mazajen Habsburg, ban da sarki Charles na biyu na Spain, kuma saboda haka yana cikin matsanancin bukatar magajin namiji; don haka jim kadan bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko (12 Maris 1673), an tilasta wa sarki (duk da baƙin cikinsa mai zurfi) ya fara neman sabuwar matar kuma ya zaɓi Claudia Felicitas, dan uwan na biyu (duka jikokin Charles na biyu, Archduke na Inner Austria ), wanda kuma zai iya kawo masa hakkokinta a kan Tyrol.<ref name="Oresko">{{Cite journal |last=Oresko |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648) |journal=English Historical Review |pages=1030–1034 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cem219}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOresko2007">Oresko, Robert (2007). "Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648)". ''English Historical Review'': <span class="nowrap">1030–</span>1034. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ehr/cem219|10.1093/ehr/cem219]].</cite></ref> Yarima, tare da yardar danginta, nan da nan ta amince da tayin, ta ƙi wasu masu neman sa'a, gami da gwauruwa James, Duke na York da Sarkin Ingila da Scotland na gaba. [[Fayil:Dolci_Claudia_Felicita.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Claudia Felicitas na Carlo Dolci, {{Circa}} 1672-1675]] [[Fayil:Empress_Claudia_Felicitas_-_Oberösterreichisches_Landesmuseum_Linz.png|right|thumb|Hoton da aka yi a matsayin Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki, 1673]] Yayinda yake yabon matasan amaryarsa, kyawawan halaye, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da babban matsayi da ya nuna cewa ita ce Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki, Leopold I ya kara da cewa "ba kamar Margareta ɗaya ba" a cikin wasika a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1673, watanni uku kafin bikin auren da Claudia Felicitas ya faru. Ya yi imanin cewa za ta zama mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta mai kyau ga 'yarsa Maria Antonia daga aurensa na farko. Lalle ne, Claudia Felicitas nan da nan ta ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da 'yarta. An yi auren wakili a Innsbruck, kuma amarya ta sami sadaki na guilders 30,000. Daga nan sai, tare da mahaifiyarta da ƙungiyar, suka yi tafiya zuwa [[Graz]], inda aka shirya bikin auren hukuma. Ta hanyar umarnin sarki, Yarima Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg ne ke kula da bukukuwan. Sama da babban ƙofar a cikin sabon fadarsa da aka gina kuma mai ban sha'awa, inda ranar da ta gabata ta tsaya tare da magoya bayanta, ya ba da umarnin a rubuta rubutun a cikin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] "Long live Empress Claudia!" (Latin: ''Ave Claudia Imperatrix''). An gudanar da bikin ne a Cocin Graz a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1673, kuma bukukuwan wannan taron sun dauki makonni biyu. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, ma'auratan Imperial sun tashi daga Graz zuwa [[Vienna]]. An ce auren shekaru uku da rabi ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai, kuma a karkashin Claudia Felicitas an ruwaito tattalin arzikin kotu a mafi kyau. A lokacin da ta fara daukar ciki a shekara ta 1674, wani waka ya bayyana a Vienna yana kwatanta dangantakar kusa da ma'aurata na sarki, wanda aka rubuta a cikin gicciye bisa ga ka'idojin "Rösselsprung". Wataƙila ita ce rubuce-rubuce mafi tsufa na wannan nau'in kuma an karɓa sosai. Leopold ya ba da lada ga mawaki tare da ducat ga kowane sashi na waka. A lokacin aurenta, Claudia Felicitas ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, wadanda suka mutu tun suna yara: * Anna Maria Josepha Theresia Antonia Dominica Xaveria Dorothea (11 Satumba 1674 - 22 Disamba 1674), Archduchess na Austria . * Maria Josepha Clementina Anna Gabriella Antonia Franziska Dominica Theresia Eva Placidia (11 ga Oktoba 1675 - 11 ga Yuli 1676), Archduchess na Austria . <ref name="Berger" /> === Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki da Sarauniyar Jamus === Duk da gazawar samar da magajin namiji da ake bukata, Claudia Felicitas ta ji daɗin aure mai farin ciki kuma tana da tasiri sosai a kan mijinta. Ta sami murabus da gudun hijira na Minista Václav Eusebius František, Yarima na Lobkowicz, wanda ke adawa da aurenta da sarki kuma ya goyi bayan zaɓin Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene na Neuburg a matsayin sabuwar matar Leopold I lokacin da ya zama gwauruwa; wannan kuma ra'ayi ne na Dowager Empress Eleonora Gonzaga (mahaifiyar Leopold I), kuma saboda haka ita da Claudia Felicitas ba su da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Sarauniyar ta ja hankalin cin zarafin mijinta da kotun sarki, musamman a cikin gwamnati da shari'a. Don wannan dalili, a cikin 1674 ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo tare da ma'anar da ta dace. === Mutuwa === Claudia Felicitas ba zato ba tsammani ta mutu daga [[tarin fuka]] a [[Vienna]] a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1676, tana da shekaru 22, bayan haihuwar 'yarta ta biyu (kuma kawai ta tsira). An binne ta a cikin Cocin Dominican, kuma an sanya zuciyarta a cikin kwalba ta musamman kuma an sanya ta a cikin Imperial Crypt. Watanni uku bayan haka, 'yarta ta mutu, kuma a watan Satumba mahaifiyarta Dowager Countess of Tyrol ita ma ta mutu; an binne ta kusa da ita. Leopold na yi fushi sosai da rasuwar matarsa ta biyu. Ya yi ritaya zuwa wani gidan ibada kusa da Vienna don ya yi makoki game da sabon gwauruwarsa, amma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar saboda rashin magada maza an tilasta masa ya sake yin aure. Countess Palatine Eleonore Magdalene na Neuburg ta haifa masa 'ya'ya goma ciki har da sarakuna biyu na gaba, Joseph I da Charles VI. == Kakanninmu ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cwgyi2q5spu9f34dykp0794cpqyf1qi 882310 882309 2026-07-13T13:34:41Z D son203 45710 882310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Claudia Felicitas na Austria''' (30 Mayu 1653 - 8 Afrilu 1676) ta kasance ta hanyar haihuwa Archduchess na Austria kuma ta hanyar aure Mai Tsarki Roman Empress, Sarauniya ta Jamus, Archduchesse consort na Austria, Sarauniya consort na Hungary da Bohemia a matsayin matar Leopold I ta biyu. Wani memba na Order na Uku na Saint Dominic, tana da kyakkyawar muryar waka da kuma waƙoƙin da aka tsara, kuma tana son farauta. Claudia Felicitas tana da babban tasiri ga mijinta; godiya ga ita, an cire dukkan abokan adawarta na siyasa daga kotu. Ta kuma yi gwagwarmaya da cin zarafin tsarin zartarwa da shari'a. A lokacin aurenta na tsawon shekaru 3, ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu waɗanda suka mutu tun suna jariri; ta mutu bayan haihuwar Some sources described her as "a very beautiful girl, with a lively character and developed intellect". The princess grew up at court in Innsbruck, which thanks to her parents became one of the centers of European [[baroque]] art and music. She had an excellent singing voice, played various instruments and also composed music. However, the great enthusiasm of the princess was hunting;<ref name="Coxe3092" /> in the preserved portrait by [[Giovanni Maria Morandi]], the 13-year-old Claudia Felicitas was depicted in the image of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the ancient goddess of [[Farauta|hunting]]. However, she didn't forget the customary pious activities, being a secular member of the [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]]. na biyu. Ofishin Tyrolean na [[House of Habsburg|Gidan Habsburg]] ya ƙare bayan mutuwarta. == Rayuwa == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Claudia Felicitas a Innsbruck a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1653. Ita ce ta farko kuma 'yar fari ta Ferdinand Charles, Archduke na Further Austria da Count na Tyrol, da matarsa da dan uwansa Anna de 'Medici. A gefen mahaifinta, kakanninta sune Leopold V, Archduke na Further Austria da matarsa Claudia de 'Medici (bayan haka ta sami sunanta na farko); a gefen mahaifiyarta, kakannin ta sune Cosimo II de 'Medicci, Grand Duke na Tuscany da matarsa Archduchess Maria Maddalena na Austria. Iyayenta sun kasa samar da magaji namiji: bayan Claudia Felicitas, suna da wasu 'ya'ya mata biyu kawai, wanda ya mutu nan da nan bayan haihuwa (19 Yuli 1654) da Maria Magdalena (17 Agusta 1656 - 21 Janairu 1669). Bayan Archduke Ferdinand Charles ya mutu a shekara ta 1662, ɗan'uwansa Sigismund Francis ya gaje shi, wanda ya mutu shekaru uku bayan haka (1665), 'yan kwanaki bayan aurensa da Hedwig na Palatinate-Sulzbach. A sakamakon haka, Claudia Felicitas da ƙanwarta sun zama mambobi na ƙarshe na reshen Tyrolean na gidan Habsburg. Some sources described her as "a very beautiful girl, with a lively character and developed intellect". The princess grew up at court in Innsbruck, which thanks to her parents became one of the centers of European [[baroque]] art and music. She had an excellent singing voice, played various instruments and also composed music. However, the great enthusiasm of the princess was hunting;<ref name="Coxe3093" /> in the preserved portrait by [[Giovanni Maria Morandi]], the 13-year-old Claudia Felicitas was depicted in the image of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the ancient goddess of [[Farauta|hunting]]. However, she didn't forget the customary pious activities, being a secular member of the [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]]. === Aure da yara === Bayan mutuwar reshen Tyrolean na gidan Habsburg a cikin shekara ta 1665, Ci gaba da Austria da County na Tyrol sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Sarkin sarakuna Leopold I. Anna de 'Medici ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare haƙƙin' ya'yanta mata. Rikici da kotun sarki ya ƙare ne kawai bayan auren 'yarta ta fari da sarki; bayan aurenta, Claudia Felicitas ta riƙe taken Countess na Tyrol . <ref name="Oresko">{{Cite journal |last=Oresko |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648) |journal=English Historical Review |pages=1030–1034 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cem219}}</ref> Daga aurensa na farko da Infanta Margaret Theresa ta Spain, Leopold na haifi 'ya'ya maza hudu (ciki har da' ya'ya maza biyu), amma duk sai 'yarta ta fari, Archduchess Maria Antonia, ta mutu jim kadan bayan haihuwa. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin mazajen Habsburg, ban da sarki Charles na biyu na Spain, kuma saboda haka yana cikin matsanancin bukatar magajin namiji; don haka jim kadan bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko (12 Maris 1673), an tilasta wa sarki (duk da baƙin cikinsa mai zurfi) ya fara neman sabuwar matar kuma ya zaɓi Claudia Felicitas, dan uwan na biyu (duka jikokin Charles na biyu, Archduke na Inner Austria ), wanda kuma zai iya kawo masa hakkokinta a kan Tyrol.<ref name="Oresko">{{Cite journal |last=Oresko |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648) |journal=English Historical Review |pages=1030–1034 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cem219}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOresko2007">Oresko, Robert (2007). "Claudia de' Medici: Eine italienische Prinzessin als Landesfürstin von Tirol (1604-1648)". ''English Historical Review'': <span class="nowrap">1030–</span>1034. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ehr/cem219|10.1093/ehr/cem219]].</cite></ref> Yarima, tare da yardar danginta, nan da nan ta amince da tayin, ta ƙi wasu masu neman sa'a, gami da gwauruwa James, Duke na York da Sarkin Ingila da Scotland na gaba. [[Fayil:Dolci_Claudia_Felicita.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Claudia Felicitas na Carlo Dolci, {{Circa}} 1672-1675]] [[Fayil:Empress_Claudia_Felicitas_-_Oberösterreichisches_Landesmuseum_Linz.png|right|thumb|Hoton da aka yi a matsayin Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki, 1673]] Yayinda yake yabon matasan amaryarsa, kyawawan halaye, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da babban matsayi da ya nuna cewa ita ce Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki, Leopold I ya kara da cewa "ba kamar Margareta ɗaya ba" a cikin wasika a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1673, watanni uku kafin bikin auren da Claudia Felicitas ya faru. Ya yi imanin cewa za ta zama mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta mai kyau ga 'yarsa Maria Antonia daga aurensa na farko. Lalle ne, Claudia Felicitas nan da nan ta ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da 'yarta. An yi auren wakili a Innsbruck, kuma amarya ta sami sadaki na guilders 30,000. Daga nan sai, tare da mahaifiyarta da ƙungiyar, suka yi tafiya zuwa [[Graz]], inda aka shirya bikin auren hukuma. Ta hanyar umarnin sarki, Yarima Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg ne ke kula da bukukuwan. Sama da babban ƙofar a cikin sabon fadarsa da aka gina kuma mai ban sha'awa, inda ranar da ta gabata ta tsaya tare da magoya bayanta, ya ba da umarnin a rubuta rubutun a cikin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] "Long live Empress Claudia!" (Latin: ''Ave Claudia Imperatrix''). An gudanar da bikin ne a Cocin Graz a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1673, kuma bukukuwan wannan taron sun dauki makonni biyu. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, ma'auratan Imperial sun tashi daga Graz zuwa [[Vienna]]. An ce auren shekaru uku da rabi ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai, kuma a karkashin Claudia Felicitas an ruwaito tattalin arzikin kotu a mafi kyau. A lokacin da ta fara daukar ciki a shekara ta 1674, wani waka ya bayyana a Vienna yana kwatanta dangantakar kusa da ma'aurata na sarki, wanda aka rubuta a cikin gicciye bisa ga ka'idojin "Rösselsprung". Wataƙila ita ce rubuce-rubuce mafi tsufa na wannan nau'in kuma an karɓa sosai. Leopold ya ba da lada ga mawaki tare da ducat ga kowane sashi na waka. A lokacin aurenta, Claudia Felicitas ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, wadanda suka mutu tun suna yara: * Anna Maria Josepha Theresia Antonia Dominica Xaveria Dorothea (11 Satumba 1674 - 22 Disamba 1674), Archduchess na Austria . * Maria Josepha Clementina Anna Gabriella Antonia Franziska Dominica Theresia Eva Placidia (11 ga Oktoba 1675 - 11 ga Yuli 1676), Archduchess na Austria . <ref name="Berger" /> === Sarauniyar Romawa Mai Tsarki da Sarauniyar Jamus === Duk da gazawar samar da magajin namiji da ake bukata, Claudia Felicitas ta ji daɗin aure mai farin ciki kuma tana da tasiri sosai a kan mijinta. Ta sami murabus da gudun hijira na Minista Václav Eusebius František, Yarima na Lobkowicz, wanda ke adawa da aurenta da sarki kuma ya goyi bayan zaɓin Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene na Neuburg a matsayin sabuwar matar Leopold I lokacin da ya zama gwauruwa; wannan kuma ra'ayi ne na Dowager Empress Eleonora Gonzaga (mahaifiyar Leopold I), kuma saboda haka ita da Claudia Felicitas ba su da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Sarauniyar ta ja hankalin cin zarafin mijinta da kotun sarki, musamman a cikin gwamnati da shari'a. Don wannan dalili, a cikin 1674 ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo tare da ma'anar da ta dace. === Mutuwa === Claudia Felicitas ba zato ba tsammani ta mutu daga [[tarin fuka]] a [[Vienna]] a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1676, tana da shekaru 22, bayan haihuwar 'yarta ta biyu (kuma kawai ta tsira). An binne ta a cikin Cocin Dominican, kuma an sanya zuciyarta a cikin kwalba ta musamman kuma an sanya ta a cikin Imperial Crypt. Watanni uku bayan haka, 'yarta ta mutu, kuma a watan Satumba mahaifiyarta Dowager Countess of Tyrol ita ma ta mutu; an binne ta kusa da ita. Leopold na yi fushi sosai da rasuwar matarsa ta biyu. Ya yi ritaya zuwa wani gidan ibada kusa da Vienna don ya yi makoki game da sabon gwauruwarsa, amma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar saboda rashin magada maza an tilasta masa ya sake yin aure. Countess Palatine Eleonore Magdalene na Neuburg ta haifa masa 'ya'ya goma ciki har da sarakuna biyu na gaba, Joseph I da Charles VI. == Kakanninmu ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b51clmxjcfayomxqvf73tuw1hnbqoqk Ibrahim Aishat Bodunrin 0 161497 882315 2026-07-13T13:37:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ibrahim Aishat Bodunrin | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | office1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from [[Ilorin|Ilorin East Local Government]] | term_start2 = | term_end2 = 18 March 2019 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | constituency2 = Ilorin East | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|01|02|df=y}} | birth_place = Ilorin,Ilorin East Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Kwara State Polytechnic]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Ibrahim Aishat Bodunrin''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1965) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wadda aka haifa a [[Ilorin]], babban birnin [[Jihar Kwara]]. Ta kasance mamba a [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara]] ta 8, inda ta wakilci mazabar Ilorin ta Gabas a [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ibrahim Aishat Bodunrin |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ibrahim-aishat-bodunrin-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_KwaraAssemblyadvocateswidowswelfare |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[www.kwha.gov.ng](http://www.kwha.gov.ng)}}</ref> A lokacin da take mamba a majalisar dokokin jihar, ta dauki nauyin wani kudirin doka da ya nemi kafa **Ofishin Kula da Harkokin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa (Office for Disability Affairs)** domin inganta walwala da kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa a jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_peoplewithdisabilitiesbill2016 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[www.kwha.gov.ng](http://www.kwha.gov.ng)}}</ref> == Manazarta == d3oxxqfflnuxtr8xy2dvs2el4n0t4u8 Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu 0 161498 882323 2026-07-13T13:43:26Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Sokoto State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = Politician | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | constituency = [[Wurno]]/[[Rabah]] Federal Constituency, [[Sokoto State|Sokoto state]] | term_start = 2019 | term_end = 2027 | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] }} '''Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma mamba na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta [[Wurno]]/[[Rabah]], a [[Jihar Sokoto]], a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] tun daga shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/140?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ibrahim-almustapha-aliyu?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akintola |first=Kehinde |date=2023-05-31 |title=Reps receive report on fuel subsidy regime 11 months after referral |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/reps-receive-report-on-fuel-subsidy-regime-11-months-after-referral/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=1395 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=[www.constrack.ng](http://www.constrack.ng)}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4vnfyq72xlhf5mwh02ctm2vhyw696jv Yuri Dojc 0 161499 882325 2026-07-13T13:53:00Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362181333|Yuri Dojc]]" 882325 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yuri Dojc''' (/doy-dge; an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1946) ɗan Slovak-[[Kanada]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto mai kyau. Dojc a halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]], tare da aikin da aka nuna a duniya a ƙasashe kamar [[Brazil]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da kuma ko'ina cikin Kanada. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Dojc a [[Humenné]], [[Slovakia]]" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (yanzu gabashin Slovakia) kuma ya shafe yawancin ƙuruciyarsa a can. Mahaifinsa shugaban makarantar sakandare ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Daga baya iyalinsa suka koma Bratislava inda Dojc ya yi karatun injiniyan injiniya da ilimin halayyar dan adam a [[Comenius University|Jami'ar Comenius]] . A shekara ta 1968, a lokacin shirin musayar bazara a [[Landan]], Ingila, Warsaw Pact Invasion na Czechoslovakia ya mamaye garinsu kuma ya tilasta Dojc ya kasance a Burtaniya. Bisa ga shawarar mahaifinsa, ya koma [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] a shekara mai zuwa. An shigar da shi a Cibiyar Ryerson Polytechnical a shekarar 1972, biyo bayan tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa tare da dean a lokacin. Bayan ya shiga cikin juna a harabar, sai ya lura da harshen Slovakian na Dojc kuma ya nuna sha'awar asalinsa, sannan ya gayyace shi ya halarci Ryerson a matsayin dalibi na daukar hoto a Sashen Hotuna na Ryerson. Kafin kammala karatunsa a 1975, Dojc ya zama editan hoto na ɗaliban mako-mako EyeOpener, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eyeopener {{!}} Ryerson University's Independent Student Newspaper Since 1967 |url=https://theeyeopener.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110153412/https://theeyeopener.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-10 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=The Eyeopener |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki tare da Christie Blatchford, daga baya na National Post, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christie Blatchford |url=https://nationalpost.com/author/cblatchford/ |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=National Post |language=en-US}}</ref> mai ba da rahoto na CTV Paul Workman, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Chato. Dojc yanzu yana kiran Toronto garinsu, inda ya auri matarsa ta yanzu, Eva, a shekarar 1971. Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Farkon aiki (1975-2000) == Shekaru biyu na farko na Dojc a Toronto an yi amfani da su wajen yin ayyuka daban-daban kafin ya sami aikin mataimakin tare da Peter Croydon, mai daukar hoto na kasuwanci na Burtaniya, wanda ke aiki a fagen talla na Toronto a cikin shekarun 1970. Dojc ya shafe makonni biyu kawai tare da shi, yayin da ya gajiya da yanayin kasuwanci na aikin duk da jin daɗin hotunan Croydon. Dojc ya ci gaba da zama mai daukar hoto a wani kamfani na audiovisual, Avcov, yanzu ya rushe, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa aikin kansa kuma a ƙarshe ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da kuma bayan karatunsa, hotunan farko na Dojc sun bi tsarin daukar hoto na gargajiya. Ya bincika hotunan rayuwa, yana ɗaukar hotunan batutuwa masu ban sha'awa kamar ƙofofi, windows, kujeru da furanni kafin ya juya zuwa batutuwan ɗan adam, galibi mata. Shekaru na 1980 sun ga tsawo na kasuwancin hotunan, a lokacin da Dojc ya bunƙasa, yayi gwaji tare da surrealism a cikin hotuna godiya ga gabatar da shirye-shirye kamar Adobe Photoshop, wanda ya ba shi damar bincika dabarun haɗin dijital. Hotuna irin su Legs, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuri Dojc. Czechoslovakian. Legs Poster. |url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042815/https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=LiveAuctioneers |language=en-US}}</ref> keke da kujera wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukan Dojc ne. Hotunansa sun kuma bayyana a fim din Joel Schumacher, ''D.C. Cab'' (1983), da kuma tallace-tallace na kasuwanci ga kamfanoni kamar FedEx, [[Apple]], GM, Porsche, Canon, Club Med, da [[Panasonic]], don ambaci kaɗan. == Nudes (yana ci gaba) == Man Ray yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka sa Dojc ya yi wahayi yayin da yake kusantar karatunsa na tsirara. Nazarin tsirara na Dojc ya kasance a gefen gargajiya, tare da abubuwan gwaji na surrealism da collage. Tare da aikin talla a lokacin jami'a, Dojc ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar tarin sa na farko na tsirara wanda zai zama littafinsa na farko da aka buga, Marble Woman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marble Woman by Yuri Dojc |url=https://liss-gallery.shoplightspeed.com/marble-woman-by-yuri-dojc.html?source=facebook |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Liss Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Marble Woman an buga ta Firefly Books a 1993. Kwanan nan, Dojc yana gwaji tare da mafi ƙanƙanta, hanyoyin gwaji ga daukar hoto tsirara, yana mai da hankali kan hali fiye da kyau. == Shafin Ƙarshe (1997-2016) == Last Folio wani aiki ne mai girma wanda ya adana ƙwaƙwalwar al'adu na Holocaust a Slovakia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holocaust in Slovakia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216123328/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |archive-date=2017-12-16 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara ne lokacin da Dojc ya ɗauki hotunan tsoffin mayakan yaƙi na Slovakian na Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya ɗauki hotunan kusan 30 kuma ya tattara littattafai 80 daga babban tarin da aka samu a makarantar da aka watsar a yankin. An fara aikin ne saboda wani haɗuwa da dama a jana'izar mahaifin Dojc, lokacin da Ruzena Vajnorska, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tufts University Art Gallery Fall 2015 |url=http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222235/http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |website=artgallery.tufts.edu}}</ref> abokiyar iyali kuma wanda ya tsira daga kisan gilla, ya buƙaci ɗagawa daga jana'izar. A lokacin da suka hadu, Vajnorska ta raba tarihinta tare da Dojc, wanda ya haifar da rikici a cikin tarihin Holocaust a Slovakia. Tare da taimakon Vajnorska, tsoffin sojoji daga cikin al'umma sun taru don Dojc ya dauki hotuna, don haka ya fara tattara hotuna don "Last Folio". Wannan aikin ya kasance a karkashin kulawar Martin Butora, jakadan Ofishin Jakadancin Slovakia a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya ya zama mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga shugaban Slovakian. Yayin da aikin ya fadada, yana girma a cikin hotuna da kuma shiga cikin al'ummar Slovak, ya sami tallafi daga gwamnatin Slovak, da kuma Bertelsmann, godiya ga sha'awar musamman na shugaban lokacin, Thomas Rabe. A shekara ta 2005, Last Folio ya fadada daga aikin da ya danganci hoto don haɗawa da ɗan gajeren fim. Lokacin da Dojc ya sadu da Katya Krausova, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Description |url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043208/https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=Bertelsmann}}</ref> mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai shirya fina'a na Slovak, sun kafa haɗin gwiwa kuma sun samar da shirin minti 20 game da aikin. Dojc da Krausova sun yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba tare da ƙungiyar fim, suna yin fim a cikin ƙaramin garin Bardejov. Bayan shekara guda, yayin da Dojc ya ci gaba da daukar hotunan tsoffin sojan Slovakia, labarin ya yi tafiya, ya kai ga mutumin da ke kula da makarantar da aka watsar. Ya bukaci Dojc ya ziyarci sararin samaniya kuma ya binciki tarihin da aka adana. A can, Dojc ya gano littattafan addini da dalibai suka bari kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|WWII]], don haka ya fadada aikin don haɗawa da adana ba kawai tarihin mutum ba har ma da tarihin al'adu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cikakkun hotuna na waɗannan matani da aka adana sun zama wani ɓangare na dindindin na tarin Last Folio. == Arewa ita ce 'Yanci' (2016-ci gaba) == North Is Freedom wata takarda ce ta daukar hoto wacce ta haɗa da hotuna na zuriyar bayi waɗanda suka tsere zuwa Kanada daga Amurka kafin Yaƙin basasar Amurka ta amfani da [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] . Dojc ya fara daukar hotunan zuriya a Toronto kafin ya yi tafiya a kudancin Ontario, gami da Windsor da Amhersburg, da kuma fadada aikin don hada Halifax da Owen Sound. Dojc ya sami damar daukar hotunan mutane sama da 50, wanda ya isa ya cancanci Arewacin 'Yanci don baje kolin. An gudanar da baje kolin farko na Arewacin 'Yanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Designedge |title=Yuri Dojc's new POV in 'Last Folio' and 'North is Freedom' |url=http://designedgecanada.com/news/yuri-dojc-last-folio/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Designedge Canada |language=en-CA}}</ref> a cikin 2016 a Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada a Washington DC tare da tallafawa Bankin TD, Epson Kanada, da kuma Gwamnatin Kanada. Nunin ya kasance a can kafin ya koma Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ottawa, ON sannan kuma Gidan Tarihi na Grey Roots a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North is Freedom: The Legacy of the Underground Railroad {{!}} Grey Roots |url=https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140006/https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=greyroots.com}}</ref> An kuma gayyaci Dojc zuwa shafin Uncle Tom's Cabin a Dresden, ON don yin lacca game da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Emancipation Day in Dresden, Gala Days, Civic holiday hours |url=http://sydenhamcurrent.ca/2017/08/04/emancipation-day-in-dresden-gala-days-holiday-hours/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Wallaceburg News {{!}} Local news in Wallaceburg, Dresden and surrounding areas. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kj6io14lyyk5watnwachs8lw307r389 882327 882325 2026-07-13T13:54:10Z D son203 45710 882327 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yuri Dojc''' (/doy-dge; an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1946) ɗan Slovak-[[Kanada]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto mai kyau. Dojc a halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]], tare da aikin da aka nuna a duniya a ƙasashe kamar [[Brazil]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da kuma ko'ina cikin Kanada. {{Databox}} == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Dojc a [[Humenné]], [[Slovakia]]" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (yanzu gabashin Slovakia) kuma ya shafe yawancin ƙuruciyarsa a can. Mahaifinsa shugaban makarantar sakandare ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Daga baya iyalinsa suka koma Bratislava inda Dojc ya yi karatun injiniyan injiniya da ilimin halayyar dan adam a [[Comenius University|Jami'ar Comenius]] . A shekara ta 1968, a lokacin shirin musayar bazara a [[Landan]], Ingila, Warsaw Pact Invasion na Czechoslovakia ya mamaye garinsu kuma ya tilasta Dojc ya kasance a Burtaniya. Bisa ga shawarar mahaifinsa, ya koma [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] a shekara mai zuwa. An shigar da shi a Cibiyar Ryerson Polytechnical a shekarar 1972, biyo bayan tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa tare da dean a lokacin. Bayan ya shiga cikin juna a harabar, sai ya lura da harshen Slovakian na Dojc kuma ya nuna sha'awar asalinsa, sannan ya gayyace shi ya halarci Ryerson a matsayin dalibi na daukar hoto a Sashen Hotuna na Ryerson. Kafin kammala karatunsa a 1975, Dojc ya zama editan hoto na ɗaliban mako-mako EyeOpener, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eyeopener {{!}} Ryerson University's Independent Student Newspaper Since 1967 |url=https://theeyeopener.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110153412/https://theeyeopener.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-10 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=The Eyeopener |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki tare da Christie Blatchford, daga baya na National Post, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christie Blatchford |url=https://nationalpost.com/author/cblatchford/ |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=National Post |language=en-US}}</ref> mai ba da rahoto na CTV Paul Workman, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Chato. Dojc yanzu yana kiran Toronto garinsu, inda ya auri matarsa ta yanzu, Eva, a shekarar 1971. Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Farkon aiki (1975-2000) == Shekaru biyu na farko na Dojc a Toronto an yi amfani da su wajen yin ayyuka daban-daban kafin ya sami aikin mataimakin tare da Peter Croydon, mai daukar hoto na kasuwanci na Burtaniya, wanda ke aiki a fagen talla na Toronto a cikin shekarun 1970. Dojc ya shafe makonni biyu kawai tare da shi, yayin da ya gajiya da yanayin kasuwanci na aikin duk da jin daɗin hotunan Croydon. Dojc ya ci gaba da zama mai daukar hoto a wani kamfani na audiovisual, Avcov, yanzu ya rushe, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa aikin kansa kuma a ƙarshe ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da kuma bayan karatunsa, hotunan farko na Dojc sun bi tsarin daukar hoto na gargajiya. Ya bincika hotunan rayuwa, yana ɗaukar hotunan batutuwa masu ban sha'awa kamar ƙofofi, windows, kujeru da furanni kafin ya juya zuwa batutuwan ɗan adam, galibi mata. Shekaru na 1980 sun ga tsawo na kasuwancin hotunan, a lokacin da Dojc ya bunƙasa, yayi gwaji tare da surrealism a cikin hotuna godiya ga gabatar da shirye-shirye kamar Adobe Photoshop, wanda ya ba shi damar bincika dabarun haɗin dijital. Hotuna irin su Legs, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuri Dojc. Czechoslovakian. Legs Poster. |url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042815/https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=LiveAuctioneers |language=en-US}}</ref> keke da kujera wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukan Dojc ne. Hotunansa sun kuma bayyana a fim din Joel Schumacher, ''D.C. Cab'' (1983), da kuma tallace-tallace na kasuwanci ga kamfanoni kamar FedEx, [[Apple]], GM, Porsche, Canon, Club Med, da [[Panasonic]], don ambaci kaɗan. == Nudes (yana ci gaba) == Man Ray yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka sa Dojc ya yi wahayi yayin da yake kusantar karatunsa na tsirara. Nazarin tsirara na Dojc ya kasance a gefen gargajiya, tare da abubuwan gwaji na surrealism da collage. Tare da aikin talla a lokacin jami'a, Dojc ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar tarin sa na farko na tsirara wanda zai zama littafinsa na farko da aka buga, Marble Woman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marble Woman by Yuri Dojc |url=https://liss-gallery.shoplightspeed.com/marble-woman-by-yuri-dojc.html?source=facebook |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Liss Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Marble Woman an buga ta Firefly Books a 1993. Kwanan nan, Dojc yana gwaji tare da mafi ƙanƙanta, hanyoyin gwaji ga daukar hoto tsirara, yana mai da hankali kan hali fiye da kyau. == Shafin Ƙarshe (1997-2016) == Last Folio wani aiki ne mai girma wanda ya adana ƙwaƙwalwar al'adu na Holocaust a Slovakia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holocaust in Slovakia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216123328/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |archive-date=2017-12-16 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara ne lokacin da Dojc ya ɗauki hotunan tsoffin mayakan yaƙi na Slovakian na Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya ɗauki hotunan kusan 30 kuma ya tattara littattafai 80 daga babban tarin da aka samu a makarantar da aka watsar a yankin. An fara aikin ne saboda wani haɗuwa da dama a jana'izar mahaifin Dojc, lokacin da Ruzena Vajnorska, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tufts University Art Gallery Fall 2015 |url=http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222235/http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |website=artgallery.tufts.edu}}</ref> abokiyar iyali kuma wanda ya tsira daga kisan gilla, ya buƙaci ɗagawa daga jana'izar. A lokacin da suka hadu, Vajnorska ta raba tarihinta tare da Dojc, wanda ya haifar da rikici a cikin tarihin Holocaust a Slovakia. Tare da taimakon Vajnorska, tsoffin sojoji daga cikin al'umma sun taru don Dojc ya dauki hotuna, don haka ya fara tattara hotuna don "Last Folio". Wannan aikin ya kasance a karkashin kulawar Martin Butora, jakadan Ofishin Jakadancin Slovakia a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya ya zama mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga shugaban Slovakian. Yayin da aikin ya fadada, yana girma a cikin hotuna da kuma shiga cikin al'ummar Slovak, ya sami tallafi daga gwamnatin Slovak, da kuma Bertelsmann, godiya ga sha'awar musamman na shugaban lokacin, Thomas Rabe. A shekara ta 2005, Last Folio ya fadada daga aikin da ya danganci hoto don haɗawa da ɗan gajeren fim. Lokacin da Dojc ya sadu da Katya Krausova, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Description |url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043208/https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=Bertelsmann}}</ref> mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai shirya fina'a na Slovak, sun kafa haɗin gwiwa kuma sun samar da shirin minti 20 game da aikin. Dojc da Krausova sun yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba tare da ƙungiyar fim, suna yin fim a cikin ƙaramin garin Bardejov. Bayan shekara guda, yayin da Dojc ya ci gaba da daukar hotunan tsoffin sojan Slovakia, labarin ya yi tafiya, ya kai ga mutumin da ke kula da makarantar da aka watsar. Ya bukaci Dojc ya ziyarci sararin samaniya kuma ya binciki tarihin da aka adana. A can, Dojc ya gano littattafan addini da dalibai suka bari kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|WWII]], don haka ya fadada aikin don haɗawa da adana ba kawai tarihin mutum ba har ma da tarihin al'adu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cikakkun hotuna na waɗannan matani da aka adana sun zama wani ɓangare na dindindin na tarin Last Folio. == Arewa ita ce 'Yanci' (2016-ci gaba) == North Is Freedom wata takarda ce ta daukar hoto wacce ta haɗa da hotuna na zuriyar bayi waɗanda suka tsere zuwa Kanada daga Amurka kafin Yaƙin basasar Amurka ta amfani da [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] . Dojc ya fara daukar hotunan zuriya a Toronto kafin ya yi tafiya a kudancin Ontario, gami da Windsor da Amhersburg, da kuma fadada aikin don hada Halifax da Owen Sound. Dojc ya sami damar daukar hotunan mutane sama da 50, wanda ya isa ya cancanci Arewacin 'Yanci don baje kolin. An gudanar da baje kolin farko na Arewacin 'Yanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Designedge |title=Yuri Dojc's new POV in 'Last Folio' and 'North is Freedom' |url=http://designedgecanada.com/news/yuri-dojc-last-folio/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Designedge Canada |language=en-CA}}</ref> a cikin 2016 a Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada a Washington DC tare da tallafawa Bankin TD, Epson Kanada, da kuma Gwamnatin Kanada. Nunin ya kasance a can kafin ya koma Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ottawa, ON sannan kuma Gidan Tarihi na Grey Roots a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North is Freedom: The Legacy of the Underground Railroad {{!}} Grey Roots |url=https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140006/https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=greyroots.com}}</ref> An kuma gayyaci Dojc zuwa shafin Uncle Tom's Cabin a Dresden, ON don yin lacca game da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Emancipation Day in Dresden, Gala Days, Civic holiday hours |url=http://sydenhamcurrent.ca/2017/08/04/emancipation-day-in-dresden-gala-days-holiday-hours/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Wallaceburg News {{!}} Local news in Wallaceburg, Dresden and surrounding areas. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7vnluvknc3whwwv92njitwdwajxew9c Ifeatu Chinedu Onejeme 0 161500 882331 2026-07-13T14:08:51Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ifeatu Chinedu Onejeme | office = Commissioner for Finance | predecessor = Himself (under previous administration) | successor = Chiamaka Nnake (acting) | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 14 September 2023 | governor = [[Chukwuma Soludo]] | governor2 = [[Willie Obiano]] | office2 = Commissioner for Finance | term_start2 = 2014 | term_end2 = 2022 | citizenship = [[Nigeria]] | alma_mater = [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] | occupation = Accountant, banker, public administrator | profession = Chartered accountant | honorific_prefix = Hon. }} '''Ifeatu Chinedu Onejeme''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ƙwararren jami'in kula da harkokin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. Ya taba rike mukamin Kwamishinan Kuɗi na [[Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilozue |first=Chukwujekwu |date=2023-09-16 |title=Mass Resignation In Anambra Exco As Another Commissioner Bows Out |url=https://independent.ng/mass-resignation-in-anambra-exco-as-another-commissioner-bows-out/ |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kasance mamba a [[Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Anambra]] a ƙarƙashin gwamnoni [[Willie Obiano]] da [[Charles Soludo|Chukwuma Soludo]], inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da harkokin kuɗi da kasafin kuɗin jihar tsawon shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ovat |first=Michael |date=2023-09-19 |title=My resignation voluntary, no rift with Gov Soludo — Ex-finance commissioner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/my-resignation-voluntary-no-rift-with-gov-soludo-ex-finance-commissioner/ |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Aiki == Onejeme ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi a gwamnatin Gwamna [[Willie Obiano]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chinagorom |first=Ugwu |date=September 16, 2023 |title=Soludo speaks on report of 'forced resignation' of finance commissioner |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/626137-soludo-speaks-on-report-of-forced-resignation-of-finance-commissioner. |access-date=2026-06-17 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Bayan rantsar da Gwamna [[Charles Soludo|Chukwuma Soludo]] a shekarar 2022, an sake naɗa shi a wannan mukami, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar harkokin kuɗi da manufofin tattalin arzikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/amp/ |work=Vanguard |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> A lokacin da yake kan mukamin, Onejeme ya kasance mai kula da tsara manufofin kuɗi, [[kasafin kuɗi]], da gudanar da hanyoyin tara kuɗaɗen shiga na [[Jihar Anambra]]. Ya kasance yana bayyana matsayinsa kan batutuwan da suka shafi kuɗaɗen gwamnati da bunƙasa tattalin arziki. A shekarar 2022, ya jaddada muhimmancin ƙara kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida (IGR) tare da dakile asarar kuɗaɗen shiga domin ƙarfafa ƙarfin kuɗin jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leakages responsible for Anambra's poor IGR, says commissioner |url=https://punchng.com/leakages-responsible-for-anambras-poor-igr-says-commissioner/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=9 July 2022}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Onejeme ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na Kwamishinan Kuɗi. Gwamna [[Charles Soludo|Chukwuma Soludo]] ya amince da murabus ɗin tare da yaba masa kan gudummawar da ya bayar ga jihar, yana mai cewa ya shafe kusan shekaru tara da rabi yana riƙe da wannan mukami a gwamnatoci biyu masu bi da juna.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anambra finance commissioner resigns |url=https://punchng.com/anambra-finance-commissioner-resigns/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Soludo accepts Onejeme's resignation as Anambra Commissioner for Finance |url=https://www.anambradaily.com/2023/09/15/soludo-accepts-onejemes-resignation-as-anambra-commissioner-for-finance/ |work=Anambra Daily |date=15 September 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == cvd9yrknoxfm349pvqucex12pt6v46h Kwuanyindong 0 161501 882338 2026-07-13T14:14:41Z Muplan 46437 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264126313|Guanyindong]]" 882338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwuanyindong''' (Sinanci: 观音洞; :pinyin:Guānyīndòng) ko '''kogon Kwuanyin''' wani wuri ne na Palaeolithic, wanda masanin binciken kayan tarihi [[:en:Pei_Wenzhong|Pei Wenzhong]] ya gano a 1964 a cikin Kwianxi County, [[Guizhou]], Sina. A lokacin haƙa kayan tarihi da dama a shekarun 1960 da 1970, an tattara mafi yawan abubuwan da suka rage daga ƙofar kogo. An ciro kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kayan tarihi daga saman Layer wanda ake kira "Layer 2" ko "Rukunin A" ta hannun masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Farfesa Li Yanxian, sauran kuma an yi su ne daga ƙananan Layers - "Layer 4-8" ko "Rukunin B". A cewar Mataimakin Farfesa Bo Li, baya ga wasu ƙurajen da ba na Levallois ba, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun binciki kayan tarihi sama da 2000 na dutse daga Guanyindong kuma sun nuna shaidar ra'ayoyin Levallois akan samfura 45 (gami da ƙwayaye, ƙuraje da kayan aiki).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marwick |first=Ben |last2=Li |first2=Bo |last3=Yue |first3=Hu |title=New dates for ancient stone tools in China point to local invention of complex technology |url=http://theconversation.com/new-dates-for-ancient-stone-tools-in-china-point-to-local-invention-of-complex-technology-106914 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barras |first=Colin |title=Complex stone tools in China may re-write our species' ancient history |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2185956-complex-stone-tools-in-china-may-re-write-our-species-ancient-history/ |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi shaidar farko na kayan tarihi na dutse da aka yi ta amfani da fasahar Levallois a kasar Sina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yue |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Jia-Fu |last4=Rui |first4=Xue |last5=Hou |first5=Ya-Mei |last6=Yue |first6=Jian-Ping |last7=Chen |first7=Wen-Rong |last8=Huang |first8=Wei-Wen |last9=Li |first9=Bo |date=19 November 2018 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China |journal=Nature |volume=565 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1 |pmid=30455423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yue |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Jia-Fu |last4=Rui |first4=Xue |last5=Hou |first5=Ya-Mei |last6=Yue |first6=Jian-Ping |last7=Chen |first7=Wen-Rong |last8=Huang |first8=Wei-Wen |last9=Li |first9=Bo |date=21 November 2019 |title=Robust technological readings identify integrated structures typical of the Levallois concept in Guanyindong Cave, South China |journal=National Science Review |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz192 |pmc=8291575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Jami'ar Wollongong ta sanar da gano wadannan duwatsu da aka rubuta kimanin shekaru 170,000-80,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Community |first=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution |date=2018-11-19 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in Southwest China |url=https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/41156-late-middle-pleistocene-levallois-stone-tool-technology-in-southwest-china |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Feng |last2=Boëda |first2=Eric |last3=Li |first3=Yinghua |date=2019 |title=A refutation of reported Levallois technology from Guanyindong Cave in south China |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/6/6/1094/5549055 |journal=National Science Review |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1094-1096 |via=}}</ref> Shafin ya kasance a cikin [[:en:List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Guizhou|Jerin Manyan Tarihi da Al'adu na Kasa a Qiuichau]] Kwianxi Kwuanyin dong yizhi tun shekara ta 2001. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}rgrher{{Prehistoric caves}}hththgfgggd 5wn8r4ha281unwr118zel8h47bjeq5j 882339 882338 2026-07-13T14:15:01Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 882339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwuanyindong''' (Sinanci: 观音洞; :pinyin:Guānyīndòng) ko '''kogon Kwuanyin''' wani wuri ne na Palaeolithic, wanda masanin binciken kayan tarihi [[:en:Pei_Wenzhong|Pei Wenzhong]] ya gano a 1964 a cikin Kwianxi County, [[Guizhou]], Sina. A lokacin haƙa kayan tarihi da dama a shekarun 1960 da 1970, an tattara mafi yawan abubuwan da suka rage daga ƙofar kogo. An ciro kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kayan tarihi daga saman Layer wanda ake kira "Layer 2" ko "Rukunin A" ta hannun masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Farfesa Li Yanxian, sauran kuma an yi su ne daga ƙananan Layers - "Layer 4-8" ko "Rukunin B". A cewar Mataimakin Farfesa Bo Li, baya ga wasu ƙurajen da ba na Levallois ba, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun binciki kayan tarihi sama da 2000 na dutse daga Guanyindong kuma sun nuna shaidar ra'ayoyin Levallois akan samfura 45 (gami da ƙwayaye, ƙuraje da kayan aiki).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marwick |first=Ben |last2=Li |first2=Bo |last3=Yue |first3=Hu |title=New dates for ancient stone tools in China point to local invention of complex technology |url=http://theconversation.com/new-dates-for-ancient-stone-tools-in-china-point-to-local-invention-of-complex-technology-106914 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barras |first=Colin |title=Complex stone tools in China may re-write our species' ancient history |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2185956-complex-stone-tools-in-china-may-re-write-our-species-ancient-history/ |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi shaidar farko na kayan tarihi na dutse da aka yi ta amfani da fasahar Levallois a kasar Sina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yue |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Jia-Fu |last4=Rui |first4=Xue |last5=Hou |first5=Ya-Mei |last6=Yue |first6=Jian-Ping |last7=Chen |first7=Wen-Rong |last8=Huang |first8=Wei-Wen |last9=Li |first9=Bo |date=19 November 2018 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China |journal=Nature |volume=565 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1 |pmid=30455423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yue |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Jia-Fu |last4=Rui |first4=Xue |last5=Hou |first5=Ya-Mei |last6=Yue |first6=Jian-Ping |last7=Chen |first7=Wen-Rong |last8=Huang |first8=Wei-Wen |last9=Li |first9=Bo |date=21 November 2019 |title=Robust technological readings identify integrated structures typical of the Levallois concept in Guanyindong Cave, South China |journal=National Science Review |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz192 |pmc=8291575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Jami'ar Wollongong ta sanar da gano wadannan duwatsu da aka rubuta kimanin shekaru 170,000-80,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Community |first=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution |date=2018-11-19 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in Southwest China |url=https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/41156-late-middle-pleistocene-levallois-stone-tool-technology-in-southwest-china |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Feng |last2=Boëda |first2=Eric |last3=Li |first3=Yinghua |date=2019 |title=A refutation of reported Levallois technology from Guanyindong Cave in south China |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/6/6/1094/5549055 |journal=National Science Review |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1094-1096 |via=}}</ref> Shafin ya kasance a cikin [[:en:List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Guizhou|Jerin Manyan Tarihi da Al'adu na Kasa a Qiuichau]] Kwianxi Kwuanyin dong yizhi tun shekara ta 2001. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}rgrher{{Prehistoric caves}}hththgfgggd 6c646udljl6kb4l92cfmrbcfrdgj7pg Ignatius Olisemeka 0 161502 882340 2026-07-13T14:16:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ignatius Olisemeka | image_size = | caption = | office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nigeria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] | term_start1 = 1998 | term_end1 = 1999 | predecessor1 = [[Tom Ikimi]] | successor1 = [[Sule Lamido]] | alma_mater = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1932|03|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | father = Oba Nduka Olisemeka }} '''Ignatius Chukuemeka Olisemeka''' {{Audio|Ig-Ignatius Chukuemeka Olisemeka.ogg|Listen|help=no}} (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1932) jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya]].<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/1998/10/15/waking-from-a-nightmare Waking from a nightmare]</ref> An haifi Olisemeka a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1932. Mahaifinsa shi ne Oba Nduka Olisemeka. Daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981, ya kasance jakadan Najeriya a [[Madrid]], tare da wakiltar Najeriya a lokaci guda a [[Holy See]]Daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1987, ya kasance jakadan Najeriya a [[Washington D. C.|Washington, D.C.]], sannan kuma Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya a [[Ottawa]]. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1998, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Najeriya a [[Tel Aviv]]. ==Manazarta== tkg7udlt2f9jvsqjw8turixqb6bp31t Self Esteem 0 161503 882372 2026-07-13T14:51:06Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361816317|Self Esteem (musician)]]" 882372 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Rebecca Lucy Taylor''' (an haife ta a 15 ga Oktoba 1986), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Lucy taylor |url=https://twitter.com/SELFESTEEM___/status/1581239504169758721 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=twitter.com}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da Self Esteem, mawaƙiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ingila. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=7 June 2019 |title=Self Esteem is better off on her own |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-48369910 |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Da farko an san ta da rabi na [[Slow Club|Kungiyar Slow Club]], ta ƙaddamar da aikin solo a matsayin Self Esteem tare da ɗayan "Matarka" a cikin 2017, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan kundin studio Compliments Please a cikin 2019, Priority Pleasure a cikin 2021 da A Complicated Woman a cikin 2025. Mai kida da yawa, mai murya, marubucin waƙa da kuma mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo, ta lashe lambar yabo ta BBC Music Introducing Artist of the Year ta 2021 kuma ta sami gabatarwa don [[Mercury Prize|Kyautar Mercury]] a 2022 tare da Prioritise Pleasure . A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Taylor ta yi aiki a kan mataki kuma ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar I Hate Suzie da Smothered . Daga Satumba 2023 zuwa Maris 2024 ta taka rawar Sally Bowles a cikin West End samar da ''Cabaret'', kuma a halin yanzu tana fitowa a cikin farfadowar West End na Teeth 'n' Smiles . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Taylor kuma ta girma a Rotherham, Ingila. Mahaifinta mai ba da shawara ne game da kiwon lafiya da tsaro kuma mai son kiɗa a cikin ƙungiyar, <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Stuart |date=29 November 2018 |title=Interview: Self Esteem |url=https://www.strongisland.co/2018/11/29/interview-self-esteem/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Strong Island}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta sakatariya ce. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wales a Rotherham inda ta yaba wa malamin kiɗa Antony Wright tare da koya mata waka. Babban sha'awarta tun tana yarinya shine kiɗa, rawa <ref name=":12" /> da [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] kuma ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mafi kyawun mawaƙa" yayin da take makaranta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Maggie |title="I'm pretty f***ing selfish. I do it for myself.": An interview with Self Esteem |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/music/22150 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Varsity Online}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=El |date=20 August 2021 |title=Self Esteem: "I want to use the palatable nature of pop to Trojan horse in my agenda" |url=https://www.nme.com/big-reads/self-esteem-cover-interview-2021-rebecca-taylor-prioritise-pleasure-3024342 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=The importance of Self Esteem |url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/theredbulletin/self-esteem-music-rebecca-lucy-taylor-interview |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Red Bull}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 2006-2017: aikin kiɗa kafin Girmama kai === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Taylor a baya ta kasance memba na duo na Slow Club, wanda aka kafa a [[Sheffield]] a shekara ta 2006. Kungiyar ta kunshi masu kida da yawa Charles Watson da Taylor, tare da Watson a kan piano, Taylor a kan drum, kuma duka suna yin katako da murya. Kungiyar ta dakatar da aiki a cikin 2017, biyo bayan yawon shakatawa mai zurfi don tallafawa kundi na karshe, saboda bambancin sha'awar kiɗa da Taylor yana jin ba a cika shi ba. <ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Taylor|first=Rebecca Lucy|user=SELFESTEEM___|date=5 September 2018|title=@robfuller91 Both doing solo stuff for a bit|access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Noisey2019">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Daisy |date=14 January 2019 |title=Self Esteem and I Cheered Each Other Up at Winter Wonderland |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/self-esteem-rebecca-taylor-interview-2019-first-date/ |website=Noisey}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na karshe na Slow Club a cikin hunturu na 2016, da rashin gamsuwa da rashin farin ciki na Taylor tare da ƙungiyar, an kama su a cikin shirin Our Most Brilliant Friends, wanda Piers Dennis ya jagoranta kuma aka saki a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Piers |date=2 November 2018 |title=Our Most Brilliant Friends |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10360970/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |access-date=4 February 2023 |publisher=Riff Raff Films |type=Documentary}}</ref> === 2015-2020: Bayyanar Girman Kai da Yabo Don Allah''Yabo da fatan alheri'' === Taylor ya fara sanya zane-zane da gajerun bayanai a kan [[Instagram]] a karkashin sunan Self Esteem a cikin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM on Instagram: "Look out fuckers I'm coming for you. Thanks @lucyneedsofficial #selfesteem" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/yPsTyoOThE/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Instagram}}</ref> Kafin ta saki kiɗa a ƙarƙashin sunan, ta yi amfani da Self Esteem don ayyukan fasaha da yawa ciki har da nune-nunen zane-zane da bugawa, da gajeren fina-finai. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM – SELF ESTEEM added a new photo. |url=https://www.facebook.com/RLTSELFESTEEM/photos/a.1592265354126232/1795656080453824/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chindit Courting from Rebecca Lucy Taylor on Vimeo |url=https://player.vimeo.com/video/86772060 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=player.vimeo.com}}</ref> Da take magana game da sunanta na mataki, Taylor ta ce ta yanke shawarar sunan kusan shekaru shida kafin ta fara amfani da shi, kuma cewa "Ina so in kira shi Sex Appeal ko Self Stem ... 'saboda sunayen ƙungiyar ba su da kyau, kamar, babu masu kyau. Amma tabbas ya kamata in kira shi Rebecca Lucy Taylor".<ref name=":3" /> Babban magoya bayan Sarauniya, ta kafa tambarin ta a kan sa hannun [[Freddie Mercury]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2021 |title=Elis James & John Robins BBC Radio 5 Show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0010034 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Taylor ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da amincewa don bin aikin solo bayan kallon RuPaul's Drag Race - "wannan duk halin da ba a jin kunyar kasancewa da tabbaci ko haske". Ta yaba wa Jamie T da ƙarfafa ta ta ta saki kiɗanta bayan ta raba wasu ayyukanta na farko tare da shi; kundin sa na 2016 Trick ya <nowiki><i id="mwrw">Ƙarya</i></nowiki> da waƙar da ake kira "Self Esteem".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM – SELF ESTEEM added a new photo. |url=https://www.facebook.com/RLTSELFESTEEM/photos/a.1592265354126232/1795656080453824/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Facebook.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.facebook.com/RLTSELFESTEEM/photos/a.1592265354126232/1795656080453824/ "SELF ESTEEM – SELF ESTEEM added a new photo"]. ''Facebook.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Taylor ta fitar da kiɗanta ta farko a ƙarƙashin sunan girmama kai, "Matarka", a watan Satumbar 2017, tare da "OMG" a matsayin B-gefe. An saki waƙar a kan Kick + Clap, lakabin da memba na Django Django Dave MacLean ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=17 October 2014 |title=Django Django's Dave MacLean Launches New Label |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/django-djangos-dave-maclean-launches-new-label |access-date=20 March 2019 |website=Clash Magazine}}</ref> Nunin ta na farko a matsayin Self Esteem ya kasance a watan Oktoba 2017 a Margate Arts Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM – MY FIRST LIVE SHOW IS TOMORROW IN MARGATE {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/RLTSELFESTEEM/photos/a.1592265354126232/1857399257612839/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Facebook.com}}</ref> Taylor ya ci gaba da nunawa a kan waƙar Django Django "Surface to Air", wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin ƙungiyar na 2018 Marble Skies . An rubuta waƙoƙi don kundi na farko na Self Esteem Compliments Please daga Janairu zuwa Satumba 2018, kuma Taylor ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar solo tare da Fiction Records a watan Afrilu na 2018. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SELFESTEEM___|title=Last night I signed a deal with @FictionRecords as a solo lady. I am very happy and excited. And hungover. https://t.co/SHIyBQP1Jr|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> A lokacin rikodin ta taka leda kai tsaye a Latitude, Tramlines da kuma wasan kwaikwayo da aka sayar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Omeara a London, sannan ya biyo bayan yawon shakatawa na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] takwas a cikin kaka na 2018. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SELFESTEEM___|title=Baby just let in your truth. https://t.co/bn0b4oLlzm|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SELFESTEEM___|title=DOING SMALL TOUR ideally won't be this cheap to see me for much longer lads so come to this ! https://t.co/ZKx3uIy0nN https://t.co/h2fsPr1cpG|access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> An saki na farko "Wrestling" a watan Yulin 2018 sannan "Rollout" a watan Satumbar 2018, "The Best" a watan Janairun 2019 da "Girl Crush" a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=self esteem {{!}} Dork |url=https://readdork.com/search/self+esteem/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Readdork.com}}</ref> An saki yabo Don Allah a ranar 1 ga Maris 2019 a kan Fiction Records . An karbe shi da kyau, tare da matsakaicin darajar 80/100 bisa ga Metacritic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compliments Please by Self Esteem |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/compliments-please/self-esteem |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An saki wani nau'i mai daraja a watan Oktoba na 2019 tare da ƙarin waƙar "Rooms".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self Esteem unveils new track "Rooms" from deluxe edition of debut album |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/self-esteem-unveils-new-track-rooms-from-deluxe-edition-of-debut-album |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 Self Esteem ya kammala yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya na kwanaki 11 don tallafawa sakin kundin kuma ya buga a bukukuwan Burtaniya ciki har da Glastonbury, British Summer Time da Latitude. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SELFESTEEM___|title=Tickets to see me live in March are guaranteed to be the coolest most innovative gift for your friend or family member this Christmas. https://t.co/Qu5KlIshr1 https://t.co/0daLukV1jf|access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM Gigography, Tour History & Past Concerts |url=https://www.songkick.com/artists/9686864-self-esteem/gigography |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=Songkick.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glastonbury Festival – 2019 |url=https://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/line-up/line-up-2019/ |access-date=7 November 2021 |website=Glastonbury Festival – 21st–25 June 2017}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 ta fitar da wata waka mai zaman kanta, "Duk abin da nake so don Kirsimeti shine imel ɗin aiki", wanda aka rubuta a Abbey Road Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Self Esteem has released a brand new festive track, 'All I Want For Christmas Is A Work Email' {{!}} Dork |url=https://readdork.com/news/self-esteem-has-released-a-brand-new-festive-track-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-a-work-email/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Readdork.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2020, Self Esteem ta fitar da Cuddles Please EP, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Self Esteem announces new 'Cuddles Please' EP |url=https://diymag.com/news/self-esteem-cuddles-please-ep-announcement-listen-favourite-problem |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=DIY}}</ref> tare da sassan waƙoƙi daga Compliments Please - "Matsalar da aka fi so", "Mafi Kyau" da "A Lokaci" - tare da murfin "Miami Memory" na Alex Cameron. EP ɗin yana da muryoyin Neighbourhood Voices, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta [[Sheffield]]. A farkon watanni na annobar COVID-19 a cikin 2020 ta shirya bikin mata na kan layi, Pxssy Pandemique, don tara kuɗi don Taimako na Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Self Esteem kicks off her second online festival PXSSY PANDEMIQUE today {{!}} Dork |url=https://readdork.com/news/self-esteem-kicks-off-her-second-online-festival-pxssy-pandemique-today/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Readdork.com}}</ref> === 2021-2023: Ka fi dacewa da jin daɗi''Ka fi son Nishaɗi'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Yawancin kundin Self Esteem na biyu an rubuta shi kafin annobar COVID-19 wanda ya haifar da ƙuntatawa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Burtaniya daga Maris 2020 zuwa gaba. Wadannan ƙuntatawa sun jinkirta rikodin da saki. An rubuta rikodin tare, an rubuta shi kuma an samar da shi tare da Johan Hugo Karlberg, mai gabatarwa wanda kuma ya yi aiki a kan Compliments Please .''Yabo da fatan alheri.'' An saki na farko daga cikin kundin, "Ina yin wannan duk lokacin" a watan Afrilun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Will |date=28 April 2021 |title=Self Esteem returns with powerful new song 'I Do This All The Time' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-returns-with-powerful-new-song-i-do-this-all-the-time-2929679 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> Magana mai yawa, kuma saboda haka idan aka kwatanta da Baz Luhrmann's "Kowane mutum yana da 'yanci (To Wear Sunscreen) ", Taylor ya ce "Na shiga wannan ɗakin karatu a Sheffield kawai don gwaji, kuma na ƙare da gina waƙar goyon baya, kuma kawai na karanta bayanan iPhone na a jere".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=El |date=20 August 2021 |title=On the Cover - Self Esteem: "I want to use the palatable nature of pop to Trojan horse in my agenda" |url=https://www.nme.com/big-reads/self-esteem-cover-interview-2021-rebecca-taylor-prioritise-pleasure-3024342 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Start showing off: in conversation with Self Esteem |url=https://www.loudandquiet.com/interview/start-showing-off-in-conversation-with-self-esteem/ |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Loud And Quiet}}</ref> Ɗaya ya kasance babbar nasara da cinikayya, kuma Tracey Thorn da Jack Antonoff sun yaba da shi. Ya wakilci ci gaban masana'antar kiɗa na farko na Taylor. A cikin wata hira ta 2021 ta ce ta riga ta yi ƙarya game da shekarunta kuma ta ce tana da shekaru 25, kuma ya ɗauki ta "na ɗan lokaci don yin alfahari" da shiga cikin masana'antar a cikin shekaru talatin.<ref name="auto" /> A watan Yulin, ta fitar da waƙar taken kuma ta sanar da cewa rikodin, Prioritise Pleasure, zai dace da yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam |date=8 July 2021 |title=Self Esteem announces new album 'Prioritise Pleasure' and shares title track |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-announces-new-album-prioritise-pleasure-and-shares-title-track-2988522 |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> A watan Agusta, Self Esteem ya fitar da na uku, "Yaya zan iya taimaka maka".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lavin |first=Will |date=23 August 2021 |title=Self Esteem takes aim at the objectification of women on new single 'How Can I Help You' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-takes-aim-objectification-women-new-single-how-can-i-help-you-3026854 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> Taylor ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa ga waɗancan mutane, yana yin fim din duka uku a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida . <ref name=":0" /> A watan Satumba, an saki "Moody".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam |date=16 September 2021 |title=Self Esteem shares new single 'Moody' and announces 2022 UK tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-shares-new-single-moody-and-announces-2022-uk-tour-3047288 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> Louise Bhose ce ta ba da umarnin bidiyon "Moody" kuma tana nuna ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alistair Green tare da Taylor . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam |date=13 October 2021 |title=Self Esteem shares new video for 'Moody' featuring Alistair Green |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-shares-new-video-for-moody-featuring-alistair-green-3069366 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> A watan Oktoba, Self Esteem ya fitar da "You Forever", na karshe da ya gabata kafin kundin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Arusa |date=20 October 2021 |title=Self Esteem shares empowering new track, 'You Forever' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/self-esteem-shares-empowering-new-track-you-forever-3075050 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> An saki Prioritise Pleasure a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2021. Yawon shakatawa na UK Self Esteem ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2021 a [[Edinburgh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SELF ESTEEM Gigography, Tour History & Past Concerts |url=https://www.songkick.com/artists/9686864-self-esteem/gigography |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=Songkick.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.songkick.com/artists/9686864-self-esteem/gigography "SELF ESTEEM Gigography, Tour History & Past Concerts"]. ''Songkick.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''The Sunday Times'' and ''Gigwise'' ranked ''Prioritise Pleasure'' as the best album of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gigwise 51 Best Albums of 2021 |url=https://www.gigwise.com/features/3413487/the-gigwise-51-best-albums-of-2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=Gigwise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaumont-Thomas |first=Ben |last2=Snapes |first2=Laura |date=17 December 2021 |title=The 50 best albums of 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/30/the-50-best-albums-of-2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> ''NME'' ranked the album as the fourth best of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=The 50 best albums of 2021 |url=https://www.nme.com/big-reads/nme-best-albums-of-the-year-2021-3114833 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' named "I Do This All The Time" as the best song of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaumont-Thomas |first=Ben |last2=Snapes |first2=Laura |date=29 November 2021 |title=The 20 best songs of 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/29/the-20-best-songs-of-2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] skewk4z1p9mqud8vbpgpkzawez2rgp7 Budapesti VSC 0 161504 882382 2026-07-13T15:33:24Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357102979|Budapesti VSC]]" 882382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=BVSC-Zugló|image=BVSC-Zugló.svg|upright=0.6|fullname=Budapesti Vasutas Sport Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület|short name=BVSC-Zugló|founded={{start date and age |1911}}|website=http://www.bvsc.hu/|ground=[[Szőnyi úti Stadion]], [[Budapest]]|capacity=12,000|owner=[[Kristóf Szatmáry]]|manager=[[József Csábi]]|coach=|league=[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]|season=[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]]|position=NB II, 7th of 16|pattern_la2=|pattern_ra2=|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes|pattern_sh1=_yellow_stripes_adidas|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000ff|body1=0000ff|rightarm1=0000ff|shorts1=0000ff|socks1=0000ff|body2=FFFF00|leftarm2=FFFF00|rightarm2=FFFF00|shorts2=FFFF00|socks2=FFFF00|pattern_b2=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_sh2=_blue_stripes_adidas|pattern_so1=_color_3_stripes_yellow|pattern_so2=_color_3_stripes_blue}}{{Updated|20 February 2026}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |BVSC-Zugló | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:BVSC-Zugló.svg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Cikakken suna | class="infobox-data" |Budapesti Vasutas Wasanni Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Sunan gajeren lokaci | class="infobox-data nickname" |BVSC-Zugló |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1911<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 115 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙasa | class="infobox-data label" |[[Szőnyi úti Stadion|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]], [[Budapest]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |12,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Mai shi | class="infobox-data" |[[Kristóf Szatmáry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Manajan | class="infobox-data agent" |[[József Csábi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]] | class="infobox-data" |NB II, 7th na 16 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.bvsc.hu/ |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;" | {| role="presentation" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_yellow_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_yellow.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Kit (association football)|Launuka na gida]]'''</div></div> | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_blue_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_blue.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Away colours|Launuka masu nisa]]'''</div></div> |} |} {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref>[[Budapest]] Vasutas Sport Club-Zugló wanda aka fi sani da BVSC-Zugró kungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Zugló, Budapest, Hungary, wacce ke fafatawa a Nemzeti Bajnokság II . An kafa kulob din ne a shekarar 1911. Sashe na [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ya rufe a shekara ta 2001, amma yanzu ya sake buɗewa, yayin da wasu sassan da har yanzu ke aiki sune wasan Tennis na tebur, kokawa, polo na ruwa. Sashen wasan tennis na tebur ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1980 da kuma gasar zakarun kasa da yawa.Za'a iya bayyana '''Ƙarfafa mata''' (ko '''Ƙarfafa mata''') ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da karɓar ra'ayoyin mata, yin ƙoƙari don neman su da haɓaka matsayin mata ta hanyar [[karantarwa|ilimi]], wayar da kan jama'a, daidaito a cikin al'umma, ingantaccen rayuwa da horo.<ref name=":622">{{Cite journal |last=Mosedale |first=Sarah |date=2005-03-01 |title=Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework |journal=Journal of International Development |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/jid.1212 |issn=1099-1328}}</ref><ref name="Bayeh2017">{{Cite journal |last=Bayeh |first=Endalcachew |date=January 2016 |title=The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia |journal=Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=38 |doi=10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kayan karfafawa na mata yana ba da damar mata su yanke shawara ta hanyar matsalolin al'umma daban-daban.<ref name="Bayeh2017" /> Suna iya samun damar sake bayyana [[Gender role|Matsayin jinsi]] ko wasu irin waɗannan matsayi, wanda ke ba su ƙarin 'yanci don bin burin da suke so. <ref name="Kabeer2005" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumari1 |first=Puja |date=August 2024 |title=women empowerment |url=https://rjpn.org/ijcspub/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCSP24C1071 |journal=International Journal of Current Science |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=614–620 |issn=2250-1770}}</ref> Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin Kofin Hungary kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. == Tarihi == A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2012, BVSC ta fara ƙungiyar manya bayan shekaru 10 na dakatarwa. Kungiyar za ta yi gasa a cikin Budapest Labdarugó Szövetség IV . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Labdarúgás: majd' 10 év után ismét felnőttcsapat a BVSC-ben |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/labdarugas-majd-10-ev-utan-ismet-felnottcsapat-a-bvsc-ben-2150079 |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség (BLSZ) |url=http://www.blsz.hu/portal/ |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an inganta kulob din zuwa Budapest bajnokság I bayan sun lashe 2018-19 Budapest bajnkság II . Awatan Mayu 2020, an ci gaba da kulob din zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság III bayan sun kammala na farko a gasar zakarun Budapest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NB III: 16 év után szerepelhet ismét NB-s bajnokságban a BVSC - NSO |url=http://m.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-16-ev-utan-szerepelhet-ismet-nb-s-bajnoksagban-a-bvsc-2762543}}</ref> An katse Bajnokság na Budapest na 2019-20 kuma a ƙarshe an dakatar da shi saboda annobar COVID-19. Gábor Horváth, darektan sashen kwallon kafa, ya ce kulob din ya cancanci shiga [[2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III]] kuma kulob din zai cika duk bukatun da za a yi wasa a matakin na uku. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2021, an nada tsohon dan wasan kungiyar Hungary, Ákos Buzsáky. Babban manufar kulob din ita ce samun ci gaba zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság II . <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. |date=2021-07-28 |title=NB III: Buzsáky Ákos lett a BVSC új edzője, cél a feljutás - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-buzsaky-akos-lett-a-bvsc-uj-edzoje-cel-a-feljutas-2841013 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III, kulob din ya kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismét ezüstérmesként zártak labdarúgóink |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/ismet-ezuestermeskent-zartak-labdarugoink |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kulob din ya ba da sanarwar cewa 'yan gudun hijira daga Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine na iya yin wasanni kyauta a kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=T. |date=2022-03-31 |title=NS-jótékonyság: ingyen sportolhatnak a menekült fiatalok a BVSC-Zug |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/ns-jotekonysag-ingyen-sportolhatnak-a-menekult-fiatalok-a-bvsc-zuglonal-2884503 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022, an cire Ákos Buzsáky daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |title=Távozik Buzsáky Ákos |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/tavozik-buzsaky-akos |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022, an nada Flórián Urbán a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. B., D. S. |date=2022-06-22 |title=NB III: Urbán Flórián lesz a BVSC-Zugló edzője - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-urban-florian-lesz-a-bvsc-zuglo-edzoje-2899295 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2022-23, BVSC-Zugló ta kammala 1st a NB III East da kuma ci gaba zuwa NB II a karo na farko a tarihi a cikin shekaru 20 ta hanyar ci gaba da sakewa bayan da ta ci Szentlőrinc 1-2 kuma ta yi wasa a matakin na biyu tun 2003-04. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Körösladány 8-0. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Putnok da 3-0 kuma ta lashe kakar 2022-23 Nemzeti Bajnokság III. <ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB III: ünneplés a Szőnyi úton, bajnok a BVSC - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-unneples-a-szonyi-uton-bajnok-a-bvsc-2951677 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Agustin 2023, Paulo Vinicius, tsohon mai rokon Fehérvár FC, kulob din ya sanya hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: a BVSC bejelentette Vinícius szerződtetését - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-a-bvsc-bejelentette-vinicius-szerzodteteset-2970883 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2023, an nada Tamás Szekeres a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: Szekeres Tamás lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-szekeres-tamas-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2991555 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC suna gwagwarmaya don kauce wa sakewa. Koyaya, kulob din yana da sakamako mai ban mamaki kamar doke Gy гори ETO FC 1-0 a gida a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Kikapott az ETO Zuglóban, nyert a Szpari, a ráadásban döntött a Gyirmót és a Barcika – ez történt az NB II-ben |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-elo-eredmenykoveto-a-19-fordulo-merkozeseirol |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Meglepetés Zuglóban, a BVSC legyőzte az ETO-t a tavaszi nyitányon |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-bvsc-zuglo-eto-fc-gyor |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2024, Tamás Szekeres ya yi murabus kuma Ádám Kincses ya maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-04-24 |title=Szekeres Tamás távozik |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/szekeres-tamas-tavozik |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=NB II: lemondott Szekeres Tamás a BVSC vezetőedzői posztjáról |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/04/nb-ii-lemondott-szekeres-tamas-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoi-posztjarol |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa István Kisteleki yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Újra kispadra ül a bukott MLSZ-szégyenelnök, aki kizárta a Fradit |url=https://www.origo.hu/sport/sport-futball/2024/04/kisteleki-mlsz-fradi-foci |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=ORIGO |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC ta gama a matsayi na 13 kuma ta guje wa sakewa zuwa matsayi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magyarfutball.hu |title=Bajnoki végeredmény: Nemzeti Bajnokság II (Merkantil Bank Liga) 2023/2024 • Magyarfutball.hu |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/bajnoki-vegeredmeny/16330 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2024, an nada József Csábi a matsayin manajan kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-06-10 |title=Csábi József veszi át labdarúgóink irányítását |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/csabi-jozsef-veszi-at-labdarugoink-iranyitasat |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> BVSC ta fara kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Nemzeti Bajnokság II tare da zira kwallaye ba tare da kwallo ba a kan Mezőkövesdi SE a Mezőkövesdi Városi Stadion a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mezokovesd SE vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/mezokovesd-se-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283049/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> Rarrabawar ta biyo bayan nasarori biyu na waje. Na farko, BVSC ta doke Aqvital FC Csákvár a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aqvital FC Csakvar vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/aqvital-fc-csakvar-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283063/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, BVSC ta doke Kazincbarcikai SC 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazincbarcika SC vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/kazincbarcika-sc-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283071/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> == Canjin sunaye == [[Fayil:BVSC_stadion.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]] Kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin wasanni na Hungary BVSC ya kasance ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da yawa na sunansa a cikin tarihinsa. Ga jerin sunayen da kulob din ke amfani da su: * 1911-1945 ''MAVOSZ Budapesti VSC'' * 1945–? ''Vasutas Élore SC'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti MÁV Élore) * ? -1948 ''MÁV Konzum Vasutas Élore'' * 1948-1954 ''Budapesti Lokomotív SK'' * 1954-1956 ''Budapesti Törekvés SE'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1956-1990 ''Budapesti VSC'' (bayan rabuwa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1990-1991 ''BVSC-Mávtransped'' * 1992-1992 ''BVSC-Novép'' * 1992-1996 ''BVSC-Dreher'' * 1996-1997 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 1997-1998 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 1998-1999 ''BVSC-Zugló'' * 1999-2001 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 2001-2011 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 2011- ''BVSC-Zugló'' == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar yanzu ===  {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan da ba sa wasa == === Gudanarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Sunan |- |Shugaban kasa |Kristóf Szatmáry |- |Mataimakin shugaban kasa |Sandor Tóth |- |Manajan darektan |[[Gábor Szentpáli]] |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klubvezetés |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/bvsc-zuglo/klubvezetes}}</ref> == Daraja == === Ƙungiyar === * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság I:''' ** ''Masu tsere (1):'' 1995-961995–96 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság II:''' ** Masu cin nasara (3): 1942-43, 1957-58, 1990-911990–91 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság III:''' ** Masu cin nasara (1): 2022-232022–23 === Kofin === * '''Magyar Kupa:''' ** ''Masu tsere (2):'' 1995-96, 1996-971996–97 == Lokaci == === Matsayi na ƙungiyar === <timeline> ImageSize = width:1600 height:75 PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/2026 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1993 Colors = id:First_tier value:green legend:First_tier id:Second_tier value:yellow legend:Second_tier id:Third_tier value:orange legend:Third_tier id:Fourth_tier value:pink legend:Fourth_tier id:Fifth_tier value:red legend:Fifth_tier id:Sixth_tier value:purple legend:Sixth_tier id:Seventh_tier value:white legend:Seventh_tier id:Does_not_exist value:black legend:Does_not_exist PlotData= bar:Position width:16 color:white align:center from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1993 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1993 till:01/07/1994 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1994 till:01/07/1995 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1995 till:01/07/1996 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/1996 till:01/07/1997 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1997 till:01/07/1998 shift:(0,-4) text:10 from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/1999 shift:(0,-4) text:17 from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1999 color:green shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság I|NB I]]" from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2000 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 shift:(0,-4) text:5 from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2001 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB I/B*]]" from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2003 shift:(0,-4) text:7 from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2003 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "NB III*" from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:15 from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB II*]]" from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2012 color:black shift:(0,14) text: Does not exist from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 color:white shift:(0,14) text: "Reg.IV" from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 color:purple shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság III|Reg.III]]" from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2015 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2015 till:01/07/2016 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2016 till:01/07/2017 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2017 till:01/07/2018 shift:(0,-4) text:3 from:01/07/2018 till:01/07/2019 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:red shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság II|Reg.II]]" from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság I|Reg.I]]" from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2021 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2021 till:01/07/2022 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2022 till:01/07/2023 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2023 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB III]]" from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2024 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2024 till:01/07/2025 shift:(0,-4) text:9 from:01/07/2025 till:01/07/2026 shift:(0,-4) text: from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2026 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]" </timeline> * Tsakanin 1999-00 da 2000-01 gasar ta biyu da ake kira NB I / B. * Tsakanin 2001-02 da 2002-03 gasar ta huɗu da ake kira NB III. * A cikin 2003-04 gasar ta uku da ake kira NB II. == Manajoji == * [[Péter Szabó]] (1951-1952) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Kállói]] (1953) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Baráth]] (1953-1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tivadar Király]] (1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1955-1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Balogh (1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ede Moór]] (1957-1960) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gábor Kiss|Gabor Kiss]] (1960-1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Jenő Stahl]] (1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1961-1962) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Keszei]] (1962-1963) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[János Gyarmati]] (1964-1968) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ferenc Szigeti]] (1969-1970) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Marosvári]] (1970-1973) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1973-1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Vasas]] (1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Ubrankovics]] (1978-1981) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[András Borbély]] (1981-1982) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Antal Szentmihályi]] (1982-1983) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Halácsi]] (1983-1985) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * József Farkas (1985-1986) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1987-1988) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Kisteleki]] (1988-1992) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1992-1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Imre Garaba]] (1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Sándor Egervári]] (1993-1996) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Dajka]] (1996-1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Bognár]] (1997-1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Sándor (footballer, born 1944)|István Sándor]] (1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Sekulić]] (1999) {{Flagicon|YUG}} * [[József Tajti]] (1999) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tibor Simon]] (1999-2001) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Dzurják]] (2001-2002) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Futó]] (2003-2004) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * babu wata kungiya ta kwararru (2004-2012) * [[András Hernády]] (2013-2015) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Balogh]] (2015-2017) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Varga (2017-2018) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gabala Krisztián]] (2018-2020) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Buzsáky]] (2021-2022) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Flórián Urbán]] (?-2023) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Szekeres]] (30 Nuwamba 2023 - 26 Afrilu 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ádám Kincses]] da [[István Kisteleki]] (27 Afrilu 2024 - 9 Yuni 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Csábi]] (10 Yuni 2024-15 Yuni 2025) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Vukmir]] (16 Yuni 2025 - yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC-Zugló vezetőedzője |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-zuglo-vezetoedzoje |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2025/06/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref>{{Flagicon|SRB}} == Canja wuri == === A cikin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left" width="70%" !'''#''' !'''Matsayi''' !'''Mai kunnawa''' !'''Daga''' !'''Kudin''' !Ranar |- |# |GK |[[Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1971)|Gábor Nagy]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[János Kertész]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Tibor Pomper]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Ferencvárosi TC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Miroslav Resko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Csaba Szakos]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Miskolci VSC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Ferenc Szaszovszky]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Pécsi MFC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Zoltán Vincze]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Đorđe Bajić (footballer)|Djordje Bajic]]{{Flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} |FK Radnički Niš |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Viktor Brovcenko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |PFC Nyva Vinnytsia |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Zoltán Molnár (footballer born in 1971)|Zoltán Molnár]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Attila Polonkai]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Szeged LC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Zsolt Füzesi]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Szabolcs Szegletes]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Veszprémi LC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |} == A Turai == == Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasar adawa == * ''FDaidai a ranar 5 ga Yuli 2010'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Kasar !Pld !W !D !L !GF !GA !GD !Nasara % |- | align="left" |[[Liechtenstein Football Association|Liechtenstein]]{{Flagicon|LIE}}{{WDL|2|2|0|0|for=5|against=1|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]]{{Flagicon|ESP}}{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Football Association of Wales|Wales]]{{Flagicon|WAL}}{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=4|against=4|diff=yes}} |- class="sortbottom" !Cikakken !'''6''' !'''3''' !'''0''' !'''3''' !'''9''' !'''9''' !'''0''' !'''50.00''' |} <small>P - An buga; W - Ya ci nasara; D - An zana; L - Ya ɓace&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rscsvyg6dax0qjxjmqgp0h4ihlk2djl 882384 882382 2026-07-13T15:38:36Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357102979|Budapesti VSC]]" 882384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=BVSC-Zugló|image=BVSC-Zugló.svg|upright=0.6|fullname=Budapesti Vasutas Sport Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület|short name=BVSC-Zugló|founded={{start date and age |1911}}|website=http://www.bvsc.hu/|ground=[[Szőnyi úti Stadion]], [[Budapest]]|capacity=12,000|owner=[[Kristóf Szatmáry]]|manager=[[József Csábi]]|coach=|league=[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]|season=[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]]|position=NB II, 7th of 16|pattern_la2=|pattern_ra2=|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes|pattern_sh1=_yellow_stripes_adidas|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000ff|body1=0000ff|rightarm1=0000ff|shorts1=0000ff|socks1=0000ff|body2=FFFF00|leftarm2=FFFF00|rightarm2=FFFF00|shorts2=FFFF00|socks2=FFFF00|pattern_b2=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_sh2=_blue_stripes_adidas|pattern_so1=_color_3_stripes_yellow|pattern_so2=_color_3_stripes_blue}}{{Updated|20 February 2026}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |BVSC-Zugló | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:BVSC-Zugló.svg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Cikakken suna | class="infobox-data" |Budapesti Vasutas Wasanni Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Sunan gajeren lokaci | class="infobox-data nickname" |BVSC-Zugló |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1911<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 115 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙasa | class="infobox-data label" |[[Szőnyi úti Stadion|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]], [[Budapest]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |12,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Mai shi | class="infobox-data" |[[Kristóf Szatmáry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Manajan | class="infobox-data agent" |[[József Csábi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]] | class="infobox-data" |NB II, 7th na 16 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.bvsc.hu/ |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;" | {| role="presentation" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_yellow_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_yellow.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Kit (association football)|Launuka na gida]]'''</div></div> | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_blue_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_blue.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Away colours|Launuka masu nisa]]'''</div></div> |} |} {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref>Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin [[Hungarian Cup|Kofin Hungary]] kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin [[Hungarian Cup|Kofin Hungary]] kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. a 1996.Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin [[Hungarian Cup|Kofin Hungary]] kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin [[Hungarian Cup|Kofin Hungary]] kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. == Tarihi == A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2012, BVSC ta fara ƙungiyar manya bayan shekaru 10 na dakatarwa. Kungiyar za ta yi gasa a cikin Budapest Labdarugó Szövetség IV . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Labdarúgás: majd' 10 év után ismét felnőttcsapat a BVSC-ben |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/labdarugas-majd-10-ev-utan-ismet-felnottcsapat-a-bvsc-ben-2150079 |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség (BLSZ) |url=http://www.blsz.hu/portal/ |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an inganta kulob din zuwa Budapest bajnokság I bayan sun lashe 2018-19 Budapest bajnkság II . Awatan Mayu 2020, an ci gaba da kulob din zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság III bayan sun kammala na farko a gasar zakarun Budapest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NB III: 16 év után szerepelhet ismét NB-s bajnokságban a BVSC - NSO |url=http://m.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-16-ev-utan-szerepelhet-ismet-nb-s-bajnoksagban-a-bvsc-2762543}}</ref> An katse Bajnokság na Budapest na 2019-20 kuma a ƙarshe an dakatar da shi saboda annobar COVID-19. Gábor Horváth, darektan sashen kwallon kafa, ya ce kulob din ya cancanci shiga [[2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III]] kuma kulob din zai cika duk bukatun da za a yi wasa a matakin na uku. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2021, an nada tsohon dan wasan kungiyar Hungary, Ákos Buzsáky. Babban manufar kulob din ita ce samun ci gaba zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság II . <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. |date=2021-07-28 |title=NB III: Buzsáky Ákos lett a BVSC új edzője, cél a feljutás - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-buzsaky-akos-lett-a-bvsc-uj-edzoje-cel-a-feljutas-2841013 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III, kulob din ya kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismét ezüstérmesként zártak labdarúgóink |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/ismet-ezuestermeskent-zartak-labdarugoink |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kulob din ya ba da sanarwar cewa 'yan gudun hijira daga Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine na iya yin wasanni kyauta a kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=T. |date=2022-03-31 |title=NS-jótékonyság: ingyen sportolhatnak a menekült fiatalok a BVSC-Zug |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/ns-jotekonysag-ingyen-sportolhatnak-a-menekult-fiatalok-a-bvsc-zuglonal-2884503 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022, an cire Ákos Buzsáky daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |title=Távozik Buzsáky Ákos |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/tavozik-buzsaky-akos |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022, an nada Flórián Urbán a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. B., D. S. |date=2022-06-22 |title=NB III: Urbán Flórián lesz a BVSC-Zugló edzője - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-urban-florian-lesz-a-bvsc-zuglo-edzoje-2899295 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin [[Hungarian Cup|Kofin Hungary]] kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Körösladány 8-0. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Putnok da 3-0 kuma ta lashe kakar 2022-23 Nemzeti Bajnokság III. <ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB III: ünneplés a Szőnyi úton, bajnok a BVSC - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-unneples-a-szonyi-uton-bajnok-a-bvsc-2951677 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Agustin 2023, Paulo Vinicius, tsohon mai rokon Fehérvár FC, kulob din ya sanya hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: a BVSC bejelentette Vinícius szerződtetését - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-a-bvsc-bejelentette-vinicius-szerzodteteset-2970883 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2023, an nada Tamás Szekeres a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: Szekeres Tamás lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-szekeres-tamas-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2991555 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC suna gwagwarmaya don kauce wa sakewa. Koyaya, kulob din yana da sakamako mai ban mamaki kamar doke Gy гори ETO FC 1-0 a gida a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Kikapott az ETO Zuglóban, nyert a Szpari, a ráadásban döntött a Gyirmót és a Barcika – ez történt az NB II-ben |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-elo-eredmenykoveto-a-19-fordulo-merkozeseirol |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Meglepetés Zuglóban, a BVSC legyőzte az ETO-t a tavaszi nyitányon |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-bvsc-zuglo-eto-fc-gyor |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2024, Tamás Szekeres ya yi murabus kuma Ádám Kincses ya maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-04-24 |title=Szekeres Tamás távozik |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/szekeres-tamas-tavozik |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=NB II: lemondott Szekeres Tamás a BVSC vezetőedzői posztjáról |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/04/nb-ii-lemondott-szekeres-tamas-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoi-posztjarol |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa István Kisteleki yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Újra kispadra ül a bukott MLSZ-szégyenelnök, aki kizárta a Fradit |url=https://www.origo.hu/sport/sport-futball/2024/04/kisteleki-mlsz-fradi-foci |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=ORIGO |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC ta gama a matsayi na 13 kuma ta guje wa sakewa zuwa matsayi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magyarfutball.hu |title=Bajnoki végeredmény: Nemzeti Bajnokság II (Merkantil Bank Liga) 2023/2024 • Magyarfutball.hu |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/bajnoki-vegeredmeny/16330 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2024, an nada József Csábi a matsayin manajan kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-06-10 |title=Csábi József veszi át labdarúgóink irányítását |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/csabi-jozsef-veszi-at-labdarugoink-iranyitasat |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> BVSC ta fara kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Nemzeti Bajnokság II tare da zira kwallaye ba tare da kwallo ba a kan Mezőkövesdi SE a Mezőkövesdi Városi Stadion a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mezokovesd SE vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/mezokovesd-se-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283049/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> Rarrabawar ta biyo bayan nasarori biyu na waje. Na farko, BVSC ta doke Aqvital FC Csákvár a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aqvital FC Csakvar vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/aqvital-fc-csakvar-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283063/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, BVSC ta doke Kazincbarcikai SC 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazincbarcika SC vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/kazincbarcika-sc-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283071/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> == Canjin sunaye == [[Fayil:BVSC_stadion.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]] Kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin wasanni na Hungary BVSC ya kasance ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da yawa na sunansa a cikin tarihinsa. Ga jerin sunayen da kulob din ke amfani da su: * 1911-1945 ''MAVOSZ Budapesti VSC'' * 1945–? ''Vasutas Élore SC'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti MÁV Élore) * ? -1948 ''MÁV Konzum Vasutas Élore'' * 1948-1954 ''Budapesti Lokomotív SK'' * 1954-1956 ''Budapesti Törekvés SE'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1956-1990 ''Budapesti VSC'' (bayan rabuwa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1990-1991 ''BVSC-Mávtransped'' * 1992-1992 ''BVSC-Novép'' * 1992-1996 ''BVSC-Dreher'' * 1996-1997 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 1997-1998 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 1998-1999 ''BVSC-Zugló'' * 1999-2001 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 2001-2011 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 2011- ''BVSC-Zugló'' == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar yanzu ===  {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan da ba sa wasa == === Gudanarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Sunan |- |Shugaban kasa |Kristóf Szatmáry |- |Mataimakin shugaban kasa |Sandor Tóth |- |Manajan darektan |[[Gábor Szentpáli]] |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klubvezetés |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/bvsc-zuglo/klubvezetes}}</ref> == Daraja == === Ƙungiyar === * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság I:''' ** ''Masu tsere (1):'' 1995-961995–96 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság II:''' ** Masu cin nasara (3): 1942-43, 1957-58, 1990-911990–91 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság III:''' ** Masu cin nasara (1): 2022-232022–23 === Kofin === * '''Magyar Kupa:''' ** ''Masu tsere (2):'' 1995-96, 1996-971996–97 == Lokaci == === Matsayi na ƙungiyar === <timeline> ImageSize = width:1600 height:75 PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/2026 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1993 Colors = id:First_tier value:green legend:First_tier id:Second_tier value:yellow legend:Second_tier id:Third_tier value:orange legend:Third_tier id:Fourth_tier value:pink legend:Fourth_tier id:Fifth_tier value:red legend:Fifth_tier id:Sixth_tier value:purple legend:Sixth_tier id:Seventh_tier value:white legend:Seventh_tier id:Does_not_exist value:black legend:Does_not_exist PlotData= bar:Position width:16 color:white align:center from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1993 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1993 till:01/07/1994 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1994 till:01/07/1995 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1995 till:01/07/1996 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/1996 till:01/07/1997 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1997 till:01/07/1998 shift:(0,-4) text:10 from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/1999 shift:(0,-4) text:17 from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1999 color:green shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság I|NB I]]" from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2000 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 shift:(0,-4) text:5 from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2001 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB I/B*]]" from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2003 shift:(0,-4) text:7 from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2003 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "NB III*" from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:15 from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB II*]]" from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2012 color:black shift:(0,14) text: Does not exist from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 color:white shift:(0,14) text: "Reg.IV" from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 color:purple shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság III|Reg.III]]" from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2015 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2015 till:01/07/2016 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2016 till:01/07/2017 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2017 till:01/07/2018 shift:(0,-4) text:3 from:01/07/2018 till:01/07/2019 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:red shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság II|Reg.II]]" from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság I|Reg.I]]" from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2021 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2021 till:01/07/2022 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2022 till:01/07/2023 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2023 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB III]]" from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2024 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2024 till:01/07/2025 shift:(0,-4) text:9 from:01/07/2025 till:01/07/2026 shift:(0,-4) text: from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2026 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]" </timeline> * Tsakanin 1999-00 da 2000-01 gasar ta biyu da ake kira NB I / B. * Tsakanin 2001-02 da 2002-03 gasar ta huɗu da ake kira NB III. * A cikin 2003-04 gasar ta uku da ake kira NB II. == Manajoji == * [[Péter Szabó]] (1951-1952) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Kállói]] (1953) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Baráth]] (1953-1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tivadar Király]] (1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1955-1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Balogh (1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ede Moór]] (1957-1960) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gábor Kiss|Gabor Kiss]] (1960-1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Jenő Stahl]] (1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1961-1962) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Keszei]] (1962-1963) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[János Gyarmati]] (1964-1968) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ferenc Szigeti]] (1969-1970) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Marosvári]] (1970-1973) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1973-1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Vasas]] (1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Ubrankovics]] (1978-1981) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[András Borbély]] (1981-1982) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Antal Szentmihályi]] (1982-1983) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Halácsi]] (1983-1985) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * József Farkas (1985-1986) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1987-1988) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Kisteleki]] (1988-1992) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1992-1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Imre Garaba]] (1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Sándor Egervári]] (1993-1996) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Dajka]] (1996-1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Bognár]] (1997-1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Sándor (footballer, born 1944)|István Sándor]] (1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Sekulić]] (1999) {{Flagicon|YUG}} * [[József Tajti]] (1999) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tibor Simon]] (1999-2001) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Dzurják]] (2001-2002) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Futó]] (2003-2004) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * babu wata kungiya ta kwararru (2004-2012) * [[András Hernády]] (2013-2015) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Balogh]] (2015-2017) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Varga (2017-2018) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gabala Krisztián]] (2018-2020) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Buzsáky]] (2021-2022) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Flórián Urbán]] (?-2023) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Szekeres]] (30 Nuwamba 2023 - 26 Afrilu 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ádám Kincses]] da [[István Kisteleki]] (27 Afrilu 2024 - 9 Yuni 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Csábi]] (10 Yuni 2024-15 Yuni 2025) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Vukmir]] (16 Yuni 2025 - yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC-Zugló vezetőedzője |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-zuglo-vezetoedzoje |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2025/06/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref>{{Flagicon|SRB}} == Canja wuri == === A cikin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left" width="70%" !'''#''' !'''Matsayi''' !'''Mai kunnawa''' !'''Daga''' !'''Kudin''' !Ranar |- |# |GK |[[Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1971)|Gábor Nagy]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[János Kertész]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Tibor Pomper]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Ferencvárosi TC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Miroslav Resko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Csaba Szakos]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Miskolci VSC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Ferenc Szaszovszky]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Pécsi MFC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Zoltán Vincze]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Đorđe Bajić (footballer)|Djordje Bajic]]{{Flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} |FK Radnički Niš |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Viktor Brovcenko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |PFC Nyva Vinnytsia |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Zoltán Molnár (footballer born in 1971)|Zoltán Molnár]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Attila Polonkai]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Szeged LC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Zsolt Füzesi]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Szabolcs Szegletes]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Veszprémi LC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |} == A Turai == == Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasar adawa == * ''FDaidai a ranar 5 ga Yuli 2010'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Kasar !Pld !W !D !L !GF !GA !GD !Nasara % |- | align="left" |[[Liechtenstein Football Association|Liechtenstein]]{{Flagicon|LIE}}{{WDL|2|2|0|0|for=5|against=1|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]]{{Flagicon|ESP}}{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Football Association of Wales|Wales]]{{Flagicon|WAL}}{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=4|against=4|diff=yes}} |- class="sortbottom" !Cikakken !'''6''' !'''3''' !'''0''' !'''3''' !'''9''' !'''9''' !'''0''' !'''50.00''' |} <small>P - An buga; W - Ya ci nasara; D - An zana; L - Ya ɓace&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 98400w8z5iqlxznpdvwkf54kaskib4z 882385 882384 2026-07-13T15:46:26Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357102979|Budapesti VSC]]" 882385 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |BVSC-Zugló | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:BVSC-Zugló.svg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Cikakken suna | class="infobox-data" |Budapesti Vasutas Wasanni Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Sunan gajeren lokaci | class="infobox-data nickname" |BVSC-Zugló |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1911<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 115 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙasa | class="infobox-data label" |[[Szőnyi úti Stadion|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]], [[Budapest]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |12,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Mai shi | class="infobox-data" |[[Kristóf Szatmáry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Manajan | class="infobox-data agent" |[[József Csábi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]] | class="infobox-data" |NB II, 7th na 16 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.bvsc.hu/ |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;" | {| role="presentation" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_yellow_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_yellow.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Kit (association football)|Launuka na gida]]'''</div></div> | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_blue_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_blue.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Away colours|Launuka masu nisa]]'''</div></div> |} |} [[Budapest]] Vasutas Sport Club-[[Zugló]] wanda aka fi sani da BVSC-Zugró kungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Zugló, Budapest, Hungary, wacce ke fafatawa a Nemzeti Bajnokság II . An kafa kulob din ne a shekarar 1911. Sashe na [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ya rufe a shekara ta 2001, amma yanzu ya sake buɗewa, yayin da wasu sassan da har yanzu ke aiki sune wasan [[Table tennis|Tennis na tebur]], [[Wrestling|kokawa]], [[Water polo|polo na ruwa]]. Sashen wasan tennis na tebur ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1980 da kuma gasar zakarun kasa da yawa. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin Kofin Hungary kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. == Tarihi == A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2012, BVSC ta fara ƙungiyar manya bayan shekaru 10 na dakatarwa. Kungiyar za ta yi gasa a cikin Budapest Labdarugó Szövetség IV . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Labdarúgás: majd' 10 év után ismét felnőttcsapat a BVSC-ben |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/labdarugas-majd-10-ev-utan-ismet-felnottcsapat-a-bvsc-ben-2150079 |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség (BLSZ) |url=http://www.blsz.hu/portal/ |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an inganta kulob din zuwa Budapest bajnokság I bayan sun lashe 2018-19 Budapest bajnkság II . A watan Mayu 2020, an ci gaba da kulob din zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság III bayan sun kammala na farko a gasar zakarun Budapest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NB III: 16 év után szerepelhet ismét NB-s bajnokságban a BVSC - NSO |url=http://m.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-16-ev-utan-szerepelhet-ismet-nb-s-bajnoksagban-a-bvsc-2762543}}</ref> An katse Bajnokság na Budapest na 2019-20 kuma a ƙarshe an dakatar da shi saboda annobar COVID-19. Gábor Horváth, darektan sashen kwallon kafa, ya ce kulob din ya cancanci shiga 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III kuma kulob din zai cika duk bukatun da za a yi wasa a matakin na uku. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2021, an nada tsohon dan wasan kungiyar Hungary, Ákos Buzsáky. Babban manufar kulob din ita ce samun ci gaba zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság II . <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. |date=2021-07-28 |title=NB III: Buzsáky Ákos lett a BVSC új edzője, cél a feljutás - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-buzsaky-akos-lett-a-bvsc-uj-edzoje-cel-a-feljutas-2841013 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III, kulob din ya kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismét ezüstérmesként zártak labdarúgóink |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/ismet-ezuestermeskent-zartak-labdarugoink |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kulob din ya ba da sanarwar cewa 'yan gudun hijira daga Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine na iya yin wasanni kyauta a kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=T. |date=2022-03-31 |title=NS-jótékonyság: ingyen sportolhatnak a menekült fiatalok a BVSC-Zug |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/ns-jotekonysag-ingyen-sportolhatnak-a-menekult-fiatalok-a-bvsc-zuglonal-2884503 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022, an cire Ákos Buzsáky daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |title=Távozik Buzsáky Ákos |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/tavozik-buzsaky-akos |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022, an nada Flórián Urbán a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. B., D. S. |date=2022-06-22 |title=NB III: Urbán Flórián lesz a BVSC-Zugló edzője - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-urban-florian-lesz-a-bvsc-zuglo-edzoje-2899295 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2022-23, BVSC-Zugló ta kammala 1st a NB III East da kuma ci gaba zuwa NB II a karo na farko a tarihi a cikin shekaru 20 ta hanyar ci gaba da sakewa bayan da ta ci Szentlőrinc 1-2 kuma ta yi wasa a matakin na biyu tun 2003-04. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Körösladány 8-0. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Putnok da 3-0 kuma ta lashe kakar 2022-23 Nemzeti Bajnokság III. <ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB III: ünneplés a Szőnyi úton, bajnok a BVSC - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-unneples-a-szonyi-uton-bajnok-a-bvsc-2951677 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan 2023, Paulo Vinicius, tsohon mai rokon Fehérvár FC, kulob din ya sanya hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: a BVSC bejelentette Vinícius szerződtetését - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-a-bvsc-bejelentette-vinicius-szerzodteteset-2970883 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2023, an nada Tamás Szekeres a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: Szekeres Tamás lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-szekeres-tamas-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2991555 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC suna gwagwarmaya don kauce wa sakewa. Koyaya, kulob din yana da sakamako mai ban mamaki kamar doke Gy гори ETO FC 1-0 a gida a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Kikapott az ETO Zuglóban, nyert a Szpari, a ráadásban döntött a Gyirmót és a Barcika – ez történt az NB II-ben |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-elo-eredmenykoveto-a-19-fordulo-merkozeseirol |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Meglepetés Zuglóban, a BVSC legyőzte az ETO-t a tavaszi nyitányon |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-bvsc-zuglo-eto-fc-gyor |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2024, Tamás Szekeres ya yi murabus kuma Ádám Kincses ya maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-04-24 |title=Szekeres Tamás távozik |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/szekeres-tamas-tavozik |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=NB II: lemondott Szekeres Tamás a BVSC vezetőedzői posztjáról |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/04/nb-ii-lemondott-szekeres-tamas-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoi-posztjarol |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa István Kisteleki yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Újra kispadra ül a bukott MLSZ-szégyenelnök, aki kizárta a Fradit |url=https://www.origo.hu/sport/sport-futball/2024/04/kisteleki-mlsz-fradi-foci |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=ORIGO |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC ta gama a matsayi na 13 kuma ta guje wa sakewa zuwa matsayi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magyarfutball.hu |title=Bajnoki végeredmény: Nemzeti Bajnokság II (Merkantil Bank Liga) 2023/2024 • Magyarfutball.hu |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/bajnoki-vegeredmeny/16330 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2024, an nada József Csábi a matsayin manajan kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-06-10 |title=Csábi József veszi át labdarúgóink irányítását |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/csabi-jozsef-veszi-at-labdarugoink-iranyitasat |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> BVSC ta fara kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Nemzeti Bajnokság II tare da zira kwallaye ba tare da kwallo ba a kan Mezőkövesdi SE a Mezőkövesdi Városi Stadion a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mezokovesd SE vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/mezokovesd-se-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283049/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> Rarrabawar ta biyo bayan nasarori biyu na waje. Na farko, BVSC ta doke Aqvital FC Csákvár a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aqvital FC Csakvar vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/aqvital-fc-csakvar-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283063/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, BVSC ta doke Kazincbarcikai SC 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazincbarcika SC vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/kazincbarcika-sc-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283071/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> == Canjin sunaye == [[Fayil:BVSC_stadion.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]] Kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin wasanni na Hungary BVSC ya kasance ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da yawa na sunansa a cikin tarihinsa. Ga jerin sunayen da kulob din ke amfani da su: * 1911-1945 ''MAVOSZ Budapesti VSC'' * 1945–? ''Vasutas Élore SC'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti MÁV Élore) * ? -1948 ''MÁV Konzum Vasutas Élore'' * 1948-1954 ''Budapesti Lokomotív SK'' * 1954-1956 ''Budapesti Törekvés SE'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1956-1990 ''Budapesti VSC'' (bayan rabuwa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1990-1991 ''BVSC-Mávtransped'' * 1992-1992 ''BVSC-Novép'' * 1992-1996 ''BVSC-Dreher'' * 1996-1997 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 1997-1998 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 1998-1999 ''BVSC-Zugló'' * 1999-2001 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 2001-2011 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 2011- ''BVSC-Zugló'' == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar yanzu === {{Updated|20 February 2026}}  == Ma'aikatan da ba sa wasa == === Gudanarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Sunan |- |Shugaban kasa |Kristóf Szatmáry |- |Mataimakin shugaban kasa |Sandor Tóth |- |Manajan darektan |[[Gábor Szentpáli]] |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klubvezetés |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/bvsc-zuglo/klubvezetes}}</ref> == Daraja == === Ƙungiyar === * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság I:''' ** ''Masu tsere (1):'' 1995-961995–96 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság II:''' ** Masu cin nasara (3): 1942-43, 1957-58, 1990-911990–91 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság III:''' ** Masu cin nasara (1): 2022-232022–23 === Kofin === * '''Magyar Kupa:''' ** ''Masu tsere (2):'' 1995-96, 1996-971996–97 == Lokaci == === Matsayi na ƙungiyar === {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref><timeline> ImageSize = width:1600 height:75 PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/2026 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1993 Colors = id:First_tier value:green legend:First_tier id:Second_tier value:yellow legend:Second_tier id:Third_tier value:orange legend:Third_tier id:Fourth_tier value:pink legend:Fourth_tier id:Fifth_tier value:red legend:Fifth_tier id:Sixth_tier value:purple legend:Sixth_tier id:Seventh_tier value:white legend:Seventh_tier id:Does_not_exist value:black legend:Does_not_exist PlotData= bar:Position width:16 color:white align:center from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1993 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1993 till:01/07/1994 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1994 till:01/07/1995 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1995 till:01/07/1996 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/1996 till:01/07/1997 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1997 till:01/07/1998 shift:(0,-4) text:10 from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/1999 shift:(0,-4) text:17 from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1999 color:green shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság I|NB I]]" from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2000 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 shift:(0,-4) text:5 from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2001 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB I/B*]]" from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2003 shift:(0,-4) text:7 from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2003 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "NB III*" from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:15 from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB II*]]" from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2012 color:black shift:(0,14) text: Does not exist from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 color:white shift:(0,14) text: "Reg.IV" from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 color:purple shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság III|Reg.III]]" from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2015 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2015 till:01/07/2016 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2016 till:01/07/2017 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2017 till:01/07/2018 shift:(0,-4) text:3 from:01/07/2018 till:01/07/2019 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:red shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság II|Reg.II]]" from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság I|Reg.I]]" from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2021 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2021 till:01/07/2022 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2022 till:01/07/2023 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2023 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB III]]" from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2024 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2024 till:01/07/2025 shift:(0,-4) text:9 from:01/07/2025 till:01/07/2026 shift:(0,-4) text: from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2026 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]" </timeline> * Tsakanin 1999-00 da 2000-01 gasar ta biyu da ake kira NB I / B. * Tsakanin 2001-02 da 2002-03 gasar ta huɗu da ake kira NB III. * A cikin 2003-04 gasar ta uku da ake kira NB II. == Lokaci == == Manajoji == * [[Péter Szabó]] (1951-1952) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Kállói]] (1953) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Baráth]] (1953-1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tivadar Király]] (1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1955-1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Balogh (1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ede Moór]] (1957-1960) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gábor Kiss|Gabor Kiss]] (1960-1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Jenő Stahl]] (1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1961-1962) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Keszei]] (1962-1963) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[János Gyarmati]] (1964-1968) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ferenc Szigeti]] (1969-1970) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Marosvári]] (1970-1973) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1973-1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Vasas]] (1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Ubrankovics]] (1978-1981) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[András Borbély]] (1981-1982) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Antal Szentmihályi]] (1982-1983) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Halácsi]] (1983-1985) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * József Farkas (1985-1986) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1987-1988) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Kisteleki]] (1988-1992) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1992-1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Imre Garaba]] (1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Sándor Egervári]] (1993-1996) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Dajka]] (1996-1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Bognár]] (1997-1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Sándor (footballer, born 1944)|István Sándor]] (1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Sekulić]] (1999) {{Flagicon|YUG}} * [[József Tajti]] (1999) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tibor Simon]] (1999-2001) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Dzurják]] (2001-2002) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Futó]] (2003-2004) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * babu wata kungiya ta kwararru (2004-2012) * [[András Hernády]] (2013-2015) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Balogh]] (2015-2017) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Varga (2017-2018) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gabala Krisztián]] (2018-2020) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Buzsáky]] (2021-2022) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Flórián Urbán]] (?-2023) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Szekeres]] (30 Nuwamba 2023 - 26 Afrilu 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ádám Kincses]] da [[István Kisteleki]] (27 Afrilu 2024 - 9 Yuni 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Csábi]] (10 Yuni 2024-15 Yuni 2025) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Vukmir]] (16 Yuni 2025 - yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC-Zugló vezetőedzője |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-zuglo-vezetoedzoje |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2025/06/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref>{{Flagicon|SRB}} == Canja wuri == === A cikin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left" width="70%" !'''#''' !'''Matsayi''' !'''Mai kunnawa''' !'''Daga''' !'''Kudin''' !Ranar |- |# |GK |[[Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1971)|Gábor Nagy]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[János Kertész]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Tibor Pomper]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Ferencvárosi TC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Miroslav Resko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Csaba Szakos]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Miskolci VSC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Ferenc Szaszovszky]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Pécsi MFC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Zoltán Vincze]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Đorđe Bajić (footballer)|Djordje Bajic]]{{Flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} |FK Radnički Niš |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Viktor Brovcenko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |PFC Nyva Vinnytsia |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Zoltán Molnár (footballer born in 1971)|Zoltán Molnár]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Attila Polonkai]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Szeged LC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Zsolt Füzesi]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Szabolcs Szegletes]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Veszprémi LC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |} == A Turai == {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin !Gasar !Zagaye !Kasar !Kungiyar !Gida !Tafiya !Haɗuwa |- |1996–97 |Kofin UEFA |Zagaye na cancanta |{{Flagicon|Wales}} |Barry Town FC |3–1 |1–3 |4-4 (p) |- |1997–98 |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |Zagaye na cancanta |{{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} |FC Balzers |2–0 |3–1 |5–1 |- | | |1. Zagaye |{{Flagicon|Spain}} |Real Betis |0–2 |0–2 |0–4 |- |} == Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasar adawa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Kasar !Pld !W !D !L !GF !GA !GD !Nasara % |- | align="left" |[[Liechtenstein Football Association|Liechtenstein]]{{Flagicon|LIE}}{{WDL|2|2|0|0|for=5|against=1|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]]{{Flagicon|ESP}}{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Football Association of Wales|Wales]]{{Flagicon|WAL}}{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=4|against=4|diff=yes}} |- class="sortbottom" !Cikakken !'''6''' !'''3''' !'''0''' !'''3''' !'''9''' !'''9''' !'''0''' !'''50.00''' |} <small>P - An buga; W - Ya ci nasara; D - An zana; L - Ya ɓace&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small> == Shahararrun mambobi a wasu wasanni == * Gábor Gergely, zakaran wasan tennis na duniya * Ferenc Kiss, mai kokawa, kocin tare da BVSC * László Schell, alƙalin wasan hockey na kankara, tsohon ɗan wasa [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qgpazub16ja83lipqamwsitve1o6rtc 882386 882385 2026-07-13T15:47:24Z D son203 45710 882386 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |BVSC-Zugló | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:BVSC-Zugló.svg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Cikakken suna | class="infobox-data" |Budapesti Vasutas Wasanni Club-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Sunan gajeren lokaci | class="infobox-data nickname" |BVSC-Zugló |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1911<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 115 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙasa | class="infobox-data label" |[[Szőnyi úti Stadion|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]], [[Budapest]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |12,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Mai shi | class="infobox-data" |[[Kristóf Szatmáry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Manajan | class="infobox-data agent" |[[József Csábi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |[[2025–26 Nemzeti Bajnokság II|2025–26]] | class="infobox-data" |NB II, 7th na 16 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.bvsc.hu/ |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;" | {| role="presentation" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_yellow_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_yellow_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #0000ff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_yellow.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Kit (association football)|Launuka na gida]]'''</div></div> | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_blue_stripes_adidas.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_socks_color_3_stripes_blue.png|link=|alt=|top]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Away colours|Launuka masu nisa]]'''</div></div> |} |} {{Databox}} [[Budapest]] Vasutas Sport Club-[[Zugló]] wanda aka fi sani da BVSC-Zugró kungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Zugló, Budapest, Hungary, wacce ke fafatawa a Nemzeti Bajnokság II . An kafa kulob din ne a shekarar 1911. Sashe na [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ya rufe a shekara ta 2001, amma yanzu ya sake buɗewa, yayin da wasu sassan da har yanzu ke aiki sune wasan [[Table tennis|Tennis na tebur]], [[Wrestling|kokawa]], [[Water polo|polo na ruwa]]. Sashen wasan tennis na tebur ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1980 da kuma gasar zakarun kasa da yawa. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kai a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997 sau biyu a gasar cin Kofin Hungary kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun kasa a 1996. == Tarihi == A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2012, BVSC ta fara ƙungiyar manya bayan shekaru 10 na dakatarwa. Kungiyar za ta yi gasa a cikin Budapest Labdarugó Szövetség IV . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Labdarúgás: majd' 10 év után ismét felnőttcsapat a BVSC-ben |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/labdarugas-majd-10-ev-utan-ismet-felnottcsapat-a-bvsc-ben-2150079 |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség (BLSZ) |url=http://www.blsz.hu/portal/ |publisher=[[Nemzeti Sport]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an inganta kulob din zuwa Budapest bajnokság I bayan sun lashe 2018-19 Budapest bajnkság II . A watan Mayu 2020, an ci gaba da kulob din zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság III bayan sun kammala na farko a gasar zakarun Budapest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NB III: 16 év után szerepelhet ismét NB-s bajnokságban a BVSC - NSO |url=http://m.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-16-ev-utan-szerepelhet-ismet-nb-s-bajnoksagban-a-bvsc-2762543}}</ref> An katse Bajnokság na Budapest na 2019-20 kuma a ƙarshe an dakatar da shi saboda annobar COVID-19. Gábor Horváth, darektan sashen kwallon kafa, ya ce kulob din ya cancanci shiga 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III kuma kulob din zai cika duk bukatun da za a yi wasa a matakin na uku. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2021, an nada tsohon dan wasan kungiyar Hungary, Ákos Buzsáky. Babban manufar kulob din ita ce samun ci gaba zuwa Nemzeti Bajnokság II . <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. |date=2021-07-28 |title=NB III: Buzsáky Ákos lett a BVSC új edzője, cél a feljutás - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-buzsaky-akos-lett-a-bvsc-uj-edzoje-cel-a-feljutas-2841013 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2020-21 Nemzeti Bajnokság III, kulob din ya kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismét ezüstérmesként zártak labdarúgóink |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/ismet-ezuestermeskent-zartak-labdarugoink |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kulob din ya ba da sanarwar cewa 'yan gudun hijira daga Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine na iya yin wasanni kyauta a kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=T. |date=2022-03-31 |title=NS-jótékonyság: ingyen sportolhatnak a menekült fiatalok a BVSC-Zug |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/ns-jotekonysag-ingyen-sportolhatnak-a-menekult-fiatalok-a-bvsc-zuglonal-2884503 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022, an cire Ákos Buzsáky daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |title=Távozik Buzsáky Ákos |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/tavozik-buzsaky-akos |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022, an nada Flórián Urbán a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=F. B., D. S. |date=2022-06-22 |title=NB III: Urbán Flórián lesz a BVSC-Zugló edzője - NSO |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-urban-florian-lesz-a-bvsc-zuglo-edzoje-2899295 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=NSO.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2022-23, BVSC-Zugló ta kammala 1st a NB III East da kuma ci gaba zuwa NB II a karo na farko a tarihi a cikin shekaru 20 ta hanyar ci gaba da sakewa bayan da ta ci Szentlőrinc 1-2 kuma ta yi wasa a matakin na biyu tun 2003-04. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Körösladány 8-0. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2023, BVSC ta doke Putnok da 3-0 kuma ta lashe kakar 2022-23 Nemzeti Bajnokság III. <ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB III: ünneplés a Szőnyi úton, bajnok a BVSC - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-iii-unneples-a-szonyi-uton-bajnok-a-bvsc-2951677 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan 2023, Paulo Vinicius, tsohon mai rokon Fehérvár FC, kulob din ya sanya hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: a BVSC bejelentette Vinícius szerződtetését - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-a-bvsc-bejelentette-vinicius-szerzodteteset-2970883 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2023, an nada Tamás Szekeres a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB II: Szekeres Tamás lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos - NSO |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_ii/nb-ii-szekeres-tamas-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2991555 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC suna gwagwarmaya don kauce wa sakewa. Koyaya, kulob din yana da sakamako mai ban mamaki kamar doke Gy гори ETO FC 1-0 a gida a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Kikapott az ETO Zuglóban, nyert a Szpari, a ráadásban döntött a Gyirmót és a Barcika – ez történt az NB II-ben |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-elo-eredmenykoveto-a-19-fordulo-merkozeseirol |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Meglepetés Zuglóban, a BVSC legyőzte az ETO-t a tavaszi nyitányon |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/02/nb-ii-bvsc-zuglo-eto-fc-gyor |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2024, Tamás Szekeres ya yi murabus kuma Ádám Kincses ya maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-04-24 |title=Szekeres Tamás távozik |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/szekeres-tamas-tavozik |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=NB II: lemondott Szekeres Tamás a BVSC vezetőedzői posztjáról |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2024/04/nb-ii-lemondott-szekeres-tamas-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoi-posztjarol |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa István Kisteleki yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Újra kispadra ül a bukott MLSZ-szégyenelnök, aki kizárta a Fradit |url=https://www.origo.hu/sport/sport-futball/2024/04/kisteleki-mlsz-fradi-foci |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=ORIGO |language=hu}}</ref> A cikin 2023-24 Nemzeti Bajnokság II, BVSC ta gama a matsayi na 13 kuma ta guje wa sakewa zuwa matsayi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magyarfutball.hu |title=Bajnoki végeredmény: Nemzeti Bajnokság II (Merkantil Bank Liga) 2023/2024 • Magyarfutball.hu |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/bajnoki-vegeredmeny/16330 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2024, an nada József Csábi a matsayin manajan kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2024-06-10 |title=Csábi József veszi át labdarúgóink irányítását |url=https://bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/csabi-jozsef-veszi-at-labdarugoink-iranyitasat |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref> BVSC ta fara kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Nemzeti Bajnokság II tare da zira kwallaye ba tare da kwallo ba a kan Mezőkövesdi SE a Mezőkövesdi Városi Stadion a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mezokovesd SE vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/mezokovesd-se-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283049/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> Rarrabawar ta biyo bayan nasarori biyu na waje. Na farko, BVSC ta doke Aqvital FC Csákvár a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aqvital FC Csakvar vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/aqvital-fc-csakvar-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283063/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, BVSC ta doke Kazincbarcikai SC 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazincbarcika SC vs Bvsc-Zuglo Live Scores {{!}} LiveScore |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/football/hungary/nb-ii/kazincbarcika-sc-vs-bvsc-zuglo/1283071/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.livescore.com |language=en}}</ref> == Canjin sunaye == [[Fayil:BVSC_stadion.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan wasan Szőnyi úti]] Kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin wasanni na Hungary BVSC ya kasance ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da yawa na sunansa a cikin tarihinsa. Ga jerin sunayen da kulob din ke amfani da su: * 1911-1945 ''MAVOSZ Budapesti VSC'' * 1945–? ''Vasutas Élore SC'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti MÁV Élore) * ? -1948 ''MÁV Konzum Vasutas Élore'' * 1948-1954 ''Budapesti Lokomotív SK'' * 1954-1956 ''Budapesti Törekvés SE'' (bayan hadewa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1956-1990 ''Budapesti VSC'' (bayan rabuwa da Budapesti Élore SK da ''Budapesti Postás SK'') * 1990-1991 ''BVSC-Mávtransped'' * 1992-1992 ''BVSC-Novép'' * 1992-1996 ''BVSC-Dreher'' * 1996-1997 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 1997-1998 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 1998-1999 ''BVSC-Zugló'' * 1999-2001 ''Budapesti VSC'' * 2001-2011 ''BVSC-Zugló FC'' * 2011- ''BVSC-Zugló'' == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar yanzu === {{Updated|20 February 2026}}  == Ma'aikatan da ba sa wasa == === Gudanarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Sunan |- |Shugaban kasa |Kristóf Szatmáry |- |Mataimakin shugaban kasa |Sandor Tóth |- |Manajan darektan |[[Gábor Szentpáli]] |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klubvezetés |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/bvsc-zuglo/klubvezetes}}</ref> == Daraja == === Ƙungiyar === * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság I:''' ** ''Masu tsere (1):'' 1995-961995–96 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság II:''' ** Masu cin nasara (3): 1942-43, 1957-58, 1990-911990–91 * '''Nemzeti Bajnokság III:''' ** Masu cin nasara (1): 2022-232022–23 === Kofin === * '''Magyar Kupa:''' ** ''Masu tsere (2):'' 1995-96, 1996-971996–97 == Lokaci == === Matsayi na ƙungiyar === {{Updated|26 July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajnoki múlt (Budapesti Vasutas SC-Zugló) |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/56/bajnoki-mult |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}</ref><timeline> ImageSize = width:1600 height:75 PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/2026 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1993 Colors = id:First_tier value:green legend:First_tier id:Second_tier value:yellow legend:Second_tier id:Third_tier value:orange legend:Third_tier id:Fourth_tier value:pink legend:Fourth_tier id:Fifth_tier value:red legend:Fifth_tier id:Sixth_tier value:purple legend:Sixth_tier id:Seventh_tier value:white legend:Seventh_tier id:Does_not_exist value:black legend:Does_not_exist PlotData= bar:Position width:16 color:white align:center from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1993 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1993 till:01/07/1994 shift:(0,-4) text:12 from:01/07/1994 till:01/07/1995 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1995 till:01/07/1996 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/1996 till:01/07/1997 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/1997 till:01/07/1998 shift:(0,-4) text:10 from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/1999 shift:(0,-4) text:17 from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1999 color:green shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság I|NB I]]" from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2000 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 shift:(0,-4) text:5 from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2001 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB I/B*]]" from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2003 shift:(0,-4) text:7 from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2003 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "NB III*" from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:15 from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB II*]]" from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2012 color:black shift:(0,14) text: Does not exist from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2012 till:01/07/2013 color:white shift:(0,14) text: "Reg.IV" from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2013 till:01/07/2014 color:purple shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság III|Reg.III]]" from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2015 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2015 till:01/07/2016 shift:(0,-4) text:6 from:01/07/2016 till:01/07/2017 shift:(0,-4) text:4 from:01/07/2017 till:01/07/2018 shift:(0,-4) text:3 from:01/07/2018 till:01/07/2019 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:red shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság II|Reg.II]]" from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2019 till:01/07/2020 color:pink shift:(0,14) text: "[[Megyei Bajnokság I|Reg.I]]" from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2021 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2021 till:01/07/2022 shift:(0,-4) text:2 from:01/07/2022 till:01/07/2023 shift:(0,-4) text:1 from:01/07/2020 till:01/07/2023 color:orange shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság III|NB III]]" from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2024 shift:(0,-4) text:13 from:01/07/2024 till:01/07/2025 shift:(0,-4) text:9 from:01/07/2025 till:01/07/2026 shift:(0,-4) text: from:01/07/2023 till:01/07/2026 color:yellow shift:(0,14) text: "[[Nemzeti Bajnokság II|NB II]]" </timeline> * Tsakanin 1999-00 da 2000-01 gasar ta biyu da ake kira NB I / B. * Tsakanin 2001-02 da 2002-03 gasar ta huɗu da ake kira NB III. * A cikin 2003-04 gasar ta uku da ake kira NB II. == Lokaci == == Manajoji == * [[Péter Szabó]] (1951-1952) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Kállói]] (1953) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Baráth]] (1953-1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tivadar Király]] (1954) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1955-1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Balogh (1957) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ede Moór]] (1957-1960) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gábor Kiss|Gabor Kiss]] (1960-1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Jenő Stahl]] (1961) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Fenyvesi]] (1961-1962) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Keszei]] (1962-1963) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[János Gyarmati]] (1964-1968) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ferenc Szigeti]] (1969-1970) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Béla Marosvári]] (1970-1973) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1973-1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Vasas]] (1977) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Mihály Ubrankovics]] (1978-1981) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[András Borbély]] (1981-1982) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Antal Szentmihályi]] (1982-1983) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Halácsi]] (1983-1985) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * József Farkas (1985-1986) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1987-1988) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Kisteleki]] (1988-1992) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Both|József Dukansu]] (1992-1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Imre Garaba]] (1993) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Sándor Egervári]] (1993-1996) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[László Dajka]] (1996-1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Mezey]] (1997) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[György Bognár]] (1997-1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[István Sándor (footballer, born 1944)|István Sándor]] (1998) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Sekulić]] (1999) {{Flagicon|YUG}} * [[József Tajti]] (1999) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tibor Simon]] (1999-2001) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Dzurják]] (2001-2002) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Futó]] (2003-2004) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * babu wata kungiya ta kwararru (2004-2012) * [[András Hernády]] (2013-2015) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Balogh]] (2015-2017) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * László Varga (2017-2018) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Gabala Krisztián]] (2018-2020) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ákos Buzsáky]] (2021-2022) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Flórián Urbán]] (?-2023) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Tamás Szekeres]] (30 Nuwamba 2023 - 26 Afrilu 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Ádám Kincses]] da [[István Kisteleki]] (27 Afrilu 2024 - 9 Yuni 2024) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[József Csábi]] (10 Yuni 2024-15 Yuni 2025) {{Flagicon|HUN}} * [[Dragan Vukmir]] (16 Yuni 2025 - yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibor |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC-Zugló vezetőedzője |url=https://www.bvsc.hu/hireink/labdarugas/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-zuglo-vezetoedzoje |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=BVSC-Zugló Közhasznú Egyesület hivatalos oldala |language=hu-hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Dragan Vukmir lett a BVSC vezetőedzője – hivatalos |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-ii/2025/06/dragan-vukmir-lett-a-bvsc-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref>{{Flagicon|SRB}} == Canja wuri == === A cikin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left" width="70%" !'''#''' !'''Matsayi''' !'''Mai kunnawa''' !'''Daga''' !'''Kudin''' !Ranar |- |# |GK |[[Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1971)|Gábor Nagy]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[János Kertész]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Tibor Pomper]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Ferencvárosi TC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Miroslav Resko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Csaba Szakos]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Miskolci VSC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Ferenc Szaszovszky]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Pécsi MFC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |DF |[[Zoltán Vincze]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Đorđe Bajić (footballer)|Djordje Bajic]]{{Flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} |FK Radnički Niš |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Viktor Brovcenko]]{{Flagicon|UKR}} |PFC Nyva Vinnytsia |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Zoltán Molnár (footballer born in 1971)|Zoltán Molnár]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |MF |[[Attila Polonkai]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Szeged LC |Komawar Lance |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Zsolt Füzesi]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Stadler FC |'Yanci' |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |- |# |FW |[[Szabolcs Szegletes]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |Veszprémi LC |Ba a bayyana ba |Lokacin bazara na 1998 |} == A Turai == {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin !Gasar !Zagaye !Kasar !Kungiyar !Gida !Tafiya !Haɗuwa |- |1996–97 |Kofin UEFA |Zagaye na cancanta |{{Flagicon|Wales}} |Barry Town FC |3–1 |1–3 |4-4 (p) |- |1997–98 |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |Zagaye na cancanta |{{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} |FC Balzers |2–0 |3–1 |5–1 |- | | |1. Zagaye |{{Flagicon|Spain}} |Real Betis |0–2 |0–2 |0–4 |- |} == Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasar adawa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Kasar !Pld !W !D !L !GF !GA !GD !Nasara % |- | align="left" |[[Liechtenstein Football Association|Liechtenstein]]{{Flagicon|LIE}}{{WDL|2|2|0|0|for=5|against=1|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]]{{Flagicon|ESP}}{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |[[Football Association of Wales|Wales]]{{Flagicon|WAL}}{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=4|against=4|diff=yes}} |- class="sortbottom" !Cikakken !'''6''' !'''3''' !'''0''' !'''3''' !'''9''' !'''9''' !'''0''' !'''50.00''' |} <small>P - An buga; W - Ya ci nasara; D - An zana; L - Ya ɓace&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small> == Shahararrun mambobi a wasu wasanni == * Gábor Gergely, zakaran wasan tennis na duniya * Ferenc Kiss, mai kokawa, kocin tare da BVSC * László Schell, alƙalin wasan hockey na kankara, tsohon ɗan wasa [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rf5jyr2jywnuadg5ublau5w9hm71a4 Adadin rigakafin 0 161505 882388 2026-07-13T16:04:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359350881|Vaccine equity]]" 882388 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Adalci na rigakafi shine lokacin da kowane mutum yana da damar da za a yi wa allurar rigakafi, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba, [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], wuri na ƙasa, ko wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya. Shingen da ke tattare da daidaito na rigakafin ya haɗa da yanke shawara game da abin da aka haɓaka [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], samarwa, rabawa, dabaru na turawa, da kuma ingantaccen sadarwa ga mutanen da suka shafi. == Kafawa da Bayyana Adalci na Allurar rigakafi == Adadin rigakafin yana nufin tabbatar da cewa kowa a duniya yana da daidaitattun damar yin allurar rigakafi.[1][2] Masu bincike da masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun jaddada muhimmancin daidaito na rigakafin rigakafi a lokacin annobar COVID-19 amma ya dace da wasu cututtuka da rigakafi.[3] A tarihi, kamfen ɗin rigakafi na duniya ya haifar da kawar da kyanda da rage cutar shan inna, kyanda, tarin fuka, diphtheria, tari, tari, da kuma tetanus.[4] Kafa daidaito na allurar rigakafin duniya yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar annoba ta duniya.<ref name="Van De Pas">{{Cite journal |last=Van De Pas |first=Remco |last2=Widdowson |first2=Marc-Alain |last3=Ravinetto |first3=Raffaella |last4=N Srinivas |first4=Prashanth |last5=Ochoa |first5=Theresa J. |last6=Fofana |first6=Thierno Oumar |last7=Van Damme |first7=Wim |date=2 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2022.2004125 |issn=1476-0584 |pmc=8631691 |pmid=34758678}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga fitowa da yaduwar annoba, gami da ikon mutane suyi tafiya mai nisa sabili da haka yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Baker">{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Rachel E. |last2=Mahmud |first2=Ayesha S. |last3=Miller |first3=Ian F. |last4=Rajeev |first4=Malavika |last5=Rasambainarivo |first5=Fidisoa |last6=Rice |first6=Benjamin L. |last7=Takahashi |first7=Saki |last8=Tatem |first8=Andrew J. |last9=Wagner |first9=Caroline E. |last10=Wang |first10=Lin-Fa |last11=Wesolowski |first11=Amy |last12=Metcalf |first12=C. Jessica E. |date=April 2022 |title=Infectious disease in an era of global change |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z |issn=1740-1534 |pmc=8513385 |pmid=34646006}}</ref> Kwayar cutar da ta kasance a cikin yaduwa a wuri ɗaya na iya yaduwa kuma ta sake dawowa a wasu yankuna. Yayin da kwayar cuta ta zama yadu kuma tana shafar yawancin jama'a da yawa, mai yiwuwa ne ya samo asali don ya zama mai yaduwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref name="Van De Pas" /> da kuma juriya ga allurar rigakafi. <ref name="UNnews">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=COVID vaccines: Widening inequality and millions vulnerable |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100192 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=UN News |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Adadin rigakafi yana da mahimmanci don dakatar da yaduwa da juyin halitta na cuta. Tabbatar da cewa duk al'ummomi suna samun damar yin allurar rigakafi hanya ce mai amfani don cimma [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta duniya. Rashin yin hakan yana ƙara yiwuwar ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Van De Pas" /><ref name="HHR">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=Access to Medicines and Human Rights |url=https://www.hhrguide.org/2017/06/09/access-to-medicines-and-human-rights/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Health and Human Rights Resource Guide |publisher=François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights |language=en-us}}</ref> Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa suna iya shafar waɗanda ke cikin unguwa da ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi ([[Developing country|LMICs]]), suna mai da daidaito na rigakafin ya zama batun lafiyar jama'a na gida da na ƙasa da kuma manufofin kasashen waje. A dabi'a da ɗabi'a, samun dama ga kowa ga magunguna masu mahimmanci kamar allurar rigakafi yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga kiwon lafiya, wanda ke da tushe a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="Van De Pas">{{Cite journal |last=Van De Pas |first=Remco |last2=Widdowson |first2=Marc-Alain |last3=Ravinetto |first3=Raffaella |last4=N Srinivas |first4=Prashanth |last5=Ochoa |first5=Theresa J. |last6=Fofana |first6=Thierno Oumar |last7=Van Damme |first7=Wim |date=2 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2022.2004125 |issn=1476-0584 |pmc=8631691 |pmid=34758678}}</ref><ref name="HHR">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=Access to Medicines and Human Rights |url=https://www.hhrguide.org/2017/06/09/access-to-medicines-and-human-rights/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Health and Human Rights Resource Guide |publisher=François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=((The PLOS Medicine Editors)) |date=22 February 2022 |title=Vaccine equity: A fundamental imperative in the fight against COVID-19 |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003948 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=8863246 |pmid=35192620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A fannin tattalin arziki, rashin daidaito na allurar rigakafi yana lalata tattalin arzikin duniya. Sadarwar samarwa ta ƙetare iyakoki: yankunan da ke da ƙimar allurar rigakafi har yanzu sun dogara da yankunan da ba su da ƙimar rigakafi don kayayyaki da aiyuka.<ref name="lanceted">{{Cite journal |last=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=September 2021 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity and booster doses |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=9 |page=1193 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00486-2 |issn=1473-3099 |pmc=8360703 |pmid=34391506}}</ref> Samun daidaito na allurar rigakafi yana buƙatar magance rashin daidaito da toshewa a cikin samarwa, kasuwanci, da isar da allurar rigakawa.<ref name="Gill">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Indermit |last2=Ruta |first2=Michele |date=11 February 2022 |title=Why global vaccine equity is the prescription for a full recovery |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2022/02/11/why-global-vaccine-equity-is-the-prescription-for-a-full-recovery/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Brookings}}</ref> Kalubale sun haɗa da haɓaka canjin fasaha da samarwa, farashin samarwa, bayanan tsaro na allurar rigakafi, da kuma bayanan rigakafin rigakafi da tashin hankali.<ref name="Hotez">{{Cite journal |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |last2=Bottazzi |first2=Maria Elena |date=27 January 2022 |title=Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212 |issn=0066-4219 |pmid=34637324 |s2cid=238747462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, shingen daidaito na allurar rigakafi ya haɗa da bayanan da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin harshe mai tsabta a cikin ƙoƙari na ilimantar da jama'a gaba ɗaya game da fa'idodin allurar rigakawa da allurar riguna da kansu, musamman a yankunan karkara da jama'ar.<ref name="Bob">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Bob |date=9 July 2020 |title=Speaking of pandemics: The art and science of risk communication |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2020/speaking-pandemics-art-and-science-risk-communication |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-070920-1 |s2cid=225779974 |access-date=3 May 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin rashin daidaito na allurar rigakafi == Masu arziki gabaɗaya suna da damar yin allurar rigakafi fiye da matalauta, tsakanin da cikin ƙasashe.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Global Dashboard for Vaccine Equity |url=https://data.undp.org/vaccine-equity/ |website=UNDP Covid-19 Data Futures Platform |publisher=UN Development Program}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe, akwai yiwuwar ƙananan allurar rigakafi a cikin kabilanci da kabilanci, a cikin tsofaffi, a cikin iyalai da masu shakkar allurar rigakawa ke jagoranta, da kuma tsakanin waɗanda ke zaune tare da nakasa ko yanayin da ke ci gaba. Rarraba da samun allurar rigakafin suna nuna bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okwaraji |first=Yemisrach B |last2=Mulholland |first2=Kim |last3=Schellenberg |first3=JoannaRMArmstrong |last4=Andarge |first4=Gashaw |last5=Admassu |first5=Mengesha |last6=Edmond |first6=Karen M |date=22 June 2012 |title=The association between travel time to health facilities and childhood vaccine coverage in rural Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=476 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-476 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=3439329 |pmid=22726457 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shirye don gyara wannan rashin daidaito.<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Partnering for Vaccine Equity {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/health-equity/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Abubuwan siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da diflomasiyya na iya iyakance wadatar rigakafi a wasu ƙasashe.<ref name="UNDP" /> == Manazarta == p7sr9c3d7vrlqsv0uzhzuqo5l0aoqk9 882389 882388 2026-07-13T16:05:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatyn bayanai 882389 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}Adalci na rigakafi shine lokacin da kowane mutum yana da damar da za a yi wa allurar rigakafi, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba, [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], wuri na ƙasa, ko wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya. Shingen da ke tattare da daidaito na rigakafin ya haɗa da yanke shawara game da abin da aka haɓaka [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], samarwa, rabawa, dabaru na turawa, da kuma ingantaccen sadarwa ga mutanen da suka shafi. == Kafawa da Bayyana Adalci na Allurar rigakafi == Adadin rigakafin yana nufin tabbatar da cewa kowa a duniya yana da daidaitattun damar yin allurar rigakafi.[1][2] Masu bincike da masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun jaddada muhimmancin daidaito na rigakafin rigakafi a lokacin annobar COVID-19 amma ya dace da wasu cututtuka da rigakafi.[3] A tarihi, kamfen ɗin rigakafi na duniya ya haifar da kawar da kyanda da rage cutar shan inna, kyanda, tarin fuka, diphtheria, tari, tari, da kuma tetanus.[4] Kafa daidaito na allurar rigakafin duniya yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar annoba ta duniya.<ref name="Van De Pas">{{Cite journal |last=Van De Pas |first=Remco |last2=Widdowson |first2=Marc-Alain |last3=Ravinetto |first3=Raffaella |last4=N Srinivas |first4=Prashanth |last5=Ochoa |first5=Theresa J. |last6=Fofana |first6=Thierno Oumar |last7=Van Damme |first7=Wim |date=2 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2022.2004125 |issn=1476-0584 |pmc=8631691 |pmid=34758678}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga fitowa da yaduwar annoba, gami da ikon mutane suyi tafiya mai nisa sabili da haka yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Baker">{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Rachel E. |last2=Mahmud |first2=Ayesha S. |last3=Miller |first3=Ian F. |last4=Rajeev |first4=Malavika |last5=Rasambainarivo |first5=Fidisoa |last6=Rice |first6=Benjamin L. |last7=Takahashi |first7=Saki |last8=Tatem |first8=Andrew J. |last9=Wagner |first9=Caroline E. |last10=Wang |first10=Lin-Fa |last11=Wesolowski |first11=Amy |last12=Metcalf |first12=C. Jessica E. |date=April 2022 |title=Infectious disease in an era of global change |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z |issn=1740-1534 |pmc=8513385 |pmid=34646006}}</ref> Kwayar cutar da ta kasance a cikin yaduwa a wuri ɗaya na iya yaduwa kuma ta sake dawowa a wasu yankuna. Yayin da kwayar cuta ta zama yadu kuma tana shafar yawancin jama'a da yawa, mai yiwuwa ne ya samo asali don ya zama mai yaduwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref name="Van De Pas" /> da kuma juriya ga allurar rigakafi. <ref name="UNnews">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=COVID vaccines: Widening inequality and millions vulnerable |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100192 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=UN News |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Adadin rigakafi yana da mahimmanci don dakatar da yaduwa da juyin halitta na cuta. Tabbatar da cewa duk al'ummomi suna samun damar yin allurar rigakafi hanya ce mai amfani don cimma [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta duniya. Rashin yin hakan yana ƙara yiwuwar ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Van De Pas" /><ref name="HHR">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=Access to Medicines and Human Rights |url=https://www.hhrguide.org/2017/06/09/access-to-medicines-and-human-rights/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Health and Human Rights Resource Guide |publisher=François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights |language=en-us}}</ref> Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa suna iya shafar waɗanda ke cikin unguwa da ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi ([[Developing country|LMICs]]), suna mai da daidaito na rigakafin ya zama batun lafiyar jama'a na gida da na ƙasa da kuma manufofin kasashen waje. A dabi'a da ɗabi'a, samun dama ga kowa ga magunguna masu mahimmanci kamar allurar rigakafi yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga kiwon lafiya, wanda ke da tushe a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="Van De Pas">{{Cite journal |last=Van De Pas |first=Remco |last2=Widdowson |first2=Marc-Alain |last3=Ravinetto |first3=Raffaella |last4=N Srinivas |first4=Prashanth |last5=Ochoa |first5=Theresa J. |last6=Fofana |first6=Thierno Oumar |last7=Van Damme |first7=Wim |date=2 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2022.2004125 |issn=1476-0584 |pmc=8631691 |pmid=34758678}}</ref><ref name="HHR">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=Access to Medicines and Human Rights |url=https://www.hhrguide.org/2017/06/09/access-to-medicines-and-human-rights/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Health and Human Rights Resource Guide |publisher=François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=((The PLOS Medicine Editors)) |date=22 February 2022 |title=Vaccine equity: A fundamental imperative in the fight against COVID-19 |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003948 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=8863246 |pmid=35192620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A fannin tattalin arziki, rashin daidaito na allurar rigakafi yana lalata tattalin arzikin duniya. Sadarwar samarwa ta ƙetare iyakoki: yankunan da ke da ƙimar allurar rigakafi har yanzu sun dogara da yankunan da ba su da ƙimar rigakafi don kayayyaki da aiyuka.<ref name="lanceted">{{Cite journal |last=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=September 2021 |title=COVID-19 vaccine equity and booster doses |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=9 |page=1193 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00486-2 |issn=1473-3099 |pmc=8360703 |pmid=34391506}}</ref> Samun daidaito na allurar rigakafi yana buƙatar magance rashin daidaito da toshewa a cikin samarwa, kasuwanci, da isar da allurar rigakawa.<ref name="Gill">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Indermit |last2=Ruta |first2=Michele |date=11 February 2022 |title=Why global vaccine equity is the prescription for a full recovery |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2022/02/11/why-global-vaccine-equity-is-the-prescription-for-a-full-recovery/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Brookings}}</ref> Kalubale sun haɗa da haɓaka canjin fasaha da samarwa, farashin samarwa, bayanan tsaro na allurar rigakafi, da kuma bayanan rigakafin rigakafi da tashin hankali.<ref name="Hotez">{{Cite journal |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |last2=Bottazzi |first2=Maria Elena |date=27 January 2022 |title=Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212 |issn=0066-4219 |pmid=34637324 |s2cid=238747462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, shingen daidaito na allurar rigakafi ya haɗa da bayanan da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin harshe mai tsabta a cikin ƙoƙari na ilimantar da jama'a gaba ɗaya game da fa'idodin allurar rigakawa da allurar riguna da kansu, musamman a yankunan karkara da jama'ar.<ref name="Bob">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Bob |date=9 July 2020 |title=Speaking of pandemics: The art and science of risk communication |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2020/speaking-pandemics-art-and-science-risk-communication |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-070920-1 |s2cid=225779974 |access-date=3 May 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin rashin daidaito na allurar rigakafi == Masu arziki gabaɗaya suna da damar yin allurar rigakafi fiye da matalauta, tsakanin da cikin ƙasashe.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Global Dashboard for Vaccine Equity |url=https://data.undp.org/vaccine-equity/ |website=UNDP Covid-19 Data Futures Platform |publisher=UN Development Program}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe, akwai yiwuwar ƙananan allurar rigakafi a cikin kabilanci da kabilanci, a cikin tsofaffi, a cikin iyalai da masu shakkar allurar rigakawa ke jagoranta, da kuma tsakanin waɗanda ke zaune tare da nakasa ko yanayin da ke ci gaba. Rarraba da samun allurar rigakafin suna nuna bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okwaraji |first=Yemisrach B |last2=Mulholland |first2=Kim |last3=Schellenberg |first3=JoannaRMArmstrong |last4=Andarge |first4=Gashaw |last5=Admassu |first5=Mengesha |last6=Edmond |first6=Karen M |date=22 June 2012 |title=The association between travel time to health facilities and childhood vaccine coverage in rural Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=476 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-476 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=3439329 |pmid=22726457 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shirye don gyara wannan rashin daidaito.<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Partnering for Vaccine Equity {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/health-equity/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Abubuwan siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da diflomasiyya na iya iyakance wadatar rigakafi a wasu ƙasashe.<ref name="UNDP" /> == Manazarta == azq8ui0aegcx960zqaky1bnfx9tzgik Binciken gawawwakin baki 0 161506 882392 2026-07-13T16:19:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357012150|Verbal autopsy]]" 882392 wikitext text/x-wiki Verbal autopsy (VA) hanya ce ta tattara bayanai game da alamomi da yanayi ga mutumin da ya mutu don tantance dalilin mutuwa. Bayanan kiwon lafiya da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru kafin mutuwa ana samun su ne daga tattaunawa ko hira da mutum ko mutanen da suka saba da marigayin kuma masu ilimin kiwon lafiya ko algorithms na kwamfuta sun bincika su don sanya yiwuwar dalilin (s) na mutuwa. Ana amfani da autopsy na magana a cikin saitunan inda yawancin mutuwar ba su da takardun shaida, wanda yawanci yana nufin a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici. Kimanin ya nuna cewa mafi yawan mutuwar duniya miliyan 60 na shekara-shekara yana faruwa ba tare da kulawar likita ko takardar shaidar likita ta hukuma game da dalilin mutuwar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil registration coverage of cause of death |url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.wrapper.CODCOVERAGE?lang=en |access-date=2019-03-25 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> VA yayi ƙoƙari ya kafa abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa ga batutuwa marasa rubuce-rubuce, yana bawa masana kimiyya damar nazarin tsarin cututtuka da kuma yanke shawara kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Amfani mai mahimmanci na hanyar binciken maganganu sun haɗa da Nazarin Mutuwa Miliyan a Indiya, shirin ƙasa na kasar Sin don yin rikodin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a yankunan karkara, Nazarin Cututtuka na Duniya na 2010, da kuma binciken INDEPTH Network da yawa.<ref name="r4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yang G, Rao C, Ma J, Wang L, Wan X, Dubrovsky G, Lopez AD |date=June 2006 |title=Validation of verbal autopsy procedures for adult deaths in China |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=741–8 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyi181 |pmid=16144861 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid23245604">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal |date=December 2012 |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmc=10790329 |pmid=23245604 |s2cid=1541253}}</ref> VA tana ƙara karuwa a matsayin muhimmin bangare na tsarin CRVS na kasa (rajistar jama'a da mahimman kididdiga). # don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamuwa da cuta da ci gaban yara, da # karɓar ayyukan tsara iyali ta al'ummomin karkara don mayar da martani ga kunshin sabis na kula da uwa da yara. Manyan masu ba da kiwon lafiya sune Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) da Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) mazauna a kowane ƙauyen karatu a cikin nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da yawan jama'a, bi da bi. Dukansu sun sami horo na makonni shida kafin fara shirin, sannan kuma sake dubawa na kowane wata, sake horo da kuma dawowa kan fannoni na sabis na musamman ga ƙungiyar ƙauyukansu. Ayyukan shigarwa a cikin ƙauyukan Abinci da farko sun kunshi "cibiyoyin ciyarwa" da kiwon lafiya ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 5, da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da jarirai a cikin sel na yawan jama'a. A farkon shekara ta 1971, sakamakon daga ƙauyukan abinci mai gina jiki bai nuna raguwa mai yawa a cikin mutuwar yara ba, kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar yara sun kasance ba a sani ba. A mayar da martani, an kafa tsarin bayanai, inda duk mutuwar yara a cikin ƙauyuka dole ne a ruwaito wa Ofishin Narangwal Project ta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya a cikin kwanaki biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin likitocin aikin ya tafi ga dangin da ke fama da damuwa kuma ta hanyar yin tambayoyi masu tsanani ga dangi na kusa game da alamomi da alamun tsarin da ke haifar da mutuwa, sake duba bayanan kiwon lafiya na yaro, wanda aka kara da ziyarar mai ba da kiwon lafiya ta waje idan haka ne, ya kafa dalilai masu yuwuwa, kuma mafi yiwuwar dalilin mutuwa. Yin amfani da wannan hanyar da kuma bin nazarin mutuwar farko 45, cututtukan zawo, cututtuken numfashi na ƙasa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki an gano su a matsayin manyan dalilai uku tsakanin yara masu shekaru 8 zuwa 3. Daga cikin 45, daya ya mutu daga neonatal tetanus. Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba da wannan tsari ga duk ƙauyuka na ayyukan biyu waɗanda ke nuna kula da yara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su. Dangane da sakamakon, an tsara hanyoyin shiga tsakani na musamman don gano abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kiwon lafiya kuma an gabatar da su a cikin ayyukan biyu. A shekara ta 1972, an gabatar da sakamakon binciken ga mutuwar yara 124 a cikin kwanaki bakwai na farko na rayuwa, da mutuwar 117 daga kwanaki 8 zuwa shekaru 5 a wani taro a Srinagar, Kashmir. An yi amfani da kalmar Verbal Autopsy 'a cikin ba'a' ta hanyar ziyarar likitanci wanda ba wai kawai ya yi tambaya game da sakamakon ba har ma da hanyar, yana mai da shi "marasa kimiyya". Darakta na ayyukan biyu na lokacin, Carl E. Taylor, shugaban Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Duniya wanda shi ma ya jagoranci taron ya riƙe kalmar. Ta hanyar gabatar da takamaiman kunshin sabis musamman don kula da DD, ARI, da Neonatal Tetanus, <ref name="pmid587742">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kielmann AA, McCord C |date=August 1977 |title=Home treatment of childhood diarrhea in Punjab villages |journal=The Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1093/tropej/23.4.197 |pmid=587742}}</ref> mutuwar yara ta ragu sosai a cikin ƙauyukan nazarin duka ayyukan Abinci da Jama'a.<ref name="pmid715885">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCord C, Kielmann AA |date=October 1978 |title=A successful programme for medical auxiliaries treating childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia |journal=Tropical Doctor |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=220–5 |doi=10.1177/004947557800800420 |pmid=715885 |s2cid=37551624}}</ref><ref name="pmid346478">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kielmann AA, Vohra SR |date=December 1977 |title=Control of tetanus neonatorum in rural communities--immunization effects of high-dose calcium phosphate-absorbed tetanus toxoid |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=906–16 |pmid=346478}}</ref> Shekaru bakwai bayan haka (1980), Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar ta gudanar da bincike don hana mutuwar yara daga DD ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na shiga tsakani ga yawan jama'a 200,000, gami da yara 29000 a ƙasa da shekaru 5 a gundumomi daban-daban guda uku.[1] Hanyar VA kamar yadda aka samo asali a Narangwal an ɗan canza ta zuwa yanayin Masar kuma an sake amfani da ita don gano alamun mutuwa tsakanin ɗalibai. Bayan aiwatar da jadawalin magani daban-daban, yawan mutuwar yara ya ragu sosai a cikin takamaiman ƙauyuka a lokacin binciken. An sake ziyartar shafin aikin shekaru shida bayan kammala binciken da ke tabbatar da amfani da tasirin hanyar VA, da kuma hanyoyin shiga tsakani bi da bi.[2] == Ci gaba == Yawancin maimaitawa da bambance-bambance na tambayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a VA an haɓaka su ne ta hanyar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya da masu bincike. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), tana aiwatar da aikinta na duniya don saita ka'idoji da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, ta buga littafi da ke tsara ka'idodin VA a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali ne akan tambayoyin takarda na yau da kullun waɗanda likitoci za su iya kimantawa don sanya abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == slnmwkffdp8aswbrepcf1teurujtep2 882393 882392 2026-07-13T16:19:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatyn bayanai 882393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Verbal autopsy (VA) hanya ce ta tattara bayanai game da alamomi da yanayi ga mutumin da ya mutu don tantance dalilin mutuwa. Bayanan kiwon lafiya da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru kafin mutuwa ana samun su ne daga tattaunawa ko hira da mutum ko mutanen da suka saba da marigayin kuma masu ilimin kiwon lafiya ko algorithms na kwamfuta sun bincika su don sanya yiwuwar dalilin (s) na mutuwa. Ana amfani da autopsy na magana a cikin saitunan inda yawancin mutuwar ba su da takardun shaida, wanda yawanci yana nufin a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici. Kimanin ya nuna cewa mafi yawan mutuwar duniya miliyan 60 na shekara-shekara yana faruwa ba tare da kulawar likita ko takardar shaidar likita ta hukuma game da dalilin mutuwar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil registration coverage of cause of death |url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.wrapper.CODCOVERAGE?lang=en |access-date=2019-03-25 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> VA yayi ƙoƙari ya kafa abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa ga batutuwa marasa rubuce-rubuce, yana bawa masana kimiyya damar nazarin tsarin cututtuka da kuma yanke shawara kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Amfani mai mahimmanci na hanyar binciken maganganu sun haɗa da Nazarin Mutuwa Miliyan a Indiya, shirin ƙasa na kasar Sin don yin rikodin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a yankunan karkara, Nazarin Cututtuka na Duniya na 2010, da kuma binciken INDEPTH Network da yawa.<ref name="r4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yang G, Rao C, Ma J, Wang L, Wan X, Dubrovsky G, Lopez AD |date=June 2006 |title=Validation of verbal autopsy procedures for adult deaths in China |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=741–8 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyi181 |pmid=16144861 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid23245604">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal |date=December 2012 |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmc=10790329 |pmid=23245604 |s2cid=1541253}}</ref> VA tana ƙara karuwa a matsayin muhimmin bangare na tsarin CRVS na kasa (rajistar jama'a da mahimman kididdiga). # don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamuwa da cuta da ci gaban yara, da # karɓar ayyukan tsara iyali ta al'ummomin karkara don mayar da martani ga kunshin sabis na kula da uwa da yara. Manyan masu ba da kiwon lafiya sune Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) da Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) mazauna a kowane ƙauyen karatu a cikin nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da yawan jama'a, bi da bi. Dukansu sun sami horo na makonni shida kafin fara shirin, sannan kuma sake dubawa na kowane wata, sake horo da kuma dawowa kan fannoni na sabis na musamman ga ƙungiyar ƙauyukansu. Ayyukan shigarwa a cikin ƙauyukan Abinci da farko sun kunshi "cibiyoyin ciyarwa" da kiwon lafiya ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 5, da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da jarirai a cikin sel na yawan jama'a. A farkon shekara ta 1971, sakamakon daga ƙauyukan abinci mai gina jiki bai nuna raguwa mai yawa a cikin mutuwar yara ba, kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar yara sun kasance ba a sani ba. A mayar da martani, an kafa tsarin bayanai, inda duk mutuwar yara a cikin ƙauyuka dole ne a ruwaito wa Ofishin Narangwal Project ta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya a cikin kwanaki biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin likitocin aikin ya tafi ga dangin da ke fama da damuwa kuma ta hanyar yin tambayoyi masu tsanani ga dangi na kusa game da alamomi da alamun tsarin da ke haifar da mutuwa, sake duba bayanan kiwon lafiya na yaro, wanda aka kara da ziyarar mai ba da kiwon lafiya ta waje idan haka ne, ya kafa dalilai masu yuwuwa, kuma mafi yiwuwar dalilin mutuwa. Yin amfani da wannan hanyar da kuma bin nazarin mutuwar farko 45, cututtukan zawo, cututtuken numfashi na ƙasa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki an gano su a matsayin manyan dalilai uku tsakanin yara masu shekaru 8 zuwa 3. Daga cikin 45, daya ya mutu daga neonatal tetanus. Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba da wannan tsari ga duk ƙauyuka na ayyukan biyu waɗanda ke nuna kula da yara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su. Dangane da sakamakon, an tsara hanyoyin shiga tsakani na musamman don gano abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kiwon lafiya kuma an gabatar da su a cikin ayyukan biyu. A shekara ta 1972, an gabatar da sakamakon binciken ga mutuwar yara 124 a cikin kwanaki bakwai na farko na rayuwa, da mutuwar 117 daga kwanaki 8 zuwa shekaru 5 a wani taro a Srinagar, Kashmir. An yi amfani da kalmar Verbal Autopsy 'a cikin ba'a' ta hanyar ziyarar likitanci wanda ba wai kawai ya yi tambaya game da sakamakon ba har ma da hanyar, yana mai da shi "marasa kimiyya". Darakta na ayyukan biyu na lokacin, Carl E. Taylor, shugaban Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Duniya wanda shi ma ya jagoranci taron ya riƙe kalmar. Ta hanyar gabatar da takamaiman kunshin sabis musamman don kula da DD, ARI, da Neonatal Tetanus, <ref name="pmid587742">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kielmann AA, McCord C |date=August 1977 |title=Home treatment of childhood diarrhea in Punjab villages |journal=The Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1093/tropej/23.4.197 |pmid=587742}}</ref> mutuwar yara ta ragu sosai a cikin ƙauyukan nazarin duka ayyukan Abinci da Jama'a.<ref name="pmid715885">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCord C, Kielmann AA |date=October 1978 |title=A successful programme for medical auxiliaries treating childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia |journal=Tropical Doctor |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=220–5 |doi=10.1177/004947557800800420 |pmid=715885 |s2cid=37551624}}</ref><ref name="pmid346478">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kielmann AA, Vohra SR |date=December 1977 |title=Control of tetanus neonatorum in rural communities--immunization effects of high-dose calcium phosphate-absorbed tetanus toxoid |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=906–16 |pmid=346478}}</ref> Shekaru bakwai bayan haka (1980), Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar ta gudanar da bincike don hana mutuwar yara daga DD ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na shiga tsakani ga yawan jama'a 200,000, gami da yara 29000 a ƙasa da shekaru 5 a gundumomi daban-daban guda uku.[1] Hanyar VA kamar yadda aka samo asali a Narangwal an ɗan canza ta zuwa yanayin Masar kuma an sake amfani da ita don gano alamun mutuwa tsakanin ɗalibai. Bayan aiwatar da jadawalin magani daban-daban, yawan mutuwar yara ya ragu sosai a cikin takamaiman ƙauyuka a lokacin binciken. An sake ziyartar shafin aikin shekaru shida bayan kammala binciken da ke tabbatar da amfani da tasirin hanyar VA, da kuma hanyoyin shiga tsakani bi da bi.[2] == Ci gaba == Yawancin maimaitawa da bambance-bambance na tambayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a VA an haɓaka su ne ta hanyar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya da masu bincike. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), tana aiwatar da aikinta na duniya don saita ka'idoji da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, ta buga littafi da ke tsara ka'idodin VA a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali ne akan tambayoyin takarda na yau da kullun waɗanda likitoci za su iya kimantawa don sanya abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == d1xvlxm8qgc0x7yuokqooipuphliayw Kiwon lafiyar jama'a 0 161507 882396 2026-07-13T16:20:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345618650|Veterinary public health]]" 882396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]]''' ('''VPH''') wani bangare ne na kiwon lafiyar jama-a wanda ke mai da hankali kan aikace-aikacen kimiyyar dabbobi don karewa da inganta lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewa na mutane. A kasashe da yawa ayyukan da suka shafi VPH ana shirya su ne ta hanyar babban jami'in likitan dabbobi. Kayan kiwon lafiyar jama'a na al'ada a matsayin batun ya rufe wadannan fannoni: == Samar da abinci da aminci == Yana da kyau a yi la'akari da samar da abinci a matsayin sarkar, tare da dabbobi da aka kiwo a [[gona]] (kafin girbi) sannan zuwa aikin farko (amfanin gona), sarrafawa da rarraba na biyu sannan kuma shirye-shiryen ƙarshe (duk bayan girbi). Wannan ra'ayi na "farm to fork" za a iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar la'akari da dabba mai naman sa gona da ke zuwa yanka a wurin yanka, sannan kuma masana'antar samar da hamburger, sannan a rarraba shi zuwa babban kanti. Ana sayar da hamburger, a kai shi gida, a adana shi, a dafa shi kuma a ci shi. Kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya shafi dukkan fannoni na samar da abinci daga sarrafa cututtukan annobar waɗanda zasu iya tasiri ga aikin gona, zuwa tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da yanka lafiya da ɗan adam, zuwa sanar da jama'a kan hanyoyin da suka dace don adanawa da dafa hamburgers. == Kula da cutar Zoonosis == Ana iya bayyana [[zoonosis]] a matsayin kowane [[Cuta|Cutar]] da / ko kamuwa da cuta wanda ke yaduwa tsakanin dabbobi da mutum. Su ne babban abin damuwa ga jama'a. Labaran da suka shafi batutuwan kamar mura na tsuntsaye, BSE (rashin lafiya na saniya) da [[salmonella]] na ƙwai sun mamaye manyan jaridu na Burtaniya na shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Hoton a cikin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa na iya zama daban-daban dangane da cutar zoonosis. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa mabukaci ba su da wata hulɗa da dabba mai rai, yana iyakance watsawa daga dabbobi masu rai ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, ana sarrafa lafiyar abinci sosai. Duk da wannan cuta da ake samu a cikin abinci har yanzu babbar matsala ce a kasashe masu tasowa. A cikin EU a cikin shekara ta 2006, an bayar da rahoton jimlar mutane 175,561 da aka tabbatar da cutar campylobacteriosis daga kasashe 21 kuma an ruwaito cewa za su wakilci wani ɓangare na jimlar.[1] Kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya shafi sa ido da sarrafa zoonoses a matakai daban-daban ko ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kula da cututtuka a matakin gona ko dabbobin daji ko a cikin yanka. == Rashin gurɓata muhalli == Masu gurɓata muhalli waɗanda ke tasowa ta hanyar kiyayewa da amfani da dabbobi na iya haɗawa da gurɓata iska, ƙasa ko ruwa. Zai iya tasowa ta hanyar kayan sharar dabba da kuma [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] waɗanda za a iya amfani da su yayin samarwa (misali Magungunan kashe kwari, maganin rigakafi, da sauransu). Bugu da kari, likitocin likitoci za su samar da yiwuwar gurɓata muhalli ta hanyar amfani da allurai, allurai, nama da sauran Sharar asibiti. Dukkanin wadannan kayan dole ne a magance su cikin aminci da sarrafawa. (Dubi sashen Contamination na Muhalli a kan [http://www.wikivet.net WikiVet].) == Matsayin dabbobi a cikin al'umma == Wannan bangare na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na dabbobi yana hulɗa da batutuwan ɗabi'a da yawa. Lafiyar dabbobi lamari ne na yau da kullun ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba, ko ya shafi dabbobi, dabbobi masu samarwa ko dabbobi na daji. Inda layin da ke bayyana yanayin jin dadin da ba a yarda da shi ba ya bambanta ga mutane daban-daban daga kasashe da al'adu daban-daban; duk da haka, ya zama ruwan dare don a bayyana mafi ƙarancin ka'idojin jin dadin da za a bayyana a cikin [[Samar da doka daga masu doka|doka]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 06g15rrm7x70ym42nngin8dabw7yh93 User:Hon.Mubarak 2 161508 882406 2026-07-13T16:36:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 Sabon shafi: Sunana Mubarak Jafar ana kirana da Hon, na kasance mai san karatu da kuma rubutu, inasan bada gudunmuwa a shafukan wikipedia 882406 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Mubarak Jafar ana kirana da Hon, na kasance mai san karatu da kuma rubutu, inasan bada gudunmuwa a shafukan wikipedia i6tzkycmm5b47qv5xki7y5uhkcbpi6p Yaduwar cututtukan ruwa 0 161509 882408 2026-07-13T16:42:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362744886|Wastewater-based epidemiology]]" 882408 wikitext text/x-wiki Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da Ruwa mai guba (ko sa ido na ruwa mai gube ko hakar bayanai na sinadarai) yana nazarin ruwa mai gubawa don tantance amfani da, ko fallasawa ga, sunadarai ko cututtukani a cikin yawan jama'a. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar auna sinadarai ko alamomi a cikin ruwan da aka samar da mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar tsabtace ruwa.<ref name="SimsKasprzyk-Hordern2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sims |first=Natalie |last2=Kasprzyk-Hordern |first2=Barbara |year=2020 |title=Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level |journal=Environment International |volume=139 |bibcode=2020EnInt.13905689S |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689 |issn=0160-4120 |pmc=7128895 |pmid=32283358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da cututtukan cututtukani na ruwa don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin al'ummomi ko al'ummomin, amma ana iya amfani da su don auna amfani da barasa, caffeine, magunguna daban-daban da sauran mahadi.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Har ila yau, an daidaita ilmin cututtukan ruwa don auna nauyin cututtukani kamar [[SARS-CoV-2]] a cikin al'umma.<ref name="KWR">{{Cite journal |last=Medema |first=Gertjan |last2=Heijnen |first2=Leo |last3=Elsinga |first3=Goffe |last4=Italiaander |first4=Ronald |last5=Brouwer |first5=Anke |year=2020 |title=Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=511–516 |bibcode=2020EnSTL...7..511M |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00357 |issn=2328-8930 |pmc=7254611 |pmid=37566285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya bambanta da gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi na gargajiya, fitsari ko gwajin turare a cikin cewa sakamakon shine matakin yawan jama'a maimakon matakin mutum. Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba wani yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke samo asali daga kwararru kamar masu kula da shuke-shuke na ruwa mai gubawa, masana kimiyyar lissafi, masana kimiyan halitta da masu ilimin cututtukani. == Tarihi == Za'a iya amfani da ilmin yaduwar ruwa (WBE) a fagen bincike wanda ke amfani da nazarin datti da ruwa mai guba don saka idanu kan kasancewar, rarraba, da yaduwar cutar ko sunadarai a cikin al'ummomi. An yi amfani da dabarar shekaru da yawa, kuma misali na aikace-aikacen farko shine a cikin shekarun 1940 lokacin da aka yi amfani da WBE don ganowa da rarraba kwayar cutar shan inna a cikin datti na New York, Chicago, da sauran biranen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=T. G. |last2=Melnick |first2=J. L. |last3=Estes |first3=M. K. |date=October 1995 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY: From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology—A Trip of Over 50 Years |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=461–487 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |issn=0066-4227 |pmid=8561468 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani aikace-aikacen farko ya zo ne a shekara ta 1954, a cikin binciken schistosome na kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayer |first=F. A. |date=July 1954 |title=Schistosome infection of snails in a dam traced to pollution with sewage |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(54)90108-x |issn=0035-9203 |pmid=13187568}}</ref> Rashin yaduwar cututtukan ruwa daga baya ya bazu zuwa kasashe da yawa. A farkon karni na 21, karatu da yawa sun karɓi dabarar.<ref name="GlassmeyerFurlong2005">{{Cite journal |last=Glassmeyer |first=Susan T. |last2=Furlong |first2=Edward T. |last3=Kolpin |first3=Dana W. |last4=Cahill |first4=Jeffery D. |last5=Zaugg |first5=Steven D. |last6=Werner |first6=Stephen L. |last7=Meyer |first7=Michael T. |last8=Kryak |first8=David D. |year=2005 |title=Transport of Chemical and Microbial Compounds from Known Wastewater Discharges: Potential for Use as Indicators of Human Fecal Contamination |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=usgsstaffpub |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=39 |issue=14 |pages=5157–5169 |bibcode=2005EnST...39.5157G |doi=10.1021/es048120k |issn=0013-936X |pmid=16082943 |s2cid=10305464 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 ya auna cocaine da benzoylecgonine a cikin samfurori na ruwa daga Kogin Po a [[Italiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuccato |first=E |last2=Chiabrando |first2=C |last3=Castiglioni |first3=S |last4=Calamari |first4=D |last5=Bagnati |first5=R |last6=Schiarea |first6=S |last7=Fanelli |first7=R |year=2005 |title=Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse |url= |journal=Environmental Health |volume=4 |issue=14 |page=14 |bibcode=2005EnvHe...4...14Z |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-4-14 |pmc=1190203 |pmid=16083497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2026, WBE ta kai sama da shafuka 4600 a kasashe 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcGIS Dashboards: Summary of Global SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Monitoring Efforts by UC Merced Researchers |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c778145ea5bb4daeb58d31afee389082 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba yayi kama da urinaryysis a kan sikelin al'umma. Ƙananan kwayoyin da mutum ya cinye za a iya fitar da su a cikin fitsari da / ko datti a cikin nau'in iyayen da ba a canza su ba ko kuma metabolite. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da magudanar ruwa, wannan fitsari ya haɗu da sauran sharar gida ciki har da fitsari na wasu mutane yayin da suke tafiya zuwa masana'antar tsabtace ruwa ta gari. Ana samfurori da ruwa mai guba a bakin tashar, kafin a yi magani. Ana yin wannan ne tare da na'urorin samfurori na motoci waɗanda ke tattara sa'o'i 24 ko samfurori masu yawa na ɗan lokaci. Wadannan samfurori suna dauke da alamun halittu daga dukkan mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga karɓar ruwa.[1] Ana aika samfurori da aka tattara zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda ake amfani da dabarun ilmin sunadarai (kamar su ruwa chromatography-mass spectrometry) don ƙididdige mahadi masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan sakamakon za a iya bayyana su a cikin nauyin mutum-mutum bisa ga girman ruwan sharar gida.[2] Ana ƙayyade amfani da sinadarin yau da kullun na kowane mutum (misali magani) kamar yadda inda ''R'' shine maida hankali ga raguwa a ''C'' sam''F'' ruwa mai guba, F shine girman ruwan guba wanda samfurin ke wakilta, C shine ma'anar gyarawa wanda ke nuna matsakaicin taro da ɓangaren ɓarna na maganin iyaye ko metabolite, kuma ''P'' shine yawan mutane a cikin ruwa mai guga. Ana iya yin bambance-bambance ko gyare-gyare zuwa C don yin lissafin wasu dalilai kamar lalacewar sinadarai yayin jigilar su a cikin tsarin datti.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Don sa ido kan microbial, ana amfani da hanyoyin daga ilmin halitta kamar PCR (qPCR da dPCR) da jerin kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan hanyoyin galibi suna da saukin kamuwa da hanawa ta hanyar sinadarai daban-daban da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai guba. Saboda haka ana ba da shawarar saka idanu kan hanawa ko cire waɗannan masu hanawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linzner |first=Nico |last2=Bartel |first2=Alexander |last3=Schumacher |first3=Vera |last4=Grau |first4=José Horacio |last5=Wyler |first5=Emanuel |last6=Preuß |first6=Henrike |last7=Garske |first7=Sonja |last8=Bitzegeio |first8=Julia |last9=Kirst |first9=Elisabeth Barbara |last10=Liere |first10=Karsten |last11=Hoppe |first11=Sebastian |last12=Borodina |first12=Tatiana A. |last13=Altmüller |first13=Janine |last14=Landthaler |first14=Markus |last15=Meixner |first15=Martin |date=2024-12-02 |title=Effective Inhibitor Removal from Wastewater Samples Increases Sensitivity of RT-dPCR and Sequencing Analyses and Enhances the Stability of Wastewater-Based Surveillance |journal=Microorganisms |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2475 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms12122475 |issn=2076-2607 |pmc=11728302 |pmid=39770678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Kayan sunadarai da aka gano sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba; <ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref>   === Kwatanta Lokaci === === Kwatanta sararin samaniya === Bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da sinadarai tsakanin wurare daban-daban za a iya kafa su lokacin da ake amfani da hanyoyin da za a iya kwatanta su don nazarin samfurori na ruwa mai guba daga wurare daban-ара. Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Turai tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin birane da yawa a Turai don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ana amfani da bayanai daga waɗannan ƙoƙarin saka idanu tare da hanyoyin saka idanu na gargajiya don fahimtar canje-canje na ƙasa a cikin yanayin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="EUDA">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 March 2020 |title=Wastewater analysis and drugs: a European multi-city study |url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117161133/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction}}</ref> 57so1grfmh70sl5xd297zv479ns5il2 882409 882408 2026-07-13T16:43:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatyn bayanai 882409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da Ruwa mai guba (ko sa ido na ruwa mai gube ko hakar bayanai na sinadarai) yana nazarin ruwa mai gubawa don tantance amfani da, ko fallasawa ga, sunadarai ko cututtukani a cikin yawan jama'a. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar auna sinadarai ko alamomi a cikin ruwan da aka samar da mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar tsabtace ruwa.<ref name="SimsKasprzyk-Hordern2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sims |first=Natalie |last2=Kasprzyk-Hordern |first2=Barbara |year=2020 |title=Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level |journal=Environment International |volume=139 |bibcode=2020EnInt.13905689S |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689 |issn=0160-4120 |pmc=7128895 |pmid=32283358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da cututtukan cututtukani na ruwa don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin al'ummomi ko al'ummomin, amma ana iya amfani da su don auna amfani da barasa, caffeine, magunguna daban-daban da sauran mahadi.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Har ila yau, an daidaita ilmin cututtukan ruwa don auna nauyin cututtukani kamar [[SARS-CoV-2]] a cikin al'umma.<ref name="KWR">{{Cite journal |last=Medema |first=Gertjan |last2=Heijnen |first2=Leo |last3=Elsinga |first3=Goffe |last4=Italiaander |first4=Ronald |last5=Brouwer |first5=Anke |year=2020 |title=Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=511–516 |bibcode=2020EnSTL...7..511M |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00357 |issn=2328-8930 |pmc=7254611 |pmid=37566285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya bambanta da gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi na gargajiya, fitsari ko gwajin turare a cikin cewa sakamakon shine matakin yawan jama'a maimakon matakin mutum. Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba wani yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke samo asali daga kwararru kamar masu kula da shuke-shuke na ruwa mai gubawa, masana kimiyyar lissafi, masana kimiyan halitta da masu ilimin cututtukani. == Tarihi == Za'a iya amfani da ilmin yaduwar ruwa (WBE) a fagen bincike wanda ke amfani da nazarin datti da ruwa mai guba don saka idanu kan kasancewar, rarraba, da yaduwar cutar ko sunadarai a cikin al'ummomi. An yi amfani da dabarar shekaru da yawa, kuma misali na aikace-aikacen farko shine a cikin shekarun 1940 lokacin da aka yi amfani da WBE don ganowa da rarraba kwayar cutar shan inna a cikin datti na New York, Chicago, da sauran biranen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=T. G. |last2=Melnick |first2=J. L. |last3=Estes |first3=M. K. |date=October 1995 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY: From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology—A Trip of Over 50 Years |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=461–487 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |issn=0066-4227 |pmid=8561468 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani aikace-aikacen farko ya zo ne a shekara ta 1954, a cikin binciken schistosome na kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayer |first=F. A. |date=July 1954 |title=Schistosome infection of snails in a dam traced to pollution with sewage |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(54)90108-x |issn=0035-9203 |pmid=13187568}}</ref> Rashin yaduwar cututtukan ruwa daga baya ya bazu zuwa kasashe da yawa. A farkon karni na 21, karatu da yawa sun karɓi dabarar.<ref name="GlassmeyerFurlong2005">{{Cite journal |last=Glassmeyer |first=Susan T. |last2=Furlong |first2=Edward T. |last3=Kolpin |first3=Dana W. |last4=Cahill |first4=Jeffery D. |last5=Zaugg |first5=Steven D. |last6=Werner |first6=Stephen L. |last7=Meyer |first7=Michael T. |last8=Kryak |first8=David D. |year=2005 |title=Transport of Chemical and Microbial Compounds from Known Wastewater Discharges: Potential for Use as Indicators of Human Fecal Contamination |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=usgsstaffpub |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=39 |issue=14 |pages=5157–5169 |bibcode=2005EnST...39.5157G |doi=10.1021/es048120k |issn=0013-936X |pmid=16082943 |s2cid=10305464 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 ya auna cocaine da benzoylecgonine a cikin samfurori na ruwa daga Kogin Po a [[Italiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuccato |first=E |last2=Chiabrando |first2=C |last3=Castiglioni |first3=S |last4=Calamari |first4=D |last5=Bagnati |first5=R |last6=Schiarea |first6=S |last7=Fanelli |first7=R |year=2005 |title=Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse |url= |journal=Environmental Health |volume=4 |issue=14 |page=14 |bibcode=2005EnvHe...4...14Z |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-4-14 |pmc=1190203 |pmid=16083497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2026, WBE ta kai sama da shafuka 4600 a kasashe 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcGIS Dashboards: Summary of Global SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Monitoring Efforts by UC Merced Researchers |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c778145ea5bb4daeb58d31afee389082 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba yayi kama da urinaryysis a kan sikelin al'umma. Ƙananan kwayoyin da mutum ya cinye za a iya fitar da su a cikin fitsari da / ko datti a cikin nau'in iyayen da ba a canza su ba ko kuma metabolite. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da magudanar ruwa, wannan fitsari ya haɗu da sauran sharar gida ciki har da fitsari na wasu mutane yayin da suke tafiya zuwa masana'antar tsabtace ruwa ta gari. Ana samfurori da ruwa mai guba a bakin tashar, kafin a yi magani. Ana yin wannan ne tare da na'urorin samfurori na motoci waɗanda ke tattara sa'o'i 24 ko samfurori masu yawa na ɗan lokaci. Wadannan samfurori suna dauke da alamun halittu daga dukkan mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga karɓar ruwa.[1] Ana aika samfurori da aka tattara zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda ake amfani da dabarun ilmin sunadarai (kamar su ruwa chromatography-mass spectrometry) don ƙididdige mahadi masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan sakamakon za a iya bayyana su a cikin nauyin mutum-mutum bisa ga girman ruwan sharar gida.[2] Ana ƙayyade amfani da sinadarin yau da kullun na kowane mutum (misali magani) kamar yadda inda ''R'' shine maida hankali ga raguwa a ''C'' sam''F'' ruwa mai guba, F shine girman ruwan guba wanda samfurin ke wakilta, C shine ma'anar gyarawa wanda ke nuna matsakaicin taro da ɓangaren ɓarna na maganin iyaye ko metabolite, kuma ''P'' shine yawan mutane a cikin ruwa mai guga. Ana iya yin bambance-bambance ko gyare-gyare zuwa C don yin lissafin wasu dalilai kamar lalacewar sinadarai yayin jigilar su a cikin tsarin datti.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Don sa ido kan microbial, ana amfani da hanyoyin daga ilmin halitta kamar PCR (qPCR da dPCR) da jerin kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan hanyoyin galibi suna da saukin kamuwa da hanawa ta hanyar sinadarai daban-daban da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai guba. Saboda haka ana ba da shawarar saka idanu kan hanawa ko cire waɗannan masu hanawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linzner |first=Nico |last2=Bartel |first2=Alexander |last3=Schumacher |first3=Vera |last4=Grau |first4=José Horacio |last5=Wyler |first5=Emanuel |last6=Preuß |first6=Henrike |last7=Garske |first7=Sonja |last8=Bitzegeio |first8=Julia |last9=Kirst |first9=Elisabeth Barbara |last10=Liere |first10=Karsten |last11=Hoppe |first11=Sebastian |last12=Borodina |first12=Tatiana A. |last13=Altmüller |first13=Janine |last14=Landthaler |first14=Markus |last15=Meixner |first15=Martin |date=2024-12-02 |title=Effective Inhibitor Removal from Wastewater Samples Increases Sensitivity of RT-dPCR and Sequencing Analyses and Enhances the Stability of Wastewater-Based Surveillance |journal=Microorganisms |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2475 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms12122475 |issn=2076-2607 |pmc=11728302 |pmid=39770678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Kayan sunadarai da aka gano sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba; <ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref>   === Kwatanta Lokaci === === Kwatanta sararin samaniya === Bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da sinadarai tsakanin wurare daban-daban za a iya kafa su lokacin da ake amfani da hanyoyin da za a iya kwatanta su don nazarin samfurori na ruwa mai guba daga wurare daban-ара. Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Turai tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin birane da yawa a Turai don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ana amfani da bayanai daga waɗannan ƙoƙarin saka idanu tare da hanyoyin saka idanu na gargajiya don fahimtar canje-canje na ƙasa a cikin yanayin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="EUDA">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 March 2020 |title=Wastewater analysis and drugs: a European multi-city study |url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117161133/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction}}</ref> t68v4a3anx2zvmqxov4uynno4tzhch5 882410 882409 2026-07-13T16:44:43Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 882410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da Ruwa mai guba (ko sa ido na ruwa mai gube ko hakar bayanai na sinadarai) yana nazarin ruwa mai gubawa don tantance amfani da, ko fallasawa ga, sunadarai ko cututtukani a cikin yawan jama'a. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar auna sinadarai ko alamomi a cikin ruwan da aka samar da mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar tsabtace ruwa.<ref name="SimsKasprzyk-Hordern2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sims |first=Natalie |last2=Kasprzyk-Hordern |first2=Barbara |year=2020 |title=Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level |journal=Environment International |volume=139 |bibcode=2020EnInt.13905689S |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689 |issn=0160-4120 |pmc=7128895 |pmid=32283358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da cututtukan cututtukani na ruwa don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin al'ummomi ko al'ummomin, amma ana iya amfani da su don auna amfani da barasa, caffeine, magunguna daban-daban da sauran mahadi.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Har ila yau, an daidaita ilmin cututtukan ruwa don auna nauyin cututtukani kamar [[SARS-CoV-2]] a cikin al'umma.<ref name="KWR">{{Cite journal |last=Medema |first=Gertjan |last2=Heijnen |first2=Leo |last3=Elsinga |first3=Goffe |last4=Italiaander |first4=Ronald |last5=Brouwer |first5=Anke |year=2020 |title=Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=511–516 |bibcode=2020EnSTL...7..511M |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00357 |issn=2328-8930 |pmc=7254611 |pmid=37566285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya bambanta da gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi na gargajiya, fitsari ko gwajin turare a cikin cewa sakamakon shine matakin yawan jama'a maimakon matakin mutum. Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba wani yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke samo asali daga kwararru kamar masu kula da shuke-shuke na ruwa mai gubawa, masana kimiyyar lissafi, masana kimiyan halitta da masu ilimin cututtukani. == Tarihi == Za'a iya amfani da ilmin yaduwar ruwa (WBE) a fagen bincike wanda ke amfani da nazarin datti da ruwa mai guba don saka idanu kan kasancewar, rarraba, da yaduwar cutar ko sunadarai a cikin al'ummomi. An yi amfani da dabarar shekaru da yawa, kuma misali na aikace-aikacen farko shine a cikin shekarun 1940 lokacin da aka yi amfani da WBE don ganowa da rarraba kwayar cutar shan inna a cikin datti na New York, Chicago, da sauran biranen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=T. G. |last2=Melnick |first2=J. L. |last3=Estes |first3=M. K. |date=October 1995 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY: From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology—A Trip of Over 50 Years |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=461–487 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333 |issn=0066-4227 |pmid=8561468 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani aikace-aikacen farko ya zo ne a shekara ta 1954, a cikin binciken schistosome na kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayer |first=F. A. |date=July 1954 |title=Schistosome infection of snails in a dam traced to pollution with sewage |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(54)90108-x |issn=0035-9203 |pmid=13187568}}</ref> Rashin yaduwar cututtukan ruwa daga baya ya bazu zuwa kasashe da yawa. A farkon karni na 21, karatu da yawa sun karɓi dabarar.<ref name="GlassmeyerFurlong2005">{{Cite journal |last=Glassmeyer |first=Susan T. |last2=Furlong |first2=Edward T. |last3=Kolpin |first3=Dana W. |last4=Cahill |first4=Jeffery D. |last5=Zaugg |first5=Steven D. |last6=Werner |first6=Stephen L. |last7=Meyer |first7=Michael T. |last8=Kryak |first8=David D. |year=2005 |title=Transport of Chemical and Microbial Compounds from Known Wastewater Discharges: Potential for Use as Indicators of Human Fecal Contamination |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=usgsstaffpub |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=39 |issue=14 |pages=5157–5169 |bibcode=2005EnST...39.5157G |doi=10.1021/es048120k |issn=0013-936X |pmid=16082943 |s2cid=10305464 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 ya auna cocaine da benzoylecgonine a cikin samfurori na ruwa daga Kogin Po a [[Italiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuccato |first=E |last2=Chiabrando |first2=C |last3=Castiglioni |first3=S |last4=Calamari |first4=D |last5=Bagnati |first5=R |last6=Schiarea |first6=S |last7=Fanelli |first7=R |year=2005 |title=Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse |url= |journal=Environmental Health |volume=4 |issue=14 |page=14 |bibcode=2005EnvHe...4...14Z |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-4-14 |pmc=1190203 |pmid=16083497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2026, WBE ta kai sama da shafuka guda 4600 a kasashe 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcGIS Dashboards: Summary of Global SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Monitoring Efforts by UC Merced Researchers |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c778145ea5bb4daeb58d31afee389082 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Ilimin cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa mai guba yayi kama da urinaryysis a kan sikelin al'umma. Ƙananan kwayoyin da mutum ya cinye za a iya fitar da su a cikin fitsari da / ko datti a cikin nau'in iyayen da ba a canza su ba ko kuma metabolite. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da magudanar ruwa, wannan fitsari ya haɗu da sauran sharar gida ciki har da fitsari na wasu mutane yayin da suke tafiya zuwa masana'antar tsabtace ruwa ta gari. Ana samfurori da ruwa mai guba a bakin tashar, kafin a yi magani. Ana yin wannan ne tare da na'urorin samfurori na motoci waɗanda ke tattara sa'o'i 24 ko samfurori masu yawa na ɗan lokaci. Wadannan samfurori suna dauke da alamun halittu daga dukkan mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga karɓar ruwa.[1] Ana aika samfurori da aka tattara zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda ake amfani da dabarun ilmin sunadarai (kamar su ruwa chromatography-mass spectrometry) don ƙididdige mahadi masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan sakamakon za a iya bayyana su a cikin nauyin mutum-mutum bisa ga girman ruwan sharar gida.[2] Ana ƙayyade amfani da sinadarin yau da kullun na kowane mutum (misali magani) kamar yadda inda ''R'' shine maida hankali ga raguwa a ''C'' sam''F'' ruwa mai guba, F shine girman ruwan guba wanda samfurin ke wakilta, C shine ma'anar gyarawa wanda ke nuna matsakaicin taro da ɓangaren ɓarna na maganin iyaye ko metabolite, kuma ''P'' shine yawan mutane a cikin ruwa mai guga. Ana iya yin bambance-bambance ko gyare-gyare zuwa C don yin lissafin wasu dalilai kamar lalacewar sinadarai yayin jigilar su a cikin tsarin datti.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref> Don sa ido kan microbial, ana amfani da hanyoyin daga ilmin halitta kamar PCR (qPCR da dPCR) da jerin kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan hanyoyin galibi suna da saukin kamuwa da hanawa ta hanyar sinadarai daban-daban da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai guba. Saboda haka ana ba da shawarar saka idanu kan hanawa ko cire waɗannan masu hanawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linzner |first=Nico |last2=Bartel |first2=Alexander |last3=Schumacher |first3=Vera |last4=Grau |first4=José Horacio |last5=Wyler |first5=Emanuel |last6=Preuß |first6=Henrike |last7=Garske |first7=Sonja |last8=Bitzegeio |first8=Julia |last9=Kirst |first9=Elisabeth Barbara |last10=Liere |first10=Karsten |last11=Hoppe |first11=Sebastian |last12=Borodina |first12=Tatiana A. |last13=Altmüller |first13=Janine |last14=Landthaler |first14=Markus |last15=Meixner |first15=Martin |date=2024-12-02 |title=Effective Inhibitor Removal from Wastewater Samples Increases Sensitivity of RT-dPCR and Sequencing Analyses and Enhances the Stability of Wastewater-Based Surveillance |journal=Microorganisms |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2475 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms12122475 |issn=2076-2607 |pmc=11728302 |pmid=39770678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Kayan sunadarai da aka gano sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba; <ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Phil M. |last2=Tscharke |first2=Ben J. |last3=Donner |first3=Erica |last4=O'Brien |first4=Jake W. |last5=Grant |first5=Sharon C. |last6=Kaserzon |first6=Sarit L. |last7=Mackie |first7=Rachel |last8=O'Malley |first8=Elissa |last9=Crosbie |first9=Nicholas D. |last10=Thomas |first10=Kevin V. |last11=Mueller |first11=Jochen F. |year=2018 |title=Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=105 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004 |issn=0165-9936 |s2cid=103979335}}</ref>   === Kwatanta Lokaci === === Kwatanta sararin samaniya === Bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da sinadarai tsakanin wurare daban-daban za a iya kafa su lokacin da ake amfani da hanyoyin da za a iya kwatanta su don nazarin samfurori na ruwa mai guba daga wurare daban-ара. Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Turai tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin birane da yawa a Turai don kimanta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ana amfani da bayanai daga waɗannan ƙoƙarin saka idanu tare da hanyoyin saka idanu na gargajiya don fahimtar canje-canje na ƙasa a cikin yanayin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="EUDA">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 March 2020 |title=Wastewater analysis and drugs: a European multi-city study |url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117161133/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2757/POD_Wastewater%20analysis_update2020.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction}}</ref> rzbkxhbh7ct50lq4dtzl34wtrd1inc1 Cibiyar Rashin Lafiya 0 161510 882423 2026-07-13T16:50:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310845030|Health Disparities Center]]" 882423 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya cibiyoyi ne a Amurka waɗanda ke rufe buƙatu masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali ga wuraren don rage yawan cututtuka da cututtukan da ke haifar da bambancin kiwon lafiya a halin yanzu. Har ila yau, suna inganta haɗin kai, karfafawa da kuma daukar ma'aikata ga mutanen da ba su da wakilci a cikin Ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna ba da mahimman albarkatu don haɓaka Horar da ƙwarewar al'adu don inganta isar da kiwon lafiya na al'adu ta hanyar baiwa da ma'aikata, da kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiyar yanzu da na gaba. Wadannan ayyuka galibi ana daidaita su don saduwa da takamaiman manufofi ko manufofi na kowane bangare na yau da kullun a mafi yawan Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya masu aiki. == Tarihi == Dokar Rashin daidaito na Lafiya da Lafiya ta 2000, Dokar Jama'a 106-525 ta jagoranci hanyar sabon shirin da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Rashin daidaituwa ta Kasa (NCHMD) ta kafa. Wannan shirin, wanda aka fara kiransa Project EXPORT, yanzu yana ɗauke da taken Cibiyoyin NCMHD na Kyau (COE). Manufar wannan shirin ita ce haɓaka cibiyoyin bincike, horo, haɗin gwiwa da kuma fadakar da al'umma a fagen da nazarin bambancin kiwon lafiya. Ta hanyar tallafin tallafi daga NCHMD, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya da shirye-shiryen al'umma tare da manufar kawar da bambancin kiwon lafiya. Cibiyoyin da suka ci nasara a halin yanzu suna aiki a cikin jihohi 31, Gundumar Columbia, Puerto Rico da Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyin an yi su ne a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i masu bincike, kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi, kwalejoji da jami'ai na baƙar fata na tarihi, jami'oʼin da ke hidimtawa jama'ar Hispanic, kwalejojojin kabilanci da makarantun zane-zane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, shirin NCMHD COE ya goyi bayan ci gaban cibiyoyi 37.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCMHD Centers of Excellence Program |url=http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/centerOfExcellence.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813051301/http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/centerOfExcellence.asp |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=NCMHD.}}</ref> Bambancin kiwon lafiya ya ci gaba da zama babban batun a Amurka. == Jama'ar da aka yi niyya == Wani kuskuren ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun cewa Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya an tsara su ne da farko ga 'yan tsiraru, amma a zahiri aikinsu ya kai ga kungiyoyi masu yawa. Wadannan sun hada da shekaru, jinsi, kabilanci, wuri na ƙasa, shingen harshe, ko duk wani bambance-bambance da ya shafi matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ko abubuwan muhalli. Koyaya, bambance-bambance mafi girma sun fi shahara a cikin Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru. Dangane da [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya|Mutanen da ke da lafiya 2010]] Jerin Manufofin goma mafi girma Racial da Ethnic bambance-bambance: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keppel |first=K. G. |date=2007-04-09 |title=Ten Largest Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 Objectives |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |language=en |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwm044 |issn=0002-9262 |pmid=17463050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Y * Sabbin lokuta na [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] matsayi na 1 ga Black wadanda ba na Hispanic ba * Syphilis na haihuwa shine matsayi na 1 ga Hispanics * Cutar shan barasa ta jariri ta kasance lamba 1 ga Indiyawan Amurka / Alaska Native * Shan taba daga mata masu juna biyu matsayi na 1 ga fararen fata === Sashe na bincike === Mai da hankali da mahimmancin magance bambancin kiwon lafiya na kasa yana wakiltar sabon canji a binciken kiwon lafiya. Dukkanin Shirin Gudanar da Bincike na NCMHD da Shirin Bincike Na Kasuwanci na Al'umma sune shirye-shirye don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da kuma abubuwan da ke da sha'awar nazarin takamaiman bambance-bambance na kiwon lafiya da tasirin shirye-shiryen fadakarwa na yanzu. Manyan bincike da ake nazari a halin yanzu sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ba, yanayi kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], [[kiba]], [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], takamaiman nau'ikan [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]], da inganta lafiyar yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCMHD Community Based Participatory Research Initiative |url=http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/communityParticipationResearch.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813051741/http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/communityParticipationResearch.asp |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=NCMHD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health disparities research |url=http://crchd.cancer.gov/research/research-index.html |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=CRCHD Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities}}</ref> Wasu misalai na takamaiman binciken da aka gudanar ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya sune kamar haka: * "Ci gaban Matakan Ilimin Iyaye a Ayyukan Jiki", wani binciken da babban mai bincike Kitty Chan, PhD, ya jagoranta, an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Hopkins don Magancewar Rashin Lafiya. Wannan binciken ya bincika ilimin iyaye game da ayyukan jiki don inganta kiwon lafiya a kokarin kara wayar da kan jama'a inda wannan ilimin zai iya rasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Research Initiatives |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/healthdisparities/Research/index.html |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions}}</ref> * "Yin amfani da Taswirar Al'umma a cikin Binciken Rashin Lafiya" wanda babban mai bincike Veronica Parker, Ph.D. da ƙungiyar bincikenta na Cibiyar EXPORT a Jami'ar Clemson suka gudanar sun haɗa da tsari da ake kira taswirar dukiya, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ƙarfin kiwon lafiya na al'umma a wasu yankuna da ke ba da sabis ga matalauta, launin fata / kabilanci da yawan karkara. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce gano wadannan albarkatun da karfi da kuma shiga al'ummomi don tattara, adanawa da amfani da waɗannan ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Core |url=http://www.clemson.edu/export/researchcore.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=The EXPORT Center; a Clemson University and Voorhees College Partnership}}</ref> * Shirin Hadin gwiwar Binciken Rashin Cutar Ciwon daji (CDRP) kyauta ce ta Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa don Shirin Hanyar Binciken Cutar Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (NCI) ta fara. Manufar wannan shirin ita ce tsarawa, haɓaka da gudanar da bincike ta hanyar gwajin asibiti na radiation oncology a asibitoci da ke ba da adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya daga yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ongoing Research |url=http://crchd.cancer.gov/research/ongoing-research.html |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=CRCHD Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities}}</ref> * Nazarin Shawarwarin Ma'aurata na Ciwon Cutar Cutar Catarwa, a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Connecticut don kawar da bambancin Lafiya tsakanin Latinos (CEHDL), a karkashin jagorancin Rafael Pérez-Escamilla da manyan masu binciken sa, Grace Damio da Jyoti Chhabra, sabon binciken binciken al'umma ne. Babban manufar binciken su shine kafa shirin kula da ciwon sukari na al'adu wanda ya haɗa da kokarin masu ba da shawara na al'umma da masu sana'a ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Majalisar Lafiya ta Hispanic da Asibitin Hartford da Jami'ar Connecticut . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research |url=http://www.cehdl.uconn.edu/research.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301115403/http://www.cehdl.uconn.edu/research.html |archive-date=2010-03-01 |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=Connecticut Center for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6lyticupp78gk2u3vkotagy2vrcp764 882429 882423 2026-07-13T16:52:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 882429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoxa}}Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya cibiyoyi ne a Amurka waɗanda ke rufe buƙatu masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali ga wuraren don rage yawan cututtuka da cututtukan da ke haifar da bambancin kiwon lafiya a halin yanzu. Har ila yau, suna inganta haɗin kai, karfafawa da kuma daukar ma'aikata ga mutanen da ba su da wakilci a cikin Ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna ba da mahimman albarkatu don haɓaka Horar da ƙwarewar al'adu don inganta isar da kiwon lafiya na al'adu ta hanyar baiwa da ma'aikata, da kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiyar yanzu da na gaba. Wadannan ayyuka galibi ana daidaita su don saduwa da takamaiman manufofi ko manufofi na kowane bangare na yau da kullun a mafi yawan Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya masu aiki. == Tarihi == Dokar Rashin daidaito na Lafiya da Lafiya ta 2000, Dokar Jama'a 106-525 ta jagoranci hanyar sabon shirin da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Rashin daidaituwa ta Kasa (NCHMD) ta kafa. Wannan shirin, wanda aka fara kiransa Project EXPORT, yanzu yana ɗauke da taken Cibiyoyin NCMHD na Kyau (COE). Manufar wannan shirin ita ce haɓaka cibiyoyin bincike, horo, haɗin gwiwa da kuma fadakar da al'umma a fagen da nazarin bambancin kiwon lafiya. Ta hanyar tallafin tallafi daga NCHMD, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya da shirye-shiryen al'umma tare da manufar kawar da bambancin kiwon lafiya. Cibiyoyin da suka ci nasara a halin yanzu suna aiki a cikin jihohi 31, Gundumar Columbia, Puerto Rico da Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyin an yi su ne a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i masu bincike, kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi, kwalejoji da jami'ai na baƙar fata na tarihi, jami'oʼin da ke hidimtawa jama'ar Hispanic, kwalejojojin kabilanci da makarantun zane-zane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, shirin NCMHD COE ya goyi bayan ci gaban cibiyoyi 37.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCMHD Centers of Excellence Program |url=http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/centerOfExcellence.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813051301/http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/centerOfExcellence.asp |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=NCMHD.}}</ref> Bambancin kiwon lafiya ya ci gaba da zama babban batun a Amurka. == Jama'ar da aka yi niyya == Wani kuskuren ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun cewa Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya an tsara su ne da farko ga 'yan tsiraru, amma a zahiri aikinsu ya kai ga kungiyoyi masu yawa. Wadannan sun hada da shekaru, jinsi, kabilanci, wuri na ƙasa, shingen harshe, ko duk wani bambance-bambance da ya shafi matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ko abubuwan muhalli. Koyaya, bambance-bambance mafi girma sun fi shahara a cikin Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru. Dangane da [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya|Mutanen da ke da lafiya 2010]] Jerin Manufofin goma mafi girma Racial da Ethnic bambance-bambance: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keppel |first=K. G. |date=2007-04-09 |title=Ten Largest Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 Objectives |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |language=en |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwm044 |issn=0002-9262 |pmid=17463050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Y * Sabbin lokuta na [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] matsayi na 1 ga Black wadanda ba na Hispanic ba * Syphilis na haihuwa shine matsayi na 1 ga Hispanics * Cutar shan barasa ta jariri ta kasance lamba 1 ga Indiyawan Amurka / Alaska Native * Shan taba daga mata masu juna biyu matsayi na 1 ga fararen fata === Sashe na bincike === Mai da hankali da mahimmancin magance bambancin kiwon lafiya na kasa yana wakiltar sabon canji a binciken kiwon lafiya. Dukkanin Shirin Gudanar da Bincike na NCMHD da Shirin Bincike Na Kasuwanci na Al'umma sune shirye-shirye don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da kuma abubuwan da ke da sha'awar nazarin takamaiman bambance-bambance na kiwon lafiya da tasirin shirye-shiryen fadakarwa na yanzu. Manyan bincike da ake nazari a halin yanzu sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ba, yanayi kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], [[kiba]], [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], takamaiman nau'ikan [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]], da inganta lafiyar yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCMHD Community Based Participatory Research Initiative |url=http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/communityParticipationResearch.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813051741/http://ncmhd.nih.gov/our_programs/communityParticipationResearch.asp |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=NCMHD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health disparities research |url=http://crchd.cancer.gov/research/research-index.html |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=CRCHD Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities}}</ref> Wasu misalai na takamaiman binciken da aka gudanar ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Rashin Lafiya sune kamar haka: * "Ci gaban Matakan Ilimin Iyaye a Ayyukan Jiki", wani binciken da babban mai bincike Kitty Chan, PhD, ya jagoranta, an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Hopkins don Magancewar Rashin Lafiya. Wannan binciken ya bincika ilimin iyaye game da ayyukan jiki don inganta kiwon lafiya a kokarin kara wayar da kan jama'a inda wannan ilimin zai iya rasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Research Initiatives |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/healthdisparities/Research/index.html |access-date=2009-11-16 |website=Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions}}</ref> * "Yin amfani da Taswirar Al'umma a cikin Binciken Rashin Lafiya" wanda babban mai bincike Veronica Parker, Ph.D. da ƙungiyar bincikenta na Cibiyar EXPORT a Jami'ar Clemson suka gudanar sun haɗa da tsari da ake kira taswirar dukiya, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ƙarfin kiwon lafiya na al'umma a wasu yankuna da ke ba da sabis ga matalauta, launin fata / kabilanci da yawan karkara. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce gano wadannan albarkatun da karfi da kuma shiga al'ummomi don tattara, adanawa da amfani da waɗannan ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Core |url=http://www.clemson.edu/export/researchcore.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=The EXPORT Center; a Clemson University and Voorhees College Partnership}}</ref> * Shirin Hadin gwiwar Binciken Rashin Cutar Ciwon daji (CDRP) kyauta ce ta Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa don Shirin Hanyar Binciken Cutar Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (NCI) ta fara. Manufar wannan shirin ita ce tsarawa, haɓaka da gudanar da bincike ta hanyar gwajin asibiti na radiation oncology a asibitoci da ke ba da adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya daga yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ongoing Research |url=http://crchd.cancer.gov/research/ongoing-research.html |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=CRCHD Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities}}</ref> * Nazarin Shawarwarin Ma'aurata na Ciwon Cutar Cutar Catarwa, a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Connecticut don kawar da bambancin Lafiya tsakanin Latinos (CEHDL), a karkashin jagorancin Rafael Pérez-Escamilla da manyan masu binciken sa, Grace Damio da Jyoti Chhabra, sabon binciken binciken al'umma ne. Babban manufar binciken su shine kafa shirin kula da ciwon sukari na al'adu wanda ya haɗa da kokarin masu ba da shawara na al'umma da masu sana'a ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Majalisar Lafiya ta Hispanic da Asibitin Hartford da Jami'ar Connecticut . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research |url=http://www.cehdl.uconn.edu/research.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301115403/http://www.cehdl.uconn.edu/research.html |archive-date=2010-03-01 |access-date=2009-11-18 |website=Connecticut Center for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos}}</ref> == Manazarta == hnb1pw45nd86ybl9114z63pj5be657b Birni mai lafiya 0 161511 882425 2026-07-13T16:50:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355247307|Healthy city]]" 882425 wikitext text/x-wiki Birni mai lafiya kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ƙirar birane don jaddada tasirin manufofi akan Lafiyar ɗan adam. Wata karamar hukuma ce da ke ci gaba da ingantawa a matakin jiki da zamantakewa har sai an kai yanayin muhalli da cututtukan da ke kafa ƙimar ƙwayoyin cuta ga yawan jama'a.[1] Halinsa na zamani ya samo asali ne daga shirin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) kan birane da ƙauyuka masu lafiya a cikin 1986, amma yana da tarihin da ya samo asali daga tsakiyar karni na 19.[2] An haɓaka kalmar tare da Tarayyar Turai, amma da sauri ya zama na duniya a matsayin hanyar kafa manufofin jama'a masu lafiya a matakin gida ta hanyar inganta kiwon lafiya.[3] Ya jaddada nau'ikan kiwon lafiya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin WHO kuma, kwanan nan, Yarjejeniyar Ottawa don Inganta Lafiya.[4] Wani madadin kalma shine Al'ummomin lafiya, ko Municipios saludables a wasu sassan Latin Amurka. == Hanyoyi == Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da shirye-shiryen al'umma masu lafiya da birane na iya neman zama "Birni mai lafiya" wanda aka tsara ta WHO. WHO ta bayyana Birnin Lafiya kamar haka: <blockquote>"wanda ke ci gaba da kirkirar da inganta waɗannan yanayin jiki da zamantakewa da fadada waɗancan albarkatun al'umma waɗanda ke ba mutane damar tallafa wa juna wajen aiwatar da duk ayyukan rayuwa da haɓaka zuwa iyakar damar su".</blockquote>Auna alamun da ake buƙata, kafa ka'idoji da ƙayyade tasirin kowane bangare akan kiwon lafiya yana da wahala. A wasu yankuna kamar Turai, kimanta tasirin kiwon lafiya wani abu ne da ake buƙata na ci gaban Manufofin jama'a. Akwai cibiyoyin sadarwa da yawa na birane masu lafiya, gami da a Turai da kuma duniya, kamar Alliance for Healthy Cities . Wani muhimmin fasalin shine tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙirar birane da kuma mulkin birane. Misali, "birni da kiwon lafiya" shine taken Ranar Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2010. Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki a ci gaban birane masu lafiya shine kasuwanci na zamantakewa. == Ka'idoji == Ana fahimtar birane masu lafiya a matsayin tsari mai gudana maimakon sakamako mai mahimmanci. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana birni mai lafiya a matsayin wanda ke ci gaba da inganta yanayin jiki da zamantakewa da fadada albarkatun al'umma don mutane su iya tallafa wa juna kuma su bunkasa zuwa cikakkiyar damar su. Ka'idodin mahimman hanyoyin birane masu lafiya sun haɗa da daidaito, shugabanci na shiga, haɗin gwiwar bangarori, da aiki akan abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a. == Dubi kuma == * Birni na minti 15 * Tsarin aiki * [[Birnin da bashi da mota|Birnin da ba shi da mota]] * [[Rage canjin yanayi|Amfanin hadin gwiwa na rage canjin yanayi]] * Inganta kiwon lafiya ** Haɗin Kai don Al'ummomi Masu Lafiya * Health impact assessment - Nau'in takardar kiwon lafiyar jama'a * Health impact of light rail systems * Most livable cities * [[Kula da lafiya na farko]] ** Lafiya Ga Duka Kowa * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] * Sustainable city - Birnin da aka tsara tare da la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli * [[Tasirin zamantakewa akan halayyar lafiya]] * Street reclamation - Canja tituna don mayar da hankali kan amfani da ba mota ba * Rayuwar birni * [[Birnin Zero-Carbon|Birnin Zero-carbon]] == Manazarta == 9qoi9tbpt8r8ohsqdzju6au232wmx3h Sana,a 0 161512 882437 2026-07-13T17:08:13Z Usman saadu 46863 Sabon shafi: Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya sukafada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure ake yariketa sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a... 882437 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya sukafada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure ake yariketa sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a wlh sai anganemai kuma rashin sana,a shikesa matasa nayin dauke-dauke ko fashi da makami ko zaman banza gaskiya dai yakamata mata atashi anemi sana,a p6qckhovvae4xx895inx4d8ws2z71o4 882438 882437 2026-07-13T17:09:51Z Usman saadu 46863 882438 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya suka fada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure ake yariketa sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a wlh sai anganemai kuma rashin sana,a shikesa matasa nayin dauke-dauke ko fashi da makami ko zaman banza gaskiya dai yakamata mata atashi anemi sana,a rfnl4b4jfja0zvl94bxbaq77q4t6mjd 882439 882438 2026-07-13T17:12:14Z Usman saadu 46863 882439 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya suka fada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure aytinanin yari keta. sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a wlh sai anganemai kuma rashin sana,a shikesa matasa nayin dauke-dauke ko fashi da makami ko zaman banza gaskiya dai yakamata mata atashi anemi sana,a 6fwflsjwl6l68aohllb4qjgi6ur6iuz 882440 882439 2026-07-13T17:13:57Z Usman saadu 46863 882440 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya suka fada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure aytinanin yari keta. sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a wlh sai anganemai kuma rashin sana,a shikesa matasa nayin dauke-dauke ko fashi da makami ko zaman banza gaskiya dai yakamata matasa atashi anemi sana,a 18jm1op489gvar1puazcv45ob8x7m11 Bashiru Usman gorou 0 161513 882441 2026-07-13T17:16:51Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Bashar Usman gorou shine dan majalisa Mai wikIltar gada da goronyo,an haifi shi a wani kauye da ake cema gorou a karmar hukumar goronyo local government dake jahar sokoto,ya Samu nasara lashe Zabe a 2023, bayan yakayar da honourable Musa s/adar, shine matakin chairman kwamitin nema,a haifi shi a shekara 1992.yanxu shafe shekara uku kan gara mulki.kafin ya Samu nasara yayi commissioner matasa a lokaci Mulki Aminu waziri tambuwal.yayi digree a sokoto state university, jami'ar jah... 882441 wikitext text/x-wiki Bashar Usman gorou shine dan majalisa Mai wikIltar gada da goronyo,an haifi shi a wani kauye da ake cema gorou a karmar hukumar goronyo local government dake jahar sokoto,ya Samu nasara lashe Zabe a 2023, bayan yakayar da honourable Musa s/adar, shine matakin chairman kwamitin nema,a haifi shi a shekara 1992.yanxu shafe shekara uku kan gara mulki.kafin ya Samu nasara yayi commissioner matasa a lokaci Mulki Aminu waziri tambuwal.yayi digree a sokoto state university, jami'ar jahar sokoto. 2nwmadjv6l0vszltzhlzzae4n91irrs Molly Gordon 0 161514 882442 2026-07-13T17:17:57Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363909818|Molly Gordon]]" 882442 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''☁''' == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gordon kuma ta girma a [[The Groundlings|Ƙasa]]-linkid="78" href="./Los_Angeles" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, ga iyayen [[American Jews|Yahudawa]].<ref name="backgroundj">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=18 Things to Know About Molly Gordon |url=https://www.heyalma.com/18-things-to-know-about-molly-gordon/ |website=Alma}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Handler |first=Rachel |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> Ita 'yar darektan [[Bryan Gordon]] ce da marubuci-darakta [[Jessie Nelson]] . <ref name="backgroundj" /><ref name="WWD2">{{cite news |last=Nordstrom |first=Leigh |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Molly Gordon |url=https://wwd.com/eye/people/molly-gordon-alice-by-heart-booksmart-good-boys-1203088133/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a kan mataki na LA tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta girma tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ben Platt]], tare da shi ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen Fiddler on the Roof tana da shekaru huɗu da kuma Yadda za a yi nasara a Kasuwanci ba tare da Gaskiya Gwadawa ba tana da shekaru biyar.<ref name="Coveteur">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Samantha |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Molly Gordon Is the Actress Everyone in Hollywood Is Talking About |url=http://coveteur.com/2018/06/04/molly-gordon-life-of-the-party-actress-profile/ |access-date=May 28, 2019 |website=Coveteur}}</ref> Tare da Platt da [[Beanie Feldstein]], wani aboki na yaro, Gordon ya kafa wata kungiya da ake kira Theater Geeks of America, wanda sau da yawa ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidajen ritaya.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance tana kallon jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Asabar da dare Live kuma ta halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta The Groundlings, wanda ya kai ta ga sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohd |first=Shana |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vulture}}</ref> Ta nuna Dot a cikin wasan kwaikwayon makarantar sakandare na Lahadi a cikin Park tare da George lokacin da take da shekaru 17.<ref name="Thrillist2">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Ta halarci [[New York University|Jami'ar New York]] na ɗan lokaci, ta bar bayan makonni biyu saboda rashin gamsuwa da shirin ta, kuma a maimakon haka ta shiga cikin darussan dare kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a [[Balthazar (restaurant)|Balthazar]].<ref name="Coveteur" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Gordon ta fara fitowa a fim din fim din Nelson na 2001 I Am Sam a matsayin Callie, wanda ya biyo bayan hotonta na trick-or-treater a fim din Nora Ephron na 2005 Bewitched.<ref name="Guide" /> Gordon ya koma Birnin New York a shekarar 2014 don halartar Jami'ar New York da kuma ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a. Bayan barin NYU, ta yi aiki a cikin ƙananan matsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway, talabijin, da fina-finai. A watan Agustan 2015, an jefa ta a matsayin Nicky a cikin matukin jirgi na TNT Animal Kingdom, bisa ga fim din Australiya na 2010 na wannan sunan. An karɓi matukin jirgi tare da tsari na 10 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma jerin sun fara ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2016, <ref name="AKCast" /> tare da Gordon a matsayin jerin na yau da kullun, yana barin a kakar 3 daga 6. Ta buga Maddie, 'yar Melissa McCarthy, a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2018 Life of the Party . Gordon ya fara maimaitawa don nuna Alice Spencer a cikin samar da Alice by Heart a watan Disamba 2018. Mahaifiyarta, Jessie Nelson, da Steven Sater ne suka ba da umarnin kuma suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayon, kuma sun buɗe shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MCC a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Caitlin |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Down the Rabbit Hole! The Cast and Creative Team of ''Alice by Heart'' Prepare for Off-Broadway |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/194420/down-the-rabbit-hole-the-cast-and-creative-team-of-alice-by-heart-prepare-for-off-broadway/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=Broadway.com |publisher=[[John Gore Organization]]}}</ref> An kammala wasan kwaikwayon a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. <ref name="Thrillist">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Gordon ya nuna Annabelle, ko "Triple A," a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2019 Booksmart, wanda Olivia Wilde ta jagoranta. Fim din ya ja hankalin Gordon saboda halayensa na "kooky" da ta samu "suna da irin wannan gaskiyar a cikinsu". A cikin 2019, ta kuma bayyana a cikin abubuwa uku na Ramy Youssef da Chris Storer's ''Ramy.'' <ref name="Thrillist" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Gordon ya bayyana a fim din farko na Emma Seligman ''Shiva Baby'', yana wasa da tsohuwar budurwar Rachel Sennott, Maya . On June 9, 2022, it was announced that Gordon would produce, star in, and codirect the musical comedy film ''Theater Camp'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergenson |first=Samantha |date=2023-03-08 |title=28 Rising Female Filmmakers to Watch in 2023 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/female-filmmakers-to-watch-2023/netflix-fysee-hosts-varietys-storytellers-event/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |publisher=Indie Wire}}</ref> inspired by the 2020 short film of the same name cowritten with Noah Galvin, Ben Platt, and Nick Lieberman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon, Amy Sedaris & More Set For Musical Comedy 'Theater Camp' From Picturestart, Topic Studios And Gloria Sanchez Productions |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/ben-platt-molly-gordon-amy-sedaris-more-set-for-theater-camp-feature-1235042043/ |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon Team for Comedy 'Theater Camp' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ben-platt-molly-gordon-comedy-theater-camp-1235162189/ |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> In the film, Gordon portrays Rebecca-Diane, the musical director at AdirondACTS, a children's summer camp.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchama2023">Schama, Chloe (July 10, 2023). [https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp "The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major |first=Michael |date=December 7, 2022 |title=THEATER CAMP Starring Ben Platt, Noah Galvin & More to Premiere at Sundance |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THEATER-CAMP-Starring-Ben-Platt-Noah-Galvin-More-to-Premiere-at-Sundance-20221207 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> While editing the film, Gordon was offered the role of Claire Dunlap, an emergency-room physician and Carmy Berzatto's love interest, in the second season of ''The Bear'', which premiered in June 2023. She stars in and co-wrote the story for ''Oh, Hi!'', directed and written by Sophie Brooks, premiering at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Guide {{!}} 2025 Sundance Film Festival |url=https://festival.sundance.org/program/film/6753204a707ccd5217088939 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=festival.sundance.org}}</ref> Molly played the Shepherd's (Hugh Jackman) primary heir in the star-studded film, "The Sheep Detectives"(Amazon MGM Studios), 2026family-mystery comedy adapted from the 2004 classic German book, "Three Bags Full." == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Satumbar 2024, Gordon da abokin aikinta na The ''Bear'', Jeremy Allen White, an dauki hoton su suna sumba, a lokacin kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-16 |title=Jeremy Allen White and Molly Gordon Celebrate the Final Season of ‘The Bear’ |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a62391968/jeremy-allen-white-molly-gordon-relationship-timeline/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=ELLE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa Yuni 2026, sun halarci abubuwan da suka faru da yawa tare. == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 0g7zunsiqf0wdcz36c74mr73vm0up98 882448 882442 2026-07-13T17:26:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "__LEAD_SECTION__" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363909818|Molly Gordon]]" 882448 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''☁''' '''Molly Gordon''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aizin |first=Rebecca |last2=Stutsman |first2=Samantha |date=July 23, 2025 |title=Are 'The Bear' Costars Jeremy Allen White and Molly Gordon Dating? All About the Actress and Their Rumored Romance |url=https://people.com/are-jeremy-allen-white-and-molly-gordon-dating-11777557 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandangwa |first=Sumnima |date=2024-10-02 |title=Meet Molly Gordon, Jeremy Allen White’s new flame: The Bear co-stars were seen kissing on his ex Rosalía’s birthday … Gordon is a triple threat ‘nepo baby’ who dons Chanel, Miu Miu and Valentino |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/entertainment/article/3280522/meet-molly-gordon-jeremy-allen-whites-new-flame-bear-co-stars-were-seen-kissing-his-ex-rosalias |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai a Amurka. Ta fara aikinta ne wajen tallafawa ayyukanta a fina-finan barkwanci na studio ''Life of the Party'' (2018), da ''Good Boys'' (2019) sannan ta shiga fina-finan barkwanci masu zaman kansu kamar ''Booksmart'' (2019), ''Shiva Baby'' (2020) da ''Am I OK?'' (2022). Gordon ya jagoranci, ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a fim din barkwanci na kiɗa ''Theater Camp'' (2023), kuma ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a ''Oh, Hi!'' (2025). A talabijin, ta fito a matsayin Claire Dunlap a cikin jerin fina-finan FX akan Hulu ''The Bear'' (2023–2026), kuma ta yi rawar gani akai-akai a cikin ''Animal Kingdom'' (2016–2018) da kuma jerin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Ramy'' (2022–2023). == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gordon kuma ta girma a [[The Groundlings|Ƙasa]]-linkid="78" href="./Los_Angeles" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, ga iyayen [[American Jews|Yahudawa]].<ref name="backgroundj">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=18 Things to Know About Molly Gordon |url=https://www.heyalma.com/18-things-to-know-about-molly-gordon/ |website=Alma}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Handler |first=Rachel |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> Ita 'yar darektan [[Bryan Gordon]] ce da marubuci-darakta [[Jessie Nelson]] . <ref name="backgroundj" /><ref name="WWD2">{{cite news |last=Nordstrom |first=Leigh |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Molly Gordon |url=https://wwd.com/eye/people/molly-gordon-alice-by-heart-booksmart-good-boys-1203088133/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a kan mataki na LA tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta girma tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ben Platt]], tare da shi ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen Fiddler on the Roof tana da shekaru huɗu da kuma Yadda za a yi nasara a Kasuwanci ba tare da Gaskiya Gwadawa ba tana da shekaru biyar.<ref name="Coveteur">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Samantha |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Molly Gordon Is the Actress Everyone in Hollywood Is Talking About |url=http://coveteur.com/2018/06/04/molly-gordon-life-of-the-party-actress-profile/ |access-date=May 28, 2019 |website=Coveteur}}</ref> Tare da Platt da [[Beanie Feldstein]], wani aboki na yaro, Gordon ya kafa wata kungiya da ake kira Theater Geeks of America, wanda sau da yawa ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidajen ritaya.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance tana kallon jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Asabar da dare Live kuma ta halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta The Groundlings, wanda ya kai ta ga sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohd |first=Shana |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vulture}}</ref> Ta nuna Dot a cikin wasan kwaikwayon makarantar sakandare na Lahadi a cikin Park tare da George lokacin da take da shekaru 17.<ref name="Thrillist2">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Ta halarci [[New York University|Jami'ar New York]] na ɗan lokaci, ta bar bayan makonni biyu saboda rashin gamsuwa da shirin ta, kuma a maimakon haka ta shiga cikin darussan dare kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a [[Balthazar (restaurant)|Balthazar]].<ref name="Coveteur" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Gordon ta fara fitowa a fim din fim din Nelson na 2001 I Am Sam a matsayin Callie, wanda ya biyo bayan hotonta na trick-or-treater a fim din Nora Ephron na 2005 Bewitched.<ref name="Guide" /> Gordon ya koma Birnin New York a shekarar 2014 don halartar Jami'ar New York da kuma ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a. Bayan barin NYU, ta yi aiki a cikin ƙananan matsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway, talabijin, da fina-finai. A watan Agustan 2015, an jefa ta a matsayin Nicky a cikin matukin jirgi na TNT Animal Kingdom, bisa ga fim din Australiya na 2010 na wannan sunan. An karɓi matukin jirgi tare da tsari na 10 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma jerin sun fara ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2016, <ref name="AKCast" /> tare da Gordon a matsayin jerin na yau da kullun, yana barin a kakar 3 daga 6. Ta buga Maddie, 'yar Melissa McCarthy, a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2018 Life of the Party . Gordon ya fara maimaitawa don nuna Alice Spencer a cikin samar da Alice by Heart a watan Disamba 2018. Mahaifiyarta, Jessie Nelson, da Steven Sater ne suka ba da umarnin kuma suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayon, kuma sun buɗe shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MCC a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Caitlin |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Down the Rabbit Hole! The Cast and Creative Team of ''Alice by Heart'' Prepare for Off-Broadway |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/194420/down-the-rabbit-hole-the-cast-and-creative-team-of-alice-by-heart-prepare-for-off-broadway/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=Broadway.com |publisher=[[John Gore Organization]]}}</ref> An kammala wasan kwaikwayon a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. <ref name="Thrillist">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Gordon ya nuna Annabelle, ko "Triple A," a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2019 Booksmart, wanda Olivia Wilde ta jagoranta. Fim din ya ja hankalin Gordon saboda halayensa na "kooky" da ta samu "suna da irin wannan gaskiyar a cikinsu". A cikin 2019, ta kuma bayyana a cikin abubuwa uku na Ramy Youssef da Chris Storer's ''Ramy.'' <ref name="Thrillist" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Gordon ya bayyana a fim din farko na Emma Seligman ''Shiva Baby'', yana wasa da tsohuwar budurwar Rachel Sennott, Maya . On June 9, 2022, it was announced that Gordon would produce, star in, and codirect the musical comedy film ''Theater Camp'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergenson |first=Samantha |date=2023-03-08 |title=28 Rising Female Filmmakers to Watch in 2023 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/female-filmmakers-to-watch-2023/netflix-fysee-hosts-varietys-storytellers-event/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |publisher=Indie Wire}}</ref> inspired by the 2020 short film of the same name cowritten with Noah Galvin, Ben Platt, and Nick Lieberman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon, Amy Sedaris & More Set For Musical Comedy 'Theater Camp' From Picturestart, Topic Studios And Gloria Sanchez Productions |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/ben-platt-molly-gordon-amy-sedaris-more-set-for-theater-camp-feature-1235042043/ |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon Team for Comedy 'Theater Camp' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ben-platt-molly-gordon-comedy-theater-camp-1235162189/ |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> In the film, Gordon portrays Rebecca-Diane, the musical director at AdirondACTS, a children's summer camp.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchama2023">Schama, Chloe (July 10, 2023). [https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp "The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major |first=Michael |date=December 7, 2022 |title=THEATER CAMP Starring Ben Platt, Noah Galvin & More to Premiere at Sundance |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THEATER-CAMP-Starring-Ben-Platt-Noah-Galvin-More-to-Premiere-at-Sundance-20221207 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> While editing the film, Gordon was offered the role of Claire Dunlap, an emergency-room physician and Carmy Berzatto's love interest, in the second season of ''The Bear'', which premiered in June 2023. She stars in and co-wrote the story for ''Oh, Hi!'', directed and written by Sophie Brooks, premiering at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Guide {{!}} 2025 Sundance Film Festival |url=https://festival.sundance.org/program/film/6753204a707ccd5217088939 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=festival.sundance.org}}</ref> Molly played the Shepherd's (Hugh Jackman) primary heir in the star-studded film, "The Sheep Detectives"(Amazon MGM Studios), 2026family-mystery comedy adapted from the 2004 classic German book, "Three Bags Full." == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Satumbar 2024, Gordon da abokin aikinta na The ''Bear'', Jeremy Allen White, an dauki hoton su suna sumba, a lokacin kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-16 |title=Jeremy Allen White and Molly Gordon Celebrate the Final Season of ‘The Bear’ |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a62391968/jeremy-allen-white-molly-gordon-relationship-timeline/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=ELLE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa Yuni 2026, sun halarci abubuwan da suka faru da yawa tare. == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] i1z5c2yrktml2rlpcvb4pv2pe6jlo3s 882450 882448 2026-07-13T17:27:13Z Nnamadee 31123 882450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Molly Gordon''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aizin |first=Rebecca |last2=Stutsman |first2=Samantha |date=July 23, 2025 |title=Are 'The Bear' Costars Jeremy Allen White and Molly Gordon Dating? All About the Actress and Their Rumored Romance |url=https://people.com/are-jeremy-allen-white-and-molly-gordon-dating-11777557 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandangwa |first=Sumnima |date=2024-10-02 |title=Meet Molly Gordon, Jeremy Allen White’s new flame: The Bear co-stars were seen kissing on his ex Rosalía’s birthday … Gordon is a triple threat ‘nepo baby’ who dons Chanel, Miu Miu and Valentino |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/entertainment/article/3280522/meet-molly-gordon-jeremy-allen-whites-new-flame-bear-co-stars-were-seen-kissing-his-ex-rosalias |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai a Amurka. Ta fara aikinta ne wajen tallafawa ayyukanta a fina-finan barkwanci na studio ''Life of the Party'' (2018), da ''Good Boys'' (2019) sannan ta shiga fina-finan barkwanci masu zaman kansu kamar ''Booksmart'' (2019), ''Shiva Baby'' (2020) da ''Am I OK?'' (2022). Gordon ya jagoranci, ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a fim din barkwanci na kiɗa ''Theater Camp'' (2023), kuma ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a ''Oh, Hi!'' (2025). A talabijin, ta fito a matsayin Claire Dunlap a cikin jerin fina-finan FX akan Hulu ''The Bear'' (2023–2026), kuma ta yi rawar gani akai-akai a cikin ''Animal Kingdom'' (2016–2018) da kuma jerin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Ramy'' (2022–2023). == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gordon kuma ta girma a [[The Groundlings|Ƙasa]]-linkid="78" href="./Los_Angeles" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, ga iyayen [[American Jews|Yahudawa]].<ref name="backgroundj">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=18 Things to Know About Molly Gordon |url=https://www.heyalma.com/18-things-to-know-about-molly-gordon/ |website=Alma}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Handler |first=Rachel |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> Ita 'yar darektan [[Bryan Gordon]] ce da marubuci-darakta [[Jessie Nelson]] . <ref name="backgroundj" /><ref name="WWD2">{{cite news |last=Nordstrom |first=Leigh |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Molly Gordon |url=https://wwd.com/eye/people/molly-gordon-alice-by-heart-booksmart-good-boys-1203088133/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a kan mataki na LA tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta girma tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ben Platt]], tare da shi ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen Fiddler on the Roof tana da shekaru huɗu da kuma Yadda za a yi nasara a Kasuwanci ba tare da Gaskiya Gwadawa ba tana da shekaru biyar.<ref name="Coveteur">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Samantha |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Molly Gordon Is the Actress Everyone in Hollywood Is Talking About |url=http://coveteur.com/2018/06/04/molly-gordon-life-of-the-party-actress-profile/ |access-date=May 28, 2019 |website=Coveteur}}</ref> Tare da Platt da [[Beanie Feldstein]], wani aboki na yaro, Gordon ya kafa wata kungiya da ake kira Theater Geeks of America, wanda sau da yawa ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidajen ritaya.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance tana kallon jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Asabar da dare Live kuma ta halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta The Groundlings, wanda ya kai ta ga sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohd |first=Shana |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Molly Gordon Didn't Mean to Steal That Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/molly-gordon-profile-shiva-baby.html |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vulture}}</ref> Ta nuna Dot a cikin wasan kwaikwayon makarantar sakandare na Lahadi a cikin Park tare da George lokacin da take da shekaru 17.<ref name="Thrillist2">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Ta halarci [[New York University|Jami'ar New York]] na ɗan lokaci, ta bar bayan makonni biyu saboda rashin gamsuwa da shirin ta, kuma a maimakon haka ta shiga cikin darussan dare kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a [[Balthazar (restaurant)|Balthazar]].<ref name="Coveteur" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Gordon ta fara fitowa a fim din fim din Nelson na 2001 I Am Sam a matsayin Callie, wanda ya biyo bayan hotonta na trick-or-treater a fim din Nora Ephron na 2005 Bewitched.<ref name="Guide" /> Gordon ya koma Birnin New York a shekarar 2014 don halartar Jami'ar New York da kuma ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a. Bayan barin NYU, ta yi aiki a cikin ƙananan matsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway, talabijin, da fina-finai. A watan Agustan 2015, an jefa ta a matsayin Nicky a cikin matukin jirgi na TNT Animal Kingdom, bisa ga fim din Australiya na 2010 na wannan sunan. An karɓi matukin jirgi tare da tsari na 10 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma jerin sun fara ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2016, <ref name="AKCast" /> tare da Gordon a matsayin jerin na yau da kullun, yana barin a kakar 3 daga 6. Ta buga Maddie, 'yar Melissa McCarthy, a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2018 Life of the Party . Gordon ya fara maimaitawa don nuna Alice Spencer a cikin samar da Alice by Heart a watan Disamba 2018. Mahaifiyarta, Jessie Nelson, da Steven Sater ne suka ba da umarnin kuma suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayon, kuma sun buɗe shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MCC a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Caitlin |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Down the Rabbit Hole! The Cast and Creative Team of ''Alice by Heart'' Prepare for Off-Broadway |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/194420/down-the-rabbit-hole-the-cast-and-creative-team-of-alice-by-heart-prepare-for-off-broadway/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=Broadway.com |publisher=[[John Gore Organization]]}}</ref> An kammala wasan kwaikwayon a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. <ref name="Thrillist">{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=May 9, 2019 |title=What It's Like Playing Mortal Enemies in 'Booksmart' for Three Real-Life Best Friends |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/booksmart-movie-beanie-feldstein-molly-gordon-noah-galvin-interview |access-date=May 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Thrillist]]}}</ref> Gordon ya nuna Annabelle, ko "Triple A," a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2019 Booksmart, wanda Olivia Wilde ta jagoranta. Fim din ya ja hankalin Gordon saboda halayensa na "kooky" da ta samu "suna da irin wannan gaskiyar a cikinsu". A cikin 2019, ta kuma bayyana a cikin abubuwa uku na Ramy Youssef da Chris Storer's ''Ramy.'' <ref name="Thrillist" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Molly Gordon on Making Directorial Debut 'Theater Camp' and Reuniting with Ayo Edibiri on 'The Bear' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/molly-gordon-theater-camp-the-bear-1235535475/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Gordon ya bayyana a fim din farko na Emma Seligman ''Shiva Baby'', yana wasa da tsohuwar budurwar Rachel Sennott, Maya . On June 9, 2022, it was announced that Gordon would produce, star in, and codirect the musical comedy film ''Theater Camp'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergenson |first=Samantha |date=2023-03-08 |title=28 Rising Female Filmmakers to Watch in 2023 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/female-filmmakers-to-watch-2023/netflix-fysee-hosts-varietys-storytellers-event/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |publisher=Indie Wire}}</ref> inspired by the 2020 short film of the same name cowritten with Noah Galvin, Ben Platt, and Nick Lieberman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon, Amy Sedaris & More Set For Musical Comedy 'Theater Camp' From Picturestart, Topic Studios And Gloria Sanchez Productions |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/ben-platt-molly-gordon-amy-sedaris-more-set-for-theater-camp-feature-1235042043/ |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Ben Platt, Molly Gordon Team for Comedy 'Theater Camp' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ben-platt-molly-gordon-comedy-theater-camp-1235162189/ |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> In the film, Gordon portrays Rebecca-Diane, the musical director at AdirondACTS, a children's summer camp.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schama |first=Chloe |date=July 10, 2023 |title=The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Vogue}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchama2023">Schama, Chloe (July 10, 2023). [https://www.vogue.com/article/molly-gordon-interview-the-bear-theater-camp "The Molly Gordon Moment is About to Begin"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major |first=Michael |date=December 7, 2022 |title=THEATER CAMP Starring Ben Platt, Noah Galvin & More to Premiere at Sundance |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THEATER-CAMP-Starring-Ben-Platt-Noah-Galvin-More-to-Premiere-at-Sundance-20221207 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> While editing the film, Gordon was offered the role of Claire Dunlap, an emergency-room physician and Carmy Berzatto's love interest, in the second season of ''The Bear'', which premiered in June 2023. She stars in and co-wrote the story for ''Oh, Hi!'', directed and written by Sophie Brooks, premiering at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Guide {{!}} 2025 Sundance Film Festival |url=https://festival.sundance.org/program/film/6753204a707ccd5217088939 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=festival.sundance.org}}</ref> Molly played the Shepherd's (Hugh Jackman) primary heir in the star-studded film, "The Sheep Detectives"(Amazon MGM Studios), 2026family-mystery comedy adapted from the 2004 classic German book, "Three Bags Full." == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Satumbar 2024, Gordon da abokin aikinta na The ''Bear'', Jeremy Allen White, an dauki hoton su suna sumba, a lokacin kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-16 |title=Jeremy Allen White and Molly Gordon Celebrate the Final Season of ‘The Bear’ |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a62391968/jeremy-allen-white-molly-gordon-relationship-timeline/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=ELLE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa Yuni 2026, sun halarci abubuwan da suka faru da yawa tare. == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 9iysr1zunrqgq2zu2v9mtmv96w9rct2 Hamada Mohamed 0 161515 882444 2026-07-13T17:22:14Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361977245|Hamada Mohamed]]" 882444 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Hamada Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1992), wanda aka fi sani da '''Mohamed Ahmed Hamada''', ɗan Masar ne Mai tseren tsakiya.{{Refn|{{cite web|title=Hamada Mohamed|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/mohamed-hamada-1105572/|work=London 2012|publisher=The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730160530/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/mohamed-hamada-1105572/|archive-date=30 July 2012|df=}}|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef}} Ya wakilci Masar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012. Mohamed yana da rikodin waƙoƙi na ƙasa da yawa na Masar. == Ayyukan gudu == Ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar farko ta duniya ta Mohamed ita ce a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IAAF ta 2010, inda ya gama tseren Junior maza a cikin 28:25 (min:sec), na 113 na masu kammala 118. Hamada daga baya zai samar da sakamako mai yawa a kan waƙa. A Gasar Cin Kofin Larabawa ta 2011, Mohamed ya kammala na biyu a tseren mita 1,500, inda ya yi rikodin lokaci na 3:59.15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a Wasannin Pan Arab na 2011, Mohamed ya gudu mita 800, ya kammala zagaye na karshe a matsayi na biyar na masu kammala shida, a cikin lokaci na 1:48.08. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu duk da cewa shi matashi ne kawai, Masar ta zabi Mohamed don yin gasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012. A Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012, ya gudu a tseren mita 800 na maza inda ya kammala a matsayi na 8 a cikin zafin kusa da na karshe tare da lokaci na 1:48:18. Daga nan Mohamed ya gudu a cikin zafi na farko na mita 800 na maza a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 a Wasanni, kusan ya rasa cancanta zuwa zagaye na gaba, kodayake ya gudu babban tseren da Marcin Lewandowski da Giordano Benedetti. == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f99hr7lbdb40egju2mtpi73twl84oqp 882445 882444 2026-07-13T17:22:38Z Smshika 14840 882445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Hamada Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1992), wanda aka fi sani da '''Mohamed Ahmed Hamada''', ɗan Masar ne Mai tseren tsakiya.{{Refn|{{cite web|title=Hamada Mohamed|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/mohamed-hamada-1105572/|work=London 2012|publisher=The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730160530/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/mohamed-hamada-1105572/|archive-date=30 July 2012|df=}}|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef}} Ya wakilci Masar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012. Mohamed yana da rikodin waƙoƙi na ƙasa da yawa na Masar. == Ayyukan gudu == Ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar farko ta duniya ta Mohamed ita ce a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IAAF ta 2010, inda ya gama tseren Junior maza a cikin 28:25 (min:sec), na 113 na masu kammala 118. Hamada daga baya zai samar da sakamako mai yawa a kan waƙa. A Gasar Cin Kofin Larabawa ta 2011, Mohamed ya kammala na biyu a tseren mita 1,500, inda ya yi rikodin lokaci na 3:59.15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a Wasannin Pan Arab na 2011, Mohamed ya gudu mita 800, ya kammala zagaye na karshe a matsayi na biyar na masu kammala shida, a cikin lokaci na 1:48.08. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu duk da cewa shi matashi ne kawai, Masar ta zabi Mohamed don yin gasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012. A Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012, ya gudu a tseren mita 800 na maza inda ya kammala a matsayi na 8 a cikin zafin kusa da na karshe tare da lokaci na 1:48:18. Daga nan Mohamed ya gudu a cikin zafi na farko na mita 800 na maza a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 a Wasanni, kusan ya rasa cancanta zuwa zagaye na gaba, kodayake ya gudu babban tseren da Marcin Lewandowski da Giordano Benedetti. == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kcs39i7qand17chxekznhubgbvvji5b Tattaunawar user:Man.nasir.ipt 3 161516 882513 2026-07-13T21:23:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882513 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Man.nasir.ipt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Man.nasir.ipt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) adyn5q7xlfgkvz8ilydhsj1jwdemwgb Tattaunawar user:THIAGOW13 3 161517 882514 2026-07-13T21:23:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882514 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, THIAGOW13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/THIAGOW13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5ibrlkffz7me18aidv95a2kv1vrovfj Tattaunawar user:Muazu Abubakar 3 161518 882515 2026-07-13T21:23:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882515 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muazu Abubakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muazu Abubakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tbvhkgkhjos94botr4suwmv0791oz0t Tattaunawar user:Grungeosmunge 3 161519 882516 2026-07-13T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882516 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Grungeosmunge! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Grungeosmunge|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) d3ft4j43fwmlt8hvb1h2e9iriafbvev Tattaunawar user:Mustapha Isah Namadee 3 161520 882517 2026-07-13T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882517 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustapha Isah Namadee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustapha Isah Namadee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nvs5x29q9x7z46hjqv3w3urwjf5ngrx Tattaunawar user:Adûnâi 3 161521 882518 2026-07-13T21:24:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882518 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adûnâi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adûnâi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 561a9avumpfl2zgfs87m07z39onu18l Tattaunawar user:Βλάντισλαβ Σταφύλις 3 161522 882519 2026-07-13T21:24:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882519 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Βλάντισλαβ Σταφύλις! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Βλάντισλαβ Σταφύλις|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) sshhfxdrkx47bncub0h3efvl8e12iee Tattaunawar user:ミナミマグロ 3 161523 882520 2026-07-13T21:24:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882520 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ミナミマグロ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ミナミマグロ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7bjt9f8lozk92jsu2cghfg62fnh1xy7 Tattaunawar user:PiryTy 3 161524 882521 2026-07-13T21:24:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882521 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PiryTy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PiryTy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rp1bc0z9mrah7mpo2s2im4esxp9ri1b Tattaunawar user:Mekety 3 161525 882522 2026-07-13T21:24:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882522 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mekety! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mekety|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) q1l83toay61vhnswarg820p7e3xqb4p Tattaunawar user:Mrwiki1220 3 161526 882523 2026-07-13T21:24:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882523 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrwiki1220! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrwiki1220|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) h3y99zebgxdqaq5sldsvtnkhmum6691 Tattaunawar user:Anhn 3 161527 882524 2026-07-13T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882524 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anhn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anhn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) i8k3x9pzrpuycb3gyia4qah01g9r602 Tattaunawar user:Gertrude206 3 161528 882525 2026-07-13T21:25:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882525 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gertrude206! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gertrude206|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 8ivqha0ys69iiyw833wqtw1u68xdjfk Tattaunawar user:TUMBIN GIWA TV 3 161529 882526 2026-07-13T21:25:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882526 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TUMBIN GIWA TV! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TUMBIN GIWA TV|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) q3kobwjus7u19uy8kna27t94jveizqu Tattaunawar user:Aminugamboadam 3 161530 882527 2026-07-13T21:25:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882527 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aminugamboadam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aminugamboadam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) f9q5tyglodm64vf6p7or4m5fd0d7y0q Tattaunawar user:Xaeman 3 161531 882528 2026-07-13T21:25:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 882528 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xaeman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xaeman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ccdreuvjxjf2ukxqfu0mhpq6ianhekp Bikin Bikin aure (jerin fina-finai) 0 161532 882547 2026-07-13T23:23:52Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359998993|The Wedding March (film series)]]" 882547 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Wedding March wani fim ne na Amurka da Kanada wanda aka yi don jerin fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda [[Jack Wagner (actor)|Jack Wagner]] da [[Josie Bissett]] suka fito. Neal H. Dobrofsky da Tippi Dobrofsky ne suka rubuta fina-finai, an fara watsa su ne a [[Hallmark Channel|Tashar Hallmark]] daga 2016 zuwa 2021. == Masu ba da labari == * Jack Wagner a matsayin Mick Turner, mawaƙi ne kuma gwauruwa wanda ke da Willow Lake Inn a Vermont * Josie Bissett a matsayin Olivia "Livvy" Phillips-Pershing, budurwar kwalejin Mick kuma mahaifiyar da ba ta da aure * Emily Tennant a matsayin Grace Pershing, 'yar Olivia * Aaron Pearl a matsayin Duke, tsohon aboki na Mick da Olivia wanda kuma shine babban mai dafa abinci a Inn * Sarah Grey a matsayin Julie Turner, 'yar Mick * Mitch Ainley a matsayin Wyatt, saurayin Julie * Susan Hogan a matsayin Nora Phillips, mahaifiyar Olivia * Serge Houde a matsayin Johnny, saurayin Nora == Fim din == {{Episode table}} fz1bn18uin57a1mybqkedd981jn98zh Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar 0 161533 882548 2026-07-13T23:25:34Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356330897|Texas's 32nd congressional district]]" 882548 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar''' ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka tana aiki a yankin da ke kusa da arewa maso gabashin Dallas County da kuma yankunan Collin da Denton. An kirkiro gundumar ne bayan Ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2000, lokacin da Texas ta tashi daga kujeru 30 zuwa kujeru 32. An sake gyara shi a cikin 2011 bayan ƙidayar 2010. Wakilin yanzu shine Democrat Julie Johnson Majalissar dokoki ta (119 ta Tarayyar Amurka),. An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai Amurka na 2024 a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 2024 a dukkan gundumomin  ƴan majalisar 435 inda masu kaɗa ƙuri'ar suka zaɓi Sanatoci ta hanyar amfani da ƙuri'u na farko. Zaben Sanata na ƙarshe na  gundumomi shi ne a shekarar 5 Nuwamba 2024. A cikin 2018, lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama kuma tsohon dan wasan NFL [[Colin Allred]] ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma ya kayar da dan jam'iyyar Republican Pete Sessions a zaben 6 ga watan Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2018 |title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/ |website=Dallas News}}</ref> Gundumar, kamar yawancin gundumomi na kewayen Texas, an daɗe ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]]. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da tsarin da ya gabata kafin 2022 a matsayin gundumar da ke juyawa sakamakon sauya yawan jama'a, tare da ƙiyayya ga tsohon Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] a yankunan da ke kusa da birni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Role reversal: Architect of 2010 GOP House takeover in trouble |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/27/pete-sessions-texas-house-trump-democrats-wave-743756 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Bayan 2022, an sake fasalin gundumar don zama mai karfi na Democrat don kare 'yan Republican a gundumomin da ke kusa, sake zabar Allred tare da sama da kashi 60% na kuri'un. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} gnqno493rf8cgod6ladaashxdmwjm54 882565 882548 2026-07-13T23:46:22Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas  ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''', Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} ceqlxb9ho7n3e9if2l04djjlhduvutc 882570 882565 2026-07-13T23:55:45Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas  ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''', Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4 na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 9t42j4ng1t2u6akwbpw0zw6q2h48ua8 882574 882570 2026-07-13T23:58:30Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas  ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4 na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} jewbsol0n22wuvf8st3wr3z2ehuvisd 882575 882574 2026-07-13T23:58:54Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 % 882575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas  ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} fjr2bfflpyq32xlk9rwh2x23fmxy3jn 882576 882575 2026-07-14T00:00:52Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024. == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} f5eb5wcv2yrubgfy0n2u0d0krhtpsoa 882582 882576 2026-07-14T00:06:01Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas Dallas County, Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} hihez1s5f6e3slj9j3pnyy87brvlerh 882585 882582 2026-07-14T00:12:06Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin Collin, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 1ecifvazlbuqi199hwmsuqpbo1jmi4i 882586 882585 2026-07-14T00:12:27Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin Collin County, da  Kudu ta Yamma Denton counties. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} jjx42rugczfs5gl9wx6pfk684xrd8lp 882587 882586 2026-07-14T00:14:26Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton counties]]. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} dnbzjemgedjl1br5vokgncvx14us0x7 882588 882587 2026-07-14T00:15:38Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} ayouzdxvb7xkt2q93fa7htm2ek05nf5 882589 882588 2026-07-14T00:16:22Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 0sj1n1qxu1asgjqkeq6823l0g1c3lmt 882593 882589 2026-07-14T00:23:23Z DFW Cultured kid 46940 882593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 6al8oeefml9fywid58g3albnv4p9x5y 882633 882593 2026-07-14T04:45:43Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} lkbkied5btowrfl02akkjy81rmoje2v 882634 882633 2026-07-14T04:46:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> '''Colin Allred''' tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} sa93n45ne48efirtdg7wdxwfhl2aa95 882635 882634 2026-07-14T04:49:44Z Armadillo Jack 46856 grammar 882635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> '''Colin Allred''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 2zolrvor46zzeo8kb635prhimnowfqy 882636 882635 2026-07-14T04:50:12Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> '''[[Colin Allred]]''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025 == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} fbh4lsl2akc1n2kvto3odoen4snxooa 882637 882636 2026-07-14T04:51:18Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. '''[[Colin Allred]]''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Julie Johnson na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} ez3746canva5luhvqat7c8cyuou3402 882639 882637 2026-07-14T04:52:40Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), Amurka ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Arewa ta Gabas [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]], Yankin Kudancin [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]], da  Kudu ta Yamma [[Denton County, Texas|Denton County]]. '''[[Colin Allred]]''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Tennessee Titans. An zabe shi dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar [[Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar|Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas]] ta Amurka, inda ya fara aiki daga ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2019 zuwa 3 ga watan Janairu 2025. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine [[Julie Johnson]] na jam'iyyar Democratic Party wanda aka zaba da kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Texas%27_32nd_Congressional_District_election,_2024 Texas' 32nd Congressional District election, 2024 - Ballotpedia]</ref> == Tarihi == === 2023-2027 === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] 56% - 44% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 50.4% - 49.6% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Wendy Davis (politician)|Davis]] 55% - 45% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]] 60% - 34% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 67% - 33% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lupe Valdez|Valdez]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 63% - 34% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Nelson 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Chevalier 60% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] 66% - 33% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[M. J. Hegar|Hegar]] 61% - 36% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Beto O'Rourke|O'Rourke]] 64% - 34% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Collier 64% - 33% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Rochelle Mercedes Garza|Mercedes Garza]] 64% - 33% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |Dudding 59% - 37% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Kamala Harris|Harris]] 60% - 37% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Colin Allred|Allred]] 64% - 34% |} === 2027-2033 iyakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ofishin !Sakamakon <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1ea6b752-99fa-4bbb-8c4e-3110234ac5e6 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=davesredistricting.org}}</ref> |- |2008 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John McCain|McCain]] 60% - 39% |- |2012 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 64% - 36% |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 70% - 30% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 66% - 34% |- |2016 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 56% - 39% |- | rowspan="5" |2018 |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 54% - 45% |- |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 59% - 39% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 54% - 43% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 54% - 44% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 57% - 40% |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 54% - 44% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[John Cornyn|Cornyn]] 56% - 41% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greg Abbott|Abbott]] 57% - 41% |- |Mataimakin Gwamna | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Patrick]] 56% - 42% |- |Babban Lauyan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ken Paxton|Paxton]] 55% - 42% |- |Mai kula da Asusun Jama'a | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Glenn Hegar|Hegar]] 60% - 38% |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Shugaban kasa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 58% - 40% |- |Majalisar Dattawa | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ted Cruz|Cruz]] 55% - 43% |} 3qvajhqndebjlskx5zx1twi672446h8 Wacece gomnati ? 0 161534 882566 2026-07-13T23:52:41Z Usman saadu 46863 Sabon shafi: Wacece gomnati: gomnati wata abace wadda ke tsayawa ga al,umma tahan yar democradiya an kasa suke kafa gomnati tahanyar zafan Wanda ya dace tondaga kan shugaban kasa gomman jaha Dan majalisar darayya da Dan majalisar dattawa da ciyamomi da kansiloli dadai sauran wadan da akezafa.daga lokacin da akace wadan antakara sunci zafe to dukkan wani matakin iko yakoma kansu dumin duc wani Dan kasa yakoma karkashinsu 882566 wikitext text/x-wiki Wacece gomnati: gomnati wata abace wadda ke tsayawa ga al,umma tahan yar democradiya an kasa suke kafa gomnati tahanyar zafan Wanda ya dace tondaga kan shugaban kasa gomman jaha Dan majalisar darayya da Dan majalisar dattawa da ciyamomi da kansiloli dadai sauran wadan da akezafa.daga lokacin da akace wadan antakara sunci zafe to dukkan wani matakin iko yakoma kansu dumin duc wani Dan kasa yakoma karkashinsu tpglk6jh0g0ecq698wbllghyi9x02jq 882571 882566 2026-07-13T23:55:52Z Usman saadu 46863 882571 wikitext text/x-wiki Wacece gomnati: gomnati wata abace wadda ke tsayawa ga al,umma tahan yar democradiya an kasa suke kafa gomnati tahanyar zafan Wanda ya dace tondaga kan shugaban kasa gomman jaha Dan majalisar darayya da Dan majalisar dattawa da ciyamomi da kansiloli dadai sauran wadan da aka zafa.daga lokacin da akace wadan antakara sunci zafe to dukkan wani matakin iko yakoma kansu dumin duc wani Dan kasa yakoma karkashinsu ouzrip1d02miabuz92jvfsynb76txfw 882573 882571 2026-07-13T23:57:05Z Usman saadu 46863 882573 wikitext text/x-wiki Wacece gomnati: gomnati wata abace wadda ke tsayawa ga al,umma tahan yar democradiya an kasa suke kafa gomnati tahanyar zafan Wanda ya dace tondaga kan shugaban kasa gomman jaha Dan majalisar darayya da Dan majalisar dattawa da ciyamomi da kansiloli dadai sauran wadan da aka zafa.daga lokacin da akace wadan antakara sunci zafe to dukkan wani matakin iko yakoma kansu dumin duc wani Dan kasa yakoma karkashin ikunsu glea3q5s52zfa26einfn6fvjniv9scp Lolgorien 0 161535 882567 2026-07-13T23:53:30Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356226444|Lolgorien]]" 882567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lolgorian''' wani yanki ne a cikin yankin Narok na [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ombiro |first=Sammy O. |last2=Olatunj |first2=Akinade S. |last3=Mathu |first3=Eliud M. |last4=Ajayi |first4=Taiwo R. |title=Mapping of Geological Structural Features in Lolgorien, Narok County, Kenya: Using Hillshade Analysis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351936394 |format=PDF |journal=Tanzania Journal of Science |publication-date=May 2021 |issn=0856-1761 |eissn=2507-7961 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Lolgorian yana kan Great Rift Valley a yammacin Kenya, kimanin kilomita 223 daga babban birnin Nairobi. Shuke-shuke sun ƙunshi filayen ciyawa da matsakaici zuwa gandun daji masu yawa, saboda ruwan sama mai matsakaici. == Bayanan da aka ambata == j4fqeh5ijf1a8vc8j3bmqcojonw1ind 882568 882567 2026-07-13T23:53:50Z Arabiyu 28508 882568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lolgorian''' wani yanki ne a cikin yankin Narok na [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ombiro |first=Sammy O. |last2=Olatunj |first2=Akinade S. |last3=Mathu |first3=Eliud M. |last4=Ajayi |first4=Taiwo R. |title=Mapping of Geological Structural Features in Lolgorien, Narok County, Kenya: Using Hillshade Analysis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351936394 |format=PDF |journal=Tanzania Journal of Science |publication-date=May 2021 |issn=0856-1761 |eissn=2507-7961 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Lolgorian yana kan Great Rift Valley a yammacin Kenya, kimanin kilomita 223 daga babban birnin Nairobi. Shuke-shuke sun ƙunshi filayen ciyawa da matsakaici zuwa gandun daji masu yawa, saboda ruwan sama mai matsakaici. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8tqy250unb5y727uxfdt2jucxndehyk Nell Mescal 0 161536 882577 2026-07-14T00:01:17Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363462991|Nell Mescal]]" 882577 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga [[Maynooth]], County Kildare . <ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Paul Mescal]] . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] elwuyh8qk0gjtf8nuq1evstfohzrmed Ikedi Ohakim 0 161537 882640 2026-07-14T05:02:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ikedi Ohakim | image = | image_size = 150px | office1 = 4th [[Governor of Imo State]] | term_start1 = 29 May 2007 | term_end1 = May 2011 | predecessor1 = [[Achike Udenwa]] | successor1 = [[Rochas Okorocha]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|8|4}} | birth_place = [[Okohia]], [[Isiala Mbano]] LGA, [[Imo State]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) | Educational background = }} '''Ikedi Ohakim'''(an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya zama gwamnan [[Jihar Imo]] da ke yankin [[South Eastern]] a watan Mayun 2007, inda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Progressive Peoples Alliance]] (PPA).<ref name=self>{{cite web |url=http://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid= |title=Governor Pius Ikedi Ohakim of Imo State |publisher=Nigeria Governors Forum |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref name=switch>{{Cite news |url = http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/14163/1/Ohakim-Leave-Imo-State-alone-Arthur-Nzeribe-tells-Orji-Kalu/Page1.html |title = Ohakim: Leave Imo State alone, Arthur Nzeribe tells Orji Kalu |date = 15 August 2009 |location=Nigeria |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105711/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/14163/1/Ohakim-Leave-Imo-State-alone-Arthur-Nzeribe-tells-Orji-Kalu/Page1.html |archive-date = 9 October 2009 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An haifi Ikedi Ohakim a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1957 a [[Okohia]], cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Isiala Mbano]] ta [[Jihar Imo]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ikediohakim.com.ng/about%20ikedi/index.php |title = About Ikedi Ohakim |publisher = Ikedi Ohakim |access-date = 2010-02-13 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya yi karatu a [[University of Lagos]], inda ya samu digirin farko (BSc) a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da kuma digirin digirgir (Master's Degree) a fannin Gudanarwa. Ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a kamfanonin First Aluminium da Tower Group. A shekarar 1997 ya zama Daraktan Zartarwa na Alucon, sannan daga baya ya zama Shugaban Mekalog Group, kamfanin injiniya da ke samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka ga sassan tsaro, gine-gine, ƙera kayayyaki, man fetur da iskar gas.<ref name=self/> Ohakim ya auri Barrista Chioma Ohakim, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imsuonline.com/govohakim.aspx |title=His Excellency Chief (Dr) Ohakim's Citation |publisher=Imo State University |date=May 2009 |access-date=2009-12-30 |archive-date=16 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816190543/http://www.imsuonline.com/govohakim.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, [[Adanna Steinacker]], likita ce, 'yar kasuwa, mai gabatar da jawaban ƙarfafawa, kuma shahararriyar mai tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta. Ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai suna David Steinacker, wanda mashawarcin harkokin fasaha ne.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/meet-dr-adanna-steinacker-the-young-woman-on-a-mission-to-change-how-foreign-medical/c5x5qws|title=Meet Dr Adanna Steinacker|date=2015-05-01|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> ==Farkon shiga siyasa== An naɗa Ohakim Kwamishinan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Yawon Buɗe Ido na Jihar Imo daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1993 a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Evan Enwerem]]. Sai dai gwamnatin ta ƙare bayan juyin mulkin soja da Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya jagoranta.<ref name=self/> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a Jihar Imo, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba har zuwa watan Nuwamban 2006 lokacin da ya koma jam'iyyar Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA). Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin PPA a zaɓen watan Afrilu na shekarar 2007.<ref name=vanelec>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/06/24/2011-will-ohakim-yield-to-pdp-pull/|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title=2011: Will Ohakim yield to PDP pull? |date=24 June 2009 |author=Chidi Nkwopara |access-date=2009-12-30|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ohakim ya bayyana cewa yana son ya zama ɗan takarar gwamna na PDP, amma ya janye saboda abin da ya kira "kasuwantar da tikitin jam'iyya", wanda ya sa ya koma wata jam'iyya. Ya kuma ce babu wani babban bambancin akida tsakanin PDP da PPA.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/07/there-is-no-difference-between-pdp-and-ppa-ohakim/|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title=There is no difference between PDP and PPA ... Ohakim |date=7 November 2009 |author1=Dayo Benson |author2=Okey Ndiribe |author3=Dapo Akinrefon |author4=James Ezema |access-date=2009-12-30|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Bayan barkewar tashin hankali a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2007 yayin zaɓe, [[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC)]] ta soke zaɓen tare da sake shirya shi a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2007. Daga ƙarshe aka ayyana Ohakim a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen. Abokin hamayyarsa, Martins Agbaso na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA), ya ƙalubalanci sakamakon, yana mai cewa shi ne ke kan gaba kafin a soke zaɓen farko kuma ya yi zargin an samu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/28272/1/Ohakim-Agbaso-await-Appeal--verdict/Page1.html |title = Ohakim, Agbaso await Appeal verdict |date = 10 December 2009 |location=Nigeria |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122453/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/28272/1/Ohakim-Agbaso-await-Appeal--verdict/Page1.html |archive-date = 26 July 2011 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Bayan doguwar shari'a, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara da ke Abuja ta bayar da umarnin sake sauraron ƙarar a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=11819 |title = Court Orders Fresh Trial of Agbaso's Petition Against Ohakim |date = 16 December 2009 |author = FELIX NNAMDI |publisher = Online Nigeria Daily News |access-date = 2009-12-30 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Gwamnan Jihar Imo== [[image:NigeriaImo.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Jihar Imo]] a cikin [[Najeriya]]]] A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2009, Ohakim ya jagoranci tawaga mai mutum goma sha huɗu zuwa [[Taiwan]] domin nazarin yadda wannan ƙasa mai ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa amma mai ci gaban tattalin arziki ta samu nasara, da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan dabaru a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/opinion/2009/may/26/opinion-26-05-2009-002.htm|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title = Imo and the Taiwanese experience |author = Chuma Nnaji |date = 26 May 2009 |access-date = 2009-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ko da yake Jihar Imo na daga cikin jihohin da ke samar da danyen mai, hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa sun kasance cikin mawuyacin hali. A watan Yunin 2009, gwamnatin jihar ta fitar da bashin Naira biliyan 18.5 na tsawon shekara bakwai. Ohakim ya bayyana cewa za a kashe kashi 7% wajen gyaran samar da ruwan sha, kashi 20% wajen gyaran da gina hanyoyi, sannan kashi 68% wajen aikin Imo Wonder Lake da Cibiyar Taro ta [[Oguta]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/money/2009/july/09/Money-09-07-2009-001.htm|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title = Why we're issuing N18.5bn bond –Imo Govt |author = EMEKA OKOROANYANWU |date = 9 July 2009 |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090712103853/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/money/2009/july/09/Money-09-07-2009-001.htm |archive-date = 12 July 2009 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuli 2009, Ohakim ya sanar da komawarsa jam'iyyar PDP a wani taro da aka gudanar a [[Owerri]], wanda ya samu halartar Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], Mataimakin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], tsohon Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da sauran shugabannin jam'iyyar.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/11731/1/My-return-to-PDP-is-strategic-political-realignment-Ohakim/Page1.html |title = My return to PDP is strategic political realignment –Ohakim |author = Emma Mgbeahurike |date = 26 July 2009 |location=Nigeria |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060316/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/11731/1/My-return-to-PDP-is-strategic-political-realignment-Ohakim/Page1.html |archive-date = 12 March 2012 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Matakin ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce, inda wasu mambobin PPA suka shigar da ƙara suna zargin cewa sauyin jam'iyyar ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/12620/1/Ohakims-brave-move/Page1.html |title = Ohakim's brave move |author = Sam Omatseye |date = 3 August 2009 |location=Nigeria |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822013225/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/12620/1/Ohakims-brave-move/Page1.html |archive-date = 22 August 2009 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Da yake magana kan matsalolin yankin [[Niger Delta]] a watan Oktoban 2009, Ohakim ya buƙaci gwamnatin tarayya ta sake duba Dokar Amfani da Ƙasa (Land Use Act), ta magance lalacewar muhalli da ayyukan hako mai suka haifar, ta ƙara zuba jari a yankin, tare da samar wa matasa ayyukan yi.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26091/1/Ohakim-to-FG-Tackle-real-issues-in-Niger-Delta/Page1.html |title = Ohakim to FG: Tackle real issues in Niger Delta |author = Oguntola |date = 21 November 2009 |location=Nigeria |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327050639/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26091/1/Ohakim-to-FG-Tackle-real-issues-in-Niger-Delta/Page1.html |archive-date = 27 March 2012 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya kuma ce wajibi ne a haɗa al'ummomin yankin da shugabanninsu cikin yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/21/don%E2%80%99t-exclude-leaders-in-resolving-n%E2%80%99delta-crisissays-ohakim/|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title=Don't exclude leaders in resolving N'Delta crisis, says Ohakim |date=21 November 2009 |author=Dayo BENSON |access-date=2009-12-30|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ==Littattafai== A shekarar 1994, Ohakim ya wallafa littafin ''The Marketing Imperative for Rural Industrialization'' (Africana Educational Publishers).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikediohakim.com.ng/about%20ikedi/index.php |title=About Ikedi Ohakim |publisher=Ikedi Ohakim |access-date=2009-12-30 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A lokacin yana gwamna, ya sake wallafa wasu littattafai uku. ''Pushing the Limits'' ya bayyana tarihin rayuwarsa da falsafar siyasarsa. ''The Courage to Challenge'' da ''Challenging New Frontiers'' kuwa tarin jawabansa ne.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=5893 |title = A peep into Ohakim's books |date = 14 July 2009 |author = SOLA BALOGUN |publisher = Online Nigeria Daily News |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225040951/http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=5893 |archive-date = 25 February 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> An ƙaddamar da littattafan uku a wani biki da aka gudanar a [[Lagos]] a watan Yulin 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/arts/2009/july/21/arts-21-07-2009-001.htm|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title = Portrait of a leader as a writer |author = SOLA BALOGUN |date = 21 July 2009 |access-date = 2009-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120427232243/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/arts/2009/july/21/arts-21-07-2009-001.htm |archive-date = 27 April 2012 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[List of governors of Imo State]] ==Manazarta== f0wfnmcmin775og94odzy41xwgdw1vq Le Corbusier 0 161538 882641 2026-07-14T05:06:05Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361626479|Le Corbusier]]" 882641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles-Édouard Jeanneret''' (6 Oktoba 1887{{Spaced en dash}} 27 ga Agusta 1965), wanda aka fi sani da '''Le Corbusier''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|l|ə|_|k|ɔːr|ˈ|b|juː|z|i|.|eɪ}} {{respell|lə|_|kor|BEW|zee|ay}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Le+Corbusier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126075540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/le_corbusier |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-26 |title=Le Corbusier |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|l|ə|_|ˌ|k|ɔːr|b|uː|z|ˈ|j|eɪ|,_|-|b|uː|s|ˈ|j|eɪ}} {{respell|lə|_|KOR|booz|YAY|,_-|booss|YAY}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Le Corbusier|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Corbusier, Le|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|lə kɔʁbyzje|lang}}}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-16 |title=Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/jul/17/architecture |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ƙwararren mai zane ne na gine-gine na Faransa-Swiss, [[Painting|mai zane]], mai tsara birane kuma [[marubuci]] wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara aikin gine-ginen zamani . An haife shi a Switzerland ga iyayensa 'yan Switzerland masu magana da Faransanci kuma ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa a 1930. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographie de Le Corbusier - 1929-1938 : Le globe-trotter de l'architecture moderne |url=https://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/biographie/1929-1938/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Fondation Le Corbusier |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya tsara gine-gine a Turai, Japan, Indiya, da Amurka a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na aikinsa. Ya yi la'akari da cewa "tushen gine-ginen zamani yana samuwa ne a Viollet-le-Duc ." An sadaukar da kai don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa ga mazauna biranen da ke cike da cunkoso, Le Corbusier ya yi tasiri a fannin tsara birane, kuma memba ne na kafa {{Lang|fr|[[Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne]]}} (CIAM). Le Corbusier ya shirya babban shirin birnin Chandigarh a [[Indiya]], kuma ya ba da gudummawar takamaiman ƙira don gine-gine da dama a can, musamman gine-ginen gwamnati. A shekarar 2016, ayyuka goma sha bakwai da Le Corbusier ya yi a ƙasashe bakwai an rubuta su a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a matsayin Aikin Gine-gine na Le Corbusier, Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Motsin Zamani . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1528/ |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> Le Corbusier ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai jayayya. An soki wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyinsa na tsara birane saboda rashin kulawa da wuraren al'adu da suka riga suka kasance, bayyanar al'umma da daidaito, da kuma zargin da ake masa na alaƙa da mulkin kama karya, ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa, [[eugenics]], da kuma mulkin kama karya Benito Mussolini sun haifar da wasu ce-ce-ku-ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01lng0m |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Le Corbusier ya kuma ƙera kayan daki na musamman kamar chaise longue na LC4 da kujera ta LC1, waɗanda aka yi da fata mai ƙarfe. == Rayuwar Farko (1887–1904) == [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Still_Life,_oil_on_canvas,_80.9_x_99.7_cm,_Museum_of_Modern_Art.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, ''Nature morte'' ( ''Har yanzu Rayuwa'' ), mai akan zane, {{Convert|80.9|x|99.7|cm|1}}, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York]] An haifi Charles-Édouard Jeanneret a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1887 a La Chaux-de-Fonds, wani birni a yankin Neuchâtel a yankin Romandie na [[Switzerland]] . Kakanninsa sun haɗa da [[Beljik|'yan Belgium]] waɗanda ke da [[Sunan mahaifi|sunan]] ''Lecorbésier'', wanda ya zaburar da sunan ''Le Corbusier'' wanda ya ɗauka tun yana babba. Mahaifinsa ƙwararren masani ne wanda ke sanya akwatuna da agogo a cikin kwalaye, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koyar da piano. Babban ɗan'uwansa Albert ƙwararren mai goge ne. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} Ya halarci makarantar yara ta yara da ke amfani da hanyoyin Fröbelian . <ref>Actes du colloque La ville et l'urbanisme après Le Corbusier, éditions d'en Haut 1993 – {{ISBN|2-88251-033-0}}.</ref> <ref>Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier entre Raphael et Fröbel, pp. 9–27, Journal d'histoire de l'architecture N°1, Presses universitaires de Grenoble 1988 – {{ISBN|2-7061-0325-6}}.</ref> Yana cikin tsaunukan Jura {{Convert|5|km|mi}} a kan iyaka daga [[Faransa]], La Chaux-de-Fonds birni ne mai tasowa a tsakiyar Kwarin Watch . Al'adarta ta samu tasiri daga Loge L'Amitié, wani masaukin Masonic wanda ke goyon bayan ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a, zamantakewa, da falsafa waɗanda aka nuna su da kusurwar da ta dace (daidai) da kamfas (daidai). Daga baya Le Corbusier zai bayyana waɗannan a matsayin "jagorata, zaɓina" kuma a matsayin "ra'ayoyi masu daraja, waɗanda suka daɗe kuma suka yi tushe a cikin hankali, kamar shigarwar katiki." Kamar sauran mutanen zamaninsa Frank Lloyd Wright da Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier bai sami horo na musamman a matsayin mai zane ba. Ya sha'awar fasahar gani; yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ya shiga makarantar fasaha ta birni a La-Chaux-de-Fonds wadda ke koyar da fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita da ke da alaƙa da yin agogo. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya halarci babban kwas na ado, wanda mai zane Charles L'Eplattenier ya kafa, wanda ya yi karatu a [[Budapest]] da Paris. Le Corbusier ya rubuta daga baya cewa L'Eplattenier ya mai da shi "mutumin daji" kuma ya koya masa game da zane daga yanayi. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} Mahaifinsa sau da yawa yakan kai shi tsaunukan da ke kewaye da garin. Daga baya ya rubuta, "kullum muna kan tsaunuka; mun saba da sararin samaniya mai faɗi." Daga baya ya ruwaito cewa L'Eplattenier ne ya sa shi ya zaɓi gine-gine. "Ina da ban tsoro game da gine-gine da masu gine-gine," ya rubuta. "...Ina da shekaru goma sha shida, na yarda da hukuncin kuma na bi. Na koma cikin gine-gine." Malamin gine-ginensa shine mai zane René Chapallaz, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan ƙirar gidaje na farko na Le Corbusier. == Tafiya da gidaje na farko (1905–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:Cdffallet.jpg|alt=Le Corbusier's student project, the Villa Fallet, a chalet in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905)| Aikin ɗaliban Le Corbusier, Villa Fallet, Chalet a La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905) Fayil:Maison_blanche_01.jpg|alt=The "Maison Blanche", built for Le Corbusier's parents in La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912)| "Maison Blanche", wanda aka gina don iyayen Le Corbusier a La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912) Fayil:Villa_Favre-Jacot_2.JPG|alt=The Villa Favre-Jacot in Le Locle, Switzerland (1912)| Villa Favre-Jacot a Le Locle, Switzerland (1912) </gallery>Le Corbusier ya fara koyar da kansa ta hanyar zuwa ɗakin karatu don karanta game da gine-gine da falsafa, ziyartar gidajen tarihi, zana gine-gine, da gina su. A shekara ta 1905, shi da wasu ɗalibai biyu, ƙarƙashin kulawar malaminsu, René Chapallaz, sun tsara kuma suka gina gidansa na farko, Villa Fallet, ga mai sassaka Louis Fallet, abokin malaminsa Charles L'Eplattenier. Yana kan tudun da ke kusa da Chaux-de-Fonds, babban gidan chalet ne mai rufin hawa mai tsayi a cikin salon tsaunukan gida kuma an ƙera shi da kyau a kan fuskar. Nasarar wannan gidan ta haifar da gina gidaje biyu masu kama da juna, Villas Jacquemet da Stotzer, a yanki ɗaya. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1907, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko a wajen Switzerland, inda ya je Italiya; daga nan ya yi hunturu yana tafiya ta Budapest zuwa Vienna, inda ya zauna na tsawon watanni huɗu ya haɗu da Gustav Klimt kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da Josef Hoffmann, ba tare da ya yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A Florence, ya ziyarci Florence Charterhouse da ke Galluzzo, wanda hakan ya yi masa tasiri a rayuwa. "Da na so in zauna a ɗaya daga cikin abin da suke kira ɗakunansu," ya rubuta daga baya. "Wannan ita ce mafita ga wani nau'in gidan ma'aikata na musamman, ko kuma don aljanna ta duniya." Ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris, kuma na tsawon watanni 14 tsakanin 1908 da 1910 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a ofishin mai zane Auguste Perret, wanda ya fara amfani da siminti mai ƙarfi a ginin gidaje kuma mai tsara gine-gine na alamar Art Deco Théâtre des Champs-Élysées . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tsakanin Oktoba 1910 da Maris 1911, ya yi tafiya zuwa Jamus kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni huɗu a ofishin Peter Behrens, inda [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies van der Rohe]] da Walter Gropius suma suke aiki da koyo. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A shekarar 1911, ya sake yin tafiya tare da abokinsa August Klipstein na tsawon watanni biyar; a wannan karon ya yi tafiya zuwa Balkans ya ziyarci Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkiyya, da Girka, da kuma Pompeii da Rome, inda ya cika kusan littattafan zane-zane 80 da zane-zanen abin da ya gani—gami da zane-zane da yawa na Parthenon, waɗanda daga baya zai yaba da siffofinsu a cikin littafinsa ''Vers une architecture'' (1923). Ya yi magana game da abin da ya gani a lokacin wannan tafiya a cikin littattafansa da yawa, kuma shine batun littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Le Voyage d'Orient'' . {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A shekarar 1912, ya fara aikin da ya fi kowanne buri: sabon gida ga iyayensa, wanda kuma yake a gefen tudu kusa da La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Gidan Jeanneret-Perret ya fi sauran girma, kuma cikin salo mai kyau; jiragen da ke kwance sun yi kama da gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, kuma fararen ganuwar da rashin kayan ado sun yi kama da sauran gine-ginen da ke gefen tudu. An tsara sararin cikin gida a kusa da ginshiƙai huɗu na salon da ke tsakiya, suna hasashen abubuwan da zai ƙirƙira a cikin gine-ginensa na baya. Aikin ya fi tsada fiye da yadda ya zata; an tilasta wa iyayensa su ƙaura daga gidan cikin shekaru goma su ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida. Duk da haka, hakan ya haifar da kwamiti na gina wani gida mafi girma a ƙauyen Le Locle da ke kusa da shi ga wani mai ƙera agogo, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier ya tsara sabon gidan cikin ƙasa da wata guda. An tsara ginin a hankali don ya dace da wurin da yake gefen tudu, kuma tsarin cikin gidan yana da faɗi kuma an tsara shi a kusa da farfajiya don samun haske mafi girma, wanda ya bambanta da gidan gargajiya. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} == Gidan Dom-Ino da Gidan Schwob (1914-1918) == [[File:Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret_(Le_Corbusier),_1914-15,_Maison_Dom-Ino.jpg|left|thumb|Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1914–15, <nowiki><i id="mw5Q">Maison Dom-Ino (Dom-Ino House)</i></nowiki>]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Le Corbusier ya koyar a tsohuwar makarantarsa da ke La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Ya mai da hankali kan nazarin gine-gine ta hanyar amfani da dabarun zamani. A watan Disamba na 1914, tare da injiniya Max Dubois, ya fara bincike mai zurfi kan amfani da siminti mai ƙarfi a matsayin kayan gini. Ya fara gano siminti yana aiki a ofishin Auguste Perret, wanda ya fara gina gine-ginen siminti mai ƙarfi a Paris, amma yanzu yana son amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. "Simintin da aka ƙarfafa ya ba ni albarkatu masu ban mamaki," ya rubuta daga baya, "da kuma nau'ikansa, da kuma ƙarfin da yake da shi wanda gine-ginena za su kasance kamar salon fada, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na Pompean." Wannan ya kai shi ga shirinsa na Gidan Dom-Ino (1914-15). Wannan samfurin ya gabatar da tsarin bene mai buɗewa wanda ya ƙunshi fale-falen siminti guda uku waɗanda aka tallafa musu da ginshiƙai shida masu siririn ƙarfi, tare da matakala da ke ba da damar shiga kowane mataki a gefe ɗaya na tsarin bene. An tsara tsarin ne da farko don samar da adadi mai yawa na gidaje na wucin gadi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, yana samar da fale-falen, ginshiƙai da matakala kawai, kuma mazauna za su iya gina ganuwar waje tare da kayan da ke kewaye da wurin. Ya bayyana shi a cikin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka nasa a matsayin "tsarin gini mai juxtaposable bisa ga adadin haɗin tsare-tsare marasa iyaka." Wannan zai ba da damar, ya rubuta, "gina bangon da ke rabawa a kowane wuri a kan facade ko cikin." [[Fayil:CF05.jpg|thumb|Gidan Anatole Schwob a La-Chaux-de-Fonds (1916-1918)]] A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, tsarin gidan bai kamata ya bayyana a waje ba amma ana iya ɓoye shi a bayan bangon gilashi, kuma ana iya shirya cikin gidan ta kowace hanya da mai ginin ya so. Bayan an ba shi haƙƙin mallaka, Le Corbusier ya tsara gidaje da yawa bisa ga tsarin, waɗanda duk akwatunan siminti ne na fari. Kodayake wasu daga cikinsu ba a taɓa gina su ba, sun nuna ra'ayoyin gine-gine na asali waɗanda za su mamaye ayyukansa a duk tsawon shekarun 1920. Ya inganta ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa na 1927 kan ''Maki Biyar na Sabon Gine-gine'' . Wannan ƙira, wacce ta yi kira da a raba ginin daga bango, da kuma 'yancin tsare-tsare da fuskoki, ta zama ginshiƙin yawancin gine-ginensa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A watan Agusta na shekarar 1916, Le Corbusier ya sami babban aikin da ya taɓa yi, na gina gida ga mai yin agogon Switzerland Anatole Schwob, wanda ya riga ya kammala wasu ƙananan ayyukan gyara. An ba shi babban kasafin kuɗi da 'yancin tsara gidan ba kawai ba, har ma da ƙirƙirar kayan ado na ciki da zaɓar kayan daki. Bisa ga ƙa'idodin Auguste Perret, ya gina ginin da siminti mai ƙarfi kuma ya cika gibin da tubali. Tsakiyar gidan babban akwati ne na siminti tare da gine-gine biyu na semicolumn a ɓangarorin biyu, wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyinsa na siffofi na geometric tsantsa. Babban zauren buɗewa mai chandelier ya mamaye tsakiyar ginin. "Kuna iya gani," ya rubuta wa Auguste Perret a watan Yulin 1916, "cewa Auguste Perret ya bar ni fiye da Peter Behrens." == Zane-zane, Cubism, Purism da ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' (1918-1922) == [[File:Le_Corbusier,_1921,_Nature_morte,_oil_on_canvas,_54_x_81_cm,_Musée_National_d'Art_Moderne.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1921, ''Nature morte'' ( ''Har yanzu Rayuwa'' ), mai akan zane, 54 x 81 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles_Edouard_Jeanneret),_1922,_Nature_morte_verticale_(Vertical_Still_Life),_oil_on_canvas,_146.3_x_89.3_cm,_Kunstmuseum,_Basel.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1922, ''Nature morte verticale'' ( ''Vertical Still Life'' ), mai akan zane, {{Convert|146.3|x|89.3|cm|1}}, Kunstmuseum Basel]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Guitare_verticale_(2ème_version),_oil_on_canvas,_100_x_81_cm,_Fondation_Le_Corbusier,_Paris.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1920, ''Guitare verticale'' (2ème version), mai akan zane, {{Convert|100|x|81|cm|0}}, Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris]] Le Corbusier ya ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1917 kuma ya fara aikinsa na gine-gine tare da ɗan uwansa, Pierre Jeanneret (1896–1967), haɗin gwiwa wanda zai daɗe har zuwa shekarun 1950, tare da katsewa a shekarun [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – Charles Édouard Jeanneret dit Le Corbusier |url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Le_Corbusier/129220 |website=larousse.fr}}</ref> A shekarar 1918, Le Corbusier ya haɗu da mai zane na Cubist Amédée Ozenfant, wanda ya gane cewa yana da alaƙa da wani. Ozenfant ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi zane, kuma su biyun suka fara haɗin gwiwa. Suna ƙin Cubism a matsayin rashin hankali da "soyayya," su biyun sun buga sanarwarsu tare, ''Après le Cubisme'' [ 36 ] kuma suka kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar fasaha, Purism . Ozenfant da Le Corbusier sun fara rubutu don wani sabon mujalla, ''L'Esprit Nouveau'', kuma sun haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa game da gine-gine da kuzari da tunani. A cikin fitowar farko ta mujallar, a shekarar 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret ya ɗauki '''Le Corbusier''' (wani nau'in sunan kakansa na uwa, Lecorbésier) a matsayin sunan barkwanci, wanda ke nuna imaninsa cewa kowa zai iya sake ƙirƙirar kansa. Ɗauki suna ɗaya don gane kansa ya kasance abin sha'awa ga masu fasaha a fannoni da yawa a wannan lokacin, musamman a Paris. Tsakanin 1918 da 1922, Le Corbusier bai gina komai ba, ya mai da hankali kan ka'idar Purist da zane-zane. A shekarar 1922, shi da ɗan uwansa Pierre Jeanneret, wani abokin aikinsa mai zane-zane da kayan daki, suka buɗe wani ɗakin studio a Paris da ƙarfe 35 na rue de Sèvres. Sun kafa wani aikin gine-gine tare. Daga 1927 zuwa 1937 sun yi aiki tare da Charlotte Perriand a ɗakin studio na Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret. A shekarar 1929, mutanen uku sun shirya sashen "kayan gida" don Nunin Masu Zane na Ado kuma sun nemi a sanya musu wurin taro, suna sabuntawa da faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙungiyar avant-garde ta 1928. Kwamitin Masu Zane na Ado ya ƙi wannan. Sun yi murabus suka kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Zane na Zamani (" Union des artisters modernes ": UAM). Karatunsa na ka'ida ya ci gaba zuwa nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban na iyali ɗaya. Daga cikin waɗannan, akwai Maison "Citrohan." Sunan aikin ya kasance na kamfanin kera motoci na Faransa Citroën, don hanyoyin zamani na masana'antu da kayan aiki, Le Corbusier ya ba da shawarar amfani da shi wajen gina gidan da kuma yadda yake son a ci gidajen, kamar sauran kayayyakin kasuwanci, kamar motoci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar Maison Citrohan, Le Corbusier ya gabatar da tsarin bene uku, tare da falo mai tsayi biyu, ɗakunan kwana a hawa na biyu, da kuma kicin a hawa na uku. Rufin zai kasance a farfajiyar rana. A waje, Le Corbusier ya sanya matakala don samar da damar shiga bene na biyu daga matakin ƙasa. A nan, kamar sauran ayyukan wannan lokacin, ya kuma tsara fuskokin don haɗawa da manyan tagogi marasa katsewa. Gidan ya yi amfani da tsari mai kusurwa huɗu, tare da bangon waje waɗanda ba a cika da tagogi ba amma an bar su a matsayin wurare masu fari, masu ɗimbin tagulla. Le Corbusier da Jeanneret sun bar cikin gida mai kyau, tare da duk wani kayan daki mai motsi da aka yi da firam ɗin ƙarfe mai bututu. Kayan haske galibi suna ɗauke da kwararan fitila guda ɗaya, babu komai. Bangon ciki kuma an bar shi fari. == ''Zuwa ga Tsarin Gine-gine'' (1920–1923) == A cikin 1922 da 1923, Le Corbusier ya sadaukar da kansa wajen fafutukar sabbin manufofinsa na gine-gine da tsare-tsaren birane a cikin jerin kasidu masu suka da aka buga a ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' . A Paris Salon d'Automne a 1922, ya gabatar da shirinsa na Ville Contemporaine, birni mai tsari ga mutane miliyan uku, waɗanda mazauna za su zauna kuma su yi aiki a cikin rukunin gine-ginen gidaje masu hawa sittin iri ɗaya waɗanda ke kewaye da ƙananan tubalan gidaje na zig-zag da babban wurin shakatawa. A 1923, ya tattara kasidunsa daga ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' ya buga littafinsa na farko kuma mafi tasiri, ''Towards an Architecture'' . Ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa game da makomar gine-gine a cikin jerin manyan kalmomi, sanarwa, da gargaɗi, yana cewa "babban zamani ya fara. Akwai sabon ruhi. Akwai tarin ayyuka a cikin sabon ruhi, ana samun su musamman a cikin samar da masana'antu. Gine-gine yana shaƙewa a cikin amfani da shi a yanzu. "Salo" ƙarya ne. Salo haɗin kai ne na ƙa'idodi wanda ke motsa dukkan ayyukan wani lokaci kuma wanda ke haifar da ruhi na musamman ... Zamaninmu yana ƙayyade kowace rana salon sa..-Idanunmu, abin takaici, ba su san yadda ake ganin sa ba tukuna," da kuma sanannen karin maganarsa, "Gida injina ne da za a zauna a ciki." Yawancin hotuna da zane-zane da yawa a cikin littafin sun fito ne daga wajen duniyar gine-ginen gargajiya; murfin ya nuna benen shakatawa na layin teku, yayin da wasu suka nuna motocin tsere, jiragen sama, masana'antu, da manyan baka na siminti da ƙarfe na rataye [[zeppelin]] . {{Sfn|Le Corbusier|1923}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dd3usc6ikmty8l2dencopip00b0na9b 882642 882641 2026-07-14T05:06:42Z Arcdanumma047 38699 882642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles-Édouard Jeanneret''' (6 Oktoba 1887{{Spaced en dash}} 27 ga Agusta 1965), wanda aka fi sani da '''Le Corbusier''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|l|ə|_|k|ɔːr|ˈ|b|juː|z|i|.|eɪ}} {{respell|lə|_|kor|BEW|zee|ay}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Le+Corbusier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126075540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/le_corbusier |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-26 |title=Le Corbusier |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|l|ə|_|ˌ|k|ɔːr|b|uː|z|ˈ|j|eɪ|,_|-|b|uː|s|ˈ|j|eɪ}} {{respell|lə|_|KOR|booz|YAY|,_-|booss|YAY}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Le Corbusier|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Corbusier, Le|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|lə kɔʁbyzje|lang}}}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-16 |title=Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/jul/17/architecture |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ƙwararren mai zane ne na gine-gine na Faransa-Swiss, [[Painting|mai zane]], mai tsara birane kuma [[marubuci]] wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara aikin gine-ginen zamani . An haife shi a Switzerland ga iyayensa 'yan Switzerland masu magana da Faransanci kuma ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa a 1930. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographie de Le Corbusier - 1929-1938 : Le globe-trotter de l'architecture moderne |url=https://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/biographie/1929-1938/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Fondation Le Corbusier |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya tsara gine-gine a Turai, Japan, Indiya, da Amurka a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na aikinsa. Ya yi la'akari da cewa "tushen gine-ginen zamani yana samuwa ne a Viollet-le-Duc ." An sadaukar da kai don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa ga mazauna biranen da ke cike da cunkoso, Le Corbusier ya yi tasiri a fannin tsara birane, kuma memba ne na kafa {{Lang|fr|[[Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne]]}} (CIAM). Le Corbusier ya shirya babban shirin birnin Chandigarh a [[Indiya]], kuma ya ba da gudummawar takamaiman ƙira don gine-gine da dama a can, musamman gine-ginen gwamnati. A shekarar 2016, ayyuka goma sha bakwai da Le Corbusier ya yi a ƙasashe bakwai an rubuta su a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a matsayin Aikin Gine-gine na Le Corbusier, Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Motsin Zamani . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1528/ |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> Le Corbusier ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai jayayya. An soki wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyinsa na tsara birane saboda rashin kulawa da wuraren al'adu da suka riga suka kasance, bayyanar al'umma da daidaito, da kuma zargin da ake masa na alaƙa da mulkin kama karya, ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa, [[eugenics]], da kuma mulkin kama karya Benito Mussolini sun haifar da wasu ce-ce-ku-ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01lng0m |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Le Corbusier ya kuma ƙera kayan daki na musamman kamar chaise longue na LC4 da kujera ta LC1, waɗanda aka yi da fata mai ƙarfe. == Rayuwar Farko (1887–1904) == [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Still_Life,_oil_on_canvas,_80.9_x_99.7_cm,_Museum_of_Modern_Art.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, ''Nature morte'' ( ''Har yanzu Rayuwa'' ), mai akan zane, {{Convert|80.9|x|99.7|cm|1}}, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York]] An haifi Charles-Édouard Jeanneret a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1887 a La Chaux-de-Fonds, wani birni a yankin Neuchâtel a yankin Romandie na [[Switzerland]] . Kakanninsa sun haɗa da [[Beljik|'yan Belgium]] waɗanda ke da [[Sunan mahaifi|sunan]] ''Lecorbésier'', wanda ya zaburar da sunan ''Le Corbusier'' wanda ya ɗauka tun yana babba. Mahaifinsa ƙwararren masani ne wanda ke sanya akwatuna da agogo a cikin kwalaye, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koyar da piano. Babban ɗan'uwansa Albert ƙwararren mai goge ne. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} Ya halarci makarantar yara ta yara da ke amfani da hanyoyin Fröbelian . <ref>Actes du colloque La ville et l'urbanisme après Le Corbusier, éditions d'en Haut 1993 – {{ISBN|2-88251-033-0}}.</ref> <ref>Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier entre Raphael et Fröbel, pp. 9–27, Journal d'histoire de l'architecture N°1, Presses universitaires de Grenoble 1988 – {{ISBN|2-7061-0325-6}}.</ref> Yana cikin tsaunukan Jura {{Convert|5|km|mi}} a kan iyaka daga [[Faransa]], La Chaux-de-Fonds birni ne mai tasowa a tsakiyar Kwarin Watch . Al'adarta ta samu tasiri daga Loge L'Amitié, wani masaukin Masonic wanda ke goyon bayan ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a, zamantakewa, da falsafa waɗanda aka nuna su da kusurwar da ta dace (daidai) da kamfas (daidai). Daga baya Le Corbusier zai bayyana waɗannan a matsayin "jagorata, zaɓina" kuma a matsayin "ra'ayoyi masu daraja, waɗanda suka daɗe kuma suka yi tushe a cikin hankali, kamar shigarwar katiki." Kamar sauran mutanen zamaninsa Frank Lloyd Wright da Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier bai sami horo na musamman a matsayin mai zane ba. Ya sha'awar fasahar gani; yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ya shiga makarantar fasaha ta birni a La-Chaux-de-Fonds wadda ke koyar da fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita da ke da alaƙa da yin agogo. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya halarci babban kwas na ado, wanda mai zane Charles L'Eplattenier ya kafa, wanda ya yi karatu a [[Budapest]] da Paris. Le Corbusier ya rubuta daga baya cewa L'Eplattenier ya mai da shi "mutumin daji" kuma ya koya masa game da zane daga yanayi. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} Mahaifinsa sau da yawa yakan kai shi tsaunukan da ke kewaye da garin. Daga baya ya rubuta, "kullum muna kan tsaunuka; mun saba da sararin samaniya mai faɗi." Daga baya ya ruwaito cewa L'Eplattenier ne ya sa shi ya zaɓi gine-gine. "Ina da ban tsoro game da gine-gine da masu gine-gine," ya rubuta. "...Ina da shekaru goma sha shida, na yarda da hukuncin kuma na bi. Na koma cikin gine-gine." Malamin gine-ginensa shine mai zane René Chapallaz, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan ƙirar gidaje na farko na Le Corbusier. == Tafiya da gidaje na farko (1905–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:Cdffallet.jpg|alt=Le Corbusier's student project, the Villa Fallet, a chalet in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905)| Aikin ɗaliban Le Corbusier, Villa Fallet, Chalet a La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905) Fayil:Maison_blanche_01.jpg|alt=The "Maison Blanche", built for Le Corbusier's parents in La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912)| "Maison Blanche", wanda aka gina don iyayen Le Corbusier a La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912) Fayil:Villa_Favre-Jacot_2.JPG|alt=The Villa Favre-Jacot in Le Locle, Switzerland (1912)| Villa Favre-Jacot a Le Locle, Switzerland (1912) </gallery>Le Corbusier ya fara koyar da kansa ta hanyar zuwa ɗakin karatu don karanta game da gine-gine da falsafa, ziyartar gidajen tarihi, zana gine-gine, da gina su. A shekara ta 1905, shi da wasu ɗalibai biyu, ƙarƙashin kulawar malaminsu, René Chapallaz, sun tsara kuma suka gina gidansa na farko, Villa Fallet, ga mai sassaka Louis Fallet, abokin malaminsa Charles L'Eplattenier. Yana kan tudun da ke kusa da Chaux-de-Fonds, babban gidan chalet ne mai rufin hawa mai tsayi a cikin salon tsaunukan gida kuma an ƙera shi da kyau a kan fuskar. Nasarar wannan gidan ta haifar da gina gidaje biyu masu kama da juna, Villas Jacquemet da Stotzer, a yanki ɗaya. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1907, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko a wajen Switzerland, inda ya je Italiya; daga nan ya yi hunturu yana tafiya ta Budapest zuwa Vienna, inda ya zauna na tsawon watanni huɗu ya haɗu da Gustav Klimt kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da Josef Hoffmann, ba tare da ya yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A Florence, ya ziyarci Florence Charterhouse da ke Galluzzo, wanda hakan ya yi masa tasiri a rayuwa. "Da na so in zauna a ɗaya daga cikin abin da suke kira ɗakunansu," ya rubuta daga baya. "Wannan ita ce mafita ga wani nau'in gidan ma'aikata na musamman, ko kuma don aljanna ta duniya." Ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris, kuma na tsawon watanni 14 tsakanin 1908 da 1910 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a ofishin mai zane Auguste Perret, wanda ya fara amfani da siminti mai ƙarfi a ginin gidaje kuma mai tsara gine-gine na alamar Art Deco Théâtre des Champs-Élysées . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tsakanin Oktoba 1910 da Maris 1911, ya yi tafiya zuwa Jamus kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni huɗu a ofishin Peter Behrens, inda [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies van der Rohe]] da Walter Gropius suma suke aiki da koyo. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A shekarar 1911, ya sake yin tafiya tare da abokinsa August Klipstein na tsawon watanni biyar; a wannan karon ya yi tafiya zuwa Balkans ya ziyarci Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkiyya, da Girka, da kuma Pompeii da Rome, inda ya cika kusan littattafan zane-zane 80 da zane-zanen abin da ya gani—gami da zane-zane da yawa na Parthenon, waɗanda daga baya zai yaba da siffofinsu a cikin littafinsa ''Vers une architecture'' (1923). Ya yi magana game da abin da ya gani a lokacin wannan tafiya a cikin littattafansa da yawa, kuma shine batun littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Le Voyage d'Orient'' . {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A shekarar 1912, ya fara aikin da ya fi kowanne buri: sabon gida ga iyayensa, wanda kuma yake a gefen tudu kusa da La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Gidan Jeanneret-Perret ya fi sauran girma, kuma cikin salo mai kyau; jiragen da ke kwance sun yi kama da gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, kuma fararen ganuwar da rashin kayan ado sun yi kama da sauran gine-ginen da ke gefen tudu. An tsara sararin cikin gida a kusa da ginshiƙai huɗu na salon da ke tsakiya, suna hasashen abubuwan da zai ƙirƙira a cikin gine-ginensa na baya. Aikin ya fi tsada fiye da yadda ya zata; an tilasta wa iyayensa su ƙaura daga gidan cikin shekaru goma su ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida. Duk da haka, hakan ya haifar da kwamiti na gina wani gida mafi girma a ƙauyen Le Locle da ke kusa da shi ga wani mai ƙera agogo, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier ya tsara sabon gidan cikin ƙasa da wata guda. An tsara ginin a hankali don ya dace da wurin da yake gefen tudu, kuma tsarin cikin gidan yana da faɗi kuma an tsara shi a kusa da farfajiya don samun haske mafi girma, wanda ya bambanta da gidan gargajiya. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} == Gidan Dom-Ino da Gidan Schwob (1914-1918) == [[File:Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret_(Le_Corbusier),_1914-15,_Maison_Dom-Ino.jpg|left|thumb|Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1914–15, <nowiki><i id="mw5Q">Maison Dom-Ino (Dom-Ino House)</i></nowiki>]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Le Corbusier ya koyar a tsohuwar makarantarsa da ke La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Ya mai da hankali kan nazarin gine-gine ta hanyar amfani da dabarun zamani. A watan Disamba na 1914, tare da injiniya Max Dubois, ya fara bincike mai zurfi kan amfani da siminti mai ƙarfi a matsayin kayan gini. Ya fara gano siminti yana aiki a ofishin Auguste Perret, wanda ya fara gina gine-ginen siminti mai ƙarfi a Paris, amma yanzu yana son amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. "Simintin da aka ƙarfafa ya ba ni albarkatu masu ban mamaki," ya rubuta daga baya, "da kuma nau'ikansa, da kuma ƙarfin da yake da shi wanda gine-ginena za su kasance kamar salon fada, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na Pompean." Wannan ya kai shi ga shirinsa na Gidan Dom-Ino (1914-15). Wannan samfurin ya gabatar da tsarin bene mai buɗewa wanda ya ƙunshi fale-falen siminti guda uku waɗanda aka tallafa musu da ginshiƙai shida masu siririn ƙarfi, tare da matakala da ke ba da damar shiga kowane mataki a gefe ɗaya na tsarin bene. An tsara tsarin ne da farko don samar da adadi mai yawa na gidaje na wucin gadi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, yana samar da fale-falen, ginshiƙai da matakala kawai, kuma mazauna za su iya gina ganuwar waje tare da kayan da ke kewaye da wurin. Ya bayyana shi a cikin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka nasa a matsayin "tsarin gini mai juxtaposable bisa ga adadin haɗin tsare-tsare marasa iyaka." Wannan zai ba da damar, ya rubuta, "gina bangon da ke rabawa a kowane wuri a kan facade ko cikin." [[Fayil:CF05.jpg|thumb|Gidan Anatole Schwob a La-Chaux-de-Fonds (1916-1918)]] A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, tsarin gidan bai kamata ya bayyana a waje ba amma ana iya ɓoye shi a bayan bangon gilashi, kuma ana iya shirya cikin gidan ta kowace hanya da mai ginin ya so. Bayan an ba shi haƙƙin mallaka, Le Corbusier ya tsara gidaje da yawa bisa ga tsarin, waɗanda duk akwatunan siminti ne na fari. Kodayake wasu daga cikinsu ba a taɓa gina su ba, sun nuna ra'ayoyin gine-gine na asali waɗanda za su mamaye ayyukansa a duk tsawon shekarun 1920. Ya inganta ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa na 1927 kan ''Maki Biyar na Sabon Gine-gine'' . Wannan ƙira, wacce ta yi kira da a raba ginin daga bango, da kuma 'yancin tsare-tsare da fuskoki, ta zama ginshiƙin yawancin gine-ginensa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. {{Sfn|Journel|2015}} A watan Agusta na shekarar 1916, Le Corbusier ya sami babban aikin da ya taɓa yi, na gina gida ga mai yin agogon Switzerland Anatole Schwob, wanda ya riga ya kammala wasu ƙananan ayyukan gyara. An ba shi babban kasafin kuɗi da 'yancin tsara gidan ba kawai ba, har ma da ƙirƙirar kayan ado na ciki da zaɓar kayan daki. Bisa ga ƙa'idodin Auguste Perret, ya gina ginin da siminti mai ƙarfi kuma ya cika gibin da tubali. Tsakiyar gidan babban akwati ne na siminti tare da gine-gine biyu na semicolumn a ɓangarorin biyu, wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyinsa na siffofi na geometric tsantsa. Babban zauren buɗewa mai chandelier ya mamaye tsakiyar ginin. "Kuna iya gani," ya rubuta wa Auguste Perret a watan Yulin 1916, "cewa Auguste Perret ya bar ni fiye da Peter Behrens." == Zane-zane, Cubism, Purism da ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' (1918-1922) == [[File:Le_Corbusier,_1921,_Nature_morte,_oil_on_canvas,_54_x_81_cm,_Musée_National_d'Art_Moderne.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1921, ''Nature morte'' ( ''Har yanzu Rayuwa'' ), mai akan zane, 54 x 81 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles_Edouard_Jeanneret),_1922,_Nature_morte_verticale_(Vertical_Still_Life),_oil_on_canvas,_146.3_x_89.3_cm,_Kunstmuseum,_Basel.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1922, ''Nature morte verticale'' ( ''Vertical Still Life'' ), mai akan zane, {{Convert|146.3|x|89.3|cm|1}}, Kunstmuseum Basel]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Guitare_verticale_(2ème_version),_oil_on_canvas,_100_x_81_cm,_Fondation_Le_Corbusier,_Paris.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1920, ''Guitare verticale'' (2ème version), mai akan zane, {{Convert|100|x|81|cm|0}}, Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris]] Le Corbusier ya ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1917 kuma ya fara aikinsa na gine-gine tare da ɗan uwansa, Pierre Jeanneret (1896–1967), haɗin gwiwa wanda zai daɗe har zuwa shekarun 1950, tare da katsewa a shekarun [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – Charles Édouard Jeanneret dit Le Corbusier |url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Le_Corbusier/129220 |website=larousse.fr}}</ref> A shekarar 1918, Le Corbusier ya haɗu da mai zane na Cubist Amédée Ozenfant, wanda ya gane cewa yana da alaƙa da wani. Ozenfant ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi zane, kuma su biyun suka fara haɗin gwiwa. Suna ƙin Cubism a matsayin rashin hankali da "soyayya," su biyun sun buga sanarwarsu tare, ''Après le Cubisme'' [ 36 ] kuma suka kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar fasaha, Purism . Ozenfant da Le Corbusier sun fara rubutu don wani sabon mujalla, ''L'Esprit Nouveau'', kuma sun haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa game da gine-gine da kuzari da tunani. A cikin fitowar farko ta mujallar, a shekarar 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret ya ɗauki '''Le Corbusier''' (wani nau'in sunan kakansa na uwa, Lecorbésier) a matsayin sunan barkwanci, wanda ke nuna imaninsa cewa kowa zai iya sake ƙirƙirar kansa. Ɗauki suna ɗaya don gane kansa ya kasance abin sha'awa ga masu fasaha a fannoni da yawa a wannan lokacin, musamman a Paris. Tsakanin 1918 da 1922, Le Corbusier bai gina komai ba, ya mai da hankali kan ka'idar Purist da zane-zane. A shekarar 1922, shi da ɗan uwansa Pierre Jeanneret, wani abokin aikinsa mai zane-zane da kayan daki, suka buɗe wani ɗakin studio a Paris da ƙarfe 35 na rue de Sèvres. Sun kafa wani aikin gine-gine tare. Daga 1927 zuwa 1937 sun yi aiki tare da Charlotte Perriand a ɗakin studio na Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret. A shekarar 1929, mutanen uku sun shirya sashen "kayan gida" don Nunin Masu Zane na Ado kuma sun nemi a sanya musu wurin taro, suna sabuntawa da faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙungiyar avant-garde ta 1928. Kwamitin Masu Zane na Ado ya ƙi wannan. Sun yi murabus suka kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Zane na Zamani (" Union des artisters modernes ": UAM). Karatunsa na ka'ida ya ci gaba zuwa nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban na iyali ɗaya. Daga cikin waɗannan, akwai Maison "Citrohan." Sunan aikin ya kasance na kamfanin kera motoci na Faransa Citroën, don hanyoyin zamani na masana'antu da kayan aiki, Le Corbusier ya ba da shawarar amfani da shi wajen gina gidan da kuma yadda yake son a ci gidajen, kamar sauran kayayyakin kasuwanci, kamar motoci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar Maison Citrohan, Le Corbusier ya gabatar da tsarin bene uku, tare da falo mai tsayi biyu, ɗakunan kwana a hawa na biyu, da kuma kicin a hawa na uku. Rufin zai kasance a farfajiyar rana. A waje, Le Corbusier ya sanya matakala don samar da damar shiga bene na biyu daga matakin ƙasa. A nan, kamar sauran ayyukan wannan lokacin, ya kuma tsara fuskokin don haɗawa da manyan tagogi marasa katsewa. Gidan ya yi amfani da tsari mai kusurwa huɗu, tare da bangon waje waɗanda ba a cika da tagogi ba amma an bar su a matsayin wurare masu fari, masu ɗimbin tagulla. Le Corbusier da Jeanneret sun bar cikin gida mai kyau, tare da duk wani kayan daki mai motsi da aka yi da firam ɗin ƙarfe mai bututu. Kayan haske galibi suna ɗauke da kwararan fitila guda ɗaya, babu komai. Bangon ciki kuma an bar shi fari. == ''Zuwa ga Tsarin Gine-gine'' (1920–1923) == A cikin 1922 da 1923, Le Corbusier ya sadaukar da kansa wajen fafutukar sabbin manufofinsa na gine-gine da tsare-tsaren birane a cikin jerin kasidu masu suka da aka buga a ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' . A Paris Salon d'Automne a 1922, ya gabatar da shirinsa na Ville Contemporaine, birni mai tsari ga mutane miliyan uku, waɗanda mazauna za su zauna kuma su yi aiki a cikin rukunin gine-ginen gidaje masu hawa sittin iri ɗaya waɗanda ke kewaye da ƙananan tubalan gidaje na zig-zag da babban wurin shakatawa. A 1923, ya tattara kasidunsa daga ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' ya buga littafinsa na farko kuma mafi tasiri, ''Towards an Architecture'' . Ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa game da makomar gine-gine a cikin jerin manyan kalmomi, sanarwa, da gargaɗi, yana cewa "babban zamani ya fara. Akwai sabon ruhi. Akwai tarin ayyuka a cikin sabon ruhi, ana samun su musamman a cikin samar da masana'antu. Gine-gine yana shaƙewa a cikin amfani da shi a yanzu. "Salo" ƙarya ne. Salo haɗin kai ne na ƙa'idodi wanda ke motsa dukkan ayyukan wani lokaci kuma wanda ke haifar da ruhi na musamman ... Zamaninmu yana ƙayyade kowace rana salon sa..-Idanunmu, abin takaici, ba su san yadda ake ganin sa ba tukuna," da kuma sanannen karin maganarsa, "Gida injina ne da za a zauna a ciki." Yawancin hotuna da zane-zane da yawa a cikin littafin sun fito ne daga wajen duniyar gine-ginen gargajiya; murfin ya nuna benen shakatawa na layin teku, yayin da wasu suka nuna motocin tsere, jiragen sama, masana'antu, da manyan baka na siminti da ƙarfe na rataye [[zeppelin]] . {{Sfn|Le Corbusier|1923}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t51w7m8aiowmk115i1agn84sedi3y2n Pantheon, Roma 0 161539 882644 2026-07-14T05:11:30Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363526163|Pantheon, Rome]]" 882644 wikitext text/x-wiki    An gina Pantheon na yanzu a wurin da aka gina wani haikali na baya, wanda Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ya ba da umarnin a lokacin mulkin [[Augustus]] (27)&nbsp;BC–AD 14). Bayan ƙonewar asalin ginin, [[Sarakunan Romawa|sarki]] [[Hadrian]] ya kammala ginin yanzu kuma wataƙila ya keɓe {{Circa}}&nbsp;AD 126. Ranar gina shi ba a tabbatar da ita ba, domin Hadrian ya zaɓi sake rubuta sabon haikalin da rubutun ainihin ranar Agrippa daga tsohon haikalin. Ginin yana da tsari mai zagaye, sai dai baranda mai manyan ginshiƙan dutse na Corinthian (takwas a matsayi na farko da ƙungiyoyi biyu na huɗu a baya) a ƙarƙashin pediment . Ɓoye mai kusurwa huɗu yana haɗa baranda da rotunda, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kumbon siminti mai rufi da aka yi da simintin Romawa (wanda kuma ake kira opus caementicium ), tare da buɗewa ta tsakiya ( oculus ) zuwa sama. Kusan shekaru dubu biyu bayan an gina shi, kumbon Pantheon har yanzu shine babban kumbon siminti mara ƙarfi a duniya. Tsayin oculus da diamita na da'irar ciki iri ɗaya ne, {{Convert|142|feet|metres}} . Yana ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen Romawa da aka fi kiyayewa, galibi saboda ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a tsawon tarihinsa. Tun ƙarni na 7, coci ne da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|St. Mary]] da Shahidai ( Latin ), wanda aka fi sani da "Santa Maria Rotonda". <ref name="MacDonald 1976 p=18">{{Harvard citation no brackets|MacDonald|1976}}</ref> Filin da ke gaban Pantheon ana kiransa Piazza della Rotonda . Pantheon mallakar gwamnati ne, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Ayyuka da Yawon Bude Ido ta Italiya ke kula da shi ta hanyar Polo Museale del Lazio . Babban ɗakin kwana mai siffar dome mai siffar Pantheon, tare da baranda ta al'ada ta haikali, ya kasance na musamman a gine-ginen Romawa. Duk da haka, ya zama misali na yau da kullun lokacin da aka sake farfaɗo da salon gargajiya, kuma masu gine-gine na baya-bayan nan sun kwafi shi sau da yawa. == Asalin Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Pantheon11111.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Cikin Pantheon]] Sunan "Pantheon" ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci " {{Lang|grc-latn|Pantheion}} " "( {{Lang|grc-Grek|Πάνθειον}} ) ma'ana "na, da ke da alaƙa da, ko kuma na gama gari ga dukkan alloli": ( {{Lang|grc-latn|pan}} - / " {{Lang|grc-Grek|παν}} -" ma'ana "duk" + {{Lang|grc-latn|theion}} / " {{Lang|grc-Grek|θεῖον}} "= ma'ana "na ko tsarki ga allah"). Mafi sauƙin bayani game da sunan shine Pantheon haikali ne da aka keɓe ga dukkan alloli. Duk da haka, an yi tambaya game da ra'ayin haikali da aka keɓe ga dukkan alloli. Ziegler ya yi ƙoƙarin tattara shaidar pantheon, amma jerin abubuwan da ya lissafa sun ƙunshi keɓewa mai sauƙi "ga dukkan alloli" ko "ga Alloli Goma Sha Biyu", waɗanda ba lallai ba ne ainihin pantheon a ma'anar haikali wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar bauta wacce ke bauta wa dukkan alloli a zahiri. Pantheon guda ɗaya tilo da aka rubuta a baya fiye da na Agrippa shine a Antakiya a Siriya, kodayake wani tushe na ƙarni na shida ne kawai ya ambata shi. Cassius Dio, wani sanata ɗan Romawa wanda ya rubuta da Girkanci, ya yi hasashen cewa sunan Pantheon ya fito ne ko dai daga siffofi na alloli da yawa da aka sanya a kusa da wannan ginin, ko kuma daga kamannin kurfi da sammai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=265 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> A cewar Adam Ziolkowski, wannan rashin tabbas yana nuna cewa "Pantheon" (ko Pantheum) kawai sunan barkwanci ne, ba sunan hukuma ba na ginin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=271 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> Godfrey da Hemsoll sun nuna cewa marubutan da suka gabata ba sa taɓa kiran Pantheon na Hadrian da kalmar ''[[wiktionary:aedes|aedes]]'', kamar yadda suke yi da sauran haikali, kuma rubutun Severan da aka sassaka a kan architrave yana amfani da "Pantheum" kawai, ba "Aedes Panthei" (haikali na dukkan alloli ba). Livy ya rubuta cewa an umarta cewa gine-ginen haikali (ko wataƙila cellae na haikali) ya kamata a keɓe su kawai ga alloli ɗaya, don haka zai bayyana wanda zai ji haushi idan, misali, walƙiya ta buge ginin, kuma saboda ya dace kawai a miƙa hadaya ga wani allahntaka (27.25.7–10). Godfrey da Hemsoll sun dage cewa kalmar Pantheon "ba ta buƙatar nuna wani rukuni na alloli ba, ko, hakika, har ma da dukkan alloli, tunda da alama tana da wasu ma'anoni.&nbsp;... Tabbas kalmar pantheus ko pantheos, za a iya amfani da ita ga alloli ɗaya-ɗaya.&nbsp;... Idan aka tuna cewa kalmar Girkanci θεῖος (theios) ba lallai ne ta nufi 'na allah' ba amma tana iya nufin ' wanda ya fi mutum girma ', ko ma 'mai kyau'." <ref name="Godfrey 1986 199" /> Tun bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, lokacin da aka cire cocin [[Genevieve|Sainte-Geneviève]] da ke [[Faris|Paris]] daga bauta aka mayar da shi abin tunawa na duniya da ake kira Panthéon na Paris, ''kalmar'' da aka fi amfani da ita a wasu gine-gine ana girmama ko binne matattu masu daraja. == Tarihi == === Tsoho === Bayan Yaƙin Actium (31 BC), Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ya fara wani shiri mai ban sha'awa na gini. Pantheon wani ɓangare ne na ginin da ya ƙirƙira a gidansa a Campus Martius a 29-19 BC, wanda ya haɗa da gine-gine uku da aka tsara daga kudu zuwa arewa: Baths of Agrippa, Basilica of Neptune, da Pantheon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dio |first=Cassius |title=Roman History |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html |page=53.23.3}}</ref> Da alama Pantheon da Basilica of Neptune su ne ''sacra privata'' na Agrippa, ba ''aedes publicae'' (haikali na jama'a ba). Na farko zai taimaka wajen bayyana yadda ginin zai iya rasa sunansa da manufarsa cikin sauƙi (Ziolkowski ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalinsa Haikalin Mars ne a Campo) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |pages=261–277 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=275 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> Nassoshi da suka yi magana game da ado na Agrippa Pantheon wanda wani mai shaida ya rubuta suna cikin ''Tarihin Halitta'' na [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] . Daga gare shi mun san cewa "babban ginshiƙai, waɗanda M. Agrippa ya sanya a cikin Pantheon, an yi su ne da tagulla na Syracusan", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=34.7}}</ref> cewa "Diogenes na Athens sun yi wa Pantheon na Agrippa ado, kuma Caryatides, waɗanda suka samar da ginshiƙan wannan haikalin, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan abubuwan ban mamaki: haka ma, tare da mutum-mutumin da aka sanya a kan rufin," <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=36.4}}</ref> kuma an yanke ɗaya daga cikin lu'u-lu'u na Cleopatra rabi don kowane rabi "ya zama abin ɗaurewa ga kunnuwan Venus, a cikin Pantheon a Roma". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=9.58}}</ref> Ana ta muhawara kan siffar Pantheon na Agrippa. Sakamakon tono ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Rodolfo Lanciani ya kammala da cewa Pantheon na Agrippa an mayar da shi zuwa kudu, sabanin tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu wanda ke fuskantar arewa, kuma yana da gajeriyar tsari mai siffar T tare da ƙofar shiga a ƙarƙashin "T". An karɓi wannan bayanin sosai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Duk da cewa binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ginin Agrippa yana da siffar zagaye mai baranda mai kusurwa uku, kuma yana iya fuskantar arewa, kamar sake ginawa daga baya, Ziolkowski ya yi korafin cewa ƙarshen bincikensu ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan zato; a cewarsa, ba su sami wani sabon abu mai ma'ana ba, duk da haka sun danganta duk abin da suka samu da matakin Agrippa, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar cewa Domitian, wanda aka san shi da sha'awar gini kuma aka san shi da ya gyara Pantheon bayan 80 AD, wataƙila shi ne ke da alhakin duk abin da suka samu. Ziolkowski ya yi jayayya cewa kimantawar farko ta Lanciani har yanzu tana da goyon bayan duk abubuwan da aka gano har zuwa yau, gami da nasu; yana nuna shakku saboda ginin da suka bayyana, "gini ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi babban pronaos da cella mai zagaye mai diamita ɗaya, wanda aka haɗa shi da kunkuntar hanya mai ɗan gajeren lokaci (mai siriri fiye da tubalin tsakiya na yanzu), ba shi da wani kamanceceniya da aka sani a cikin gine-ginen gargajiya kuma zai saɓa wa duk abin da muka sani game da ƙa'idodin ƙirar Romawa gabaɗaya da kuma musamman gine-ginen Augustan." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern |pages=31–34}}</ref> An lalata Augustan Pantheon tare da wasu gine-gine a gobara a shekara ta 80 AD. Domitian ya sake gina Pantheon, wanda aka sake ƙonewa a shekara ta 110 AD. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kleiner|2007}}</ref> [[Fayil:IT_Roma_0711_073_(17070543519)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Rubutun da ke ƙofar Pantheon ya ce, a cikin Latin: {{Abbr|M|MARCUS}} ⸱AGRIPPA⸱ {{Abbr|L|LUCII}} ⸱ {{Abbr|F|FILIUS}} ⸱ {{Abbr|COS|CONSUL}} ⸱TERTIVM⸱FECIT]] An daɗe ana tunanin cewa Agrippa ne ya gina ginin yanzu, tare da yin gyare-gyare daga baya, kuma wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rubutun Latin da ke gaban haikalin <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thomas|1997}}</ref> wanda ke cewa: M⸱AGRIPPA⸱L⸱F⸱COS⸱TERTIVM⸱FECIT ( Latin <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Marcus Agrippa, ɗan Lucius, ya gina [wannan ginin] lokacin da yake jakada a karo na uku.</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pantheon |url=http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109095703/http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-010.html |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=2013-03-12 |publisher=Romereborn.virginia.edu}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa an lalata Pantheon of Agrippa gaba ɗaya sai dai fuskar ginin. Lise Hetland ta yi jayayya cewa ginin da ake yi a yanzu ya fara ne a shekara ta 114, a ƙarƙashin Trajan, shekaru huɗu bayan an lalata shi da wuta a karo na biyu (Oros. 7.12). Ta sake duba takardar Herbert Bloch ta 1959, wacce ke da alhakin kwanan Hadrianic da aka saba kiyayewa, kuma ta dage cewa bai kamata ya cire duk tubalan zamanin Trajanic daga bincikensa na bulo ba. Hujjarta tana da ban sha'awa musamman idan aka yi la'akari da hujjar Heilmeyer cewa, bisa ga shaidar salo, Apollodorus na Damascus, mai ginin Trajan, shine mai ginin da aka bayyana a fili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hetland |first=Lise |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=Zur Datierung des Pantheon |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing Latin-language text]] Ba a san matakin da ya kamata a yaba wa masu gine-ginen Hadrian ba. An kammala shi ta hanyar Hadrian amma ba a yi iƙirarin cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa ba, ya yi amfani da rubutun asalin rubutun a kan sabon facade (abin da aka saba yi a ayyukan sake gina Hadrian a duk faɗin Roma; ginin da Hadrian ya sanya sunansa a kai shi ne Haikali ga Trajan Mai Tsarki ). <ref name="ramage">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramage|Ramage|2009}}</ref> Ba a san yadda aka yi amfani da ginin a zahiri ba. Historia Augusta ta ce Hadrian ya keɓe Pantheon (daga cikin sauran gine-gine) da sunan mai ginin asali (Hadr. 19.10), amma rubutun na yanzu ba zai iya zama kwafin ainihin ba; bai gaya mana ga wanda aka keɓe harsashin Agrippa ba, kuma, a ra'ayin Ziolkowski, da wuya a ce a shekara ta 25 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa Agrippa ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin "consul tertium." A kan tsabar kuɗi, kalmomin nan, "M. Agrippa Lf cos. tertium", su ne waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen ambatonsa bayan mutuwarsa; consul tertium yana aiki a matsayin "wani nau'in sanannun mutane bayan mutuwarsa, tunawa da gaskiyar cewa, daga cikin dukkan mutanen zamaninsa ban da Augustus da kansa, shi kaɗai ne ya riƙe mukamin consul sau uku." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern |page=39}}</ref> Ko menene dalilin sauya rubutun, sabon rubutun yana nuna gaskiyar cewa akwai canji a manufar ginin. [[Fayil:Rome_(Italy,_October_2019)_-_275_(50589571796).jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin Pantheon a Roma, gami da rufin siminti]] Cassius Dio, sanata ɗan ƙasar Graeco-Roman, jakada kuma marubucin cikakken ''tarihin Roma'', wanda ya rubuta kimanin shekaru 75 bayan sake gina Pantheon, ya danganta ginin da aka gina bisa kuskure ga Agrippa maimakon Hadrian. Da alama Dio shi ne kawai marubucin da ya taɓa ambaton Pantheon. Ko da a shekara ta 200, akwai rashin tabbas game da asalin ginin da kuma manufarsa: {{Blockquote|[[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the heavens.|Cassius Dio ''History of Rome'' 53.27.2}} : Imperator Kaisar Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax, mai nasara a Larabawa, nasara na Adiabene, babban nasara a Parthia, Pontifex Maximus, 10 sau tribune, sau 11 da aka sanar da kwamandan, sau uku consul, Pater Patriae, proconsul, da kuma : Sarki Kaisar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus, wanda ya yi aiki sau biyar a matsayin babban jami'in tsaro, ko kuma mai kula da harkokin mulki, ya gyara Pantheon da ya lalace sakamakon tsufa. === Tsakiyar Zamani === A shekara ta 609, [[Daular Rumawa|sarki Byzantine]] Phocas (wanda shi ma aka gina ginshiƙin sunansa a kusa) ya ba wa Paparoma Boniface na IV ginin, wanda ya mayar da shi cocin Kirista kuma ya keɓe shi ga St. Mary da Shahidai a ranar 13 ga Mayu 609: "Wani Paparoma, Boniface, ya roƙi [Sarki Phocas, a Constantinople] da ya ba da umarni cewa a cikin tsohon haikalin da ake kira Pantheon, bayan an cire ƙazanta na arna, a gina coci, ga budurwa Maryamu mai tsarki da duk shahidai, don a ci gaba da tunawa da tsarkaka inda ba alloli ba ne amma aljanu." <ref>John the Deacon, {{Lang|la|Monumenta Germaniae Historia}} (1848) 7.8.20, quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|MacDonald|1976}}</ref> An ce an cire karusa ashirin da takwas na kayan tarihi na shahidai daga cikin katakombin kuma an sanya su a cikin wani kwano a ƙarƙashin babban bagadin. A lokacin tsarkakewarsa, Boniface ya sanya gunkin Uwar Allah a matsayin ' Panagia Hodegetria' (Duk Mai Tsarki Darakta) a cikin sabon wurin ibada. Tsarkake ginin a matsayin coci ya cece shi daga watsi, lalata, da kuma mummunan ɓarnar da ta shafi yawancin gine-ginen Roma na dā a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani . Duk da haka, Paul Deacon ya rubuta yadda Sarki Constans na Biyu ya lalata ginin, wanda ya ziyarci Roma a watan Yulin 663:<blockquote>Ya zauna a Roma kwana goma sha biyu, ya rushe duk abin da aka yi da ƙarfe a zamanin da don ƙawata birnin, har ma ya cire rufin cocin [na Maryamu mai albarka], wanda a wani lokaci ake kira Pantheon, kuma an kafa shi ne don girmama dukkan alloli kuma yanzu ta hanyar amincewar tsoffin sarakuna wurin duk shahidai ne; kuma ya ɗauki tayal ɗin tagulla daga can ya aika da su tare da duk sauran kayan ado zuwa Constantinople.</blockquote>Rufin ya kasance ba a rufe shi ba tsawon kusan ƙarni ɗaya har sai da Paparoma Gregory na III (731-741) ya yi masa layi da zanen gubar . {{Sfn|Belardi|De Martino|2007}} Rubuce-rubuce da tambari da dama a kan rufin sun tabbatar da kula da shi. A shekara ta 1270, an gina wani belfry a saman gable na baranda; wani rubutu na dutse da ke ɗauke da gininsa yana cikin pronaos da ke gefen dama na ƙofofi. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} An cire kyawawan marmara na waje da suka rufe aikin tubali tsawon ƙarni. An kuma rasa zane-zanen da suka ƙawata ginin da ke sama da rubutun Agrippa. Ginshiƙai uku na dutse a gefen gabas na barandar sun lalace sosai ko kuma sun ruguje a zamanin da, kuma an yi musu katanga da tubali da tarkace. Bangon da gine-ginen da aka haɗa sun toshe hanyoyin shiga ta hanyar Via della Minerva, kuma barandar ta cika da cunkoso da rumfunan masu siyarwa. Matakan piazza ɗin sun kuma gina akan lokaci ta yadda baƙi dole ne su sauko daga matakala zuwa matakin pronaos har zuwa ƙarni na 17. Ana tsammanin an gina ganuwar tsakanin wasu ginshiƙai, tare da layukan da aka makala ta hanyar ginshiƙai da aka yanke daga ginshiƙai, waɗanda har yanzu ana iya ganin alamunsu. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} Bayan Paparoma na Avignon, Paparoma na Quattrocento sun sake mai da hankali ga Roma da kuma gyara Pantheon. Paparoma Martin V ya fara wani aiki na gyara rufin gubar wanda ba a kammala ba har sai da Nicholas na Biyar, wanda aka buga masa tambarin Paparoma a kan rufin. Eugene na Huɗu ya share barandar masu siyarwa ya kuma shimfida piazza. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} An nuna kayan tarihi na da aka haƙa a gaban Pantheon, ciki har da zakoki biyu na basalt da kuma rumfunan porphyry da aka rubuta a cikin zane-zane na ƙarni na 15. Innocent VIII ya sake gyara cikin gidan, ya sanya sabon ciborium a kan babban bagadin kuma ya maye gurbin tsohon ginshiƙan porphyry da giallo antico . {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> Fayil:Cimabue_007.jpg|alt=Pantheon depicted in "Vault of the Evangelists" fresco by Cimabue c. 1277, Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi.| An nuna Pantheon a cikin fresco na "Vault of the Evangelists" ta Cimabue {{Circa|1277}}, Basilica na Saint Francis na Assisi . Fayil:Anonymus_B,_Pantheon_SMB_1.jpg|alt=Pantheon c. 1538-1540, with medieval belfry and eastern wall.| Pantheon {{Circa|1538-1540}}, tare da bangon tsakiya na zamanin da da kuma bangon gabas. Fayil:Anonymus_B,_Pantheon_SMB_2.jpg|alt=Pantheon c. 1538-1540, with stairs descending into the portico.| Pantheon {{Circa|1538-1540}}, tare da matakala da ke saukowa zuwa baranda. </gallery> === Renaissance zuwa Neoclassical === Tun daga lokacin Renaissance, Pantheon ya kasance wurin da aka binne wasu muhimman mutane. Daga cikin waɗanda aka binne akwai masu zane-zane [[Raphael]] da Annibale Carracci, mawaƙi Arcangelo Corelli, da kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane]] Baldassare Peruzzi . A ƙarni na 15, an ƙawata Pantheon da zane-zane: wanda aka fi sani shine ''Annunciation'' na Melozzo da Forlì . Filippo Brunelleschi, da sauran masu zane-zane, sun ɗauki Pantheon a matsayin abin wahayi ga ayyukansu. An yi wawashe ko lalata kayan tarihi da yawa a lokacin Korar Roma a shekarar 1527 ta hannun sojojin Charles V, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki . {{Sfn|Eroli|1895}} A watan Afrilun 1536, bayan Cin Kofin Tunis, sarkin ya ziyarci Roma a cikin jerin gwanon nasara wanda ya haɗa da ziyarar Pantheon. A cewar tatsuniya, Charles yana son hawa kurfi don leƙawa ta cikin oculus. Jagoransa, ɗan mai kula da shi, ya ba da labarin cewa yana jin sha'awar tura sarki a gefen buɗewar don ɗaukar fansar barnar da birnin ya yi. {{Sfn|Eroli|1895}} An ba da labarin wani sigar labarin a cikin [[Miguel de Cervantes|littafin Cervantes]] ' ''Don Quixote'' . {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g5qf2ry2skoyzwb3dxcnvk1olzbo4ab 882645 882644 2026-07-14T05:12:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 882645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gina Pantheon na yanzu a wurin da aka gina wani haikali na baya, wanda Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ya ba da umarnin a lokacin mulkin [[Augustus]] (27)&nbsp;BC–AD 14). Bayan ƙonewar asalin ginin, [[Sarakunan Romawa|sarki]] [[Hadrian]] ya kammala ginin yanzu kuma wataƙila ya keɓe {{Circa}}&nbsp;AD 126. Ranar gina shi ba a tabbatar da ita ba, domin Hadrian ya zaɓi sake rubuta sabon haikalin da rubutun ainihin ranar Agrippa daga tsohon haikalin. Ginin yana da tsari mai zagaye, sai dai baranda mai manyan ginshiƙan dutse na Corinthian (takwas a matsayi na farko da ƙungiyoyi biyu na huɗu a baya) a ƙarƙashin pediment . Ɓoye mai kusurwa huɗu yana haɗa baranda da rotunda, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kumbon siminti mai rufi da aka yi da simintin Romawa (wanda kuma ake kira opus caementicium ), tare da buɗewa ta tsakiya ( oculus ) zuwa sama. Kusan shekaru dubu biyu bayan an gina shi, kumbon Pantheon har yanzu shine babban kumbon siminti mara ƙarfi a duniya. Tsayin oculus da diamita na da'irar ciki iri ɗaya ne, {{Convert|142|feet|metres}} . Yana ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen Romawa da aka fi kiyayewa, galibi saboda ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a tsawon tarihinsa. Tun ƙarni na 7, coci ne da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|St. Mary]] da Shahidai ( Latin ), wanda aka fi sani da "Santa Maria Rotonda". <ref name="MacDonald 1976 p=18">{{Harvard citation no brackets|MacDonald|1976}}</ref> Filin da ke gaban Pantheon ana kiransa Piazza della Rotonda . Pantheon mallakar gwamnati ne, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Ayyuka da Yawon Bude Ido ta Italiya ke kula da shi ta hanyar Polo Museale del Lazio . Babban ɗakin kwana mai siffar dome mai siffar Pantheon, tare da baranda ta al'ada ta haikali, ya kasance na musamman a gine-ginen Romawa. Duk da haka, ya zama misali na yau da kullun lokacin da aka sake farfaɗo da salon gargajiya, kuma masu gine-gine na baya-bayan nan sun kwafi shi sau da yawa. == Asalin Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Pantheon11111.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Cikin Pantheon]] Sunan "Pantheon" ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci " {{Lang|grc-latn|Pantheion}} " "( {{Lang|grc-Grek|Πάνθειον}} ) ma'ana "na, da ke da alaƙa da, ko kuma na gama gari ga dukkan alloli": ( {{Lang|grc-latn|pan}} - / " {{Lang|grc-Grek|παν}} -" ma'ana "duk" + {{Lang|grc-latn|theion}} / " {{Lang|grc-Grek|θεῖον}} "= ma'ana "na ko tsarki ga allah"). Mafi sauƙin bayani game da sunan shine Pantheon haikali ne da aka keɓe ga dukkan alloli. Duk da haka, an yi tambaya game da ra'ayin haikali da aka keɓe ga dukkan alloli. Ziegler ya yi ƙoƙarin tattara shaidar pantheon, amma jerin abubuwan da ya lissafa sun ƙunshi keɓewa mai sauƙi "ga dukkan alloli" ko "ga Alloli Goma Sha Biyu", waɗanda ba lallai ba ne ainihin pantheon a ma'anar haikali wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar bauta wacce ke bauta wa dukkan alloli a zahiri. Pantheon guda ɗaya tilo da aka rubuta a baya fiye da na Agrippa shine a Antakiya a Siriya, kodayake wani tushe na ƙarni na shida ne kawai ya ambata shi. Cassius Dio, wani sanata ɗan Romawa wanda ya rubuta da Girkanci, ya yi hasashen cewa sunan Pantheon ya fito ne ko dai daga siffofi na alloli da yawa da aka sanya a kusa da wannan ginin, ko kuma daga kamannin kurfi da sammai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=265 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> A cewar Adam Ziolkowski, wannan rashin tabbas yana nuna cewa "Pantheon" (ko Pantheum) kawai sunan barkwanci ne, ba sunan hukuma ba na ginin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=271 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> Godfrey da Hemsoll sun nuna cewa marubutan da suka gabata ba sa taɓa kiran Pantheon na Hadrian da kalmar ''[[wiktionary:aedes|aedes]]'', kamar yadda suke yi da sauran haikali, kuma rubutun Severan da aka sassaka a kan architrave yana amfani da "Pantheum" kawai, ba "Aedes Panthei" (haikali na dukkan alloli ba). Livy ya rubuta cewa an umarta cewa gine-ginen haikali (ko wataƙila cellae na haikali) ya kamata a keɓe su kawai ga alloli ɗaya, don haka zai bayyana wanda zai ji haushi idan, misali, walƙiya ta buge ginin, kuma saboda ya dace kawai a miƙa hadaya ga wani allahntaka (27.25.7–10). Godfrey da Hemsoll sun dage cewa kalmar Pantheon "ba ta buƙatar nuna wani rukuni na alloli ba, ko, hakika, har ma da dukkan alloli, tunda da alama tana da wasu ma'anoni.&nbsp;... Tabbas kalmar pantheus ko pantheos, za a iya amfani da ita ga alloli ɗaya-ɗaya.&nbsp;... Idan aka tuna cewa kalmar Girkanci θεῖος (theios) ba lallai ne ta nufi 'na allah' ba amma tana iya nufin ' wanda ya fi mutum girma ', ko ma 'mai kyau'." <ref name="Godfrey 1986 199" /> Tun bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, lokacin da aka cire cocin [[Genevieve|Sainte-Geneviève]] da ke [[Faris|Paris]] daga bauta aka mayar da shi abin tunawa na duniya da ake kira Panthéon na Paris, ''kalmar'' da aka fi amfani da ita a wasu gine-gine ana girmama ko binne matattu masu daraja. == Tarihi == === Tsoho === Bayan Yaƙin Actium (31 BC), Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ya fara wani shiri mai ban sha'awa na gini. Pantheon wani ɓangare ne na ginin da ya ƙirƙira a gidansa a Campus Martius a 29-19 BC, wanda ya haɗa da gine-gine uku da aka tsara daga kudu zuwa arewa: Baths of Agrippa, Basilica of Neptune, da Pantheon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dio |first=Cassius |title=Roman History |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html |page=53.23.3}}</ref> Da alama Pantheon da Basilica of Neptune su ne ''sacra privata'' na Agrippa, ba ''aedes publicae'' (haikali na jama'a ba). Na farko zai taimaka wajen bayyana yadda ginin zai iya rasa sunansa da manufarsa cikin sauƙi (Ziolkowski ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalinsa Haikalin Mars ne a Campo) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |pages=261–277 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'? |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=62 |page=275 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200010084 |s2cid=191523665}}</ref> Nassoshi da suka yi magana game da ado na Agrippa Pantheon wanda wani mai shaida ya rubuta suna cikin ''Tarihin Halitta'' na [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] . Daga gare shi mun san cewa "babban ginshiƙai, waɗanda M. Agrippa ya sanya a cikin Pantheon, an yi su ne da tagulla na Syracusan", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=34.7}}</ref> cewa "Diogenes na Athens sun yi wa Pantheon na Agrippa ado, kuma Caryatides, waɗanda suka samar da ginshiƙan wannan haikalin, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan abubuwan ban mamaki: haka ma, tare da mutum-mutumin da aka sanya a kan rufin," <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=36.4}}</ref> kuma an yanke ɗaya daga cikin lu'u-lu'u na Cleopatra rabi don kowane rabi "ya zama abin ɗaurewa ga kunnuwan Venus, a cikin Pantheon a Roma". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pliny |first=The Elder |title=The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D34 |page=9.58}}</ref> Ana ta muhawara kan siffar Pantheon na Agrippa. Sakamakon tono ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Rodolfo Lanciani ya kammala da cewa Pantheon na Agrippa an mayar da shi zuwa kudu, sabanin tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu wanda ke fuskantar arewa, kuma yana da gajeriyar tsari mai siffar T tare da ƙofar shiga a ƙarƙashin "T". An karɓi wannan bayanin sosai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Duk da cewa binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ginin Agrippa yana da siffar zagaye mai baranda mai kusurwa uku, kuma yana iya fuskantar arewa, kamar sake ginawa daga baya, Ziolkowski ya yi korafin cewa ƙarshen bincikensu ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan zato; a cewarsa, ba su sami wani sabon abu mai ma'ana ba, duk da haka sun danganta duk abin da suka samu da matakin Agrippa, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar cewa Domitian, wanda aka san shi da sha'awar gini kuma aka san shi da ya gyara Pantheon bayan 80 AD, wataƙila shi ne ke da alhakin duk abin da suka samu. Ziolkowski ya yi jayayya cewa kimantawar farko ta Lanciani har yanzu tana da goyon bayan duk abubuwan da aka gano har zuwa yau, gami da nasu; yana nuna shakku saboda ginin da suka bayyana, "gini ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi babban pronaos da cella mai zagaye mai diamita ɗaya, wanda aka haɗa shi da kunkuntar hanya mai ɗan gajeren lokaci (mai siriri fiye da tubalin tsakiya na yanzu), ba shi da wani kamanceceniya da aka sani a cikin gine-ginen gargajiya kuma zai saɓa wa duk abin da muka sani game da ƙa'idodin ƙirar Romawa gabaɗaya da kuma musamman gine-ginen Augustan." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern |pages=31–34}}</ref> An lalata Augustan Pantheon tare da wasu gine-gine a gobara a shekara ta 80 AD. Domitian ya sake gina Pantheon, wanda aka sake ƙonewa a shekara ta 110 AD. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kleiner|2007}}</ref> [[Fayil:IT_Roma_0711_073_(17070543519)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Rubutun da ke ƙofar Pantheon ya ce, a cikin Latin: {{Abbr|M|MARCUS}} ⸱AGRIPPA⸱ {{Abbr|L|LUCII}} ⸱ {{Abbr|F|FILIUS}} ⸱ {{Abbr|COS|CONSUL}} ⸱TERTIVM⸱FECIT]] An daɗe ana tunanin cewa Agrippa ne ya gina ginin yanzu, tare da yin gyare-gyare daga baya, kuma wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rubutun Latin da ke gaban haikalin <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thomas|1997}}</ref> wanda ke cewa: M⸱AGRIPPA⸱L⸱F⸱COS⸱TERTIVM⸱FECIT ( Latin <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Marcus Agrippa, ɗan Lucius, ya gina [wannan ginin] lokacin da yake jakada a karo na uku.</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pantheon |url=http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109095703/http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-010.html |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=2013-03-12 |publisher=Romereborn.virginia.edu}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa an lalata Pantheon of Agrippa gaba ɗaya sai dai fuskar ginin. Lise Hetland ta yi jayayya cewa ginin da ake yi a yanzu ya fara ne a shekara ta 114, a ƙarƙashin Trajan, shekaru huɗu bayan an lalata shi da wuta a karo na biyu (Oros. 7.12). Ta sake duba takardar Herbert Bloch ta 1959, wacce ke da alhakin kwanan Hadrianic da aka saba kiyayewa, kuma ta dage cewa bai kamata ya cire duk tubalan zamanin Trajanic daga bincikensa na bulo ba. Hujjarta tana da ban sha'awa musamman idan aka yi la'akari da hujjar Heilmeyer cewa, bisa ga shaidar salo, Apollodorus na Damascus, mai ginin Trajan, shine mai ginin da aka bayyana a fili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hetland |first=Lise |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=Zur Datierung des Pantheon |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing Latin-language text]] Ba a san matakin da ya kamata a yaba wa masu gine-ginen Hadrian ba. An kammala shi ta hanyar Hadrian amma ba a yi iƙirarin cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa ba, ya yi amfani da rubutun asalin rubutun a kan sabon facade (abin da aka saba yi a ayyukan sake gina Hadrian a duk faɗin Roma; ginin da Hadrian ya sanya sunansa a kai shi ne Haikali ga Trajan Mai Tsarki ). <ref name="ramage">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramage|Ramage|2009}}</ref> Ba a san yadda aka yi amfani da ginin a zahiri ba. Historia Augusta ta ce Hadrian ya keɓe Pantheon (daga cikin sauran gine-gine) da sunan mai ginin asali (Hadr. 19.10), amma rubutun na yanzu ba zai iya zama kwafin ainihin ba; bai gaya mana ga wanda aka keɓe harsashin Agrippa ba, kuma, a ra'ayin Ziolkowski, da wuya a ce a shekara ta 25 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa Agrippa ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin "consul tertium." A kan tsabar kuɗi, kalmomin nan, "M. Agrippa Lf cos. tertium", su ne waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen ambatonsa bayan mutuwarsa; consul tertium yana aiki a matsayin "wani nau'in sanannun mutane bayan mutuwarsa, tunawa da gaskiyar cewa, daga cikin dukkan mutanen zamaninsa ban da Augustus da kansa, shi kaɗai ne ya riƙe mukamin consul sau uku." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziolkowski |first=Adam |date=November 9–12, 2006 |editor-last=Graßhoff |editor-first=G |editor2-last=Heinzelmann |editor2-first=M |editor3-last=Wäfler |editor3-first=M |title=What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question |journal=The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference |location=Bern |page=39}}</ref> Ko menene dalilin sauya rubutun, sabon rubutun yana nuna gaskiyar cewa akwai canji a manufar ginin. [[Fayil:Rome_(Italy,_October_2019)_-_275_(50589571796).jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin Pantheon a Roma, gami da rufin siminti]] Cassius Dio, sanata ɗan ƙasar Graeco-Roman, jakada kuma marubucin cikakken ''tarihin Roma'', wanda ya rubuta kimanin shekaru 75 bayan sake gina Pantheon, ya danganta ginin da aka gina bisa kuskure ga Agrippa maimakon Hadrian. Da alama Dio shi ne kawai marubucin da ya taɓa ambaton Pantheon. Ko da a shekara ta 200, akwai rashin tabbas game da asalin ginin da kuma manufarsa: {{Blockquote|[[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the heavens.|Cassius Dio ''History of Rome'' 53.27.2}} : Imperator Kaisar Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax, mai nasara a Larabawa, nasara na Adiabene, babban nasara a Parthia, Pontifex Maximus, 10 sau tribune, sau 11 da aka sanar da kwamandan, sau uku consul, Pater Patriae, proconsul, da kuma : Sarki Kaisar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus, wanda ya yi aiki sau biyar a matsayin babban jami'in tsaro, ko kuma mai kula da harkokin mulki, ya gyara Pantheon da ya lalace sakamakon tsufa. === Tsakiyar Zamani === A shekara ta 609, [[Daular Rumawa|sarki Byzantine]] Phocas (wanda shi ma aka gina ginshiƙin sunansa a kusa) ya ba wa Paparoma Boniface na IV ginin, wanda ya mayar da shi cocin Kirista kuma ya keɓe shi ga St. Mary da Shahidai a ranar 13 ga Mayu 609: "Wani Paparoma, Boniface, ya roƙi [Sarki Phocas, a Constantinople] da ya ba da umarni cewa a cikin tsohon haikalin da ake kira Pantheon, bayan an cire ƙazanta na arna, a gina coci, ga budurwa Maryamu mai tsarki da duk shahidai, don a ci gaba da tunawa da tsarkaka inda ba alloli ba ne amma aljanu." <ref>John the Deacon, {{Lang|la|Monumenta Germaniae Historia}} (1848) 7.8.20, quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|MacDonald|1976}}</ref> An ce an cire karusa ashirin da takwas na kayan tarihi na shahidai daga cikin katakombin kuma an sanya su a cikin wani kwano a ƙarƙashin babban bagadin. A lokacin tsarkakewarsa, Boniface ya sanya gunkin Uwar Allah a matsayin ' Panagia Hodegetria' (Duk Mai Tsarki Darakta) a cikin sabon wurin ibada. Tsarkake ginin a matsayin coci ya cece shi daga watsi, lalata, da kuma mummunan ɓarnar da ta shafi yawancin gine-ginen Roma na dā a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani . Duk da haka, Paul Deacon ya rubuta yadda Sarki Constans na Biyu ya lalata ginin, wanda ya ziyarci Roma a watan Yulin 663:<blockquote>Ya zauna a Roma kwana goma sha biyu, ya rushe duk abin da aka yi da ƙarfe a zamanin da don ƙawata birnin, har ma ya cire rufin cocin [na Maryamu mai albarka], wanda a wani lokaci ake kira Pantheon, kuma an kafa shi ne don girmama dukkan alloli kuma yanzu ta hanyar amincewar tsoffin sarakuna wurin duk shahidai ne; kuma ya ɗauki tayal ɗin tagulla daga can ya aika da su tare da duk sauran kayan ado zuwa Constantinople.</blockquote>Rufin ya kasance ba a rufe shi ba tsawon kusan ƙarni ɗaya har sai da Paparoma Gregory na III (731-741) ya yi masa layi da zanen gubar . {{Sfn|Belardi|De Martino|2007}} Rubuce-rubuce da tambari da dama a kan rufin sun tabbatar da kula da shi. A shekara ta 1270, an gina wani belfry a saman gable na baranda; wani rubutu na dutse da ke ɗauke da gininsa yana cikin pronaos da ke gefen dama na ƙofofi. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} An cire kyawawan marmara na waje da suka rufe aikin tubali tsawon ƙarni. An kuma rasa zane-zanen da suka ƙawata ginin da ke sama da rubutun Agrippa. Ginshiƙai uku na dutse a gefen gabas na barandar sun lalace sosai ko kuma sun ruguje a zamanin da, kuma an yi musu katanga da tubali da tarkace. Bangon da gine-ginen da aka haɗa sun toshe hanyoyin shiga ta hanyar Via della Minerva, kuma barandar ta cika da cunkoso da rumfunan masu siyarwa. Matakan piazza ɗin sun kuma gina akan lokaci ta yadda baƙi dole ne su sauko daga matakala zuwa matakin pronaos har zuwa ƙarni na 17. Ana tsammanin an gina ganuwar tsakanin wasu ginshiƙai, tare da layukan da aka makala ta hanyar ginshiƙai da aka yanke daga ginshiƙai, waɗanda har yanzu ana iya ganin alamunsu. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} Bayan Paparoma na Avignon, Paparoma na Quattrocento sun sake mai da hankali ga Roma da kuma gyara Pantheon. Paparoma Martin V ya fara wani aiki na gyara rufin gubar wanda ba a kammala ba har sai da Nicholas na Biyar, wanda aka buga masa tambarin Paparoma a kan rufin. Eugene na Huɗu ya share barandar masu siyarwa ya kuma shimfida piazza. {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} An nuna kayan tarihi na da aka haƙa a gaban Pantheon, ciki har da zakoki biyu na basalt da kuma rumfunan porphyry da aka rubuta a cikin zane-zane na ƙarni na 15. Innocent VIII ya sake gyara cikin gidan, ya sanya sabon ciborium a kan babban bagadin kuma ya maye gurbin tsohon ginshiƙan porphyry da giallo antico . {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> Fayil:Cimabue_007.jpg|alt=Pantheon depicted in "Vault of the Evangelists" fresco by Cimabue c. 1277, Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi.| An nuna Pantheon a cikin fresco na "Vault of the Evangelists" ta Cimabue {{Circa|1277}}, Basilica na Saint Francis na Assisi . Fayil:Anonymus_B,_Pantheon_SMB_1.jpg|alt=Pantheon c. 1538-1540, with medieval belfry and eastern wall.| Pantheon {{Circa|1538-1540}}, tare da bangon tsakiya na zamanin da da kuma bangon gabas. Fayil:Anonymus_B,_Pantheon_SMB_2.jpg|alt=Pantheon c. 1538-1540, with stairs descending into the portico.| Pantheon {{Circa|1538-1540}}, tare da matakala da ke saukowa zuwa baranda. </gallery> === Renaissance zuwa Neoclassical === Tun daga lokacin Renaissance, Pantheon ya kasance wurin da aka binne wasu muhimman mutane. Daga cikin waɗanda aka binne akwai masu zane-zane [[Raphael]] da Annibale Carracci, mawaƙi Arcangelo Corelli, da kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane]] Baldassare Peruzzi . A ƙarni na 15, an ƙawata Pantheon da zane-zane: wanda aka fi sani shine ''Annunciation'' na Melozzo da Forlì . Filippo Brunelleschi, da sauran masu zane-zane, sun ɗauki Pantheon a matsayin abin wahayi ga ayyukansu. An yi wawashe ko lalata kayan tarihi da yawa a lokacin Korar Roma a shekarar 1527 ta hannun sojojin Charles V, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki . {{Sfn|Eroli|1895}} A watan Afrilun 1536, bayan Cin Kofin Tunis, sarkin ya ziyarci Roma a cikin jerin gwanon nasara wanda ya haɗa da ziyarar Pantheon. A cewar tatsuniya, Charles yana son hawa kurfi don leƙawa ta cikin oculus. Jagoransa, ɗan mai kula da shi, ya ba da labarin cewa yana jin sha'awar tura sarki a gefen buɗewar don ɗaukar fansar barnar da birnin ya yi. {{Sfn|Eroli|1895}} An ba da labarin wani sigar labarin a cikin [[Miguel de Cervantes|littafin Cervantes]] ' ''Don Quixote'' . {{Sfn|Marder|Wilson Jones|2015}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gw12pf33ugol0g9bcvu8e35orrvgssl Gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Texas 0 161540 882646 2026-07-14T05:15:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356345119|Texas's 4th congressional district]]" 882646 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == <nowiki><b id="mwOw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwOg">Bowie</b></nowiki> '''(2)''' : Ƙugiyoyi, Leary <nowiki><b id="mwRA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Collin '''(6)''' : [[:en:Celina,_Texas|Celina]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]]), [[:en:Dallas|Dallas]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]], [[:en:Texas's_5th_congressional_district|5th]], [[:en:Texas's_6th_congressional_district|6th]], [[:en:Texas's_24th_congressional_district|24th]], [[:en:Texas's_30th_congressional_district|30th]], [[:en:Texas's_32nd_congressional_district|32nd]], and [[:en:Texas's_33rd_congressional_district|33rd]]; shared with [[:en:Dallas_County,_Texas|Dallas]], Denton, [[:en:Kaufman_County,_Texas|Kaufman]], and [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|Rockwall]] counties), [[:en:Frisco,_Texas|Frisco]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]]; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Hebron,_Texas|Hebron]] (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Plano,_Texas|Plano]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]], [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]], and [[:en:Texas's_32nd_congressional_district|32nd]]; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Prosper,_Texas|Prosper]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]], shared with Denton County), [[:en:McKinney,_Texas|McKinney]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]]), <nowiki><b id="mwZg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwZQ">Delta</b></nowiki> '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (wanda aka raba tare da Fannin County) <nowiki><b id="mwbw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwbg">Denton</b></nowiki> '''(1)''' : [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]] (bangare; kuma na 3 da na 26; an raba shi tare da Collin County) <nowiki><b id="mweQ">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mweA">Fannin</b></nowiki> '''(13)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi 13 <nowiki><b id="mwgA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwfw">Grayson</b></nowiki> '''(19)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi 19 <nowiki><b id="mwhw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwhg">Hopkins</b></nowiki> '''(4)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi huɗu <nowiki><b id="mwjg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Hunt '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (bangare; kuma na 3), West TawakoniYammacin Tawakoni <nowiki><b id="mwmQ">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwmA">Lamar</b></nowiki> '''(10)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi 10 <nowiki><b id="mwoA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Rains '''(4)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi huɗu Red River County '''(0)''' : <nowiki><b id="mwrg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwrQ">Rockwall</b></nowiki> '''(10)''' : Dukkanin al'ummomi 10 == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red jni1di0ok0pxs6m4t6ie8tf20wptfeb 882647 882646 2026-07-14T05:17:00Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356345119|Texas's 4th congressional district]]" 882647 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == <nowiki><b id="mwOw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwOg">Bowie</b></nowiki> '''(2)''' : Ƙugiyoyi, Leary <nowiki><b id="mwRA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Collin '''(6)''' : [[:en:Celina,_Texas|Celina]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]]), [[:en:Dallas|Dallas]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]], [[:en:Texas's_5th_congressional_district|5th]], [[:en:Texas's_6th_congressional_district|6th]], [[:en:Texas's_24th_congressional_district|24th]], [[:en:Texas's_30th_congressional_district|30th]], [[:en:Texas's_32nd_congressional_district|32nd]], and [[:en:Texas's_33rd_congressional_district|33rd]]; shared with [[:en:Dallas_County,_Texas|Dallas]], Denton, [[:en:Kaufman_County,_Texas|Kaufman]], and [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|Rockwall]] counties), [[:en:Frisco,_Texas|Frisco]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]]; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Hebron,_Texas|Hebron]] (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Plano,_Texas|Plano]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]], [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]], and [[:en:Texas's_32nd_congressional_district|32nd]]; shared with Denton County), [[:en:Prosper,_Texas|Prosper]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]], shared with Denton County), [[:en:McKinney,_Texas|McKinney]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]]), <nowiki><b id="mwZg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwZQ">Delta</b></nowiki> '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (wanda aka raba tare da Fannin County) <nowiki><b id="mwbw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwbg">Denton</b></nowiki> '''(1)''' :: [[:en:Frisco,_Texas|Frisco]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]] and [[:en:Texas's_26th_congressional_district|26th]]; shared with Collin County) <nowiki><b id="mweQ">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mweA">Fannin</b></nowiki> '''(13)''' : All 13 communities <nowiki><b id="mwgA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwfw">Grayson</b></nowiki> '''(19)''' : All 19 communities <nowiki><b id="mwhw">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwhg">Hopkins</b></nowiki> '''(4)''' : All 4 communities <nowiki><b id="mwjg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Hunt '''(3)''' : [[:en:Hawk_Cove,_Texas|Hawk Cove]], [[:en:Quinlan,_Texas|Quinlan]] (part; also [[:en:Texas's_3rd_congressional_district|3rd]]), [[:en:West_Tawakoni,_Texas|West Tawakoni]] <nowiki><b id="mwmQ">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwmA">Lamar</b></nowiki> '''(10)''' : All 10 communities <nowiki><b id="mwoA">Gundumar</b></nowiki> Rains '''(4)''' : All 4 communities Red River County '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities <nowiki><b id="mwrg">Gundumar</b></nowiki> <nowiki><b id="mwrQ">Rockwall</b></nowiki> '''(10)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red owaqmo4fyekaiewg4b55d3vtt2oowtk 882650 882647 2026-07-14T05:17:33Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu */ 882650 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ksenkepvgxjm53olga0vqy1ngo0gng4 882653 882650 2026-07-14T05:18:33Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 32 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 32''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red 5iqfkliphhm471luwql819igkqbj72n 882654 882653 2026-07-14T05:18:56Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red nrretyhinz0lon5f421rofww5zgf2n5 882657 882654 2026-07-14T05:19:55Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Manazarta link references 882657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== 90ypz05tqztsd0fthvc6ei9agby61m3 882659 882657 2026-07-14T05:24:21Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Pat Fallon na jam'iyyar Republican Party. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== alb20p0c4xmlflt6ujhtk2y4raohbse 882661 882659 2026-07-14T05:29:17Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Pat Fallon na jam'iyyar Republican Party kuma tun 2022. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== 0rkdvu0nrs7laik343rn8jpf1o8ffna 882662 882661 2026-07-14T05:30:07Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Pat Fallon na jam'iyyar Republican Party kuma tun 2021. == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== nzcfx5n4dk9sjwjhpzy6054fc7blym1 882664 882662 2026-07-14T05:31:40Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu */ kananan hukumomin 882664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Pat Fallon na jam'iyyar Republican Party kuma tun 2021. == kananan hukumomi == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== jc9mahkz3w57ebavmib35e2bvnx71qh 882666 882664 2026-07-14T05:38:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 882666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gundumar Texas ta 4 a majalisar a jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''Texas Congressional District 4''), ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[:en:Bowie_County,_Texas|'''Bowie''' '''County''']], [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|'''Collin''' '''County''']], [[:en:Delta_County,_Texas|'''Delta''' '''County''']], [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|'''Denton''' '''County''']],[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|'''Fannin''' '''County,''']] [[:en:Grayson_County,_Texas|'''Grayson''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Hopkins_County,_Texas|'''Hopkins''' '''County''']][[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|''',''']] [[:en:Hunt_County,_Texas|'''Hunt''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Lamar_County,_Texas|'''Lamar''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Rains_County,_Texas|'''Rains''' '''County''']]'''[[:en:Fannin_County,_Texas|,]]''' [[:en:Red_River_County,_Texas|'''Red River''' '''County''']] da [[:en:Rockwall_County,_Texas|'''Rockwall''' '''County''']]. Mai wakiltar gundumar a halin yanzu shine Pat Fallon na jam'iyyar Republican Party kuma tun 2021.<ref name="clerk2024">{{cite web |last=McCumber |first=Kevin F. |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 2020 |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726092731/https://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/ |archive-date=July 26, 2025 |access-date=August 20, 2025 |publisher=[[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives]]}}</ref> == kananan hukumomi == '''Bowie''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Hooks, Leary '''Collin''' '''County''' '''(6)''' : Celina (part; also 3rd and 26th), Dallas (part; also 3rd, 5th, 6th, 24th, 30th, 32nd, and 33rd; shared with Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties), Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Denton County), Hebron (part; also 26th; shared with Denton County), Plano (part; also 3rd, 26th, and 32nd; shared with Denton County), Prosper (part; also 3rd and 26th, shared with Denton County), McKinney (part; also 3rd), '''Delta''' '''County''' '''(2)''' : Cooper, Pecan Gap (shared with Fannin County) '''Denton''' '''County''' '''(1)''' : Frisco (part; also 3rd and 26th; shared with Collin County) '''Fannin''' '''County''' '''(13)''' : All 13 communities '''Grayson''' '''County''' '''(19)''' : All 19 communities '''Hopkins''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Hunt''' '''County''' '''(3)''' : Hawk Cove, Quinlan (part; also 3rd), West Tawakoni '''Lamar''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities '''Rains''' '''County''' '''(4)''' : All 4 communities '''Red River''' '''County''' '''(0)''' : No incorporated or census-recognized communities '''Rockwall''' '''County''' '''(10)''' : All 10 communities : == Abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba == Farawa da Zaben 2026, gundumar ta 4 za ta kunshi kananan hukumomi masu zuwa: * Bowie (kashi) * Collin (kashi) * Denton (kashi) * Fannin * Grayson * Lamar * Kogin Red ==Manazarta== iuzpxb7u2sn1pehfnle65topwepanf1 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney 0 161541 882648 2026-07-14T05:17:04Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363072525|Sydney Opera House]]" 882648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Opera na Sydney''' cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai cike da zane-zane da dama a [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Yana gefen gabar tekun Sydney Harbour, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine mafi shahara da ban mamaki a duniya, kuma kyakkyawan gine-gine na ƙarni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=Department of the |date=23 April 2008 |title=World Heritage Places – The Sydney Opera House – World Heritage values |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/sydney-opera-house/values |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510212625/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/sydney-opera-house/values |archive-date=10 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=www.environment.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Alannah |date=30 July 2021 |title=Seven Sydney Opera House designs that never saw the light of day |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/attractions/seven-alternative-sydney-opera-house-designs-that-never-saw-the-light-of-day |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]}}</ref> An tsara ginin ne ta hannun mai zane-zanen ƙasar Denmark Jørn Utzon kuma ƙungiyar gine-gine ta Australiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Hall ta kammala shi, [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ta buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1973, <ref name="opened">{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House history |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1973_1981.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095748/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1973_1981.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |publisher=Sydney Opera House Official Site}}</ref> shekaru 16 bayan zaɓen Utzon a shekarar 1957 a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar ƙira ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin New South Wales, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Joseph Cahill, ta ba da izinin fara aikin a shekarar 1958 tare da Utzon da ke jagorantar gini. Shawarar gwamnati ta gina ƙirar Utzon sau da yawa tana cike da yanayi da suka biyo baya, gami da tsadar farashi da jadawalin aiki da kuma murabus ɗin mai zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2003 Laureate |url=http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2003/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104832/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2003/bio |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=The Pritzker Architecture Prize |publisher=The Hyatt Foundation}}</ref> Ginin da kewayensa sun mamaye dukkan Bennelong Point a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney, tsakanin Sydney Cove da Farm Cove, kusa da yankin kasuwanci na tsakiyar Sydney da kuma Royal Botanic Garden, da kuma kusa da gadar Sydney Harbour . Ginin ya ƙunshi wurare da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda tare suke karɓar bakuncin wasanni sama da 1,800 kowace shekara, waɗanda sama da mutane 1.4 ke halarta.&nbsp;Mutane miliyan. <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House: Annual Reports |url=https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about-us/how-we-work/governance-policies-and-corporate-information/annual-reports |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Masu fasaha da yawa suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, tare da kamfanoni da yawa na mazauna kamar Opera Australia, Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Sydney da kuma Sydney Symphony Orchestra . A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren jan hankalin baƙi a Ostiraliya, sama da mutane miliyan goma ne ke ziyartar wurin a kowace shekara, <ref name="report" /> kuma kimanin baƙi 350,000 suna yin rangadin ginin a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=How do you value an icon? The Sydney Opera House: economic, cultural and digital value |url=http://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au/uploads/File/Sydney%20Opera%20House.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082946/http://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au/uploads/File/Sydney%20Opera%20House.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |publisher=Deloitte Access Economics |pages=70}}</ref> Kamfanin Sydney Opera House Trust ne ke kula da ginin, wata hukuma ta Gwamnatin Jihar New South Wales. A shekara ta 2007, Gidan Opera na Sydney ya zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], bayan an saka shi a cikin Rajistar Gidaje (wanda yanzu ya daina aiki) na Ƙasa tun 1980, Rajistar Asusun Kula da Gidaje na Ƙasa tun 1983, Rajistar Asusun Tarihi na Birnin Sydney tun 2000, Rajistar Tarihin Gado na Jihar New South Wales tun 2003, da Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Australiya tun 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2005 |title=Sydney Opera House, 2 Circular Quay East, Sydney, NSW, Australia |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dsydney%2520opera%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=105738 |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=[[Australian Heritage Database]] |publisher=Department of the Environment and Energy, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> Gidan Opera shi ma ya kasance na ƙarshe a cikin jerin kamfen ''ɗin Sabbin Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Duniya 7.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=New7Wonders of the World |url=http://world.new7wonders.com/new7wonders-of-the-world-page/new7wonders-of-the-world-finalists/ |website=World of New7Wonders}}</ref> == Bayani == Wurin yana da tsarin zamani na zane mai kama da siminti, tare da jerin manyan "harsasai" na siminti da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, kowannensu ya ƙunshi sassan wani yanki mai tsawon {{Convert|75.2|m|ftin|1}} radius, yana samar da rufin ginin, wanda aka sanya a kan wani babban dandamali. Ginin ya ƙunshi {{Convert|1.8|ha|acre|1}} na ƙasa kuma faɗinsa ya kai {{Convert|183|m|ft|0}} tsayi kuma {{Convert|120|m|ft|0}} faɗinsa a mafi faɗin wurinsa. An ɗora shi a kan ginshiƙan siminti 588 da aka nutse har zuwa {{Convert|25|m|ft|0}} ƙasa da matakin teku. Mafi girman wurin rufin shine mita 67 sama da matakin teku wanda shine tsayin ginin hawa 22. An yi rufin da sassan siminti 2,194 da aka riga aka yi siminti, waɗanda kowannensu yana da nauyin tan 15. Ko da yake ana kiran gine-ginen rufin da "harsasai" (kamar yadda yake a cikin wannan labarin), su bangarori ne na siminti da aka riga aka yi da haƙarƙarin siminti da aka riga aka yi, ba harsashi ba a cikin ma'anar tsari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010222/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |website=Tom Fletcher}}</ref> Duk da cewa harsashin suna kama da fari daga nesa, a zahiri suna da tsarin chevron mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi tayal 1,056,006 a launuka biyu: fari mai sheƙi da kirim mai matte. Kamfanin Höganäs AB na Sweden ne ya ƙera tayal ɗin, wanda galibi ke samar da tayal ɗin dutse don masana'antar niƙa takarda. Banda tayal ɗin harsashi da bangon labulen gilashi na sararin shiga, waje na ginin an lulluɓe shi da bangarori masu tarin yawa waɗanda aka yi da dutse mai ruwan hoda da aka haƙa a Tarana . Manyan hanyoyin gyaran saman ciki sun haɗa da siminti na musamman, plywood na farin birch na Australiya da aka kawo daga Wauchope a arewacin New South Wales, da kuma glulam na akwatin gogewa . === Wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da kayan aiki === [[Fayil:Interior_of_Sydney_Opera_House_Concert_Hall_during_performance.jpg|left|thumb|Babban Zauren Kide-kide]] [[Fayil:Joan_Sutherland_Theatre_Interior.JPG|left|thumb|Cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Joan Sutherland]] [[Fayil:Sydney_Opera_House_restaurant_April_2019.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Abinci na Bennelong, wanda ke kan jirgin ruwa mafi kudu]] Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney Opera ya ƙunshi wurare da dama da za a yi wasan kwaikwayo: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House venues |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/Venues.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416175901/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/Venues.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |website=sydneyoperahouse.com}}</ref> * '''Zauren Waƙa''' : Yana da kujeru 2,679, gidan Sydney Symphony Orchestra kuma yawancin masu gabatar da kade-kade suna amfani da shi. Ya ƙunshi Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, babban organ mai bin diddigin kayan aiki a duniya, tare da bututu sama da 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House Grand Organ specification |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Venues/Content_AboutUs_TechSpecsGrandOrgan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905063507/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Venues/Content_AboutUs_TechSpecsGrandOrgan.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> * '''Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Joan Sutherland''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na proscenium mai kujeru 1,507, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Joan Sutherland Theatre: Technical and Production Information |url=https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/content/dam/pdfs/venues/Joan-Sutherland-Theatre/Joan-Sutherland-Technical-Specification.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104061101/https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/content/dam/pdfs/venues/Joan-Sutherland-Theatre/Joan-Sutherland-Technical-Specification.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=Sydney Opera House |page=6}}</ref> gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera Australia da The Australian Ballet na Sydney. Har zuwa 17 ga Oktoba 2012, an san shi da Opera Theatre. * '''Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na proscenium mai kujeru 544, wanda Kamfanin Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney da sauran masu gabatar da rawa da wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi. * '''Playhouse''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe wanda ba na proscenium ba ne, mai kujeru 398. * '''Studio''' : Wuri mai sassauƙa mai kujeru 280 na dindindin (wasu daga cikinsu za a iya naɗe su) kuma matsakaicin ƙarfinsu shine 400, ya danganta da tsari. * '''Ɗakin Utzon''' : Ƙaramin wuri mai amfani da yawa don bukukuwa, tarurrukan kamfanoni da ƙananan shirye-shirye (kamar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan ɗakin taro). * '''Ɗakunan Yallamundi:''' Wurin taro wanda zai ɗauki mutane har 400, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don bukukuwan aure ko tarurrukan kasuwanci. * '''Filin Waje na Waje''' : Wuri ne mai sassauƙa a buɗe tare da zaɓuɓɓukan tsari iri-iri, gami da yuwuwar amfani da Matakan Monumental a matsayin wurin zama na masu sauraro, wanda ake amfani da shi don tarurrukan al'umma daban-daban da manyan wasanni na waje. == Tarihi == === Asalin aikin === ==== Zaɓin wurin ==== [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Sydney_Harbour_-_the_bridge_is_under_construction.jpg|left|thumb|Bennelong Point tare da tashar tram a shekarun 1920 (a saman gefen hagu na hoton), yayin gina gadar Sydney Harbour (a gaba)]] An fara shirin ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 lokacin da Eugene Goossens, Babban Jagoran Kungiyar Makada ta Sydney Symphony kuma Daraktan Kungiyar Kiɗa ta Jihar New South Wales, ya yi kira da a samar da wurin da ya dace don wasan opera da makada. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Sydney Town Hall, ba a yi la'akari da shi da girma sosai ba. Zuwa shekarar 1954, Goossens ya yi nasarar samun goyon bayan Firimiyan New South Wales Joseph Cahill, wanda ya yi kira da a tsara wani gidan wasan opera na musamman. Haka kuma Goossens ne suka dage cewa Bennelong Point ne wurin: Cahill ya so ya kasance a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Wynyard a arewa maso yammacin yankin kasuwanci na tsakiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Architecture Images- Sydney Opera House |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224195120/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=9 July 2010 |publisher=Sydneyarchitecture.com}}</ref> ==== Gasar gine-gine 1955–1957 ==== Cahill ya ƙaddamar da gasar ƙira ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da babbar kyautar fam 5,000 na Australiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 1992 |title=Eric Ellis interview with Utzon in the ''Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend'' |url=http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020726154645/http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm |archive-date=26 July 2002 |access-date=2 December 2008 |website=Ericellis.com}}</ref> a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1955 kuma ya sami shiga 233, waɗanda suka wakilci masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe 32. Sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade babban zauren da zai ɗauki mutane 3,000 da ƙaramin zauren da zai ɗauki mutane 1,200, kowannensu don amfani daban-daban, gami da wasan opera na cikakken sikelin, kade-kade na orchestral da mawaƙa, tarurrukan jama'a, laccoci, wasan kwaikwayo na ballet, da sauran gabatarwa. [[Fayil:Sydney_Opera_House_-_Jørn_Utzon_drawings_(5247755534).jpg|left|thumb|Hotunan farko na Jørn Utzon a cikin 1957]] Waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar su ne: Farfesa Henry Ashworth ( Jami'ar Sydney ), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lumby |first=Roy |date=2014 |title=Henry Ingham Ashworth (1907–1991) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ashworth-henry-ingham-15498 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Australian Dictionay of Biography}}</ref> Cobden Parkes ( Mai Zane-zanen Gwamnatin New South Wales ); Farfesa Leslie Martin (Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine na Jami'ar Cambridge kuma mai zane-zanen Royal Festival Hall a 1951) da kuma mai zane-zanen Finnish-Amurka Eero Saarinen . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=From the Archives, 1957: Utzon's design wins Opera House contest, edited version of a story first published in the Sydney Morning Herald on January 30, 1957. |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/from-the-archives-1957-utzon-s-design-wins-opera-house-contest-20210117-p56uq5.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1xujwnuvir24gh2z2fcsjwu8noz8zk4 882651 882648 2026-07-14T05:17:51Z Arcdanumma047 38699 882651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Opera na Sydney''' cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai cike da zane-zane da dama a [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Yana gefen gabar tekun Sydney Harbour, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine mafi shahara da ban mamaki a duniya, kuma kyakkyawan gine-gine na ƙarni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=Department of the |date=23 April 2008 |title=World Heritage Places – The Sydney Opera House – World Heritage values |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/sydney-opera-house/values |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510212625/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/sydney-opera-house/values |archive-date=10 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=www.environment.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Alannah |date=30 July 2021 |title=Seven Sydney Opera House designs that never saw the light of day |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/attractions/seven-alternative-sydney-opera-house-designs-that-never-saw-the-light-of-day |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]}}</ref> An tsara ginin ne ta hannun mai zane-zanen ƙasar Denmark Jørn Utzon kuma ƙungiyar gine-gine ta Australiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Hall ta kammala shi, [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ta buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1973, <ref name="opened">{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House history |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1973_1981.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095748/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1973_1981.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |publisher=Sydney Opera House Official Site}}</ref> shekaru 16 bayan zaɓen Utzon a shekarar 1957 a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar ƙira ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin New South Wales, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Joseph Cahill, ta ba da izinin fara aikin a shekarar 1958 tare da Utzon da ke jagorantar gini. Shawarar gwamnati ta gina ƙirar Utzon sau da yawa tana cike da yanayi da suka biyo baya, gami da tsadar farashi da jadawalin aiki da kuma murabus ɗin mai zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2003 Laureate |url=http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2003/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104832/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2003/bio |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=The Pritzker Architecture Prize |publisher=The Hyatt Foundation}}</ref> Ginin da kewayensa sun mamaye dukkan Bennelong Point a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney, tsakanin Sydney Cove da Farm Cove, kusa da yankin kasuwanci na tsakiyar Sydney da kuma Royal Botanic Garden, da kuma kusa da gadar Sydney Harbour . Ginin ya ƙunshi wurare da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda tare suke karɓar bakuncin wasanni sama da 1,800 kowace shekara, waɗanda sama da mutane 1.4 ke halarta.&nbsp;Mutane miliyan. <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House: Annual Reports |url=https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about-us/how-we-work/governance-policies-and-corporate-information/annual-reports |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Masu fasaha da yawa suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, tare da kamfanoni da yawa na mazauna kamar Opera Australia, Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Sydney da kuma Sydney Symphony Orchestra . A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren jan hankalin baƙi a Ostiraliya, sama da mutane miliyan goma ne ke ziyartar wurin a kowace shekara, <ref name="report" /> kuma kimanin baƙi 350,000 suna yin rangadin ginin a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=How do you value an icon? The Sydney Opera House: economic, cultural and digital value |url=http://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au/uploads/File/Sydney%20Opera%20House.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082946/http://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au/uploads/File/Sydney%20Opera%20House.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |publisher=Deloitte Access Economics |pages=70}}</ref> Kamfanin Sydney Opera House Trust ne ke kula da ginin, wata hukuma ta Gwamnatin Jihar New South Wales. A shekara ta 2007, Gidan Opera na Sydney ya zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], bayan an saka shi a cikin Rajistar Gidaje (wanda yanzu ya daina aiki) na Ƙasa tun 1980, Rajistar Asusun Kula da Gidaje na Ƙasa tun 1983, Rajistar Asusun Tarihi na Birnin Sydney tun 2000, Rajistar Tarihin Gado na Jihar New South Wales tun 2003, da Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Australiya tun 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2005 |title=Sydney Opera House, 2 Circular Quay East, Sydney, NSW, Australia |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dsydney%2520opera%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=105738 |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=[[Australian Heritage Database]] |publisher=Department of the Environment and Energy, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> Gidan Opera shi ma ya kasance na ƙarshe a cikin jerin kamfen ''ɗin Sabbin Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Duniya 7.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=New7Wonders of the World |url=http://world.new7wonders.com/new7wonders-of-the-world-page/new7wonders-of-the-world-finalists/ |website=World of New7Wonders}}</ref> == Bayani == Wurin yana da tsarin zamani na zane mai kama da siminti, tare da jerin manyan "harsasai" na siminti da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, kowannensu ya ƙunshi sassan wani yanki mai tsawon {{Convert|75.2|m|ftin|1}} radius, yana samar da rufin ginin, wanda aka sanya a kan wani babban dandamali. Ginin ya ƙunshi {{Convert|1.8|ha|acre|1}} na ƙasa kuma faɗinsa ya kai {{Convert|183|m|ft|0}} tsayi kuma {{Convert|120|m|ft|0}} faɗinsa a mafi faɗin wurinsa. An ɗora shi a kan ginshiƙan siminti 588 da aka nutse har zuwa {{Convert|25|m|ft|0}} ƙasa da matakin teku. Mafi girman wurin rufin shine mita 67 sama da matakin teku wanda shine tsayin ginin hawa 22. An yi rufin da sassan siminti 2,194 da aka riga aka yi siminti, waɗanda kowannensu yana da nauyin tan 15. Ko da yake ana kiran gine-ginen rufin da "harsasai" (kamar yadda yake a cikin wannan labarin), su bangarori ne na siminti da aka riga aka yi da haƙarƙarin siminti da aka riga aka yi, ba harsashi ba a cikin ma'anar tsari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010222/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |website=Tom Fletcher}}</ref> Duk da cewa harsashin suna kama da fari daga nesa, a zahiri suna da tsarin chevron mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi tayal 1,056,006 a launuka biyu: fari mai sheƙi da kirim mai matte. Kamfanin Höganäs AB na Sweden ne ya ƙera tayal ɗin, wanda galibi ke samar da tayal ɗin dutse don masana'antar niƙa takarda. Banda tayal ɗin harsashi da bangon labulen gilashi na sararin shiga, waje na ginin an lulluɓe shi da bangarori masu tarin yawa waɗanda aka yi da dutse mai ruwan hoda da aka haƙa a Tarana . Manyan hanyoyin gyaran saman ciki sun haɗa da siminti na musamman, plywood na farin birch na Australiya da aka kawo daga Wauchope a arewacin New South Wales, da kuma glulam na akwatin gogewa . === Wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da kayan aiki === [[Fayil:Interior_of_Sydney_Opera_House_Concert_Hall_during_performance.jpg|left|thumb|Babban Zauren Kide-kide]] [[Fayil:Joan_Sutherland_Theatre_Interior.JPG|left|thumb|Cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Joan Sutherland]] [[Fayil:Sydney_Opera_House_restaurant_April_2019.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Abinci na Bennelong, wanda ke kan jirgin ruwa mafi kudu]] Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney Opera ya ƙunshi wurare da dama da za a yi wasan kwaikwayo: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House venues |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/Venues.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416175901/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/Venues.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |website=sydneyoperahouse.com}}</ref> * '''Zauren Waƙa''' : Yana da kujeru 2,679, gidan Sydney Symphony Orchestra kuma yawancin masu gabatar da kade-kade suna amfani da shi. Ya ƙunshi Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, babban organ mai bin diddigin kayan aiki a duniya, tare da bututu sama da 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Opera House Grand Organ specification |url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Venues/Content_AboutUs_TechSpecsGrandOrgan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905063507/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Venues/Content_AboutUs_TechSpecsGrandOrgan.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> * '''Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Joan Sutherland''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na proscenium mai kujeru 1,507, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Joan Sutherland Theatre: Technical and Production Information |url=https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/content/dam/pdfs/venues/Joan-Sutherland-Theatre/Joan-Sutherland-Technical-Specification.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104061101/https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/content/dam/pdfs/venues/Joan-Sutherland-Theatre/Joan-Sutherland-Technical-Specification.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=Sydney Opera House |page=6}}</ref> gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera Australia da The Australian Ballet na Sydney. Har zuwa 17 ga Oktoba 2012, an san shi da Opera Theatre. * '''Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na proscenium mai kujeru 544, wanda Kamfanin Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney da sauran masu gabatar da rawa da wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi. * '''Playhouse''' : Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe wanda ba na proscenium ba ne, mai kujeru 398. * '''Studio''' : Wuri mai sassauƙa mai kujeru 280 na dindindin (wasu daga cikinsu za a iya naɗe su) kuma matsakaicin ƙarfinsu shine 400, ya danganta da tsari. * '''Ɗakin Utzon''' : Ƙaramin wuri mai amfani da yawa don bukukuwa, tarurrukan kamfanoni da ƙananan shirye-shirye (kamar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan ɗakin taro). * '''Ɗakunan Yallamundi:''' Wurin taro wanda zai ɗauki mutane har 400, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don bukukuwan aure ko tarurrukan kasuwanci. * '''Filin Waje na Waje''' : Wuri ne mai sassauƙa a buɗe tare da zaɓuɓɓukan tsari iri-iri, gami da yuwuwar amfani da Matakan Monumental a matsayin wurin zama na masu sauraro, wanda ake amfani da shi don tarurrukan al'umma daban-daban da manyan wasanni na waje. == Tarihi == === Asalin aikin === ==== Zaɓin wurin ==== [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Sydney_Harbour_-_the_bridge_is_under_construction.jpg|left|thumb|Bennelong Point tare da tashar tram a shekarun 1920 (a saman gefen hagu na hoton), yayin gina gadar Sydney Harbour (a gaba)]] An fara shirin ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 lokacin da Eugene Goossens, Babban Jagoran Kungiyar Makada ta Sydney Symphony kuma Daraktan Kungiyar Kiɗa ta Jihar New South Wales, ya yi kira da a samar da wurin da ya dace don wasan opera da makada. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Sydney Town Hall, ba a yi la'akari da shi da girma sosai ba. Zuwa shekarar 1954, Goossens ya yi nasarar samun goyon bayan Firimiyan New South Wales Joseph Cahill, wanda ya yi kira da a tsara wani gidan wasan opera na musamman. Haka kuma Goossens ne suka dage cewa Bennelong Point ne wurin: Cahill ya so ya kasance a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Wynyard a arewa maso yammacin yankin kasuwanci na tsakiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Architecture Images- Sydney Opera House |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224195120/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=9 July 2010 |publisher=Sydneyarchitecture.com}}</ref> ==== Gasar gine-gine 1955–1957 ==== Cahill ya ƙaddamar da gasar ƙira ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da babbar kyautar fam 5,000 na Australiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 1992 |title=Eric Ellis interview with Utzon in the ''Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend'' |url=http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020726154645/http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm |archive-date=26 July 2002 |access-date=2 December 2008 |website=Ericellis.com}}</ref> a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1955 kuma ya sami shiga 233, waɗanda suka wakilci masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe 32. Sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade babban zauren da zai ɗauki mutane 3,000 da ƙaramin zauren da zai ɗauki mutane 1,200, kowannensu don amfani daban-daban, gami da wasan opera na cikakken sikelin, kade-kade na orchestral da mawaƙa, tarurrukan jama'a, laccoci, wasan kwaikwayo na ballet, da sauran gabatarwa. [[Fayil:Sydney_Opera_House_-_Jørn_Utzon_drawings_(5247755534).jpg|left|thumb|Hotunan farko na Jørn Utzon a cikin 1957]] Waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar su ne: Farfesa Henry Ashworth ( Jami'ar Sydney ), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lumby |first=Roy |date=2014 |title=Henry Ingham Ashworth (1907–1991) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ashworth-henry-ingham-15498 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Australian Dictionay of Biography}}</ref> Cobden Parkes ( Mai Zane-zanen Gwamnatin New South Wales ); Farfesa Leslie Martin (Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine na Jami'ar Cambridge kuma mai zane-zanen Royal Festival Hall a 1951) da kuma mai zane-zanen Finnish-Amurka Eero Saarinen . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=From the Archives, 1957: Utzon's design wins Opera House contest, edited version of a story first published in the Sydney Morning Herald on January 30, 1957. |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/from-the-archives-1957-utzon-s-design-wins-opera-house-contest-20210117-p56uq5.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m9ax7wsn64f29xflnows3nzs5v1kc2v Independence Ogunewe 0 161542 882649 2026-07-14T05:17:07Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Independence Chiedoziem Ogunewe'''(an haife shi ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1960 a [[Warri]] ya mutu ranaer 3 ga Afrilu, 2018 a [[Abuja]])<ref name=AmehPunch>[https://punchng.com/ex-rep-ogunewe-dies-at-58/ Ex-Rep, Ogunewe, dies at 58], by John Ameh, in ''[[The Punch]]''; published April 4, 2018; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya wakilci mazabun [[Ahiazu Mbaise]] da [[Ezinihitte Mbaise]] a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2011.<ref name=Chijioke>[https://dailypost.ng/2018/04/03/former-reps-member-independence-ogunewe-dead/ Former Reps member, Independence Ogunewe is dead], by Chijioke Jannah; in the ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''; published April 3, 2018; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Ogunewe ya kasance mamba na jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]. ==Aikin siyasa== Ogunewe ya jagoranci kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Wakilai, ciki har da kwamitin kula da harkokin sufurin jiragen sama,<ref name=AmehPunch/> kwamitin haɗin gwiwa da haɗewar ƙasashen Afirka,<ref name=BLERF>[https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ogunewe-hon-independence-chiedoziem/ OGUNEWE, Hon. Independence Chiedoziem]; at BLERF's Who's Who in Nigeria (Online); edited by Nyaknno Osso; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> da kuma kwamitin sa ido kan kasafin kuɗi da tattara bayanan farashi.<ref name=BLERF/> Haka kuma, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ƙaramin kwamitin kula da fansho.<ref name=BLERF/> A shekarar 2009, an cire Ogunewe daga dukkan kwamitocin da yake cikinsu tare da dakatar da shi daga ayyukan majalisa saboda abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "halayen da ba su dace da ɗabi'ar majalisa ba". Bayan da [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai]] [[Dimeji Bankole]] ya umarce shi da ya zauna maimakon "yawo cikin zauren majalisa yana tattaunawa da wasu abokan aikinsa yayin da zaman majalisa ke gudana", sai Ogunewe ya ce, "Na ji abin da ka ce", sannan ya fice daga zaman.<ref name="Steps Hard">[https://allafrica.com/stories/200902270059.html Bankole's Camp Steps Hard on Critic], by Tashikalmah Hallah and Francis Okeke; in the ''[[Daily Trust]]''; via ''[[AllAfrica]]''; published February 27, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Kusan dukkan 'yan majalisar sun amince da ƙudurin dakatar da Ogunewe na tsawon kwanakin zama na majalisa 14, inda mamba ɗaya kacal ya nuna adawa.<ref name=Vanguard>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200902260934.html Nigeria: Bankole Suspends Main Opposition Leader for Two Weeks], by Luka Binniyat and Tordue Salem; in ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''; via [[AllAfrica]]; published February 27, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Bayan wannan dakatarwar, wasu daga cikin mutanen da yake wakilta sun yi yunƙurin a tsige shi daga wakilcinsu ([[recall election|recall]]), suna zargin cewa "ba a iya samunsa gaba ɗaya, ba shi da ofishin mazaba da ake gani", sannan kuma bai "gabatar da wata kuduri ko dokar da ya ɗauki nauyi ba". Jaridar ''[[Daily Champion]]'' ta yi hasashen cewa wannan adawa na iya kasancewa an shirya ta ne, tana mai nuni da cewa Ogunewe ya ce abin da ke motsa shi shi ne yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, tare da kira ga tabbatar da gaskiya da riƙon amana.<ref name=DailyChampion>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200903240322.html Nigeria: Ogunewe And His Many Troubles], by Emma Ogu; in the ''[[Daily Champion]]''; via [[AllAfrica]]; published March 24, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> A watan Yunin 2010, an dakatar da Ogunewe daga majalisa na wani lokaci mara iyaka tare da wasu 'yan majalisa 11 da suka nemi a tsige Bankole daga kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa,<ref name=Suspended>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201006240485.html House Leadership Seals Off Offices of 11 Suspended Reps.]; in ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''; published June 24, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> kuma waɗanda suka shiga cikin wata [[legislative violence|fada]] a majalisar.<ref name=Nullifies>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201012030700.html Nigeria: Court Nullifies House's Suspension of Six Reps], by Ahuraka Yusuf Isah; in ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''; published December 3, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Sai dai a watan Disamban wannan shekarar, wata kotun Najeriya ta soke dakatarwar, bisa hujjar cewa ba a bai wa Ogunewe da sauran 'yan majalisar damar kare kansu kafin a dakatar da su ba. Kotun ta kuma bayyana cewa Majalisar Wakilai tana da ikon dakatar da mambobinta ne na tsawon kwanaki 14 kacal.<ref name=Nullifies/> Daga bisani kuma, an umarci Bankole da ya biya Ogunewe albashinsa na watannin da aka dakatar da shi.<ref name=Repay>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201012240293.html Nigeria: Court Summons Bankole, House Clerk Over Alleged Contempt], by Joe Nwankwo; in the ''[[Daily Independent (Lagos)|Daily Independent]]''; published December 23, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> A shekarar 2015, an kori Ogunewe daga jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] bisa abin da jam'iyyar ta bayyana a matsayin "manyan ayyukan da suka saɓa wa jam'iyya a lokacin [[2015 Imo State gubernatorial election|zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Imo na shekarar 2015]]."<ref name=Expelled>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201505261119.html Imo PDP Expels Araraume, 19 Others], by Johnkennedy Uzoma; in the ''[[Daily Trust]]''; published May 26, 2015; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> ==Manazarta== clwafvlf3nkrw2wkbdf1aqj32e5zzir 882652 882649 2026-07-14T05:18:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 882652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Independence Chiedoziem Ogunewe''' (an haife shi ranar 22 ga Afrilun 1960 a [[Warri]], ya mutu ranaer 3 ga Afrilu, 2018 a [[Abuja]])<ref name=AmehPunch>[https://punchng.com/ex-rep-ogunewe-dies-at-58/ Ex-Rep, Ogunewe, dies at 58], by John Ameh, in ''[[The Punch]]''; published April 4, 2018; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya wakilci mazabun [[Ahiazu Mbaise]] da [[Ezinihitte Mbaise]] a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2011.<ref name="Chijioke">[https://dailypost.ng/2018/04/03/former-reps-member-independence-ogunewe-dead/ Former Reps member, Independence Ogunewe is dead], by Chijioke Jannah; in the ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''; published April 3, 2018; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Ogunewe ya kasance mamba na jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]. ==Aikin siyasa== Ogunewe ya jagoranci kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Wakilai, ciki har da kwamitin kula da harkokin sufurin jiragen sama,<ref name=AmehPunch/> kwamitin haɗin gwiwa da haɗewar ƙasashen Afirka,<ref name=BLERF>[https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ogunewe-hon-independence-chiedoziem/ OGUNEWE, Hon. Independence Chiedoziem]; at BLERF's Who's Who in Nigeria (Online); edited by Nyaknno Osso; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> da kuma kwamitin sa ido kan kasafin kuɗi da tattara bayanan farashi.<ref name=BLERF/> Haka kuma, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ƙaramin kwamitin kula da fansho.<ref name=BLERF/> A shekarar 2009, an cire Ogunewe daga dukkan kwamitocin da yake cikinsu tare da dakatar da shi daga ayyukan majalisa saboda abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "halayen da ba su dace da ɗabi'ar majalisa ba". Bayan da [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai]] [[Dimeji Bankole]] ya umarce shi da ya zauna maimakon "yawo cikin zauren majalisa yana tattaunawa da wasu abokan aikinsa yayin da zaman majalisa ke gudana", sai Ogunewe ya ce, "Na ji abin da ka ce", sannan ya fice daga zaman.<ref name="Steps Hard">[https://allafrica.com/stories/200902270059.html Bankole's Camp Steps Hard on Critic], by Tashikalmah Hallah and Francis Okeke; in the ''[[Daily Trust]]''; via ''[[AllAfrica]]''; published February 27, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Kusan dukkan 'yan majalisar sun amince da ƙudurin dakatar da Ogunewe na tsawon kwanakin zama na majalisa 14, inda mamba ɗaya kacal ya nuna adawa.<ref name="Vanguard">[https://allafrica.com/stories/200902260934.html Nigeria: Bankole Suspends Main Opposition Leader for Two Weeks], by Luka Binniyat and Tordue Salem; in ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''; via [[AllAfrica]]; published February 27, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Bayan wannan dakatarwar, wasu daga cikin mutanen da yake wakilta sun yi yunƙurin a tsige shi daga wakilcinsu ([[recall election|recall]]), suna zargin cewa "ba a iya samunsa gaba ɗaya, ba shi da ofishin mazaba da ake gani", sannan kuma bai "gabatar da wata kuduri ko dokar da ya ɗauki nauyi ba". Jaridar ''[[Daily Champion]]'' ta yi hasashen cewa wannan adawa na iya kasancewa an shirya ta ne, tana mai nuni da cewa Ogunewe ya ce abin da ke motsa shi shi ne yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, tare da kira ga tabbatar da gaskiya da riƙon amana.<ref name="DailyChampion">[https://allafrica.com/stories/200903240322.html Nigeria: Ogunewe And His Many Troubles], by Emma Ogu; in the ''[[Daily Champion]]''; via [[AllAfrica]]; published March 24, 2009; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> A watan Yunin 2010, an dakatar da Ogunewe daga majalisa na wani lokaci mara iyaka tare da wasu 'yan majalisa 11 da suka nemi a tsige Bankole daga kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa,<ref name="Suspended">[https://allafrica.com/stories/201006240485.html House Leadership Seals Off Offices of 11 Suspended Reps.]; in ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''; published June 24, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> kuma waɗanda suka shiga cikin wata [[legislative violence|fada]] a majalisar.<ref name="Nullifies">[https://allafrica.com/stories/201012030700.html Nigeria: Court Nullifies House's Suspension of Six Reps], by Ahuraka Yusuf Isah; in ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''; published December 3, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> Sai dai a watan Disamban wannan shekarar, wata kotun Najeriya ta soke dakatarwar, bisa hujjar cewa ba a bai wa Ogunewe da sauran 'yan majalisar damar kare kansu kafin a dakatar da su ba. Kotun ta kuma bayyana cewa Majalisar Wakilai tana da ikon dakatar da mambobinta ne na tsawon kwanaki 14 kacal.<ref name=Nullifies/> Daga bisani kuma, an umarci Bankole da ya biya Ogunewe albashinsa na watannin da aka dakatar da shi.<ref name="Repay">[https://allafrica.com/stories/201012240293.html Nigeria: Court Summons Bankole, House Clerk Over Alleged Contempt], by Joe Nwankwo; in the ''[[Daily Independent (Lagos)|Daily Independent]]''; published December 23, 2010; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> A shekarar 2015, an kori Ogunewe daga jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] bisa abin da jam'iyyar ta bayyana a matsayin "manyan ayyukan da suka saɓa wa jam'iyya a lokacin [[2015 Imo State gubernatorial election|zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Imo na shekarar 2015]]."<ref name="Expelled">[https://allafrica.com/stories/201505261119.html Imo PDP Expels Araraume, 19 Others], by Johnkennedy Uzoma; in the ''[[Daily Trust]]''; published May 26, 2015; retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> ==Manazarta== r8bw4eixyudofa0qca01e7b8wl1krgq Cibiyar Jama'a ta Asiya 0 161543 882655 2026-07-14T05:19:09Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359885737|Asian Social Institute]]" 882655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kula da Al'umma ta Asiya''' (ASI) makarantar digiri ce da kuma cibiyar bincike a [[Manila]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi kalilan na digiri waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin tattalin arziki, [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], ayyukan zamantakewa da ayyukan zamantakewa da ci gaba a ƙasar. == Bayani == An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Asiya (ASI), wata Makarantar Digiri ta Canza Rayuwa ta Zamantakewa da ke Manila a shekarar 1962 ta hannun wani mai wa'azin Katolika na ƙasar Holland na Ikilisiyar Zuciya Mai Tsarki ta Maryamu (CICM), Francis Senden. Tare da albarkar Cardinal Rufino Santos na Archdiocese na Manila, manufar ASI ita ce ta kafa da kuma horar da manajojin ci gaban zamantakewa masu tushen kimiyyar zamantakewa don Asiya da Pacific, ta haka ne za a aiwatar da koyarwar zamantakewa ta Cocin Katolika. Tun bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta a shekarar 1973, ASI ta samar da yanayin koyo wanda aka tsara a sassa biyu - Academe-Research, da Ci gaban Jama'a. Baya ga waɗannan sassa biyu akwai Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa wanda Sashen Sadarwa da Buga Littattafai, MIS, Tallafawa da Hulɗa da Jama'a, da sassan gudanarwa ke ba da rahoto a kansa. Shugabar ASI ita ce Mina M. Ramirez. Mataimakin Shugaba na Academe-Research kuma shugaban jami'ar ilimi, Prisinia C. Arcinue ne ke jagorantar Academe-Research. Mataimakiyar Shugaba na Sashen Ci Gaban Jama'a ita ce Dennis Batoy. Binciken Academe ya haɗa ka'idoji da ayyuka, yayin da Sashen Ci Gaban Jama'a ke ba da damar koyo ga ɗalibai a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa da juna ta hanyar Rarraba Ayyuka na ASI - Cibiyar Iyali, Teburin Al'umma na Birni, Makarantar Tanti, Rakiyar Diocesan, Rakiyar Matasa, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta ASI da hanyoyin sadarwarta na NGO. Ayyukan Sadarwa da Buga Littattafai na ASI suna ba da hanyoyin sadarwa da ra'ayoyi. == Manazarta == 0jeroyrb6uhsii31z9hrw5m2mdgbl4q 882656 882655 2026-07-14T05:19:40Z Arcdanumma047 38699 882656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Al'umma ta Asiya''' (ASI) makarantar digiri ce da kuma cibiyar bincike a [[Manila]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi kalilan na digiri waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin tattalin arziki, [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], ayyukan zamantakewa da ayyukan zamantakewa da ci gaba a ƙasar. == Bayani == An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Asiya (ASI), wata Makarantar Digiri ta Canza Rayuwa ta Zamantakewa da ke Manila a shekarar 1962 ta hannun wani mai wa'azin Katolika na ƙasar Holland na Ikilisiyar Zuciya Mai Tsarki ta Maryamu (CICM), Francis Senden. Tare da albarkar Cardinal Rufino Santos na Archdiocese na Manila, manufar ASI ita ce ta kafa da kuma horar da manajojin ci gaban zamantakewa masu tushen kimiyyar zamantakewa don Asiya da Pacific, ta haka ne za a aiwatar da koyarwar zamantakewa ta Cocin Katolika. Tun bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta a shekarar 1973, ASI ta samar da yanayin koyo wanda aka tsara a sassa biyu - Academe-Research, da Ci gaban Jama'a. Baya ga waɗannan sassa biyu akwai Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa wanda Sashen Sadarwa da Buga Littattafai, MIS, Tallafawa da Hulɗa da Jama'a, da sassan gudanarwa ke ba da rahoto a kansa. Shugabar ASI ita ce Mina M. Ramirez. Mataimakin Shugaba na Academe-Research kuma shugaban jami'ar ilimi, Prisinia C. Arcinue ne ke jagorantar Academe-Research. Mataimakiyar Shugaba na Sashen Ci Gaban Jama'a ita ce Dennis Batoy. Binciken Academe ya haɗa ka'idoji da ayyuka, yayin da Sashen Ci Gaban Jama'a ke ba da damar koyo ga ɗalibai a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa da juna ta hanyar Rarraba Ayyuka na ASI - Cibiyar Iyali, Teburin Al'umma na Birni, Makarantar Tanti, Rakiyar Diocesan, Rakiyar Matasa, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta ASI da hanyoyin sadarwarta na NGO. Ayyukan Sadarwa da Buga Littattafai na ASI suna ba da hanyoyin sadarwa da ra'ayoyi. == Manazarta == re9ggk3b5s5aysjsr0pzxxjfzdbc1pp Ini Akpan Udoka 0 161544 882658 2026-07-14T05:23:32Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ini Akpan Udoka''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya taɓa zama mamba a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]], inda ya wakilci mazabar tarayya ta [[Ikono]]/[[Ini, Nigeria|Ini]] a [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]]. An zaɓe shi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP), kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya ta 6 daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/6001ff43f3956c104bdd3bdc/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akwa Ibom Federal Legislators, 7th National Assembly (2011-2015) |url=https://www.aksgonline.com/aks_fed_legislators.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=[www.aksgonline.com](http://www.aksgonline.com) |archive-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224160458/https://www.aksgonline.com/aks_fed_legislators.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-26 |title=Hon. (Barr) Iquo Nyong of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) V. Elder (Dr) Ini Akpan of Action Congress Party (AC) & Ors (2008) LLJR-CA |url=https://www.lawglobalhub.com/hon-barr-iquo-nyong-of-peoples-democratic-party-pdp-v-elder-dr-ini-akpan-of-action-congress-party-ac-ors-2008-lljr-ca/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=LawGlobal Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == eftccy9my3tiyvq4sv7n3sh2g3hhvbf Isaac Shaahu 0 161545 882660 2026-07-14T05:29:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Shaahu''' ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne daga yankin da ake kira [[Middle Belt]] na Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama minista a gwamnatin jamhuriya ta biyu wadda ba ta kammala wa'adinta ba. Daga baya kuma ya zama Shugaban [[Middle Belt Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=5337 |date=Dec 19, 2009 |title=PDP Is A Dead Party – Shaahu |work=Daily Independent |author=TERNA DOKI |accessdate=2010-04-04}}</ref> Shaahu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar [[Middle Belt]] a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko, inda ya kasance na kusa da [[Joseph Tarka]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://leadership.ng/opinions/429530/akumes-senate-presidency-a-time-for-pay-off |title=Akume’s Senate Presidency:|accessdate=2015-08-20|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mamba na jam'iyyar United Middle Belt Congress, kuma a shekarar 1965, bayan an zaɓe shi a matsayin mamba na Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Arewa, ya zama jagoran 'yan adawa a majalisar. Bayan ƙirƙirar [[Benue-Plateau State]], an naɗa shi Kwamishinan Aikin Gona, sannan daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Lafiya da Harkokin Ma'aikata. ==Manazarta== 4bylxfxo0lih6hixebpqy7j3qzdssp5 Ja'afaru Mohammed 0 161546 882665 2026-07-14T05:34:17Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ja'afaru Mohammed | birth_date = 1 February 1972 | birth_place = [[Niger State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = Politician | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | constituency = [[Agwara]]/[[Borgu]] Federal Constituency | term_start = 2019 | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] }} '''Ja'afaru Mohammed''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda a halin yanzu yake wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Agwara/Borgu a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1972, kuma ya fito daga [[Jihar Neja]]. An fara zaɓensa zuwa Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen shekarar 2019, sannan aka sake zaɓensa a shekarar 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/jafaru-mohammed |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ali-jafaru-mohammed |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/217 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == cduxhp9zttse9zeaqt4e50hek3ixxs2 Jacob Ajao Adejumo 0 161547 882667 2026-07-14T05:40:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 882667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jacob Ajao Adejumo | birth_date = 1973 | birth_place = [[Oyo State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = Politician | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | constituency = [[Ogbomosho North]]/[[Ogbomosho South]]/Orire Federal Constituency | term_start = 2019 | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] }} '''Jacob Ajao Adejumo''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya taɓa zama mamba mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ogbomosho North/Ogbomosho South/Orire a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. An haife shi a shekarar 1973, kuma ya fito daga [[Jihar Oyo]]. An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/jacob-adejumo-ajao |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/candidate?id=AJAO-JACOB-ADEJUMO-3539 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=OrderPaper}}</ref> == Manazarta == l93c1mud98kxuh1m7i3ma4synai7pnh Teburin ruwa 0 161548 882706 2026-07-14T07:03:48Z Fateemah usman 29326 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312089406|Water table]]" 882706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Water_table.svg|thumb|350x350px|Sashe na giciye wanda ke nuna teburin ruwa ya bambanta tare da yanayin ƙasa da kuma teburin ruwan da aka ɗora]] [[Fayil:Groundwater_flow_and_infiltration_diagram.svg|thumb|250x250px|Sashe na ƙetare na tudun da ke nuna Yankin vadose, gefen capillary, teburin ruwa, da kuma phreatic ko yankin saturated. '' (Tushen: Nazarin Yanayi na Amurka.) '' ]] '''teburin ruwa''' shine saman yankin phreatic ko yankin saturation. Yankin saturated shine inda pores da fractures na ƙasa suka cika da [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Water Table? |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/gwater/wattable.htm |access-date=2016-11-25 |website=imnh.isu.edu}}</ref> wanda zai iya zama sabo, saline, ko brackish, dangane da yankin. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi kawai a matsayin zurfin da ƙasa ta cika. Yankin da ke sama da teburin ruwa shine Yankin vadose. Ana iya ganin shi a matsayin "farfa" na kayan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda aka cika da ruwan ƙasa a cikin wani yanki. A cikin ƙasa mai laushi, teburin ruwa ya zauna a saman inda matsin ruwa ya yi daidai da Matsin yanayi (inda matsin lamba = 0). A cikin ƙasa inda aikin capillary yake da ƙarfi, ana ja teburin ruwa sama, yana samar da gefen capillary. [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na iya zama daga hazo ko daga ruwan ƙasa mai nisa da ke gudana cikin ruwa. A yankunan da ke da isasshen hazo, ruwa yana shiga cikin sarari a cikin ƙasa, yana wucewa ta cikin yankin da ba a cika shi ba. A zurfin zurfi, ruwa ya cika da karin sarari a cikin ƙasa, har sai an kai wani yanki na saturation. A ƙasa da teburin ruwa, a cikin yankin saturating, yadudduka na dutse mai shiga wanda ke samar da ruwa mai zurfi ana kiransu aquifers. A cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ruwa, kamar ƙuƙwalwar dutse mai ƙarfi da kuma ajiyar tafkin tarihi, teburin ruwa na iya zama da wuya a bayyana. "Table na ruwa" da "matakin ruwa" ba daidai ba ne. Idan wani ruwa mai zurfi yana da ƙananan sashi wanda ke iyakance kwararar sama, to matakin ruwa a cikin wannan ruwa na iya tashi zuwa matakin da ya fi girma ko ƙasa da tsawo na ainihin teburin ruwa. Girman ruwa a cikin wannan rijiyar da ta fi zurfi ya dogara da matsin lamba a cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma ana kiransa da farfajiyar yiwuwar, ba teburin ruwa ba. == Kafawa == Teburin ruwa na iya bambanta saboda canje-canje na yanayi kamar hazo da evapotranspiration. A cikin yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da ƙasa mai narkewa wanda ke karɓar isasshen hazo, teburin ruwa yawanci yana gangara zuwa [[Kogi|koguna]] waɗanda ke aiki don fitar da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] kuma ya saki matsin lamba a cikin ruwa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, koguna, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] da oasis suna faruwa lokacin da teburin ruwa ya kai saman. Ruwa mai zurfi da ke shiga koguna da tabkuna yana da asusun matakan ruwa a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winter |first=Thomas C |last2=Harvey |first2=Judson W |date=1998 |title=Ground Water and Surface Water A Single Resource - U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/pdf/part1bb.pdf |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa === A cikin ruwa, teburin ruwa yana da wuya a kwance, amma yana nuna sauƙin farfajiyar saboda tasirin capillary (capillary fringe) a cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], sediments da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin ruwa, ruwan kasa yana gudana daga maki na matsin lamba zuwa maki na matsi mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma jagorancin ruwan kasa yana da bangare na kwance da na tsaye. An san gangaren teburin ruwa a matsayin "hydraulic gradient", wanda ya dogara da yawan abin da aka kara ruwa kuma aka cire shi daga ruwa da kuma shigar kayan. Teburin ruwa ba koyaushe yake kwaikwayon yanayin ƙasa ba saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa (misali, ninka, kuskure, karyewar dutse).&nbsp; === Tebur na ruwa === Tebur na ruwa mai zurfi (ko mai zurfi) wani ruwa ne wanda ke faruwa sama da teburin ruwa na yanki. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai wani nau'i mai zurfi na dutse ko lakabi (aquiclude) ko kuma wani nau'in da ba shi da ruwa (aquitard) sama da babban teburin ruwa / mai zurfi amma a ƙasa. Idan kwararar ruwa da ke tsaye ta haɗu da farfajiyar, a bangon kwarin, alal misali, ana fitar da ruwa a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. == Canje-canje == [[Fayil:Water_table-season_fluctuation.svg|thumb|350x350px|Canjin yanayi a cikin teburin ruwa na iya haifar da kogin kogin ya bushe a lokacin fari]] === Ruwa === A kan tsibirai masu ƙasƙanci da ƙasa mai laushi, ruwan sha yana tattarawa a cikin tafkunan Lenticular a saman ruwan teku mai yawa wanda ke shiga daga bangarorin tsibirin. Irin wannan ruwan tabarau na tsibirin, kuma ta haka ne teburin ruwa, ya tashi ya fadi tare da raƙuman ruwa. === Lokaci-lokaci === A wasu yankuna, alal misali, Biritaniya ko [[California]], [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na hunturu sau da yawa ya fi ruwan sama na rani don haka ba a sake caji ruwan kasa a lokacin rani ba. Sakamakon haka, teburin ruwa yana da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Wannan bambancin tsakanin matakin hunturu da teburin ruwa na rani an san shi da "yanki na satar lokaci-lokaci", inda teburin ruwan zai canza saboda yanayin yanayi. === Tsawon Lokaci === Ruwa mai burbushin ruwa ne wanda ya kasance a cikin ruwa na dubban shekaru kuma yana faruwa galibi a cikin hamada. Ba za a iya sabunta shi da [[Ruwan sama]] na yau da kullun ba saboda zurfinsa a ƙasa da farfajiyar, kuma duk wani hakar yana haifar da canji na dindindin a cikin teburin ruwa a irin waɗannan yankuna. == Tasirin amfanin gona == [[Fayil:Rudd_PartReg.png|thumb|Wani makirci na amfanin sukari da zurfin teburin ruwa a Ostiraliya. Muhimmin zurfin shine 0.6 m.&nbsp;]] Yawancin amfanin gona suna buƙatar teburin ruwa a mafi ƙarancin zurfi. Ga wasu muhimman abinci da amfanin gona na fiber an rarraba shi saboda a zurfin zurfin amfanin gona yana fama da raguwar amfanin gona. {| class="wikitable" !Shuka da wurin !Tolerance na DWT !Rarraba !Bayani |- |Alkama, Delta na Nilu, Misira |45 |Mai haƙuri sosai |Yana tsayayya da teburin ruwa mai zurfi |- |Cutar sukari, Ostiraliya |60 |Mai haƙuri |Teburin ruwa ya kamata ya kasance mai zurfi fiye da 60 cm&nbsp; |- |Banana, Surinam |70 |Ƙananan damuwa |Rashin amfanin gona a teburin ruwa < 70 cm zurfi&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |Cotton, Delta na Nilu |90 |Mai hankali |Cotton yana buƙatar ƙafafun bushe, teburin ruwa ya kamata ya zama mai zurfi |} : (inda DWT = zurfin zuwa teburin ruwa a cikin centimeters) == Tasirin gini == [[Fayil:Elvis_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Blue pipes don cire ruwan kasa a [[Berlin]]]] Teburin ruwa da ke kusa da saman yana shafar haƙa rami, magudanar ruwa, harsashi, rijiyoyi da filayen magudanar ruwa (a yankunan da ba su da ruwan birni da tsafta), da sauransu.. Idan aka yi tono ƙasa kusa da teburin ruwa har ta kai ga aikin bututun ruwa, dole ne a cire ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin gini. Wannan abin a bayyane yake a Berlin, wanda aka gina a kan ƙasa mai yashi, mai dausayi, kuma teburin ruwan gabaɗaya yana da mita 2 a ƙasa da saman. Sau da yawa ana iya ganin bututun ruwan hoda da shuɗi suna ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga wuraren gini zuwa kogin Spree (ko magudanan ruwa).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Artesian aquifer - Tushen ruwa na halittaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Groundwater recharge - Ruwan ƙasa wanda ke sake caji a cikin ruwa * Hydrogeology - Nazarin motsi da rarraba ruwan kasa * Watertable control - Amfani da magudanar ruwa don sarrafa matakin ruwa a cikin wani yanki == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4e8futjlqnw3mxq1kk5y321e71om2sn 882708 882706 2026-07-14T07:04:52Z Fateemah usman 29326 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312089406|Water table]]" 882708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Water_table.svg|thumb|350x350px|Sashe na giciye wanda ke nuna teburin ruwa ya bambanta tare da yanayin ƙasa da kuma teburin ruwan da aka ɗora]] [[Fayil:Groundwater_flow_and_infiltration_diagram.svg|thumb|250x250px|Sashe na ƙetare na tudun da ke nuna Yankin vadose, gefen capillary, teburin ruwa, da kuma phreatic ko yankin saturated. '' (Tushen: Nazarin Yanayi na Amurka.) '' ]] '''teburin ruwa''' shine saman yankin phreatic ko yankin saturation. Yankin saturated shine inda pores da fractures na ƙasa suka cika da [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Water Table? |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/gwater/wattable.htm |access-date=2016-11-25 |website=imnh.isu.edu}}</ref> wanda zai iya zama sabo, saline, ko brackish, dangane da yankin. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi kawai a matsayin zurfin da ƙasa ta cika. Yankin da ke sama da teburin ruwa shine Yankin vadose. Ana iya ganin shi a matsayin "farfa" na kayan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda aka cika da ruwan ƙasa a cikin wani yanki. A cikin ƙasa mai laushi, teburin ruwa ya zauna a saman inda matsin ruwa ya yi daidai da Matsin yanayi (inda matsin lamba = 0). A cikin ƙasa inda aikin capillary yake da ƙarfi, ana ja teburin ruwa sama, yana samar da gefen capillary. [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na iya zama daga hazo ko daga ruwan ƙasa mai nisa da ke gudana cikin ruwa. A yankunan da ke da isasshen hazo, ruwa yana shiga cikin sarari a cikin ƙasa, yana wucewa ta cikin yankin da ba a cika shi ba. A zurfin zurfi, ruwa ya cika da karin sarari a cikin ƙasa, har sai an kai wani yanki na saturation. A ƙasa da teburin ruwa, a cikin yankin saturating, yadudduka na dutse mai shiga wanda ke samar da ruwa mai zurfi ana kiransu aquifers. A cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ruwa, kamar ƙuƙwalwar dutse mai ƙarfi da kuma ajiyar tafkin tarihi, teburin ruwa na iya zama da wuya a bayyana. "Teburin ruwa" da "matakin ruwa" ba daidai ba ne. Idan wani ruwa mai zurfi yana da ƙananan sashi wanda ke iyakance kwararar sama, to matakin ruwa a cikin wannan ruwa na iya tashi zuwa matakin da ya fi girma ko ƙasa da tsawo na ainihin teburin ruwa. Girman ruwa a cikin wannan rijiyar da ta fi zurfi ya dogara da matsin lamba a cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma ana kiransa da farfajiyar yiwuwar, ba teburin ruwa ba. == Kafawa == Teburin ruwa na iya bambanta saboda canje-canje na yanayi kamar hazo da evapotranspiration. A cikin yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da ƙasa mai narkewa wanda ke karɓar isasshen hazo, teburin ruwa yawanci yana gangara zuwa [[Kogi|koguna]] waɗanda ke aiki don fitar da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] kuma ya saki matsin lamba a cikin ruwa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, koguna, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] da oasis suna faruwa lokacin da teburin ruwa ya kai saman. Ruwa mai zurfi da ke shiga koguna da tabkuna yana da asusun matakan ruwa a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winter |first=Thomas C |last2=Harvey |first2=Judson W |date=1998 |title=Ground Water and Surface Water A Single Resource - U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/pdf/part1bb.pdf |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa === A cikin ruwa, teburin ruwa yana da wuya a kwance, amma yana nuna sauƙin farfajiyar saboda tasirin capillary (capillary fringe) a cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], sediments da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin ruwa, ruwan kasa yana gudana daga maki na matsin lamba zuwa maki na matsi mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma jagorancin ruwan kasa yana da bangare na kwance da na tsaye. An san gangaren teburin ruwa a matsayin "hydraulic gradient", wanda ya dogara da yawan abin da aka kara ruwa kuma aka cire shi daga ruwa da kuma shigar kayan. Teburin ruwa ba koyaushe yake kwaikwayon yanayin ƙasa ba saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa (misali, ninka, kuskure, karyewar dutse).&nbsp; === Tebur na ruwa === Tebur na ruwa mai zurfi (ko mai zurfi) wani ruwa ne wanda ke faruwa sama da teburin ruwa na yanki. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai wani nau'i mai zurfi na dutse ko lakabi (aquiclude) ko kuma wani nau'in da ba shi da ruwa (aquitard) sama da babban teburin ruwa / mai zurfi amma a ƙasa. Idan kwararar ruwa da ke tsaye ta haɗu da farfajiyar, a bangon kwarin, alal misali, ana fitar da ruwa a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. == Canje-canje == [[Fayil:Water_table-season_fluctuation.svg|thumb|350x350px|Canjin yanayi a cikin teburin ruwa na iya haifar da kogin kogin ya bushe a lokacin fari]] === Ruwa === A kan tsibirai masu ƙasƙanci da ƙasa mai laushi, ruwan sha yana tattarawa a cikin tafkunan Lenticular a saman ruwan teku mai yawa wanda ke shiga daga bangarorin tsibirin. Irin wannan ruwan tabarau na tsibirin, kuma ta haka ne teburin ruwa, ya tashi ya fadi tare da raƙuman ruwa. === Lokaci-lokaci === A wasu yankuna, alal misali, Biritaniya ko [[California]], [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na hunturu sau da yawa ya fi ruwan sama na rani don haka ba a sake caji ruwan kasa a lokacin rani ba. Sakamakon haka, teburin ruwa yana da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Wannan bambancin tsakanin matakin hunturu da teburin ruwa na rani an san shi da "yanki na satar lokaci-lokaci", inda teburin ruwan zai canza saboda yanayin yanayi. === Tsawon Lokaci === Ruwa mai burbushin ruwa ne wanda ya kasance a cikin ruwa na dubban shekaru kuma yana faruwa galibi a cikin hamada. Ba za a iya sabunta shi da [[Ruwan sama]] na yau da kullun ba saboda zurfinsa a ƙasa da farfajiyar, kuma duk wani hakar yana haifar da canji na dindindin a cikin teburin ruwa a irin waɗannan yankuna. == Tasirin amfanin gona == [[Fayil:Rudd_PartReg.png|thumb|Wani makirci na amfanin sukari da zurfin teburin ruwa a Ostiraliya. Muhimmin zurfin shine 0.6 m.&nbsp;]] Yawancin amfanin gona suna buƙatar teburin ruwa a mafi ƙarancin zurfi. Ga wasu muhimman abinci da amfanin gona na fiber an rarraba shi saboda a zurfin zurfin amfanin gona yana fama da raguwar amfanin gona. {| class="wikitable" !Shuka da wurin !Tolerance na DWT !Rarraba !Bayani |- |Alkama, Delta na Nilu, Misira |45 |Mai haƙuri sosai |Yana tsayayya da teburin ruwa mai zurfi |- |Cutar sukari, Ostiraliya |60 |Mai haƙuri |Teburin ruwa ya kamata ya kasance mai zurfi fiye da 60 cm&nbsp; |- |Banana, Surinam |70 |Ƙananan damuwa |Rashin amfanin gona a teburin ruwa < 70 cm zurfi&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |Cotton, Delta na Nilu |90 |Mai hankali |Cotton yana buƙatar ƙafafun bushe, teburin ruwa ya kamata ya zama mai zurfi |} : (inda DWT = zurfin zuwa teburin ruwa a cikin centimeters) == Tasirin gini == [[Fayil:Elvis_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Blue pipes don cire ruwan kasa a [[Berlin]]]] Teburin ruwa da ke kusa da saman yana shafar haƙa rami, magudanar ruwa, harsashi, rijiyoyi da filayen magudanar ruwa (a yankunan da ba su da ruwan birni da tsafta), da sauransu.. Idan aka yi tono ƙasa kusa da teburin ruwa har ta kai ga aikin bututun ruwa, dole ne a cire ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin gini. Wannan abin a bayyane yake a Berlin, wanda aka gina a kan ƙasa mai yashi, mai dausayi, kuma teburin ruwan gabaɗaya yana da mita 2 a ƙasa da saman. Sau da yawa ana iya ganin bututun ruwan hoda da shuɗi suna ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga wuraren gini zuwa kogin Spree (ko magudanan ruwa).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Artesian aquifer - Tushen ruwa na halittaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Groundwater recharge - Ruwan ƙasa wanda ke sake caji a cikin ruwa * Hydrogeology - Nazarin motsi da rarraba ruwan kasa * Watertable control - Amfani da magudanar ruwa don sarrafa matakin ruwa a cikin wani yanki == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrqsgfzsnfn5gpc6rg0bxm3xrht9o44 Clemson University 0 161549 882732 2026-07-14T07:30:41Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Clemson University]] to [[Jami'ar Clemson]] 882732 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jami'ar Clemson]] b1qnnajuzv6siq1546ydv7f1cg0srcm Elizabeth Becker (masanin siyasa) 0 161550 882762 2026-07-14T07:48:42Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Elizabeth Becker (masanin siyasa)]] to [[Elizabeth Becker (dan siyasa)]] 882762 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elizabeth Becker (dan siyasa)]] jxy8vpzdo3d7q0og8nn40hw3rpq4utn Waka ? 0 161551 882785 2026-07-14T08:16:24Z Usman saadu 46863 Sabon shafi: Waka? Wakadai wata abace wadda akeyi tun zamanin kakanni da kakanni tahanyar Nishadantarwa ko fadakarwa ko wa,azantarwa anayin waka ne domi al,uumma Wanda wasu daga cikin al, umma sukamai data sana,a tahanyar amfani wajen wake wani babba domin inyaji yabiyasu koshi wannan babban yasa suy mai Waka domin yabiyasu. babba yashafi kamar kamar basarake ko Dan kasuwa ko wani maimikamin gomnati ko manomi ko malami daga cikin al,umma 882785 wikitext text/x-wiki Waka? Wakadai wata abace wadda akeyi tun zamanin kakanni da kakanni tahanyar Nishadantarwa ko fadakarwa ko wa,azantarwa anayin waka ne domi al,uumma Wanda wasu daga cikin al, umma sukamai data sana,a tahanyar amfani wajen wake wani babba domin inyaji yabiyasu koshi wannan babban yasa suy mai Waka domin yabiyasu. babba yashafi kamar kamar basarake ko Dan kasuwa ko wani maimikamin gomnati ko manomi ko malami daga cikin al,umma sge2v92kxauv93dqpzdufz7xhdung8v 882786 882785 2026-07-14T08:21:53Z Usman saadu 46863 882786 wikitext text/x-wiki Waka? Wakadai wata abace wadda akeyi tun zamanin kakanni da kakanni tahanyar Ni shadantarwa ko fadakarwa ko wa,azantarwa anayin waka ne domin al,umma Wanda wasu daga cikin al, umma suka maidata sana,a ta hanyar amfani wajen wake wani babban mutun domin inyaji yabiyasu koshi wannan babban yasa suy mai Waka domin yabiyasu. babban mutun yashafi kamar basarake ko Dan kasuwa ko wani maimukamin gomnati ko manomi ko malami daga cikin al,umma e1rr469sv3y1jj1j92su8cmwbbty60k Tsawon T 0 161552 882797 2026-07-14T08:50:24Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347727087|The Tall T]]" 882797 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tall T fim ne na Yammacin Amurka na 1957 wanda [[Budd Boetticher]] ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da [[Randolph Scott]], [[Richard Boone]], da [[Maureen O'Sullivan]] . [[Burt Kennedy]] ne ya daidaita shi daga ɗan gajeren labari na 1955 "The Captives" na [[Elmore Leonard]], fim ɗin game da tsohon shugaban ranch mai zaman kansa ne wanda aka sace shi tare da magaji, wanda 'yan ta'adda uku marasa tausayi ke riƙe da shi don fansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tall T |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051047/ |access-date=October 16, 2012 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an zaɓi Tall T don Registry na Fim na Kasa na Amurka ta Library of Congress a matsayin "al'adu, tarihi, ko kuma kyawawan abubuwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |access-date=May 12, 2020 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 1994 |title=Librarian Announces National Film Registry Selections |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/94/9405/film.html |access-date=May 12, 2020 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Makirci == Da yake wucewa daga tashar jirgin sama a kan tafiyarsa zuwa gari, Pat Brennan ya yarda ya dawo tare da wasu kayan zaki da aka saya ga ɗan ƙaramin manajan tashar abokantaka. A wani ranch inda ya taɓa aiki, Brennan yayi ƙoƙari ya sayi bijimi, amma an yi masa magana game da hawa ɗaya. Idan ya ci nasara, sai ya sami bijimin. Idan ya rasa dole ne ya bar doki. Brennan ya rasa, kuma an tilasta masa tafiya gida, yana ɗauke da gadonsa. Ya sami damar tashi daga direban motar Rintoon, wanda ya saba da Brennan daga garin, wanda aka hayar shi musamman don jigilar sababbin ma'aurata Willard da Doretta Mims. Doretta mace ce mai sauƙi, amma 'yar wani mai mallakar ma'adinin jan ƙarfe mai arziki. Ya damu da Brennan, wanda ya gaya wa Rintoon wannan shine karo na farko da ya kasance a cikin hutun amarya. Lokacin da suka tsaya a tashar hanya, 'yan fashi uku, Chink, Billy Jack, da shugabansu, Frank Usher, wadanda suka riga sun kashe manajan tashar da dansa sun yi kuskure don mataki na yau da kullun. Rintoon ya tafi don bindigarsa, sai kawai Chink mai farin ciki ya kashe shi. Tsoron raba wannan makomar, Willard ya ba da shawara ga 'yan ta'adda cewa fansar matarsa zai zama mafi riba fiye da satar mataki. Frank yana son ra'ayin. Har ila yau, nan da nan ya gane, kuma ya ƙi, rashin sadaukarwar ango ga amaryarsa. Shugaban mai laifi yana son Brennan, daga baya ya gaya masa cewa a yanayi daban-daban su biyun na iya zama abokai. Bayan ya umarci Billy Jack ya hau tare da Willard kuma ya isar da takardar fansa da ke buƙatar $ 50,000 ga mahaifin Doretta, Frank ya ɗauki matar da Brennan zuwa wani ɓoye mai nisa. Willard ya dawo, yana cewa surukinsa ya amince kuma yana tara kudi. An gaya wa Willard cewa ba a buƙatarsa kuma zai iya tafiya. Wani matsoraci, bai ma damu da yin ban kwana da sabuwar matarsa ba, wanda ya kara ƙyamar Frank a gare shi. Yayin da Willard ya fara tafiya, Chink ya harbe shi ba tare da tausayi ba. Brennan ya san cewa shi da Doretta za su mutu da zarar an biya kudin fansa. Ya gaya wa gwauruwar da ta damu da ta tattara kanta kuma ta kasance a shirye don amfani da duk wata dama don rayuwa da ta gabatar da kanta. Daga nan sai ya ɗauke ta a hannunsa. Ta yi jinkiri, sannan ta sumbace shi. Ta furta cewa ta auri Willard saboda tana tsufa kuma ba ta son zama kadai. Billy Jack da Chink sun bar su don kare wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su yayin da Frank ya tafi karɓar kuɗin. Brennan ya haifar da tunanin cewa shugabansu na iya tafiya shi kaɗai tare da duk kuɗin, don haka Chink ya bar sansanin don ya kula da Frank. Brennan ya ba da shawarar ga Billy Jack cewa ya yi amfani da Doretta, wata mace mai kaɗaici da ta musanta ko da daren bikin aurenta. Billy Jack ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta kansa a kan Doretta, inda Brennan ya mamaye shi kuma ya harbe shi ya mutu. Chink ya ji karar sannan ya juya baya. Brennan ya kashe shi. Frank ya dawo da kuɗin. Brennan duk da haka ya sami saukowa a kansa, don haka Frank ya ba da bindigarsa da kuɗin. A hankali ya tafi, yana caca cewa Brennan ba zai harbe shi a baya ba. Ya hau doki ya tafi. Koyaya, yana da bindiga a cikin gadonsa, don haka ya ja shi ya juya; ya koma baya zuwa ga Brennan, wanda aka tilasta masa ya kashe mai laifi. Da yake tafiya, gefe da gefe, Doretta ta kai ga hannun Brennan, wanda ya sanya a kusa da ita. Ya gaya mata cewa zai zama rana mai kyau.   b10g6ifd2rqnvqivga2cq8a529t6gby Da Rizal 0 161553 882838 2026-07-14T10:04:31Z Badak Jawa 27519 Badak Jawa moved page [[Da Rizal]] to [[Atep Rizal]] 882838 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Atep Rizal]] fqroah3mthpv9nsv69xn1ulsixldhpa Allurar rigakafin Ebola 0 161554 882845 2026-07-14T10:16:57Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360590410|Ebola vaccine]]" 882845 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}}An '''Ebola vaccine''' is a vaccine used to prevent [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (Ebola). There are six known species of ebolavirus; four of them cause Ebola disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2026 |title=Ebola Disease Basics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904235000/https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> As of May 2026, there is one licensed vaccine against the Zaire ebolavirus species, and none against the other species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola virus disease vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329030714/https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>{{Efn|The Zabdeno/Mvabea vaccine was withdrawn in May 2026: WHO source is not up to date. (2026-06-10)}} The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was first approved in the European Union in November 2019 and subsequently approved in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=Ervebo EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ervebo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229220757/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ervebo |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=European Medicines Agency (EMA)}}</ref> It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use protocol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beth Mole |date=16 April 2019 |title=As Ebola outbreak rages, vaccine is 97.5% effective, protecting over 90K people |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ebola-vaccine-is-97-5-effective-early-outbreak-data-suggests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219092305/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ebola-vaccine-is-97-5-effective-early-outbreak-data-suggests/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=5 July 2019 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> A second vaccine, Zabdeno/Mvabea, had been licensed by the European Union in July 2020, but was withdrawn by the manufacturer in May 2026.<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Several vaccine candidates displayed efficacy to protect nonhuman primates (usually macaques) against lethal infection.<ref name="Hoenen2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoenen T, Groseth A, Feldmann H |date=July 2012 |title=Current ebola vaccines |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=859–872 |doi=10.1517/14712598.2012.685152 |pmc=3422127 |pmid=22559078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN |date=January 2004 |title=Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2004EIDis..10...40P |doi=10.3201/eid1001.030125 |pmc=3322747 |pmid=15078595}}</ref><ref name="Hugues2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fausther-Bovendo H, Mulangu S, Sullivan NJ |date=June 2012 |title=Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and apes |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.003 |pmc=3397659 |pmid=22560007}}</ref> Candidate vaccines include replication-deficient adenovirus [[Allurar rigakafin kwayar cuta|vectors]], replication-competent vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and human parainfluenza (HPIV-3) vectors, and virus-like nanoparticle preparations.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavot V |date=December 2016 |title=Ebola virus vaccines: Where do we stand? |journal=Clinical Immunology |location=Orlando, Fla. |volume=173 |pages=44–49 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.016 |pmid=27910805}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Vaccine !Associated organisations !Status !Strain used !Intra-Species efficacy !Efficacy against BDBV !Efficacy against SUDV !Efficacy against TAFV |- |rVSV ZEBOV (cAd3-ZEBOV) sold under Ervebo |Newlink Genetics, Merck, GSK, NIAID, Bavarian Nordic, PHAC & GlaxoSmithKline<ref name="UOONov2014">{{Cite web |last=University of Oxford |author-link=University of Oxford |date=4 December 2014 |title=Booster Ebola vaccine enters first trials at Oxford University |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221041745/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledgerwood JE, DeZure AD, Stanley DA, Coates EE, Novik L, Enama ME, Berkowitz NM, Hu Z, Joshi G, Ploquin A, Sitar S, Gordon IJ, Plummer SA, Holman LA, Hendel CS, Yamshchikov G, Roman F, Nicosia A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Bailer RT, Schwartz RM, Roederer M, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Sullivan NJ, Graham BS |date=March 2017 |title=Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=376 |issue=10 |pages=928–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1410863 |pmid=25426834 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stanley DA, Honko AN, Asiedu C, Trefry JC, Lau-Kilby AW, Johnson JC, Hensley L, Ammendola V, Abbate A, Grazioli F, Foulds KE, Cheng C, Wang L, Donaldson MM, Colloca S, Folgori A, Roederer M, Nabel GJ, Mascola J, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Koup RA, Sullivan NJ |date=October 2014 |title=Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine generates acute and durable protective immunity against ebolavirus challenge |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1126–1129 |doi=10.1038/nm.3702 |pmid=25194571 |s2cid=20712490}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | style="background: #afe0ba ;" |In use<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Vaxart Completes Financing to Fund Expanding Development Portfolio |url=http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=106188#.VL1-P0ca9OI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119233716/http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=106188#.VL1-P0ca9OI |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Vaxart}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marzi A, Feldmann F, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Safronetz D |date=February 2015 |title=Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines against Lassa and Ebola viruses |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=305–307 |doi=10.3201/eid2102.141649 |pmc=4313664 |pmid=25625358}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |author-link5=Gary Kobinger |vauthors=Marzi A, Hanley PW, Haddock E, Martellaro C, Kobinger G, Feldmann H |date=October 2016 |title=Efficacy of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Ebola Virus Postexposure Treatment in Rhesus Macaques Infected With Ebola Virus Makona |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=214 |issue=suppl 3 |pages=S360–66 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiw218 |pmc=5050468 |pmid=27496978}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |Kikwit<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinski AN, Messaoudi I |date=September 2020 |title=To B or Not to B: Mechanisms of Protection Conferred by rVSV-EBOV-GP and the Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |journal=Microorganisms |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=1473 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms8101473 |pmc=7600878 |pmid=32992829 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |{{Ya}} 90-95% |{{Ya}} ~75% |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |- |Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo, sold under Zabdeno/Mvabea |Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, Bavarian Nordic, Jenner Institute | style="background: #ddbceb" |In use until 2026, when its authorization was withdrawn<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno "Zabdeno EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Ebola (Bundibugyo) Day 15: The Status of Diagnostics, Investigational Therapeutics and Vaccines |url=https://ippsecretariat.org/news/day-15-ebola-bdbv-2026/ |access-date=5 June 2026 |publisher=International Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat}}</ref> |Mayinga<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- |Ad5-EBOV |CanSino Biologics & the Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=China Approves Ebola Vaccine |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-10-20/101159251.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111457/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-10-20/101159251.html |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=Caixin Global}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Overview of candidate Ebola vaccines as of August 19, 2019 |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2019/october/6_Ebola_Candidate_Vaccines_19-09-19.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916232819/https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2019/october/6_Ebola_Candidate_Vaccines_19-09-19.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Strategic Advisory Group of Experts]]}}</ref> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in China after the completion of a Phase II Trial <ref name=":17" /> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- | align="center" |GamEvac-Combi | align="center" |Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Defence (Russia)<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in Russia after the completion of a Phase II Trial <ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Dzharullaeva AS, Tukhvatulina NM, Shcheblyakov DV, Shmarov MM, Tokarskaya EA, Simakova YV, Egorova DA, Scherbinin DN, Tutykhina IL, Lysenko AA, Kostarnoy AV, Gancheva PG, Ozharovskaya TA, Belugin BV, Kolobukhina LV, Pantyukhov VB, Syromyatnikova SI, Shatokhina IV, Sizikova TV, Rumyantseva IG, Andrus AF, Boyarskaya NV, Voytyuk AN, Babira VF, Volchikhina SV, Kutaev DA, Bel'skih AN, Zhdanov KV, Zakharenko SM, Borisevich SV, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL |date=March 2017 |title=Safety and immunogenicity of GamEvac-Combi, a heterologous VSV- and Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine: An open phase I/II trial in healthy adults in Russia |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=613–620 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2016.1238535 |pmc=5360131 |pmid=28152326}}</ref> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} 93% |{{na}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- | align="center" |EpivacEbola | align="center" |Rospotrebnadzor<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in Russia after the completion of a Phase III Trial<ref name=":17" /> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |ChAd3 | align="center" |Sabin Vaccines Institute & NIAID<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #faf082" |Phase II Trial completed<ref name=":17" /> |Mayinga<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |Vaxart Tablet | align="center" |Vaxart Inc. & USAMRIID | style="background: #faf082" |Phase II Trial completed<ref name=":9" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |INO-4201 DNA vaccine | align="center" |Inovio Pharmaceuticals | style="background: #faf082" |Phase I Trial completed<ref name=":17" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- |ZEBOV GP |Novavax Inc. | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenges complete<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thi EP, Mire CE, Lee AC, Geisbert JB, Zhou JZ, Agans KN, Snead NM, Deer DJ, Barnard TR, Fenton KA, MacLachlan I, Geisbert TW |date=May 2015 |title=Lipid nanoparticle siRNA treatment of Ebola-virus-Makona-infected nonhuman primates |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=362–365 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..362T |doi=10.1038/nature14442 |pmc=4467030 |pmid=25901685}}</ref> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- |AdCAGoptZGP Nasal Vaccine |Thomas Jefferson University, University of Texas-Austin & NIAID | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete<ref name="nasal">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Choi JH, Jonsson-Schmunk K, Qiu X, Shedlock DJ, Strong J, Xu JX, Michie KL, Audet J, Fernando L, Myers MJ, Weiner D, Bajrovic I, Tran LQ, Wong G, Bello A, Kobinger GP, Schafer SC, Croyle MA |date=August 2015 |title=A Single Dose Respiratory Recombinant Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protection for Non-Human Primates from Lethal Ebola Infection |journal=Molecular Pharmaceutics |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=2712–2731 |doi=10.1021/mp500646d |pmc=4525323 |pmid=25363619}}</ref> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" |Attenuated Ebola virus vaccine:EBOVΔVP30 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" |University of Tokyo, University of Wisconscin, Japan Science and Technology Agency<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marzi A, Halfmann P, Hill-Batorski L, Feldmann F, Shupert WL, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y |date=April 2015 |title=Vaccines. An Ebola whole-virus vaccine is protective in nonhuman primates |journal=Science |location=New York, N.Y. |volume=348 |issue=6233 |pages=439–442 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa4919 |pmc=4565490 |pmid=25814063}}</ref> | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete |Mayinga<ref name="ReferenceB" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |VSVΔG/EBOVGP | align="center" |NIH & University of Texas Medical Branch | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenges complete<ref name=":10" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |VP35m | align="center" |[[Jami'ar California, Irvine|University of California, Irvine]], University of Texas Medical Branch, Mayo Clinic &Georgia State University<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woolsey C, Menicucci AR, Cross RW, Luthra P, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Geisbert JB, Mire CE, Fenton KA, Jankeel A, Anand S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Messaoudi I, Basler CF |date=September 2019 |title=A VP35 Mutant Ebola Virus Lacks Virulence but Can Elicit Protective Immunity to Wild-Type Virus Challenge |journal=Cell Reports |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=3032–46.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.047 |pmc=6886687 |pmid=31533029}}</ref> | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete<ref name=":21" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |} == Approved worldwide == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Fayil:Ebola_virions.png|thumb|Ebola virions]] It was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada, with development subsequently taken over by Merck Inc. In September 2014, two Phase I clinical trials began for the vaccine cAd3-EBO Z, which is based on an attenuated version of a chimpanzee adenovirus (cAd3) that has been genetically altered so that it is unable to replicate in humans.<ref name="VRCSept2014">{{Cite web |last=[[Vaccine Research Center]], [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]] |date=2 October 2014 |title=Ebola Vaccine Clinical Development Overview (presentation) |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/ebola/2-GRAHAM_Ebo_WHO_Briefing_29Sept2014_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021082855/http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/ebola/2-GRAHAM_Ebo_WHO_Briefing_29Sept2014_final.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> The cAd3 vector has a DNA fragment insert that encodes the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein, which is expressed on the virion surface and is critical for attachment to host cells and catalysis of membrane fusion. It was developed by NIAID in collaboration with Okairos, now a division of GlaxoSmithKline. For the trial designated VRC 20, 20 volunteers were recruited by the NIAID in Bethesda, Maryland, while three dose-specific groups of 20 volunteers each were recruited for trial EBL01 by University of Oxford, UK. Initial results were released in November 2014; all 20 volunteers developed antibodies against Ebola and there were no significant concerns raised about safety.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> In October 2014, the Wellcome Trust, who was also one of the biggest UK founders,<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoLonginiEggerDean2015">Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, et&nbsp;al. (August 2015). </cite></ref> alsp announced the start of multiple trials in healthy volunteers in Europe, Gabon, Kenya, and the US. The vaccine was proven safe at multiple sites in North America, Europe, and Africa, but several volunteers at one trial site in Geneva, Switzerland, developed vaccine-related arthritis after about two weeks, and about 20–30% of volunteers at reporting sites developed low-grade post-vaccine fever, which resolved within a day or two. Other common side-effects were pain at the site of injection, myalgia, and fatigue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shuchman M |date=May 2015 |title=Ebola vaccine trial in west Africa faces criticism |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=385 |issue=9981 |pages=1933–1934 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60938-2 |pmid=25979835 |s2cid=40400570}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShuchman2015">Shuchman M (May 2015). </cite></ref> The trial was temporarily halted in December 2014 due to possible adverse effects, but subsequently resumed.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Margaret Chan |title=WHO Director-General opens high-level meeting on Ebola vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/ebola-vaccines-meeting/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118072027/http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/ebola-vaccines-meeting/en/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> In December 2014, University of Oxford expanded the trial to include a booster vaccine based on MVA-BN, a strain of Modified vaccinia Ankara, developed by Bavarian Nordic, to investigate whether it can help increase immune responses further.<ref name="UOONov2014">{{Cite web |last=University of Oxford |author-link=University of Oxford |date=4 December 2014 |title=Booster Ebola vaccine enters first trials at Oxford University |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221041745/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Oxford2014">[[Jami'ar Oxford|University of Oxford]] (4 December 2014). </cite></ref> The trial which has enrolled a total of 60 volunteers will see 30 volunteers vaccinated with the booster vaccine. {{As of|April 2015}}, Phase III trial with a single dose of cAd3-EBO Z began in Sierra Leone and Liberia after a successful Phase 2 study in West Africa countries. On 31 July 2015, preliminary results of a phase III trial in Guinea indicated that the vaccine appeared to be "highly efficacious and safe."<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoLonginiEggerDean2015">Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, et&nbsp;al. (August 2015). </cite></ref> The trial used a ring vaccination protocol that first vaccinated all the closest contacts of new cases of Ebola infection either immediately or after 21 days. Because of the demonstrated efficacy of immediate vaccination, all recipients will now be immunized immediately.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola update (93): Positive vaccine trial results |url=http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3552116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192401/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3552116 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 August 2015 |website=ProMED mail |publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases}}</ref><ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=WHO coordinating vaccination of contacts to contain Ebola flare-up in Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-contacts-vaccination/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032134/http://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-contacts-vaccination/en/ |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=14 May 2016 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> Ring vaccination is the method used in the program to eradicate [[Agana|smallpox]] in the 1970s. The trial will continue to assess whether the vaccine is effective in creating herd immunity to Ebola virus infection. In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 95–100% effective against the Zaire ebolavirus, making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.<ref name="TL-20161222">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, Carroll MW, Dean NE, Diatta I, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Gsell PS, Hossmann S, Watle SV, Kondé MK, Kéïta S, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Mauget T, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Røttingen JA, Kieny MP |date=February 2017 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!) |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=389 |issue=10068 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 |pmc=5364328 |pmid=28017403}}</ref> The approval was supported by a study conducted in Guinea during the 2014–2016 outbreak in individuals 18 years of age and older. The study was a randomized cluster (ring) vaccination study in which 3,537 contacts, and contacts of contacts, of individuals with laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD) received either "immediate" or 21-day "delayed" vaccination.<ref name="FDA PR" /> This design was intended to capture a social network of individuals and locations that might include dwellings or workplaces where a patient spent time while symptomatic, or the households of individuals who had contact with the patient during that person's illness or death.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In a comparison of cases of EVD among 2,108 individuals in the "immediate" vaccination arm and 1,429 individuals in the "delayed" vaccination arm, Ervebo was determined to be 100% effective in preventing Ebola cases with symptom onset greater than ten days after vaccination.<ref name="FDA PR" /> No cases of EVD with symptom onset greater than ten days after vaccination were observed in the "immediate" cluster group, compared with ten cases of EVD in the 21-day "delayed" cluster group.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In additional studies, antibody responses were assessed in 477 individuals in Liberia, some 500 individuals in Sierra Leone, and about 900 individuals in Canada, Spain, and the US. The antibody responses among those in the study conducted in Canada, Spain and the US were similar to those among individuals in the studies conducted in Liberia and Sierra Leone.<ref name="FDA PR" /> The safety was assessed in approximately 15,000 individuals in Africa, Europe, and North America. The most commonly reported side effects were pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, as well as headache, fever, joint and muscle aches and fatigue.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 70–100% effective against the Ebola virus, making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.<ref name="TL-20161222">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, Carroll MW, Dean NE, Diatta I, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Gsell PS, Hossmann S, Watle SV, Kondé MK, Kéïta S, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Mauget T, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Røttingen JA, Kieny MP |date=February 2017 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!) |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=389 |issue=10068 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 |pmc=5364328 |pmid=28017403}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoCamachoLonginiWatson2017">Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, et&nbsp;al. (February 2017). </cite></ref> However, the design of this study and the high efficacy of the vaccine were questioned.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Metzger WG, Vivas-Martínez S |date=March 2018 |title=Questionable efficacy of the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=391 |issue=10125 |page=1021 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30560-9 |pmid=29565013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In November 2019, the European Commission granted a conditional marketing authorization to Ervebo (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP, live)<ref name="Ervebo PI">{{Cite web |title=Ervebo PI |url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1392.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173632/https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1392.htm |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Union Register of medicinal products}}</ref> and the WHO prequalified an Ebola vaccine for the first time. In July 2023, the FDA expanded the indication for Ervebo to cover people aged twelve years of age and older. The vaccine has also been proven to be safe for immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV, by a 2017 study in Liberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kennedy SB, Bolay F, Kieh M, Grandits G, Badio M, Ballou R, Eckes R, Feinberg M, Follmann D, Grund B, Gupta S, Hensley L, Higgs E, Janosko K, Johnson M |date=October 2017 |title=Phase 2 Placebo-Controlled Trial of Two Vaccines to Prevent Ebola in Liberia |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=377 |issue=15 |pages=1438–1447 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614067 |pmc=5705229 |pmid=29020589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Monath TP, Fast PE, Modjarrad K, Clarke DK, Martin BK, Fusco J, Nichols R, Heppner DG, Simon JK, Dubey S, Troth SP, Wolf J, Singh V, Coller BA, Robertson JS |date=April 2019 |title=rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (also designated V920) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with Ebola Zaire Glycoprotein: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment |journal=Vaccine: X |volume=1 |doi=10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100009 |pmc=6668225 |pmid=31384731}}</ref> Ervebo demonstrated significant effectiveness during the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, providing 84% protection to individuals vaccinated at least 10 days prior to exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Merck Ebola vaccine Ervebo shown to offer substantial protection |url=https://www.statnews.com/2024/08/21/ebola-vaccine-84-percent-effective-merck-ervebo-lancet-study-african-outbreak/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=STAT}}</ref> This finding, detailed in a study published in ''The Lancet Infectious Diseases'', marks the first peer-reviewed evaluation of the vaccine, Ervebo, under real-world conditions. == Approved locally or temporarily == The two-dose regimen of Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo, sold under the brand names Zabdeno and Mvabea,<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno "Zabdeno EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Mvabea EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Mvabea EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mvabea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174621/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mvabea |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> was developed by Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson at its Janssen Pharmaceutical company. It received a 5 year approval for medical use against the Zaire ebolavirus in the European Union in July 2020.<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR" /><ref name="Mvabea EPAR" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=New vaccine for prevention of Ebola virus disease recommended approval in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144034/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> The regimen consists of two vaccine components (first vaccine as prime, followed by a second vaccine as boost) – the first based on AdVac technology from Crucell Holland B.V. (which is part of Janssen), the second based on the MVA-BN technology from Bavarian Nordic. The Ad26.ZEBOV is derived from human adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) expressing the Ebola virus Mayinga variant glycoprotein, while the second component MVA-BN is the Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara – Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) Filo-vector. This product commenced phase&nbsp;I clinical trial at the Jenner Institute in Oxford during January 2015. The preliminary data indicated the prime-boost vaccine regimen elicited temporary immunologic response in the volunteers as expected from vaccination. The phase&nbsp;II trial enrolled 612 adult volunteers and commenced in July 2015, in the United Kingdom and France. A second phase&nbsp;II trial, involving 1,200 volunteers, was initiated in Africa<ref name="BN" /> with the first trial commenced in Sierra Leone in October 2015. In September 2019, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted an accelerated assessment to Janssen for Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo,<ref name="JNJ PR">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Johnson & Johnson Announces Submission of European Marketing Authorisation Applications for Janssen's Investigational Ebola Vaccine Regimen |url=https://www.janssen.com/johnson-johnson-announces-submission-european-marketing-authorisation-applications-janssens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013206/https://www.janssen.com/johnson-johnson-announces-submission-european-marketing-authorisation-applications-janssens |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Janssen}}</ref> and in November 2019, Janssen submitted a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the EMA for approval of Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo.<ref name="JNJ PR" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=EU Marketing Authorisation submitted for Ebola vaccine regimen |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/105108/eu-marketing-authorisation-ebola-vaccine-regimen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013126/https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/105108/eu-marketing-authorisation-ebola-vaccine-regimen/ |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=European Pharmaceutical Review}}</ref> In May 2020, the EMA CHMP recommended granting a marketing authorization for the combination of Ad26.ZEBOV (Zabdeno) and MVA-BN-Filo (Mvabea) vaccines.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=New vaccine for prevention of Ebola virus disease recommended approval in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144034/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCzarska-Thorley2020">Czarska-Thorley D (29 May 2020). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno: Pending EC decision |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615083052/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/zabdeno |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Mvabea: Pending EC decision |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/mvabea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615184841/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/mvabea |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Zabdeno is given first and Mvabea is administered approximately eight weeks later as a booster.<ref name=":2" /> This prophylactic two-dose regimen is therefore not suitable for an outbreak response where immediate protection is necessary.<ref name=":2" /> As a precautionary measure for individuals at imminent risk of exposure to Ebola virus (for example healthcare professionals and those living in or visiting areas with an ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreak), an extra Zabdeno booster vaccination should be considered for individuals who completed the Zabdeno-Mvabea two-dose vaccination regimen more than four months ago.<ref name=":2" /> Efficacy for humans is not yet known as the efficacy has been extrapolated from animal studies.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, a medical anthropologist at Université de Montréal, had been working in Guinea and raised further questions about safety in the ring trial after spending time in April at one of the Ebola treatment units where trial participants are taken if they become ill, the centre in Coyah, about 50{{Spaces}}km from the capital of Conakry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shuchman M |date=May 2015 |title=Ebola vaccine trial in west Africa faces criticism |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=385 |issue=9981 |pages=1933–1934 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60938-2 |pmid=25979835 |s2cid=40400570}}</ref> The Russian Foreign Ministry announced in 2016, the intention to conduct field trials of two Russian vaccines involving 2000 people. According to local media reports, the Guinean government authorized the commencement of the trials on 9 August 2017, at the Rusal-built Research and Diagnostic Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Kindia. The trials were slated to continue until 2018.<ref name="iol.co.za" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Guinée: un vaccin trouvé et testé contre le virus Ebola – Afrique Sur 7 : actualité de notre Afrique et du monde |url=http://www.afrique-sur7.fr/60736/guinee-vaccin-trouve-teste-contre-virus-ebola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004205651/http://www.afrique-sur7.fr/60736/guinee-vaccin-trouve-teste-contre-virus-ebola/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=Afrique sur 7 |language=fr}}</ref> As of October 2019, Russia licensed the vaccine by local regulatory authorities and was reportedly ready to ship vaccine to Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Russia ready to supply Ebola vaccine to Africa |url=https://tass.com/science/1084757 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503044404/https://tass.com/science/1084757 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=TASS}}</ref> In 2014, Credit Suisse estimated that the US government will provide over $1{{Spaces}}billion in contracts to companies to develop medicine and vaccines for Ebola virus disease. Congress passed a law in 2004 that funds a national stockpile of vaccines and medicine for possible outbreaks of disease.<ref name="CNN 20141028" /> A number of companies were expected to develop Ebola vaccines: GlaxoSmithKline, [[NewLink Genetics]], Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, and Bavarian Nordic.<ref name="CNN 20141028" /> Another company, Emergent BioSolutions, was a contestant for manufacturing new doses of ZMapp, a drug for Ebola virus disease treatment originally developed by Mapp Biopharmaceutical. Supplies of ZMapp ran out in August 2014. In September 2014, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) entered into a multimillion-dollar contract with Mapp Biopharmaceutical to accelerate the development of ZMapp.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCarthy M |date=September 2014 |title=US signs contract with ZMapp maker to accelerate development of the Ebola drug |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue=sep04 10 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g5488 |pmid=25189475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Additional contracts were signed in 2017. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o0bnkymcq573juwva8bhq6v69ml9ett 882846 882845 2026-07-14T10:17:28Z D son203 45710 882846 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}}{{Databox}} An '''Ebola vaccine''' is a vaccine used to prevent [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (Ebola). There are six known species of ebolavirus; four of them cause Ebola disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2026 |title=Ebola Disease Basics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904235000/https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> As of May 2026, there is one licensed vaccine against the Zaire ebolavirus species, and none against the other species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola virus disease vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329030714/https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>{{Efn|The Zabdeno/Mvabea vaccine was withdrawn in May 2026: WHO source is not up to date. (2026-06-10)}} The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was first approved in the European Union in November 2019 and subsequently approved in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=Ervebo EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ervebo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229220757/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ervebo |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=European Medicines Agency (EMA)}}</ref> It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use protocol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beth Mole |date=16 April 2019 |title=As Ebola outbreak rages, vaccine is 97.5% effective, protecting over 90K people |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ebola-vaccine-is-97-5-effective-early-outbreak-data-suggests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219092305/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ebola-vaccine-is-97-5-effective-early-outbreak-data-suggests/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=5 July 2019 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> A second vaccine, Zabdeno/Mvabea, had been licensed by the European Union in July 2020, but was withdrawn by the manufacturer in May 2026.<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Several vaccine candidates displayed efficacy to protect nonhuman primates (usually macaques) against lethal infection.<ref name="Hoenen2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoenen T, Groseth A, Feldmann H |date=July 2012 |title=Current ebola vaccines |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=859–872 |doi=10.1517/14712598.2012.685152 |pmc=3422127 |pmid=22559078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN |date=January 2004 |title=Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2004EIDis..10...40P |doi=10.3201/eid1001.030125 |pmc=3322747 |pmid=15078595}}</ref><ref name="Hugues2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fausther-Bovendo H, Mulangu S, Sullivan NJ |date=June 2012 |title=Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and apes |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.003 |pmc=3397659 |pmid=22560007}}</ref> Candidate vaccines include replication-deficient adenovirus [[Allurar rigakafin kwayar cuta|vectors]], replication-competent vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and human parainfluenza (HPIV-3) vectors, and virus-like nanoparticle preparations.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavot V |date=December 2016 |title=Ebola virus vaccines: Where do we stand? |journal=Clinical Immunology |location=Orlando, Fla. |volume=173 |pages=44–49 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.016 |pmid=27910805}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Vaccine !Associated organisations !Status !Strain used !Intra-Species efficacy !Efficacy against BDBV !Efficacy against SUDV !Efficacy against TAFV |- |rVSV ZEBOV (cAd3-ZEBOV) sold under Ervebo |Newlink Genetics, Merck, GSK, NIAID, Bavarian Nordic, PHAC & GlaxoSmithKline<ref name="UOONov2014">{{Cite web |last=University of Oxford |author-link=University of Oxford |date=4 December 2014 |title=Booster Ebola vaccine enters first trials at Oxford University |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221041745/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledgerwood JE, DeZure AD, Stanley DA, Coates EE, Novik L, Enama ME, Berkowitz NM, Hu Z, Joshi G, Ploquin A, Sitar S, Gordon IJ, Plummer SA, Holman LA, Hendel CS, Yamshchikov G, Roman F, Nicosia A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Bailer RT, Schwartz RM, Roederer M, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Sullivan NJ, Graham BS |date=March 2017 |title=Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=376 |issue=10 |pages=928–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1410863 |pmid=25426834 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stanley DA, Honko AN, Asiedu C, Trefry JC, Lau-Kilby AW, Johnson JC, Hensley L, Ammendola V, Abbate A, Grazioli F, Foulds KE, Cheng C, Wang L, Donaldson MM, Colloca S, Folgori A, Roederer M, Nabel GJ, Mascola J, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Koup RA, Sullivan NJ |date=October 2014 |title=Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine generates acute and durable protective immunity against ebolavirus challenge |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1126–1129 |doi=10.1038/nm.3702 |pmid=25194571 |s2cid=20712490}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | style="background: #afe0ba ;" |In use<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Vaxart Completes Financing to Fund Expanding Development Portfolio |url=http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=106188#.VL1-P0ca9OI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119233716/http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=106188#.VL1-P0ca9OI |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Vaxart}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marzi A, Feldmann F, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Safronetz D |date=February 2015 |title=Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines against Lassa and Ebola viruses |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=305–307 |doi=10.3201/eid2102.141649 |pmc=4313664 |pmid=25625358}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |author-link5=Gary Kobinger |vauthors=Marzi A, Hanley PW, Haddock E, Martellaro C, Kobinger G, Feldmann H |date=October 2016 |title=Efficacy of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Ebola Virus Postexposure Treatment in Rhesus Macaques Infected With Ebola Virus Makona |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=214 |issue=suppl 3 |pages=S360–66 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiw218 |pmc=5050468 |pmid=27496978}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |Kikwit<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinski AN, Messaoudi I |date=September 2020 |title=To B or Not to B: Mechanisms of Protection Conferred by rVSV-EBOV-GP and the Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |journal=Microorganisms |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=1473 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms8101473 |pmc=7600878 |pmid=32992829 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |{{Ya}} 90-95% |{{Ya}} ~75% |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |- |Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo, sold under Zabdeno/Mvabea |Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, Bavarian Nordic, Jenner Institute | style="background: #ddbceb" |In use until 2026, when its authorization was withdrawn<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno "Zabdeno EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Ebola (Bundibugyo) Day 15: The Status of Diagnostics, Investigational Therapeutics and Vaccines |url=https://ippsecretariat.org/news/day-15-ebola-bdbv-2026/ |access-date=5 June 2026 |publisher=International Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat}}</ref> |Mayinga<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- |Ad5-EBOV |CanSino Biologics & the Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=China Approves Ebola Vaccine |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-10-20/101159251.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111457/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-10-20/101159251.html |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=Caixin Global}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Overview of candidate Ebola vaccines as of August 19, 2019 |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2019/october/6_Ebola_Candidate_Vaccines_19-09-19.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916232819/https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2019/october/6_Ebola_Candidate_Vaccines_19-09-19.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Strategic Advisory Group of Experts]]}}</ref> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in China after the completion of a Phase II Trial <ref name=":17" /> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- | align="center" |GamEvac-Combi | align="center" |Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Defence (Russia)<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in Russia after the completion of a Phase II Trial <ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Dzharullaeva AS, Tukhvatulina NM, Shcheblyakov DV, Shmarov MM, Tokarskaya EA, Simakova YV, Egorova DA, Scherbinin DN, Tutykhina IL, Lysenko AA, Kostarnoy AV, Gancheva PG, Ozharovskaya TA, Belugin BV, Kolobukhina LV, Pantyukhov VB, Syromyatnikova SI, Shatokhina IV, Sizikova TV, Rumyantseva IG, Andrus AF, Boyarskaya NV, Voytyuk AN, Babira VF, Volchikhina SV, Kutaev DA, Bel'skih AN, Zhdanov KV, Zakharenko SM, Borisevich SV, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL |date=March 2017 |title=Safety and immunogenicity of GamEvac-Combi, a heterologous VSV- and Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine: An open phase I/II trial in healthy adults in Russia |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=613–620 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2016.1238535 |pmc=5360131 |pmid=28152326}}</ref> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |{{Ya}} 93% |{{na}} |{{na}} |{{na}} |- | align="center" |EpivacEbola | align="center" |Rospotrebnadzor<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #afc6e0;" |Authorized in Russia after the completion of a Phase III Trial<ref name=":17" /> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |ChAd3 | align="center" |Sabin Vaccines Institute & NIAID<ref name=":17" /> | style="background: #faf082" |Phase II Trial completed<ref name=":17" /> |Mayinga<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |Vaxart Tablet | align="center" |Vaxart Inc. & USAMRIID | style="background: #faf082" |Phase II Trial completed<ref name=":9" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |INO-4201 DNA vaccine | align="center" |Inovio Pharmaceuticals | style="background: #faf082" |Phase I Trial completed<ref name=":17" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- |ZEBOV GP |Novavax Inc. | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenges complete<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thi EP, Mire CE, Lee AC, Geisbert JB, Zhou JZ, Agans KN, Snead NM, Deer DJ, Barnard TR, Fenton KA, MacLachlan I, Geisbert TW |date=May 2015 |title=Lipid nanoparticle siRNA treatment of Ebola-virus-Makona-infected nonhuman primates |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=362–365 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..362T |doi=10.1038/nature14442 |pmc=4467030 |pmid=25901685}}</ref> |Makona<ref name=":17" /> |? |? |? |? |- |AdCAGoptZGP Nasal Vaccine |Thomas Jefferson University, University of Texas-Austin & NIAID | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete<ref name="nasal">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Choi JH, Jonsson-Schmunk K, Qiu X, Shedlock DJ, Strong J, Xu JX, Michie KL, Audet J, Fernando L, Myers MJ, Weiner D, Bajrovic I, Tran LQ, Wong G, Bello A, Kobinger GP, Schafer SC, Croyle MA |date=August 2015 |title=A Single Dose Respiratory Recombinant Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protection for Non-Human Primates from Lethal Ebola Infection |journal=Molecular Pharmaceutics |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=2712–2731 |doi=10.1021/mp500646d |pmc=4525323 |pmid=25363619}}</ref> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" |Attenuated Ebola virus vaccine:EBOVΔVP30 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" |University of Tokyo, University of Wisconscin, Japan Science and Technology Agency<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marzi A, Halfmann P, Hill-Batorski L, Feldmann F, Shupert WL, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y |date=April 2015 |title=Vaccines. An Ebola whole-virus vaccine is protective in nonhuman primates |journal=Science |location=New York, N.Y. |volume=348 |issue=6233 |pages=439–442 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa4919 |pmc=4565490 |pmid=25814063}}</ref> | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete |Mayinga<ref name="ReferenceB" /> |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |VSVΔG/EBOVGP | align="center" |NIH & University of Texas Medical Branch | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenges complete<ref name=":10" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |- | align="center" |VP35m | align="center" |[[Jami'ar California, Irvine|University of California, Irvine]], University of Texas Medical Branch, Mayo Clinic &Georgia State University<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woolsey C, Menicucci AR, Cross RW, Luthra P, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Geisbert JB, Mire CE, Fenton KA, Jankeel A, Anand S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Messaoudi I, Basler CF |date=September 2019 |title=A VP35 Mutant Ebola Virus Lacks Virulence but Can Elicit Protective Immunity to Wild-Type Virus Challenge |journal=Cell Reports |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=3032–46.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.047 |pmc=6886687 |pmid=31533029}}</ref> | style="background: #fad282" |Non-human primate challenge complete<ref name=":21" /> |Unknown |? |? |? |? |} == Approved worldwide == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Fayil:Ebola_virions.png|thumb|Ebola virions]] It was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada, with development subsequently taken over by Merck Inc. In September 2014, two Phase I clinical trials began for the vaccine cAd3-EBO Z, which is based on an attenuated version of a chimpanzee adenovirus (cAd3) that has been genetically altered so that it is unable to replicate in humans.<ref name="VRCSept2014">{{Cite web |last=[[Vaccine Research Center]], [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]] |date=2 October 2014 |title=Ebola Vaccine Clinical Development Overview (presentation) |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/ebola/2-GRAHAM_Ebo_WHO_Briefing_29Sept2014_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021082855/http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/ebola/2-GRAHAM_Ebo_WHO_Briefing_29Sept2014_final.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> The cAd3 vector has a DNA fragment insert that encodes the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein, which is expressed on the virion surface and is critical for attachment to host cells and catalysis of membrane fusion. It was developed by NIAID in collaboration with Okairos, now a division of GlaxoSmithKline. For the trial designated VRC 20, 20 volunteers were recruited by the NIAID in Bethesda, Maryland, while three dose-specific groups of 20 volunteers each were recruited for trial EBL01 by University of Oxford, UK. Initial results were released in November 2014; all 20 volunteers developed antibodies against Ebola and there were no significant concerns raised about safety.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> In October 2014, the Wellcome Trust, who was also one of the biggest UK founders,<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoLonginiEggerDean2015">Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, et&nbsp;al. (August 2015). </cite></ref> alsp announced the start of multiple trials in healthy volunteers in Europe, Gabon, Kenya, and the US. The vaccine was proven safe at multiple sites in North America, Europe, and Africa, but several volunteers at one trial site in Geneva, Switzerland, developed vaccine-related arthritis after about two weeks, and about 20–30% of volunteers at reporting sites developed low-grade post-vaccine fever, which resolved within a day or two. Other common side-effects were pain at the site of injection, myalgia, and fatigue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shuchman M |date=May 2015 |title=Ebola vaccine trial in west Africa faces criticism |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=385 |issue=9981 |pages=1933–1934 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60938-2 |pmid=25979835 |s2cid=40400570}}</ref> The trial was temporarily halted in December 2014 due to possible adverse effects, but subsequently resumed.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Margaret Chan |title=WHO Director-General opens high-level meeting on Ebola vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/ebola-vaccines-meeting/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118072027/http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/ebola-vaccines-meeting/en/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> In December 2014, University of Oxford expanded the trial to include a booster vaccine based on MVA-BN, a strain of Modified vaccinia Ankara, developed by Bavarian Nordic, to investigate whether it can help increase immune responses further.<ref name="UOONov2014">{{Cite web |last=University of Oxford |author-link=University of Oxford |date=4 December 2014 |title=Booster Ebola vaccine enters first trials at Oxford University |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221041745/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-12-04-booster-ebola-vaccine-enters-first-trials-oxford-university-0 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Oxford2014">[[Jami'ar Oxford|University of Oxford]] (4 December 2014). </cite></ref> The trial which has enrolled a total of 60 volunteers will see 30 volunteers vaccinated with the booster vaccine. {{As of|April 2015}}, Phase III trial with a single dose of cAd3-EBO Z began in Sierra Leone and Liberia after a successful Phase 2 study in West Africa countries. On 31 July 2015, preliminary results of a phase III trial in Guinea indicated that the vaccine appeared to be "highly efficacious and safe."<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, Carroll MW, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Hossmann S, Kondé MK, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Watson CH, Kéïta S, Kieny MP, Røttingen JA |date=August 2015 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61117-5 |pmid=26248676 |s2cid=40830730 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoLonginiEggerDean2015">Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ, Camacho A, et&nbsp;al. (August 2015). </cite></ref> The trial used a ring vaccination protocol that first vaccinated all the closest contacts of new cases of Ebola infection either immediately or after 21 days. Because of the demonstrated efficacy of immediate vaccination, all recipients will now be immunized immediately.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola update (93): Positive vaccine trial results |url=http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3552116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192401/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3552116 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 August 2015 |website=ProMED mail |publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases}}</ref><ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=WHO coordinating vaccination of contacts to contain Ebola flare-up in Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-contacts-vaccination/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032134/http://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-contacts-vaccination/en/ |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=14 May 2016 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> Ring vaccination is the method used in the program to eradicate [[Agana|smallpox]] in the 1970s. The trial will continue to assess whether the vaccine is effective in creating herd immunity to Ebola virus infection. In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 95–100% effective against the Zaire ebolavirus, making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.<ref name="TL-20161222">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, Carroll MW, Dean NE, Diatta I, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Gsell PS, Hossmann S, Watle SV, Kondé MK, Kéïta S, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Mauget T, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Røttingen JA, Kieny MP |date=February 2017 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!) |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=389 |issue=10068 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 |pmc=5364328 |pmid=28017403}}</ref> The approval was supported by a study conducted in Guinea during the 2014–2016 outbreak in individuals 18 years of age and older. The study was a randomized cluster (ring) vaccination study in which 3,537 contacts, and contacts of contacts, of individuals with laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD) received either "immediate" or 21-day "delayed" vaccination.<ref name="FDA PR" /> This design was intended to capture a social network of individuals and locations that might include dwellings or workplaces where a patient spent time while symptomatic, or the households of individuals who had contact with the patient during that person's illness or death.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In a comparison of cases of EVD among 2,108 individuals in the "immediate" vaccination arm and 1,429 individuals in the "delayed" vaccination arm, Ervebo was determined to be 100% effective in preventing Ebola cases with symptom onset greater than ten days after vaccination.<ref name="FDA PR" /> No cases of EVD with symptom onset greater than ten days after vaccination were observed in the "immediate" cluster group, compared with ten cases of EVD in the 21-day "delayed" cluster group.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In additional studies, antibody responses were assessed in 477 individuals in Liberia, some 500 individuals in Sierra Leone, and about 900 individuals in Canada, Spain, and the US. The antibody responses among those in the study conducted in Canada, Spain and the US were similar to those among individuals in the studies conducted in Liberia and Sierra Leone.<ref name="FDA PR" /> The safety was assessed in approximately 15,000 individuals in Africa, Europe, and North America. The most commonly reported side effects were pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, as well as headache, fever, joint and muscle aches and fatigue.<ref name="FDA PR" /> In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 70–100% effective against the Ebola virus, making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.<ref name="TL-20161222">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, Carroll MW, Dean NE, Diatta I, Doumbia M, Draguez B, Duraffour S, Enwere G, Grais R, Gunther S, Gsell PS, Hossmann S, Watle SV, Kondé MK, Kéïta S, Kone S, Kuisma E, Levine MM, Mandal S, Mauget T, Norheim G, Riveros X, Soumah A, Trelle S, Vicari AS, Røttingen JA, Kieny MP |date=February 2017 |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!) |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=389 |issue=10068 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 |pmc=5364328 |pmid=28017403}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenao-RestrepoCamachoLonginiWatson2017">Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, et&nbsp;al. (February 2017). </cite></ref> However, the design of this study and the high efficacy of the vaccine were questioned.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Metzger WG, Vivas-Martínez S |date=March 2018 |title=Questionable efficacy of the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=391 |issue=10125 |page=1021 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30560-9 |pmid=29565013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In November 2019, the European Commission granted a conditional marketing authorization to Ervebo (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP, live)<ref name="Ervebo PI">{{Cite web |title=Ervebo PI |url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1392.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173632/https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1392.htm |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Union Register of medicinal products}}</ref> and the WHO prequalified an Ebola vaccine for the first time. In July 2023, the FDA expanded the indication for Ervebo to cover people aged twelve years of age and older. The vaccine has also been proven to be safe for immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV, by a 2017 study in Liberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kennedy SB, Bolay F, Kieh M, Grandits G, Badio M, Ballou R, Eckes R, Feinberg M, Follmann D, Grund B, Gupta S, Hensley L, Higgs E, Janosko K, Johnson M |date=October 2017 |title=Phase 2 Placebo-Controlled Trial of Two Vaccines to Prevent Ebola in Liberia |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=377 |issue=15 |pages=1438–1447 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614067 |pmc=5705229 |pmid=29020589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Monath TP, Fast PE, Modjarrad K, Clarke DK, Martin BK, Fusco J, Nichols R, Heppner DG, Simon JK, Dubey S, Troth SP, Wolf J, Singh V, Coller BA, Robertson JS |date=April 2019 |title=rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (also designated V920) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with Ebola Zaire Glycoprotein: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment |journal=Vaccine: X |volume=1 |doi=10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100009 |pmc=6668225 |pmid=31384731}}</ref> Ervebo demonstrated significant effectiveness during the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, providing 84% protection to individuals vaccinated at least 10 days prior to exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Merck Ebola vaccine Ervebo shown to offer substantial protection |url=https://www.statnews.com/2024/08/21/ebola-vaccine-84-percent-effective-merck-ervebo-lancet-study-african-outbreak/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=STAT}}</ref> This finding, detailed in a study published in ''The Lancet Infectious Diseases'', marks the first peer-reviewed evaluation of the vaccine, Ervebo, under real-world conditions. == Approved locally or temporarily == The two-dose regimen of Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo, sold under the brand names Zabdeno and Mvabea,<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174605/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno "Zabdeno EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Mvabea EPAR">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Mvabea EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mvabea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174621/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mvabea |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> was developed by Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson at its Janssen Pharmaceutical company. It received a 5 year approval for medical use against the Zaire ebolavirus in the European Union in July 2020.<ref name="Zabdeno EPAR" /><ref name="Mvabea EPAR" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=New vaccine for prevention of Ebola virus disease recommended approval in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144034/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> The regimen consists of two vaccine components (first vaccine as prime, followed by a second vaccine as boost) – the first based on AdVac technology from Crucell Holland B.V. (which is part of Janssen), the second based on the MVA-BN technology from Bavarian Nordic. The Ad26.ZEBOV is derived from human adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) expressing the Ebola virus Mayinga variant glycoprotein, while the second component MVA-BN is the Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara – Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) Filo-vector. This product commenced phase&nbsp;I clinical trial at the Jenner Institute in Oxford during January 2015. The preliminary data indicated the prime-boost vaccine regimen elicited temporary immunologic response in the volunteers as expected from vaccination. The phase&nbsp;II trial enrolled 612 adult volunteers and commenced in July 2015, in the United Kingdom and France. A second phase&nbsp;II trial, involving 1,200 volunteers, was initiated in Africa<ref name="BN" /> with the first trial commenced in Sierra Leone in October 2015. In September 2019, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted an accelerated assessment to Janssen for Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo,<ref name="JNJ PR">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Johnson & Johnson Announces Submission of European Marketing Authorisation Applications for Janssen's Investigational Ebola Vaccine Regimen |url=https://www.janssen.com/johnson-johnson-announces-submission-european-marketing-authorisation-applications-janssens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013206/https://www.janssen.com/johnson-johnson-announces-submission-european-marketing-authorisation-applications-janssens |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Janssen}}</ref> and in November 2019, Janssen submitted a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the EMA for approval of Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo.<ref name="JNJ PR" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=EU Marketing Authorisation submitted for Ebola vaccine regimen |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/105108/eu-marketing-authorisation-ebola-vaccine-regimen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013126/https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/105108/eu-marketing-authorisation-ebola-vaccine-regimen/ |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=European Pharmaceutical Review}}</ref> In May 2020, the EMA CHMP recommended granting a marketing authorization for the combination of Ad26.ZEBOV (Zabdeno) and MVA-BN-Filo (Mvabea) vaccines.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=New vaccine for prevention of Ebola virus disease recommended approval in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144034/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-recommended-approval-european-union |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCzarska-Thorley2020">Czarska-Thorley D (29 May 2020). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Zabdeno: Pending EC decision |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/zabdeno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615083052/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/zabdeno |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Mvabea: Pending EC decision |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/mvabea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615184841/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/mvabea |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Zabdeno is given first and Mvabea is administered approximately eight weeks later as a booster.<ref name=":2" /> This prophylactic two-dose regimen is therefore not suitable for an outbreak response where immediate protection is necessary.<ref name=":2" /> As a precautionary measure for individuals at imminent risk of exposure to Ebola virus (for example healthcare professionals and those living in or visiting areas with an ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreak), an extra Zabdeno booster vaccination should be considered for individuals who completed the Zabdeno-Mvabea two-dose vaccination regimen more than four months ago.<ref name=":2" /> Efficacy for humans is not yet known as the efficacy has been extrapolated from animal studies.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, a medical anthropologist at Université de Montréal, had been working in Guinea and raised further questions about safety in the ring trial after spending time in April at one of the Ebola treatment units where trial participants are taken if they become ill, the centre in Coyah, about 50{{Spaces}}km from the capital of Conakry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shuchman M |date=May 2015 |title=Ebola vaccine trial in west Africa faces criticism |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=385 |issue=9981 |pages=1933–1934 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60938-2 |pmid=25979835 |s2cid=40400570}}</ref> The Russian Foreign Ministry announced in 2016, the intention to conduct field trials of two Russian vaccines involving 2000 people. According to local media reports, the Guinean government authorized the commencement of the trials on 9 August 2017, at the Rusal-built Research and Diagnostic Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Kindia. The trials were slated to continue until 2018.<ref name="iol.co.za" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Guinée: un vaccin trouvé et testé contre le virus Ebola – Afrique Sur 7 : actualité de notre Afrique et du monde |url=http://www.afrique-sur7.fr/60736/guinee-vaccin-trouve-teste-contre-virus-ebola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004205651/http://www.afrique-sur7.fr/60736/guinee-vaccin-trouve-teste-contre-virus-ebola/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=Afrique sur 7 |language=fr}}</ref> As of October 2019, Russia licensed the vaccine by local regulatory authorities and was reportedly ready to ship vaccine to Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Russia ready to supply Ebola vaccine to Africa |url=https://tass.com/science/1084757 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503044404/https://tass.com/science/1084757 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=TASS}}</ref> In 2014, Credit Suisse estimated that the US government will provide over $1{{Spaces}}billion in contracts to companies to develop medicine and vaccines for Ebola virus disease. Congress passed a law in 2004 that funds a national stockpile of vaccines and medicine for possible outbreaks of disease.<ref name="CNN 20141028" /> A number of companies were expected to develop Ebola vaccines: GlaxoSmithKline, [[NewLink Genetics]], Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, and Bavarian Nordic.<ref name="CNN 20141028" /> Another company, Emergent BioSolutions, was a contestant for manufacturing new doses of ZMapp, a drug for Ebola virus disease treatment originally developed by Mapp Biopharmaceutical. Supplies of ZMapp ran out in August 2014. In September 2014, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) entered into a multimillion-dollar contract with Mapp Biopharmaceutical to accelerate the development of ZMapp.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCarthy M |date=September 2014 |title=US signs contract with ZMapp maker to accelerate development of the Ebola drug |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue=sep04 10 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g5488 |pmid=25189475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Additional contracts were signed in 2017. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 89jvht3mcay9i2a1xtsepg88ik3wd0o Encelia actoni 0 161555 882847 2026-07-14T10:18:23Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1212985831|Encelia actoni]]" 882847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Encelia actoni''''', also known by the common names '''Acton brittlebush''' and '''Acton encelia''', is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is sometimes misspelled ''Encelia actonii''. == Distribution and habitat == The plant is native to southern [[California]] and neighboring areas of [[Nevada]] in the U.S. and Baja California in México. It grows in various types of open habitat, including deserts, chaparral, and grasslands.<ref name="Jepson">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Encelia actoni |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=2562 |access-date=2018-07-06 |website=in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora |publisher=Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2018">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Steven. K. |date=2018 |title=''Encelia actoni'' |url=http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Encelia+actoni |access-date=2018-07-06 |website=Wildflower Search}}</ref> It is found in the Mojave Desert, Sonoran Deserts, Peninsular Ranges, Transverse Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, and southern Sierra Nevada. The species was named for the community of Acton in Southern California, located in an ecotone of the Mojave Desert ecoregion and of the montane chaparral and woodlands in the San Gabriel Mountains. == Description == [[Fayil:Encelia_actoni_7937.JPG|thumb|The peduncle is covered with short fine hairs (canescent); the involucre is {{Convert|8|-|14|mm}}.]] ''Encelia actoni'' is a multi−branched perennial shrub, reaching {{Convert|1|-|4|ft|m}} in height. The branches are lined with oval to roughly triangular leaves a few centimeters long, that are gray-green and woolly in texture.<ref name="Jepson" /> The inflorescence is a solitary daisylike flower head {{Convert|1|-|2|in|cm}} in diameter, on a tall, erect peduncle. The head has a center of many yellow disc florets surrounded by up to 25 yellow ray florets. It blooms in the Spring. The fruit is an achene about half a centimeter long, usually lacking a pappus. It reseeds well. == Cultivation == ''Encelia actoni'' is cultivated as an ornamental plant for drought tolerant and wildlife gardens, natural landscaping design, and habitat restoration projects. It needs sun and after the first summer, very limited to no supplemental irrigation.<ref name="laspilitas" /> == Manazarta == 0bq8rx5jcq4gyt8ykr7xaapm9nlcosh 882848 882847 2026-07-14T10:18:47Z D son203 45710 882848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Encelia actoni''''', also known by the common names '''Acton brittlebush''' and '''Acton encelia''', is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is sometimes misspelled ''Encelia actonii''. == Distribution and habitat == The plant is native to southern [[California]] and neighboring areas of [[Nevada]] in the U.S. and Baja California in México. It grows in various types of open habitat, including deserts, chaparral, and grasslands.<ref name="Jepson">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Encelia actoni |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=2562 |access-date=2018-07-06 |website=in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora |publisher=Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2018">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Steven. K. |date=2018 |title=''Encelia actoni'' |url=http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Encelia+actoni |access-date=2018-07-06 |website=Wildflower Search}}</ref> It is found in the Mojave Desert, Sonoran Deserts, Peninsular Ranges, Transverse Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, and southern Sierra Nevada. The species was named for the community of Acton in Southern California, located in an ecotone of the Mojave Desert ecoregion and of the montane chaparral and woodlands in the San Gabriel Mountains. == Description == [[Fayil:Encelia_actoni_7937.JPG|thumb|The peduncle is covered with short fine hairs (canescent); the involucre is {{Convert|8|-|14|mm}}.]] ''Encelia actoni'' is a multi−branched perennial shrub, reaching {{Convert|1|-|4|ft|m}} in height. The branches are lined with oval to roughly triangular leaves a few centimeters long, that are gray-green and woolly in texture.<ref name="Jepson" /> The inflorescence is a solitary daisylike flower head {{Convert|1|-|2|in|cm}} in diameter, on a tall, erect peduncle. The head has a center of many yellow disc florets surrounded by up to 25 yellow ray florets. It blooms in the Spring. The fruit is an achene about half a centimeter long, usually lacking a pappus. It reseeds well. == Cultivation == ''Encelia actoni'' is cultivated as an ornamental plant for drought tolerant and wildlife gardens, natural landscaping design, and habitat restoration projects. It needs sun and after the first summer, very limited to no supplemental irrigation.<ref name="laspilitas" /> == Manazarta == k2nr37lpo9v60b9dm19to3q0iwxtgrj Siyasa ta Jima'i 0 161556 882849 2026-07-14T10:20:23Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361335394|The Politics of Human Sexuality]]" 882849 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''The Politics of Human Sexuality'''" is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American comedy television series ''Community''. It originally aired in the United States on [[NBC]] on December 3, 2009. Dean Pelton and Annie host an [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|STD]] awareness fair at Greendale as Troy and Abed compete against each other to see who is the better athlete. == Plot == Dean Pelton (Jim Rash) and Annie (Alison Brie) are promoting Greendale's upcoming STD fair, handing out fortune cookies and flyers. Troy ([[Donald Glover]]) is handed a flyer, but misses the trash can when throwing it away. Abed (Danny Pudi) does the same but makes the shot. Fearing Abed is better at sports, Troy challenges him to prove who is the better athlete. Pierce (Chevy Chase) asks Jeff to double date with him and his new girlfriend Doreen (Sharon Lawrence), an escort, to the fair later that night. Pierce taunts Jeff that he can't get a date in time. Irritated, Jeff accepts his challenge. He calls a few women asking them accompany him on the date, but is brutally rebuffed. When Britta looks through his phone and finds no names but descriptions such as "Hot Blonde Spanish Class" as contacts, she suggests his shallow approach to dating is perhaps why he can't find a date. Dean Pelton decides that Annie should conduct a condom demonstration on an anatomically correct model of a penis center stage at the fair. Annie panics, having never seen an actual penis in her life. Worried she'll mess up the demonstration, she asks Britta and Shirley (Yvette Nicole Brown) for help. Annie admits to not being a virgin but realizes with Britta and Shirley's help that her ex-boyfriend was gay. Annie suggests they break into the Dean's office to get the actual model to practice with; Britta and Shirley agree. At the fair, Pierce tries to comfort Jeff, reassuring him that in his experience, dry spells with women only last 12 to 13 years. Jeff immediately turns his focus to Sabrina (Sara Erikson), the Dean's shallow new assistant, and asks the Dean for information about her. Annie, Shirley, and Britta try to break into the Dean's office, but as they look at the model penis through the keyhole, campus security walk in and detain the three. They are brought to Dean Pelton and the school counselor to discuss the incident; Annie accepts that she prefers being uncomfortable talking about sexuality. During the double date, Doreen tells Jeff that he could do a lot better than Sabrina and that as men become older, they prefer conversational companionship over sex. Jeff leaves with Sabrina anyway. Doreen tells Pierce that if he wants to continue to hang out for the night it will cost him $200. Meanwhile, Abed easily beats Troy at basketball, a carnival game, and arm wrestling. When the two race across campus, Abed lets Troy win. Back inside the fair, Dean Pelton observes that the alcohol served has caused many of the students to be highly sexually aroused. When students decide to make water balloons, they discover holes from the text printed on the condoms. Panicking, the Dean asks Troy to run to his office to make an announcement not to use the distributed condoms. Troy, however, bestows the responsibility to Abed, the faster of the two. Abed mistakenly warns students not to use condoms at all. While having sex inside Jeff's car, Sabrina reveals that she thought he was a professor, and Jeff realizes he must be more mature in his romantic endeavors. Jeff ends things with Sabrina and returns to the fair to chat with Pierce. Jeff privately changes "Hot Blonde Spanish Class" to "Britta" in his phone. == Reception == In its original U.S. broadcast it was viewed by 5.42 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman, Bill |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Thursday broadcast & cable finals: Flash Forward down; other Broadcast shows unchanged |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/04/thursday-broadcast-other-broadcast-shows-unchanged/35341/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016173124/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/04/thursday-broadcast-other-broadcast-shows-unchanged/35341/ |archive-date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club rated the episode positively with a B+ and that it was "another fine and funny episode of a show that's rapidly turned into one of my favorites."<ref name="avclub">{{Cite web |last=VanDerWerff |first=Emily |date=December 4, 2009 |title="Politics of Human Sexuality" S1 / E11 |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/politics-of-human-sexuality,36006/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207113616/http://www.avclub.com/articles/politics-of-human-sexuality%2C36006/ |archive-date=December 7, 2009 |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> Sean Gandert of Paste noted the struggle of trying to fit 40 minutes of ideas into 22 minutes and that "The strange level of Orwellian doublespeak and strange standards are a magically weird affair and Community captured the essence of just how odd these things really are. That being said, I wanted more of it."<ref name="paste">{{Cite web |last=Gandert |first=Sean |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Community Review: "The Politics of Human Sexuality" (Episode 1.11) |url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2009/12/community-review-the-politics-of-human-sexuality-e.html |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=Paste}}</ref> Jonah Krakow of IGN was negative and not hopeful on the quality of future episodes, stating, "[...] nor was this the worst episode in the history of television. But I'm done making excuses or holding out hope that it will eventually improve."<ref name="ign">{{Cite web |last=Krakow |first=Jonah |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Community: "The Politics of Human Sexuality" Review - Annie's never seen a penis and Jeff keeps his in his pants. |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/12/04/community-the-politics-of-human-sexuality-review |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=IGN}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 54grj9l6h5fgfdgdgy7dw3mqqd6png8 882850 882849 2026-07-14T10:21:13Z D son203 45710 882850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "'''The Politics of Human Sexuality'''" is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American comedy television series ''Community''. It originally aired in the United States on [[NBC]] on December 3, 2009. Dean Pelton and Annie host an [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|STD]] awareness fair at Greendale as Troy and Abed compete against each other to see who is the better athlete. == Plot == Dean Pelton (Jim Rash) and Annie (Alison Brie) are promoting Greendale's upcoming STD fair, handing out fortune cookies and flyers. Troy ([[Donald Glover]]) is handed a flyer, but misses the trash can when throwing it away. Abed (Danny Pudi) does the same but makes the shot. Fearing Abed is better at sports, Troy challenges him to prove who is the better athlete. Pierce (Chevy Chase) asks Jeff to double date with him and his new girlfriend Doreen (Sharon Lawrence), an escort, to the fair later that night. Pierce taunts Jeff that he can't get a date in time. Irritated, Jeff accepts his challenge. He calls a few women asking them accompany him on the date, but is brutally rebuffed. When Britta looks through his phone and finds no names but descriptions such as "Hot Blonde Spanish Class" as contacts, she suggests his shallow approach to dating is perhaps why he can't find a date. Dean Pelton decides that Annie should conduct a condom demonstration on an anatomically correct model of a penis center stage at the fair. Annie panics, having never seen an actual penis in her life. Worried she'll mess up the demonstration, she asks Britta and Shirley (Yvette Nicole Brown) for help. Annie admits to not being a virgin but realizes with Britta and Shirley's help that her ex-boyfriend was gay. Annie suggests they break into the Dean's office to get the actual model to practice with; Britta and Shirley agree. At the fair, Pierce tries to comfort Jeff, reassuring him that in his experience, dry spells with women only last 12 to 13 years. Jeff immediately turns his focus to Sabrina (Sara Erikson), the Dean's shallow new assistant, and asks the Dean for information about her. Annie, Shirley, and Britta try to break into the Dean's office, but as they look at the model penis through the keyhole, campus security walk in and detain the three. They are brought to Dean Pelton and the school counselor to discuss the incident; Annie accepts that she prefers being uncomfortable talking about sexuality. During the double date, Doreen tells Jeff that he could do a lot better than Sabrina and that as men become older, they prefer conversational companionship over sex. Jeff leaves with Sabrina anyway. Doreen tells Pierce that if he wants to continue to hang out for the night it will cost him $200. Meanwhile, Abed easily beats Troy at basketball, a carnival game, and arm wrestling. When the two race across campus, Abed lets Troy win. Back inside the fair, Dean Pelton observes that the alcohol served has caused many of the students to be highly sexually aroused. When students decide to make water balloons, they discover holes from the text printed on the condoms. Panicking, the Dean asks Troy to run to his office to make an announcement not to use the distributed condoms. Troy, however, bestows the responsibility to Abed, the faster of the two. Abed mistakenly warns students not to use condoms at all. While having sex inside Jeff's car, Sabrina reveals that she thought he was a professor, and Jeff realizes he must be more mature in his romantic endeavors. Jeff ends things with Sabrina and returns to the fair to chat with Pierce. Jeff privately changes "Hot Blonde Spanish Class" to "Britta" in his phone. == Reception == In its original U.S. broadcast it was viewed by 5.42 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman, Bill |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Thursday broadcast & cable finals: Flash Forward down; other Broadcast shows unchanged |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/04/thursday-broadcast-other-broadcast-shows-unchanged/35341/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016173124/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/04/thursday-broadcast-other-broadcast-shows-unchanged/35341/ |archive-date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club rated the episode positively with a B+ and that it was "another fine and funny episode of a show that's rapidly turned into one of my favorites."<ref name="avclub">{{Cite web |last=VanDerWerff |first=Emily |date=December 4, 2009 |title="Politics of Human Sexuality" S1 / E11 |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/politics-of-human-sexuality,36006/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207113616/http://www.avclub.com/articles/politics-of-human-sexuality%2C36006/ |archive-date=December 7, 2009 |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> Sean Gandert of Paste noted the struggle of trying to fit 40 minutes of ideas into 22 minutes and that "The strange level of Orwellian doublespeak and strange standards are a magically weird affair and Community captured the essence of just how odd these things really are. That being said, I wanted more of it."<ref name="paste">{{Cite web |last=Gandert |first=Sean |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Community Review: "The Politics of Human Sexuality" (Episode 1.11) |url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2009/12/community-review-the-politics-of-human-sexuality-e.html |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=Paste}}</ref> Jonah Krakow of IGN was negative and not hopeful on the quality of future episodes, stating, "[...] nor was this the worst episode in the history of television. But I'm done making excuses or holding out hope that it will eventually improve."<ref name="ign">{{Cite web |last=Krakow |first=Jonah |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Community: "The Politics of Human Sexuality" Review - Annie's never seen a penis and Jeff keeps his in his pants. |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/12/04/community-the-politics-of-human-sexuality-review |access-date=May 10, 2013 |website=IGN}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nm004hh2o7crgixspzzg7vn3d9o70e1 Sarah Perry 0 161557 882853 2026-07-14T10:33:01Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359298143|Sarah Perry]]" 882853 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}} '''Sarah Grace Perry''' FRSL (born 28 November 1979) is an English author. She has had four novels published: ''After Me Comes the Flood'' (2014), ''The Essex Serpent'' (2016), ''Melmoth'' (2018) and ''Enlightenment'' (2024). Her work has been translated into 22 languages. She was appointed Chancellor of the University of Essex in July 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed author Dr Sarah Perry appointed as new Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022212/https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> officially starting in this role on 1 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204131626/https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == Perry was born, the youngest of five sisters, in Chelmsford, Essex, into a family of devout [[Kirista|Christians]] who were members of a Strict Baptist church. Growing up with almost no access to contemporary art, culture, and writing, she filled her time with classical music, classic novels and poetry, and church-related activities. She says this early immersion in old literature and the King James Bible profoundly influenced her writing style. She attended Chelmsford County High School for Girls. She married her husband Robert Perry at the age of 20. She graduated from Anglia Polytechnic University (now Anglia Ruskin University) with a degree in English Literature, then worked briefly in the Civil Service. Perry has a PhD in creative writing from Royal Holloway University where her supervisor was Sir [[Andrew Motion]]. Her doctoral thesis was on the Gothic in the writing of Iris Murdoch, and Perry has subsequently published an article on the Gothic in ''Aeon'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |title=Gothic: the ancient roots of a dark thrill &#124; Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/gothic-the-ancient-roots-of-a-dark-thrill |website=Aeon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |date=2014 |title=The Genesis of 'After Me Comes the Flood' |url=http://shinynewbooks.co.uk/bookbuzz01/the-genesis-of-after-me-comes-the-flood-sarah-perry/ |website=Shiny New Books}}</ref> {{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}} == Career == In 2013, she was a writer-in-residence at Gladstone's Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers in Residence 2013 |url=https://www.gladstoneslibrary.org/events/writers-in-residence/writers-in-residence-2013 |website=Gladstone's Library}}</ref> In June 2018, Perry was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in its "40 Under 40" initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2018-06-28 |title=Royal Society of Literature admits 40 new fellows to address historical biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/28/royal-society-of-literature-40-under-40-fellows |access-date=2018-07-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In October 2019 she was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of Letters by Anglia Ruskin University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Perry |url=http://www.aru.ac.uk/graduation-and-alumni/honorary-award-holders2/sarah-perry |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> In 2020, she wrote a short 96-page book about the existing stereotype about the hometown Essex, entitled ''Essex Girls''. Her 2025 book ''Death of an Ordinary Man'' was longlisted for the 2026 Women's Prize for Non-Fiction. == Novels == === ''After Me Comes the Flood'' === Perry's debut novel, ''After Me Comes the Flood'', was released in 2014 by Serpent's Tail, receiving high praise from reviewers including those of ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''. The novel tells the story of a man named John Cole who wanders into a strange world while seeking out his brother amidst a drought. John Burnside, writing for ''The Guardian'', called it "extraordinary" and "a remarkable debut". === ''The Essex Serpent'' === Her second novel, ''The Essex Serpent'', was also published by Serpent's Tail, in 2016. Inspired by the myth of a sea serpent on the Essex coast, it tells the story of a Victorian widow, Cora Seaborne, and the friends who surround her after the death of her bullying husband. Cora is intrigued and compelled by the possibility of the serpent's return, but clashes with the local vicar, William Ransome, who is determined to lay superstition to rest in his rural parish. The novel is again written in a gothic style, and explores themes of goodness, friendship, superstition, and love and once again received positive reviews; John Burnside, quoted on the book's cover, writes: "Had Charles Dickens and Bram Stoker come together to write the great Victorian novel, I wonder if it would have surpassed ''The Essex Serpent''? No way of knowing, but with only her second outing, Sarah Perry establishes herself as one of the finest fiction writers working in Britain today."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Essex Serpent - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080359/https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-07-23 |website=serpentstail.com}}</ref> ''The Essex Serpent'' was nominated in the Novel category for the 2016 Costa Book Awards and was named Waterstones Book of the Year 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterstones Book of the Year 2020 &#124; Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book-awards/waterstones-book-of-the-year}}</ref> It was placed on the long list for the 2017 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction. It was adapted for a limited series on Apple TV+ in 2022. === ''Melmoth'' === Her third novel is titled ''Melmoth'', and was inspired by Charles Maturin's gothic novel ''Melmoth the Wanderer''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=16 September 2017 |title=Sarah Perry reveals 'even more ambitious' next novel |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/serpents-tail-signs-third-sarah-perry-title-638756}}</ref> It was published by Serpent's Tail in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melmoth - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165031/https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |archive-date=2018-10-16 |website=serpentstail.com}}</ref> ''Melmoth'' was shortlisted for the 2019 [[Kyautar Dylan Thomas|Dylan Thomas Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=2019 Dylan Thomas Prize shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> === ''Enlightenment'' === Perry's fourth novel, ''Enlightenment'', was published by Cape in May 2024.<ref name="z544">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt |first=David |date=2024-06-04 |title=Book Review: 'Enlightenment,' by Sarah Perry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/books/review/sarah-perry-enlightenment.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="h699">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sarah Perry's 'Enlightenment' ponders faith, astronomy and friendship : NPR's Book of the Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/05/1196981344/nprs-book-of-the-day-sarah-perry-enlightenment |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NPR}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement'' called it an "uplifting perspective on the relationship between faith and facts" and "a delicate piece of misdirection."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitzen |first=Rohan |date=10 May 2024 |title=The comet in us all |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/enlightenment-sarah-perry-book-review-rohan-maitzen/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=TLS}}</ref> It was longlisted for the 2024 Booker Prize. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pwdxn403qfvpzhh19tlmtk6uaethrjr 882854 882853 2026-07-14T10:33:52Z D son203 45710 882854 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}}{{Databox}} '''Sarah Grace Perry''' FRSL (born 28 November 1979) is an English author. She has had four novels published: ''After Me Comes the Flood'' (2014), ''The Essex Serpent'' (2016), ''Melmoth'' (2018) and ''Enlightenment'' (2024). Her work has been translated into 22 languages. She was appointed Chancellor of the University of Essex in July 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed author Dr Sarah Perry appointed as new Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022212/https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> officially starting in this role on 1 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204131626/https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == Perry was born, the youngest of five sisters, in Chelmsford, Essex, into a family of devout [[Kirista|Christians]] who were members of a Strict Baptist church. Growing up with almost no access to contemporary art, culture, and writing, she filled her time with classical music, classic novels and poetry, and church-related activities. She says this early immersion in old literature and the King James Bible profoundly influenced her writing style. She attended Chelmsford County High School for Girls. She married her husband Robert Perry at the age of 20. She graduated from Anglia Polytechnic University (now Anglia Ruskin University) with a degree in English Literature, then worked briefly in the Civil Service. Perry has a PhD in creative writing from Royal Holloway University where her supervisor was Sir [[Andrew Motion]]. Her doctoral thesis was on the Gothic in the writing of Iris Murdoch, and Perry has subsequently published an article on the Gothic in ''Aeon'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |title=Gothic: the ancient roots of a dark thrill &#124; Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/gothic-the-ancient-roots-of-a-dark-thrill |website=Aeon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |date=2014 |title=The Genesis of 'After Me Comes the Flood' |url=http://shinynewbooks.co.uk/bookbuzz01/the-genesis-of-after-me-comes-the-flood-sarah-perry/ |website=Shiny New Books}}</ref> {{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}} == Career == In 2013, she was a writer-in-residence at Gladstone's Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers in Residence 2013 |url=https://www.gladstoneslibrary.org/events/writers-in-residence/writers-in-residence-2013 |website=Gladstone's Library}}</ref> In June 2018, Perry was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in its "40 Under 40" initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2018-06-28 |title=Royal Society of Literature admits 40 new fellows to address historical biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/28/royal-society-of-literature-40-under-40-fellows |access-date=2018-07-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In October 2019 she was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of Letters by Anglia Ruskin University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Perry |url=http://www.aru.ac.uk/graduation-and-alumni/honorary-award-holders2/sarah-perry |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> In 2020, she wrote a short 96-page book about the existing stereotype about the hometown Essex, entitled ''Essex Girls''. Her 2025 book ''Death of an Ordinary Man'' was longlisted for the 2026 Women's Prize for Non-Fiction. == Novels == === ''After Me Comes the Flood'' === Perry's debut novel, ''After Me Comes the Flood'', was released in 2014 by Serpent's Tail, receiving high praise from reviewers including those of ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''. The novel tells the story of a man named John Cole who wanders into a strange world while seeking out his brother amidst a drought. John Burnside, writing for ''The Guardian'', called it "extraordinary" and "a remarkable debut". === ''The Essex Serpent'' === Her second novel, ''The Essex Serpent'', was also published by Serpent's Tail, in 2016. Inspired by the myth of a sea serpent on the Essex coast, it tells the story of a Victorian widow, Cora Seaborne, and the friends who surround her after the death of her bullying husband. Cora is intrigued and compelled by the possibility of the serpent's return, but clashes with the local vicar, William Ransome, who is determined to lay superstition to rest in his rural parish. The novel is again written in a gothic style, and explores themes of goodness, friendship, superstition, and love and once again received positive reviews; John Burnside, quoted on the book's cover, writes: "Had Charles Dickens and Bram Stoker come together to write the great Victorian novel, I wonder if it would have surpassed ''The Essex Serpent''? No way of knowing, but with only her second outing, Sarah Perry establishes herself as one of the finest fiction writers working in Britain today."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Essex Serpent - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080359/https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-07-23 |website=serpentstail.com}}</ref> ''The Essex Serpent'' was nominated in the Novel category for the 2016 Costa Book Awards and was named Waterstones Book of the Year 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterstones Book of the Year 2020 &#124; Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book-awards/waterstones-book-of-the-year}}</ref> It was placed on the long list for the 2017 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction. It was adapted for a limited series on Apple TV+ in 2022. === ''Melmoth'' === Her third novel is titled ''Melmoth'', and was inspired by Charles Maturin's gothic novel ''Melmoth the Wanderer''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=16 September 2017 |title=Sarah Perry reveals 'even more ambitious' next novel |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/serpents-tail-signs-third-sarah-perry-title-638756}}</ref> It was published by Serpent's Tail in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melmoth - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165031/https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |archive-date=2018-10-16 |website=serpentstail.com}}</ref> ''Melmoth'' was shortlisted for the 2019 [[Kyautar Dylan Thomas|Dylan Thomas Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=2019 Dylan Thomas Prize shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> === ''Enlightenment'' === Perry's fourth novel, ''Enlightenment'', was published by Cape in May 2024.<ref name="z544">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt |first=David |date=2024-06-04 |title=Book Review: 'Enlightenment,' by Sarah Perry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/books/review/sarah-perry-enlightenment.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="h699">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sarah Perry's 'Enlightenment' ponders faith, astronomy and friendship : NPR's Book of the Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/05/1196981344/nprs-book-of-the-day-sarah-perry-enlightenment |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NPR}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement'' called it an "uplifting perspective on the relationship between faith and facts" and "a delicate piece of misdirection."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitzen |first=Rohan |date=10 May 2024 |title=The comet in us all |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/enlightenment-sarah-perry-book-review-rohan-maitzen/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=TLS}}</ref> It was longlisted for the 2024 Booker Prize. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p45h9azhwv0qms8dd1hjd62tdaz9in2 Hotunan Jack Endino 0 161560 882864 2026-07-14T11:07:05Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360972892|Jack Endino discography]]" 882864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Endino''' is an influential audio engineer and musician particularly associated with [[Seattle]] label Sub Pop and the grunge movement. This list contains [[Albom|albums]] and EPs Endino has recorded, mixed, and/or produced, and is incomplete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino's Discography (LP's/EP's) |url=http://www.jackendino.com/discography.html}}</ref> == 1986-1987 == * 1986: ''Skin Yard'' – Skin Yard * 1986: ''Dry as a Bone'' – Green River * 1987: ''Screaming Life'' - Soundgarden * 1988: ''[[C/Z Secretions|Secretions]]'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Superfuzz Bigmuff EP'' – Mudhoney * 1988: ''Primal Rock Therapy EP'' – Blood Circus * 1988: ''Sub Pop 200'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Hallowed Ground'' - Skin Yard * 1989: ''God's Balls'' - TAD * 1989: ''Roadmouth'' - Fluid * 1989: ''Buzz Factory'' - Screaming Trees * 1989: ''Bleach'' - Nirvana * 1989: ''Psychosis'' - Coffin Break * 1989: ''Journey to the Center of Cat Butt'' - Cat Butt * 1989: ''Mudhoney'' - Mudhoney * 1989: ''The Last Laugh'' - Helios Creed == 1990 == * 1990: ''[[The Thrown Ups (album)|The Thrown Ups]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] * 1990: ''[[Angle of Attack (album)|Angle of Attack]]'' - Jack Endino * 1990: ''Fist Sized Chunks'' - Skin Yard * 1990: ''Up in It'' - Afghan Whigs * 1990: ''Fuck Me I'm Rich'' - Various Artists * 1990: ''Solomon Grundy'' - Solomon Grundy * 1990: ''Spanking Machine'' - Babes in Toyland * 1990: ''The Winding Sheet'' - Mark Lanegan * 1990: ''Blood Guts &amp;amp; Pussy'' - Dwarves * 1990: ''Rupture'' - Coffin Break * 1990: ''Highlights and Lowlives'' - Blue Cheer * 1990: ''[[Time Whore]]'' - Treepeople * 1990: ''Hymns for the Deranged'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Grinning Like an Undertaker'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Between the Eyes'' - Love Battery * 1990: ''Smell The Magic'' - L7 * 1990: ''Inside Yours'' - Gruntruck == 1991 == * 1991: ''1000 Smiling Knuckles'' - Skin Yard * 1991: ''Despised'' - Seaweed * 1991: ''Straight Razor'' - The Accüsed * 1991: ''Janitors of Tomorrow'' - Gas Huffer * 1991: ''[[Teriyaki Asthma Vol. 1-5]]'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[No Sleep Till the Stardust Motel]]'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''Crawl'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''The Grunge Years'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[Guilt, Regret, Embarrassment]]'' Various 7 inches on Toxic Shock release - Treepeople == 1992 == * 1992: ''Weak'' - Seaweed * 1992: ''[[Doom Picnic (album)|Doom Picnic]]'' - Alien Boys * 1992: ''Push'' - Gruntruck * 1992: ''Thirteen'' - Coffin Break * 1992: ''The Smoke of Hell'' - Supersuckers * 1992: ''Mariposa'' - Rein Sanction * 1992: ''Steel Mill'' - Willard * 1992: ''Incesticide'' - Nirvana * 1992: ''Integrity, Technology &amp;amp; Service'' - Gas Huffer * 1992: ''[[Endino's Earthworm]]'' - Jack Endino == 1993 == * 1993: ''[[Brother Fear]]'' - [[Bokiti|Bucket]] * 1993: ''[[Circus of Values]]'' - [[Loveslug]] * 1993: ''Titanomaquia'' - Titãs * 1993: ''Inside the Eye'' - Skin Yard * 1993: ''Toreador of Love'' - Hazel * 1993: ''Painkiller'' - Babes in Toyland * 1993: ''[[Here I Come and Other Hits]]'' - [[Fallouts]] * 1993: ''Vena Cava'' - Dirt Fishermen * 1993: ''[[Worth dying for]]'' - Boghandle == 1994 == * 1994: ''Whiskey for the Holy Ghost'' - Mark Lanegan * 1994: ''[[Guillotina]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1994: ''Kerbdog'' - Kerbdog * 1994: ''¡Viva Zapata!'' - 7 Year Bitch * 1994: ''Where Am I?'' - Mike Johnson * 1994: ''[[Let's Give it a Twist]]'' - Fitz of Depression * 1994: ''No Return in the End'' - Smashing Orange * 1994: ''[[Dive (Burning Heads album)|Dive]]'' - Burning Heads * 1994: ''Scream Clown Scream'' - Dancing French Liberals of '48 * 1994: ''The Shrill Beeps of Shrimp'' - Gas Huffer == 1995 == * 1995: ''My Brother the Cow'' - Mudhoney * 1995: ''Infrared Riding Hood'' - Tad * 1995: ''Return to Olympus'' - Malfunkshun (tracking only) * 1995: ''Domingo'' - Titãs * 1995: ''The Wilderness Years'' - Terry Lee Hale == 1996 == * 1996: ''Skunkworks'' - Bruce Dickinson * 1996: ''Swing'' - Fitz of Depression * 1996: ''Fear of Girls'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 1996: ''Hype! the Motion Picture Soundtrack'' - Various Artists * 1996: ''[[Rock Mata Pop]]'' - [[Guillotina]] == 1997 == * 1997: ''[[Tres Homeboys]]'' - [[Shark Chum]] * 1997: ''Have a Nice Day, Motherfucker'' - Mono Men * 1997: ''[[Seven Years Golden]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] == 1998 == * 1998: ''Kicked in the Teeth'' - ZEKE * 1998: ''Ten Minute Warning'' - Ten Minute Warning (mix only) * 1998: ''Live in Canada and Australia'' - Spiderbait * 1998: ''[[O Que Voce Quiser]]'' - [[Baba Cosmica]] * 1998: ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' - The Makers * 1998: ''Empty Bottles, Broken Hearts'' - Murder City Devils * 1998: ''[[Mientras El Resto Sigue]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1998: Circular - Escarbarme == 1999 == * 1999: ''Nebula/Lowrider'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Sun Creature'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Vague Premonition'' - Elevator Through * 1999: ''The Black Halos'' - The Black Halos * 1999: ''[[Watts (album)|Watts]]'' - [[Watts (band)|Watts]] * 1999: ''Trance States in Tongue'' - Zen Guerrilla * 1999: ''To the Center'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Band in the World'' - Supersuckers * 1999: ''Escape'' - Burning Heads * 1999: ''[[When the Word's On Fire]]'' - [[Quadrajets]] * 1999: ''[[RC5 (band)|Kicked Out]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 1999: ''As Dez Mais'' - Titãs == 2000 == * 2000: ''[[Erre O Ce Ka]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2000: ''March to Fuzz'' - Mudhoney * 2000: ''[[Chemical Love Songs]]'' - [[More Republica Masonica]] * 2000: ''Sessions '86-'88'' - Bundle of Hiss * 2000: ''Live from the Battle in Seattle'' - The No WTO Combo * 2000: ''Seafish Louisville'' - The Gits * 2000: ''[[The Monkeywrench|Electric Children]]'' - [[The Monkeywrench]] == 2001 == * 2001: ''The Violent Years'' - The Black Halos * 2001: ''[[The Grannies]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2001: ''Kung Fu Cocktail Grip'' - Hog Molly * 2001: ''What's in a Name?'' - The Fartz * 2001: ''Gangsterland'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 2001: ''Para Quando o Arco-Íris Encontrar o Pote de Ouro'' - Nando Reis * 2001: ''Shadows on the Sun'' - Zen Guerilla * 2001: ''Shameless'' - Therapy? * 2001: ''[[RC5 (band)|American Rock and Roll]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2001: ''Start at the Top'' - Skin Yard * 2001: ''A Melhor Banda de Todos os Tempos da Última Semana'' - Titãs == 2002 == * 2002: ''Nirvana'' - Nirvana ''(worked on two songs)'' * 2002: ''Plasmic Tears and the Invisible City'' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''Heavy Mellow 'Live''' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''[[The Grannies|Taste the Walker]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2002: ''The Rest of Us'' - Gas Huffer * 2002: ''Injustice'' - The Fartz * 2002: ''Dos EPs'' - Nebula * 2002: ''Dirty Power'' - Dirty Power * 2002: ''[[Vandalism: Beautiful as a Rock in a Cop's Face]]'' - Feederz * 2002: ''Make Up the Breakdown'' - Hot Hot Heat == 2003 == * 2003: ''[[Upwell (band)|Replica]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2003: ''Ordinary Miracles'' - [[Post Stardom Depression]] * 2003: ''Frenching the Bully'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[CODEX1980]]'' - [[SOLGER]] * 2003: ''[[The Seattle Sessions]]'' - The Spades * 2003: ''Enter: The Conquering Chicken'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[The Set-up]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2003: ''Dancing'' - Harkonen == 2004 == * 2004: ''Optimus Rhyme'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2004: ''[[Gotta Getaway!]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2004: ''Kultura-Dictatura'' - Kultur Shock * 2004: ''[['Til the Livin' End]]'' - ZEKE * 2004: ''Like a Virgin EP'' - Harkonen/These Arms are Snakes * 2004: Gold Star EP - Common Heroes * 2004: ''Going South'' - Going South * 2004: ''[[Nibble the Giblet]]'' - [[Nitwitz]] * 2004: ''The ShakeDowns'' - The ShakeDowns * 2004: ''[[The Grannies|Erected Lady Man]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2004: ''[[Les Hell on Heels]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2004: ''[[Guillotina|Volumen]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2004: ''Dead Gone'' - Winnebago Deal * 2004: ''[[Watch Me Burn]]'' - [[The Spazms]] * 2004: ''[[MAKERS (band)|Stripped]]'' - The Makers * 2004: ''With the Lights Out'' - Nirvana * 2004: ''[[Loud Fast Rock & Roll]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2005 == * 2005: ''[[Upwell (band)|Number Nine]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2005: ''Oh Martha!'' - The Accüsed * 2005: ''Alive Without Control'' - The Black Halos * 2005: ''[[ZEKE and Peter Pan Speedrock Split]]'' - ZEKE * 2005: ''[[Nice 'n' Ruff: Hard Soul Hits Vol. 1]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2005: [[A Comet Tale Life]] - [[Jodi Hates The World]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino Production Discography |url=https://www.endino.com/discography.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.endino.com}}</ref> * 2005: ''[[Everybody Rise!]]'' - The Makers * 2005: ''MTV ao Vivo'' - Titãs * 2005: ''Public Domain: The Best of Lucid Nation'' - Lucid Nation * 2005: ''Permanent Fatal Error'' - Jack Endino * 2005: ''Sliver: The Best of the Box'' - Nirvana == 2006 == * 2006: ''[[Sleepless in Seattle: Birth of Grunge]]'' - Various Artists * 2006: ''The Baked Tapes'' - The Accüsed * 2006: ''School the Indie Rockers'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2006: ''Flight of the Raven'' - Winnebago Deal * 2006: ''[[The Grannies|Gumjob]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2006: ''Boxriff EP'' - The Atomic Bitchwax * 2006: ''[[Too Fat For Love]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2007 == * 2007: ''[[Filthy Habits]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2007: ''Teach Your Bird to Sing'' - Swallow * 2007: ''[[Time Wasted is Not Wasted Time]]'' - [[Kandi Coded]] * 2007: ''[[Incontinence (Outtakes & Demos)]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2007: ''Death Is This Communion'' - High on Fire * 2007: ''He Dies in Rocket School'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2007: ''[[Dogs, Record & Wine]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2007: ''Chemical Wedding'' - [[Chemical Wedding (Seattle band)|Chemical Wedding]] == 2008 == * 2008: ''Live in Europe'' - Kultur Shock * 2008: ''We Are Not Alone'' - The Black Halos * 2008: ''[[Sell the Sky]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2008: ''[[Sub Pop 300]]'' - Various Artists * 2008: ''Immortalizer'' - Valient Thorr * 2008: ''[[One Million Dollar Surf Band]]'' - The Dead Rocks * 2008: ''[[Tectonica]]'' - [[Slippage (band)|Slippage]] * 2008: ''Back to Monkey City'' - Jeff Dahl * 2008: ''[[Pressure in the S.O.D.O]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2008: ''Guns of Nevada'' - Guns of Nevada * 2008: ''Wishing Well'' - [[The Black Clouds (band)|The Black Clouds]] * 2008: ''An Overdose Of Death…'' - [[Toxic Holocaust (band)|Toxic Holocaust]] == 2009 == * 2009: ''Love''/''Fight'' - Flipper * 2009: ''Here Waits Thy Doom'' - 3 Inches of Blood * 2009: ''Breathing the Fire'' - Skeletonwitch == 2010 == * 2010: ''Stranger'' - Valient Thorr * 2010: ''DAMN!'' – Dragstrip Riot * 2010: ''[[Infant Free Dumpster (album)|Infant Free Dumpster]]'' - [[The Sex Zombies]] == 2011-2020 == * 2011: ''[[Resistance (The Ganjas)|Resistance]]'' - [[The Ganjas]] * 2011: ''For Those About to Forget to Rock'' - The Grannies * 2012: ''Sei'' - Nando Reis * 2012: ''Home Burial'' – Dead Language * 2013: ''EP'' – Jackrabbit Starts * 2013: ''Early Frost'' – Heiress * 2014: ''Fatten the Leeches'' - Cancers * 2014: ''Mirror Distortion'' - Rampant Lion * 2015: ''8894'' - Banda de la Muerte * 2015: ''Grief's Infernal Flower'' - Windhand * 2015: “Holograma” - Adelaida * 2015: “Adormidera” - Adelaida * 2016: ''Juventud Sónica'' - Artificiales * 2016: ''Jardim-Pomar'' - Nando Reis * 2016: ''Psychofiction EP'' - Wild Parade * 2017: ''Post Tenebras Lux'' - Yajaira * 2017: ''Escape'' - Denver Meatpacking Company * 2018: “Fantasma” - Adelaida * 2018: ''Eternal Return'' - Windhand * 2019: ''Cobain and Cornbread'' - The Black Tones * 2019: ''Sunday Night Panic'' - Every Color Fades * 2020: ''Mystic Goddess'' - Robots of the Ancient World * 2020: Stay Evil (EP) - Black Ends == 2021-present == * 2021: ''Safety Off'' - [[Safety Off]] (recorded in 2007) * 2021: ''Kick Out the Grams'' - The Foilies * 2021: - Sonic Medicine * 2021: “Worze than the cure”EP - WARTZ * 2021: Nominal AF - The Starhoppers * 2023: Retrovisor - Adelaida * 2023: My Own Dead / Song for a Sickhead - Black Ends * 2024: Speck - WEEP WAVE * 2024: Leviathan Project - MCMLXXXII * 2024: Bambi - MUNẼCA * 2024: ''Uma Estrela Misteriosa Revelará o Segredo'' - Nando Reis * 2025: Vapor Rosa - Pink Steam == Manazarta == is6y3liuxpcem741qlrfghgs6df1dtc 882866 882864 2026-07-14T11:07:59Z D son203 45710 882866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jack Endino''' is an influential audio engineer and musician particularly associated with [[Seattle]] label Sub Pop and the grunge movement. This list contains [[Albom|albums]] and EPs Endino has recorded, mixed, and/or produced, and is incomplete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino's Discography (LP's/EP's) |url=http://www.jackendino.com/discography.html}}</ref> == 1986-1987 == * 1986: ''Skin Yard'' – Skin Yard * 1986: ''Dry as a Bone'' – Green River * 1987: ''Screaming Life'' - Soundgarden * 1988: ''[[C/Z Secretions|Secretions]]'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Superfuzz Bigmuff EP'' – Mudhoney * 1988: ''Primal Rock Therapy EP'' – Blood Circus * 1988: ''Sub Pop 200'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Hallowed Ground'' - Skin Yard * 1989: ''God's Balls'' - TAD * 1989: ''Roadmouth'' - Fluid * 1989: ''Buzz Factory'' - Screaming Trees * 1989: ''Bleach'' - Nirvana * 1989: ''Psychosis'' - Coffin Break * 1989: ''Journey to the Center of Cat Butt'' - Cat Butt * 1989: ''Mudhoney'' - Mudhoney * 1989: ''The Last Laugh'' - Helios Creed == 1990 == * 1990: ''[[The Thrown Ups (album)|The Thrown Ups]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] * 1990: ''[[Angle of Attack (album)|Angle of Attack]]'' - Jack Endino * 1990: ''Fist Sized Chunks'' - Skin Yard * 1990: ''Up in It'' - Afghan Whigs * 1990: ''Fuck Me I'm Rich'' - Various Artists * 1990: ''Solomon Grundy'' - Solomon Grundy * 1990: ''Spanking Machine'' - Babes in Toyland * 1990: ''The Winding Sheet'' - Mark Lanegan * 1990: ''Blood Guts &amp;amp; Pussy'' - Dwarves * 1990: ''Rupture'' - Coffin Break * 1990: ''Highlights and Lowlives'' - Blue Cheer * 1990: ''[[Time Whore]]'' - Treepeople * 1990: ''Hymns for the Deranged'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Grinning Like an Undertaker'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Between the Eyes'' - Love Battery * 1990: ''Smell The Magic'' - L7 * 1990: ''Inside Yours'' - Gruntruck == 1991 == * 1991: ''1000 Smiling Knuckles'' - Skin Yard * 1991: ''Despised'' - Seaweed * 1991: ''Straight Razor'' - The Accüsed * 1991: ''Janitors of Tomorrow'' - Gas Huffer * 1991: ''[[Teriyaki Asthma Vol. 1-5]]'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[No Sleep Till the Stardust Motel]]'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''Crawl'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''The Grunge Years'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[Guilt, Regret, Embarrassment]]'' Various 7 inches on Toxic Shock release - Treepeople == 1992 == * 1992: ''Weak'' - Seaweed * 1992: ''[[Doom Picnic (album)|Doom Picnic]]'' - Alien Boys * 1992: ''Push'' - Gruntruck * 1992: ''Thirteen'' - Coffin Break * 1992: ''The Smoke of Hell'' - Supersuckers * 1992: ''Mariposa'' - Rein Sanction * 1992: ''Steel Mill'' - Willard * 1992: ''Incesticide'' - Nirvana * 1992: ''Integrity, Technology &amp;amp; Service'' - Gas Huffer * 1992: ''[[Endino's Earthworm]]'' - Jack Endino == 1993 == * 1993: ''[[Brother Fear]]'' - [[Bokiti|Bucket]] * 1993: ''[[Circus of Values]]'' - [[Loveslug]] * 1993: ''Titanomaquia'' - Titãs * 1993: ''Inside the Eye'' - Skin Yard * 1993: ''Toreador of Love'' - Hazel * 1993: ''Painkiller'' - Babes in Toyland * 1993: ''[[Here I Come and Other Hits]]'' - [[Fallouts]] * 1993: ''Vena Cava'' - Dirt Fishermen * 1993: ''[[Worth dying for]]'' - Boghandle == 1994 == * 1994: ''Whiskey for the Holy Ghost'' - Mark Lanegan * 1994: ''[[Guillotina]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1994: ''Kerbdog'' - Kerbdog * 1994: ''¡Viva Zapata!'' - 7 Year Bitch * 1994: ''Where Am I?'' - Mike Johnson * 1994: ''[[Let's Give it a Twist]]'' - Fitz of Depression * 1994: ''No Return in the End'' - Smashing Orange * 1994: ''[[Dive (Burning Heads album)|Dive]]'' - Burning Heads * 1994: ''Scream Clown Scream'' - Dancing French Liberals of '48 * 1994: ''The Shrill Beeps of Shrimp'' - Gas Huffer == 1995 == * 1995: ''My Brother the Cow'' - Mudhoney * 1995: ''Infrared Riding Hood'' - Tad * 1995: ''Return to Olympus'' - Malfunkshun (tracking only) * 1995: ''Domingo'' - Titãs * 1995: ''The Wilderness Years'' - Terry Lee Hale == 1996 == * 1996: ''Skunkworks'' - Bruce Dickinson * 1996: ''Swing'' - Fitz of Depression * 1996: ''Fear of Girls'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 1996: ''Hype! the Motion Picture Soundtrack'' - Various Artists * 1996: ''[[Rock Mata Pop]]'' - [[Guillotina]] == 1997 == * 1997: ''[[Tres Homeboys]]'' - [[Shark Chum]] * 1997: ''Have a Nice Day, Motherfucker'' - Mono Men * 1997: ''[[Seven Years Golden]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] == 1998 == * 1998: ''Kicked in the Teeth'' - ZEKE * 1998: ''Ten Minute Warning'' - Ten Minute Warning (mix only) * 1998: ''Live in Canada and Australia'' - Spiderbait * 1998: ''[[O Que Voce Quiser]]'' - [[Baba Cosmica]] * 1998: ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' - The Makers * 1998: ''Empty Bottles, Broken Hearts'' - Murder City Devils * 1998: ''[[Mientras El Resto Sigue]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1998: Circular - Escarbarme == 1999 == * 1999: ''Nebula/Lowrider'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Sun Creature'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Vague Premonition'' - Elevator Through * 1999: ''The Black Halos'' - The Black Halos * 1999: ''[[Watts (album)|Watts]]'' - [[Watts (band)|Watts]] * 1999: ''Trance States in Tongue'' - Zen Guerrilla * 1999: ''To the Center'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Band in the World'' - Supersuckers * 1999: ''Escape'' - Burning Heads * 1999: ''[[When the Word's On Fire]]'' - [[Quadrajets]] * 1999: ''[[RC5 (band)|Kicked Out]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 1999: ''As Dez Mais'' - Titãs == 2000 == * 2000: ''[[Erre O Ce Ka]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2000: ''March to Fuzz'' - Mudhoney * 2000: ''[[Chemical Love Songs]]'' - [[More Republica Masonica]] * 2000: ''Sessions '86-'88'' - Bundle of Hiss * 2000: ''Live from the Battle in Seattle'' - The No WTO Combo * 2000: ''Seafish Louisville'' - The Gits * 2000: ''[[The Monkeywrench|Electric Children]]'' - [[The Monkeywrench]] == 2001 == * 2001: ''The Violent Years'' - The Black Halos * 2001: ''[[The Grannies]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2001: ''Kung Fu Cocktail Grip'' - Hog Molly * 2001: ''What's in a Name?'' - The Fartz * 2001: ''Gangsterland'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 2001: ''Para Quando o Arco-Íris Encontrar o Pote de Ouro'' - Nando Reis * 2001: ''Shadows on the Sun'' - Zen Guerilla * 2001: ''Shameless'' - Therapy? * 2001: ''[[RC5 (band)|American Rock and Roll]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2001: ''Start at the Top'' - Skin Yard * 2001: ''A Melhor Banda de Todos os Tempos da Última Semana'' - Titãs == 2002 == * 2002: ''Nirvana'' - Nirvana ''(worked on two songs)'' * 2002: ''Plasmic Tears and the Invisible City'' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''Heavy Mellow 'Live''' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''[[The Grannies|Taste the Walker]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2002: ''The Rest of Us'' - Gas Huffer * 2002: ''Injustice'' - The Fartz * 2002: ''Dos EPs'' - Nebula * 2002: ''Dirty Power'' - Dirty Power * 2002: ''[[Vandalism: Beautiful as a Rock in a Cop's Face]]'' - Feederz * 2002: ''Make Up the Breakdown'' - Hot Hot Heat == 2003 == * 2003: ''[[Upwell (band)|Replica]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2003: ''Ordinary Miracles'' - [[Post Stardom Depression]] * 2003: ''Frenching the Bully'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[CODEX1980]]'' - [[SOLGER]] * 2003: ''[[The Seattle Sessions]]'' - The Spades * 2003: ''Enter: The Conquering Chicken'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[The Set-up]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2003: ''Dancing'' - Harkonen == 2004 == * 2004: ''Optimus Rhyme'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2004: ''[[Gotta Getaway!]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2004: ''Kultura-Dictatura'' - Kultur Shock * 2004: ''[['Til the Livin' End]]'' - ZEKE * 2004: ''Like a Virgin EP'' - Harkonen/These Arms are Snakes * 2004: Gold Star EP - Common Heroes * 2004: ''Going South'' - Going South * 2004: ''[[Nibble the Giblet]]'' - [[Nitwitz]] * 2004: ''The ShakeDowns'' - The ShakeDowns * 2004: ''[[The Grannies|Erected Lady Man]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2004: ''[[Les Hell on Heels]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2004: ''[[Guillotina|Volumen]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2004: ''Dead Gone'' - Winnebago Deal * 2004: ''[[Watch Me Burn]]'' - [[The Spazms]] * 2004: ''[[MAKERS (band)|Stripped]]'' - The Makers * 2004: ''With the Lights Out'' - Nirvana * 2004: ''[[Loud Fast Rock & Roll]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2005 == * 2005: ''[[Upwell (band)|Number Nine]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2005: ''Oh Martha!'' - The Accüsed * 2005: ''Alive Without Control'' - The Black Halos * 2005: ''[[ZEKE and Peter Pan Speedrock Split]]'' - ZEKE * 2005: ''[[Nice 'n' Ruff: Hard Soul Hits Vol. 1]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2005: [[A Comet Tale Life]] - [[Jodi Hates The World]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino Production Discography |url=https://www.endino.com/discography.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.endino.com}}</ref> * 2005: ''[[Everybody Rise!]]'' - The Makers * 2005: ''MTV ao Vivo'' - Titãs * 2005: ''Public Domain: The Best of Lucid Nation'' - Lucid Nation * 2005: ''Permanent Fatal Error'' - Jack Endino * 2005: ''Sliver: The Best of the Box'' - Nirvana == 2006 == * 2006: ''[[Sleepless in Seattle: Birth of Grunge]]'' - Various Artists * 2006: ''The Baked Tapes'' - The Accüsed * 2006: ''School the Indie Rockers'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2006: ''Flight of the Raven'' - Winnebago Deal * 2006: ''[[The Grannies|Gumjob]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2006: ''Boxriff EP'' - The Atomic Bitchwax * 2006: ''[[Too Fat For Love]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2007 == * 2007: ''[[Filthy Habits]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2007: ''Teach Your Bird to Sing'' - Swallow * 2007: ''[[Time Wasted is Not Wasted Time]]'' - [[Kandi Coded]] * 2007: ''[[Incontinence (Outtakes & Demos)]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2007: ''Death Is This Communion'' - High on Fire * 2007: ''He Dies in Rocket School'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2007: ''[[Dogs, Record & Wine]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2007: ''Chemical Wedding'' - [[Chemical Wedding (Seattle band)|Chemical Wedding]] == 2008 == * 2008: ''Live in Europe'' - Kultur Shock * 2008: ''We Are Not Alone'' - The Black Halos * 2008: ''[[Sell the Sky]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2008: ''[[Sub Pop 300]]'' - Various Artists * 2008: ''Immortalizer'' - Valient Thorr * 2008: ''[[One Million Dollar Surf Band]]'' - The Dead Rocks * 2008: ''[[Tectonica]]'' - [[Slippage (band)|Slippage]] * 2008: ''Back to Monkey City'' - Jeff Dahl * 2008: ''[[Pressure in the S.O.D.O]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2008: ''Guns of Nevada'' - Guns of Nevada * 2008: ''Wishing Well'' - [[The Black Clouds (band)|The Black Clouds]] * 2008: ''An Overdose Of Death…'' - [[Toxic Holocaust (band)|Toxic Holocaust]] == 2009 == * 2009: ''Love''/''Fight'' - Flipper * 2009: ''Here Waits Thy Doom'' - 3 Inches of Blood * 2009: ''Breathing the Fire'' - Skeletonwitch == 2010 == * 2010: ''Stranger'' - Valient Thorr * 2010: ''DAMN!'' – Dragstrip Riot * 2010: ''[[Infant Free Dumpster (album)|Infant Free Dumpster]]'' - [[The Sex Zombies]] == 2011-2020 == * 2011: ''[[Resistance (The Ganjas)|Resistance]]'' - [[The Ganjas]] * 2011: ''For Those About to Forget to Rock'' - The Grannies * 2012: ''Sei'' - Nando Reis * 2012: ''Home Burial'' – Dead Language * 2013: ''EP'' – Jackrabbit Starts * 2013: ''Early Frost'' – Heiress * 2014: ''Fatten the Leeches'' - Cancers * 2014: ''Mirror Distortion'' - Rampant Lion * 2015: ''8894'' - Banda de la Muerte * 2015: ''Grief's Infernal Flower'' - Windhand * 2015: “Holograma” - Adelaida * 2015: “Adormidera” - Adelaida * 2016: ''Juventud Sónica'' - Artificiales * 2016: ''Jardim-Pomar'' - Nando Reis * 2016: ''Psychofiction EP'' - Wild Parade * 2017: ''Post Tenebras Lux'' - Yajaira * 2017: ''Escape'' - Denver Meatpacking Company * 2018: “Fantasma” - Adelaida * 2018: ''Eternal Return'' - Windhand * 2019: ''Cobain and Cornbread'' - The Black Tones * 2019: ''Sunday Night Panic'' - Every Color Fades * 2020: ''Mystic Goddess'' - Robots of the Ancient World * 2020: Stay Evil (EP) - Black Ends == 2021-present == * 2021: ''Safety Off'' - [[Safety Off]] (recorded in 2007) * 2021: ''Kick Out the Grams'' - The Foilies * 2021: - Sonic Medicine * 2021: “Worze than the cure”EP - WARTZ * 2021: Nominal AF - The Starhoppers * 2023: Retrovisor - Adelaida * 2023: My Own Dead / Song for a Sickhead - Black Ends * 2024: Speck - WEEP WAVE * 2024: Leviathan Project - MCMLXXXII * 2024: Bambi - MUNẼCA * 2024: ''Uma Estrela Misteriosa Revelará o Segredo'' - Nando Reis * 2025: Vapor Rosa - Pink Steam == Manazarta == dmude2k7fupc87hktsm4fzcpa0yqtjm 882867 882866 2026-07-14T11:08:28Z D son203 45710 882867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Jack Endino''' is an influential audio engineer and musician particularly associated with [[Seattle]] label Sub Pop and the grunge movement. This list contains [[Albom|albums]] and EPs Endino has recorded, mixed, and/or produced, and is incomplete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino's Discography (LP's/EP's) |url=http://www.jackendino.com/discography.html}}</ref> == 1986-1987 == * 1986: ''Skin Yard'' – Skin Yard * 1986: ''Dry as a Bone'' – Green River * 1987: ''Screaming Life'' - Soundgarden * 1988: ''[[C/Z Secretions|Secretions]]'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Superfuzz Bigmuff EP'' – Mudhoney * 1988: ''Primal Rock Therapy EP'' – Blood Circus * 1988: ''Sub Pop 200'' - Various Artists * 1988: ''Hallowed Ground'' - Skin Yard * 1989: ''God's Balls'' - TAD * 1989: ''Roadmouth'' - Fluid * 1989: ''Buzz Factory'' - Screaming Trees * 1989: ''Bleach'' - Nirvana * 1989: ''Psychosis'' - Coffin Break * 1989: ''Journey to the Center of Cat Butt'' - Cat Butt * 1989: ''Mudhoney'' - Mudhoney * 1989: ''The Last Laugh'' - Helios Creed == 1990 == * 1990: ''[[The Thrown Ups (album)|The Thrown Ups]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] * 1990: ''[[Angle of Attack (album)|Angle of Attack]]'' - Jack Endino * 1990: ''Fist Sized Chunks'' - Skin Yard * 1990: ''Up in It'' - Afghan Whigs * 1990: ''Fuck Me I'm Rich'' - Various Artists * 1990: ''Solomon Grundy'' - Solomon Grundy * 1990: ''Spanking Machine'' - Babes in Toyland * 1990: ''The Winding Sheet'' - Mark Lanegan * 1990: ''Blood Guts &amp;amp; Pussy'' - Dwarves * 1990: ''Rupture'' - Coffin Break * 1990: ''Highlights and Lowlives'' - Blue Cheer * 1990: ''[[Time Whore]]'' - Treepeople * 1990: ''Hymns for the Deranged'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Grinning Like an Undertaker'' - The Accüsed * 1990: ''Between the Eyes'' - Love Battery * 1990: ''Smell The Magic'' - L7 * 1990: ''Inside Yours'' - Gruntruck == 1991 == * 1991: ''1000 Smiling Knuckles'' - Skin Yard * 1991: ''Despised'' - Seaweed * 1991: ''Straight Razor'' - The Accüsed * 1991: ''Janitors of Tomorrow'' - Gas Huffer * 1991: ''[[Teriyaki Asthma Vol. 1-5]]'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[No Sleep Till the Stardust Motel]]'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''Crawl'' - Coffin Break * 1991: ''The Grunge Years'' - Various Artists * 1991: ''[[Guilt, Regret, Embarrassment]]'' Various 7 inches on Toxic Shock release - Treepeople == 1992 == * 1992: ''Weak'' - Seaweed * 1992: ''[[Doom Picnic (album)|Doom Picnic]]'' - Alien Boys * 1992: ''Push'' - Gruntruck * 1992: ''Thirteen'' - Coffin Break * 1992: ''The Smoke of Hell'' - Supersuckers * 1992: ''Mariposa'' - Rein Sanction * 1992: ''Steel Mill'' - Willard * 1992: ''Incesticide'' - Nirvana * 1992: ''Integrity, Technology &amp;amp; Service'' - Gas Huffer * 1992: ''[[Endino's Earthworm]]'' - Jack Endino == 1993 == * 1993: ''[[Brother Fear]]'' - [[Bokiti|Bucket]] * 1993: ''[[Circus of Values]]'' - [[Loveslug]] * 1993: ''Titanomaquia'' - Titãs * 1993: ''Inside the Eye'' - Skin Yard * 1993: ''Toreador of Love'' - Hazel * 1993: ''Painkiller'' - Babes in Toyland * 1993: ''[[Here I Come and Other Hits]]'' - [[Fallouts]] * 1993: ''Vena Cava'' - Dirt Fishermen * 1993: ''[[Worth dying for]]'' - Boghandle == 1994 == * 1994: ''Whiskey for the Holy Ghost'' - Mark Lanegan * 1994: ''[[Guillotina]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1994: ''Kerbdog'' - Kerbdog * 1994: ''¡Viva Zapata!'' - 7 Year Bitch * 1994: ''Where Am I?'' - Mike Johnson * 1994: ''[[Let's Give it a Twist]]'' - Fitz of Depression * 1994: ''No Return in the End'' - Smashing Orange * 1994: ''[[Dive (Burning Heads album)|Dive]]'' - Burning Heads * 1994: ''Scream Clown Scream'' - Dancing French Liberals of '48 * 1994: ''The Shrill Beeps of Shrimp'' - Gas Huffer == 1995 == * 1995: ''My Brother the Cow'' - Mudhoney * 1995: ''Infrared Riding Hood'' - Tad * 1995: ''Return to Olympus'' - Malfunkshun (tracking only) * 1995: ''Domingo'' - Titãs * 1995: ''The Wilderness Years'' - Terry Lee Hale == 1996 == * 1996: ''Skunkworks'' - Bruce Dickinson * 1996: ''Swing'' - Fitz of Depression * 1996: ''Fear of Girls'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 1996: ''Hype! the Motion Picture Soundtrack'' - Various Artists * 1996: ''[[Rock Mata Pop]]'' - [[Guillotina]] == 1997 == * 1997: ''[[Tres Homeboys]]'' - [[Shark Chum]] * 1997: ''Have a Nice Day, Motherfucker'' - Mono Men * 1997: ''[[Seven Years Golden]]'' - [[The Thrown Ups]] == 1998 == * 1998: ''Kicked in the Teeth'' - ZEKE * 1998: ''Ten Minute Warning'' - Ten Minute Warning (mix only) * 1998: ''Live in Canada and Australia'' - Spiderbait * 1998: ''[[O Que Voce Quiser]]'' - [[Baba Cosmica]] * 1998: ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' - The Makers * 1998: ''Empty Bottles, Broken Hearts'' - Murder City Devils * 1998: ''[[Mientras El Resto Sigue]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 1998: Circular - Escarbarme == 1999 == * 1999: ''Nebula/Lowrider'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Sun Creature'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Vague Premonition'' - Elevator Through * 1999: ''The Black Halos'' - The Black Halos * 1999: ''[[Watts (album)|Watts]]'' - [[Watts (band)|Watts]] * 1999: ''Trance States in Tongue'' - Zen Guerrilla * 1999: ''To the Center'' - Nebula * 1999: ''Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Band in the World'' - Supersuckers * 1999: ''Escape'' - Burning Heads * 1999: ''[[When the Word's On Fire]]'' - [[Quadrajets]] * 1999: ''[[RC5 (band)|Kicked Out]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 1999: ''As Dez Mais'' - Titãs == 2000 == * 2000: ''[[Erre O Ce Ka]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2000: ''March to Fuzz'' - Mudhoney * 2000: ''[[Chemical Love Songs]]'' - [[More Republica Masonica]] * 2000: ''Sessions '86-'88'' - Bundle of Hiss * 2000: ''Live from the Battle in Seattle'' - The No WTO Combo * 2000: ''Seafish Louisville'' - The Gits * 2000: ''[[The Monkeywrench|Electric Children]]'' - [[The Monkeywrench]] == 2001 == * 2001: ''The Violent Years'' - The Black Halos * 2001: ''[[The Grannies]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2001: ''Kung Fu Cocktail Grip'' - Hog Molly * 2001: ''What's in a Name?'' - The Fartz * 2001: ''Gangsterland'' - Bluebottle Kiss * 2001: ''Para Quando o Arco-Íris Encontrar o Pote de Ouro'' - Nando Reis * 2001: ''Shadows on the Sun'' - Zen Guerilla * 2001: ''Shameless'' - Therapy? * 2001: ''[[RC5 (band)|American Rock and Roll]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2001: ''Start at the Top'' - Skin Yard * 2001: ''A Melhor Banda de Todos os Tempos da Última Semana'' - Titãs == 2002 == * 2002: ''Nirvana'' - Nirvana ''(worked on two songs)'' * 2002: ''Plasmic Tears and the Invisible City'' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''Heavy Mellow 'Live''' - Zen Guerilla * 2002: ''[[The Grannies|Taste the Walker]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2002: ''The Rest of Us'' - Gas Huffer * 2002: ''Injustice'' - The Fartz * 2002: ''Dos EPs'' - Nebula * 2002: ''Dirty Power'' - Dirty Power * 2002: ''[[Vandalism: Beautiful as a Rock in a Cop's Face]]'' - Feederz * 2002: ''Make Up the Breakdown'' - Hot Hot Heat == 2003 == * 2003: ''[[Upwell (band)|Replica]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2003: ''Ordinary Miracles'' - [[Post Stardom Depression]] * 2003: ''Frenching the Bully'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[CODEX1980]]'' - [[SOLGER]] * 2003: ''[[The Seattle Sessions]]'' - The Spades * 2003: ''Enter: The Conquering Chicken'' - The Gits * 2003: ''[[The Set-up]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2003: ''Dancing'' - Harkonen == 2004 == * 2004: ''Optimus Rhyme'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2004: ''[[Gotta Getaway!]]'' - [[RC5 (band)|RC5]] * 2004: ''Kultura-Dictatura'' - Kultur Shock * 2004: ''[['Til the Livin' End]]'' - ZEKE * 2004: ''Like a Virgin EP'' - Harkonen/These Arms are Snakes * 2004: Gold Star EP - Common Heroes * 2004: ''Going South'' - Going South * 2004: ''[[Nibble the Giblet]]'' - [[Nitwitz]] * 2004: ''The ShakeDowns'' - The ShakeDowns * 2004: ''[[The Grannies|Erected Lady Man]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2004: ''[[Les Hell on Heels]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2004: ''[[Guillotina|Volumen]]'' - [[Guillotina]] * 2004: ''Dead Gone'' - Winnebago Deal * 2004: ''[[Watch Me Burn]]'' - [[The Spazms]] * 2004: ''[[MAKERS (band)|Stripped]]'' - The Makers * 2004: ''With the Lights Out'' - Nirvana * 2004: ''[[Loud Fast Rock & Roll]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2005 == * 2005: ''[[Upwell (band)|Number Nine]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2005: ''Oh Martha!'' - The Accüsed * 2005: ''Alive Without Control'' - The Black Halos * 2005: ''[[ZEKE and Peter Pan Speedrock Split]]'' - ZEKE * 2005: ''[[Nice 'n' Ruff: Hard Soul Hits Vol. 1]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2005: [[A Comet Tale Life]] - [[Jodi Hates The World]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Endino Production Discography |url=https://www.endino.com/discography.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.endino.com}}</ref> * 2005: ''[[Everybody Rise!]]'' - The Makers * 2005: ''MTV ao Vivo'' - Titãs * 2005: ''Public Domain: The Best of Lucid Nation'' - Lucid Nation * 2005: ''Permanent Fatal Error'' - Jack Endino * 2005: ''Sliver: The Best of the Box'' - Nirvana == 2006 == * 2006: ''[[Sleepless in Seattle: Birth of Grunge]]'' - Various Artists * 2006: ''The Baked Tapes'' - The Accüsed * 2006: ''School the Indie Rockers'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2006: ''Flight of the Raven'' - Winnebago Deal * 2006: ''[[The Grannies|Gumjob]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2006: ''Boxriff EP'' - The Atomic Bitchwax * 2006: ''[[Too Fat For Love]]'' - [[Thunderfist (band)|Thunderfist]] == 2007 == * 2007: ''[[Filthy Habits]]'' - [[The DT's]] * 2007: ''Teach Your Bird to Sing'' - Swallow * 2007: ''[[Time Wasted is Not Wasted Time]]'' - [[Kandi Coded]] * 2007: ''[[Incontinence (Outtakes & Demos)]]'' - [[The Grannies]] * 2007: ''Death Is This Communion'' - High on Fire * 2007: ''He Dies in Rocket School'' - Optimus Rhyme * 2007: ''[[Dogs, Record & Wine]]'' - [[Les Hell on Heels]] * 2007: ''Chemical Wedding'' - [[Chemical Wedding (Seattle band)|Chemical Wedding]] == 2008 == * 2008: ''Live in Europe'' - Kultur Shock * 2008: ''We Are Not Alone'' - The Black Halos * 2008: ''[[Sell the Sky]]'' - [[Upwell (band)|Upwell]] * 2008: ''[[Sub Pop 300]]'' - Various Artists * 2008: ''Immortalizer'' - Valient Thorr * 2008: ''[[One Million Dollar Surf Band]]'' - The Dead Rocks * 2008: ''[[Tectonica]]'' - [[Slippage (band)|Slippage]] * 2008: ''Back to Monkey City'' - Jeff Dahl * 2008: ''[[Pressure in the S.O.D.O]]'' - [[The Boss Martians]] * 2008: ''Guns of Nevada'' - Guns of Nevada * 2008: ''Wishing Well'' - [[The Black Clouds (band)|The Black Clouds]] * 2008: ''An Overdose Of Death…'' - [[Toxic Holocaust (band)|Toxic Holocaust]] == 2009 == * 2009: ''Love''/''Fight'' - Flipper * 2009: ''Here Waits Thy Doom'' - 3 Inches of Blood * 2009: ''Breathing the Fire'' - Skeletonwitch == 2010 == * 2010: ''Stranger'' - Valient Thorr * 2010: ''DAMN!'' – Dragstrip Riot * 2010: ''[[Infant Free Dumpster (album)|Infant Free Dumpster]]'' - [[The Sex Zombies]] == 2011-2020 == * 2011: ''[[Resistance (The Ganjas)|Resistance]]'' - [[The Ganjas]] * 2011: ''For Those About to Forget to Rock'' - The Grannies * 2012: ''Sei'' - Nando Reis * 2012: ''Home Burial'' – Dead Language * 2013: ''EP'' – Jackrabbit Starts * 2013: ''Early Frost'' – Heiress * 2014: ''Fatten the Leeches'' - Cancers * 2014: ''Mirror Distortion'' - Rampant Lion * 2015: ''8894'' - Banda de la Muerte * 2015: ''Grief's Infernal Flower'' - Windhand * 2015: “Holograma” - Adelaida * 2015: “Adormidera” - Adelaida * 2016: ''Juventud Sónica'' - Artificiales * 2016: ''Jardim-Pomar'' - Nando Reis * 2016: ''Psychofiction EP'' - Wild Parade * 2017: ''Post Tenebras Lux'' - Yajaira * 2017: ''Escape'' - Denver Meatpacking Company * 2018: “Fantasma” - Adelaida * 2018: ''Eternal Return'' - Windhand * 2019: ''Cobain and Cornbread'' - The Black Tones * 2019: ''Sunday Night Panic'' - Every Color Fades * 2020: ''Mystic Goddess'' - Robots of the Ancient World * 2020: Stay Evil (EP) - Black Ends == 2021-present == * 2021: ''Safety Off'' - [[Safety Off]] (recorded in 2007) * 2021: ''Kick Out the Grams'' - The Foilies * 2021: - Sonic Medicine * 2021: “Worze than the cure”EP - WARTZ * 2021: Nominal AF - The Starhoppers * 2023: Retrovisor - Adelaida * 2023: My Own Dead / Song for a Sickhead - Black Ends * 2024: Speck - WEEP WAVE * 2024: Leviathan Project - MCMLXXXII * 2024: Bambi - MUNẼCA * 2024: ''Uma Estrela Misteriosa Revelará o Segredo'' - Nando Reis * 2025: Vapor Rosa - Pink Steam == Manazarta == 9ydt0uhntl44w12qa1uo53gq1lo7t7f Karina Walters 0 161561 882868 2026-07-14T11:10:23Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306160307|Karina Walters]]" 882868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karina Lynn Walters''' (born April 18, 1964) is a Choctaw-American social epidemiologist, health promotion scholar, and former psychotherapist. She is the director of the Tribal Health Research Office at the National Institutes of Health. Walters was a professor and the Katherine Hall Chambers Scholar at the University of Washington School of Social Work. == Life == Walters was born on April 18, 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters |url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjy7YpypVRBjhjYGrGchXm.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=id.oclc.org}}</ref> in [[Los Angeles]], California and is an enrolled member of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Karina L. |title=Curriculum Vitae |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/sites/default/files/faculty_cv/cv-walters_2012.pdf |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> She earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1987.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters {{!}} School of Social Work |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040419/https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> Walters then completed a Master of Social Work (clinical) in social welfare in 1990 at UCLA.<ref name=":2" /> She worked as a psychotherapist.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> From 1993 to 1995, she was appointed by mayors Tom Bradley and [[Richard Riordan]] as commissioner for the Los Angeles County American Indian Commission.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1995, Walters earned a Doctor of Philosophy in social welfare from UCLA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Her dissertation was titled ''Urban American Indian Identity and Psychological Wellness''.<ref name=":1" /> Rosina Becerra was her dissertation chair.<ref name=":1" /> Walters is a [[Yaduwar cututtukan zamantakewa|social epidemiology]] and health promotion scholar. Her early social epidemiological research involved LGBT, two-spirit, and urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations across the United States.<ref name=":0" /> She was an assistant and later associate professor at the Columbia University School of Social Work from 1995 to 2001.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters {{!}} School of Social Work |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040419/https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> Walters joined the faculty at the University of Washington School of Social Work in 2001.<ref name=":2" /> She was promoted to full professor in 2011.<ref name=":2" /> Walters was the director of the doctoral program from 2003 to 2005.<ref name=":2" /> She served from 2012 to 2019 as the associate dean for research at the University of Washington School of Social Work, overseeing and assisting faculty in generating $20–30 million in grants annually.<ref name=":0" /> Walter was a tenured full professor and the Katherine Hall Chambers Scholar.<ref name=":0" /> She was an adjunct professor in the department of global health and the University of Washington School of Public Health.<ref name=":0" /> She was the founding director of the University of Washington Indigenous Wellness Research Institute.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2023, Walters has over 28 years of AI/AN health research experience. She conducted social epidemiological research on the environmental, historical, social, and cultural determinants of health and health equity of AI/AN communities as well as designed and empirically tested, tribally derived chronic disease prevention interventions.<ref name=":0" /> Walters has conducted tribal-based intervention research in the areas of substance use disorders, obesity prevention and physical activity promotion, diabetes and depression, and [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|HIV prevention]].<ref name=":0" /> She has served as an National Institutes of Health (NIH) principal investigator or co-investigator on 35 NIH awards from multiple NIH Institutes.<ref name=":0" /> She is the first American Indian fellow inducted into the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.<ref name=":0" /> On March 16, 2023, Walters was selected to lead the NIH Tribal Health Research Office (THRO).<ref name=":0" /> She succeeded acting director Robin Kawazoe on April 24, 2023. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] aeq4e6puqiim25ouqikc3c1hbyzknoo 882869 882868 2026-07-14T11:10:53Z D son203 45710 882869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karina Lynn Walters''' (born April 18, 1964) is a Choctaw-American social epidemiologist, health promotion scholar, and former psychotherapist. She is the director of the Tribal Health Research Office at the National Institutes of Health. Walters was a professor and the Katherine Hall Chambers Scholar at the University of Washington School of Social Work. == Life == Walters was born on April 18, 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters |url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjy7YpypVRBjhjYGrGchXm.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=id.oclc.org}}</ref> in [[Los Angeles]], California and is an enrolled member of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Karina L. |title=Curriculum Vitae |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/sites/default/files/faculty_cv/cv-walters_2012.pdf |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> She earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1987.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters {{!}} School of Social Work |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040419/https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> Walters then completed a Master of Social Work (clinical) in social welfare in 1990 at UCLA.<ref name=":2" /> She worked as a psychotherapist.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> From 1993 to 1995, she was appointed by mayors Tom Bradley and [[Richard Riordan]] as commissioner for the Los Angeles County American Indian Commission.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1995, Walters earned a Doctor of Philosophy in social welfare from UCLA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Her dissertation was titled ''Urban American Indian Identity and Psychological Wellness''.<ref name=":1" /> Rosina Becerra was her dissertation chair.<ref name=":1" /> Walters is a [[Yaduwar cututtukan zamantakewa|social epidemiology]] and health promotion scholar. Her early social epidemiological research involved LGBT, two-spirit, and urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations across the United States.<ref name=":0" /> She was an assistant and later associate professor at the Columbia University School of Social Work from 1995 to 2001.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Karina L. Walters {{!}} School of Social Work |url=https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040419/https://socialwork.uw.edu/faculty/professors/karina-l-walters |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=University of Washington School of Social Work}}</ref> Walters joined the faculty at the University of Washington School of Social Work in 2001.<ref name=":2" /> She was promoted to full professor in 2011.<ref name=":2" /> Walters was the director of the doctoral program from 2003 to 2005.<ref name=":2" /> She served from 2012 to 2019 as the associate dean for research at the University of Washington School of Social Work, overseeing and assisting faculty in generating $20–30 million in grants annually.<ref name=":0" /> Walter was a tenured full professor and the Katherine Hall Chambers Scholar.<ref name=":0" /> She was an adjunct professor in the department of global health and the University of Washington School of Public Health.<ref name=":0" /> She was the founding director of the University of Washington Indigenous Wellness Research Institute.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2023, Walters has over 28 years of AI/AN health research experience. She conducted social epidemiological research on the environmental, historical, social, and cultural determinants of health and health equity of AI/AN communities as well as designed and empirically tested, tribally derived chronic disease prevention interventions.<ref name=":0" /> Walters has conducted tribal-based intervention research in the areas of substance use disorders, obesity prevention and physical activity promotion, diabetes and depression, and [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|HIV prevention]].<ref name=":0" /> She has served as an National Institutes of Health (NIH) principal investigator or co-investigator on 35 NIH awards from multiple NIH Institutes.<ref name=":0" /> She is the first American Indian fellow inducted into the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.<ref name=":0" /> On March 16, 2023, Walters was selected to lead the NIH Tribal Health Research Office (THRO).<ref name=":0" /> She succeeded acting director Robin Kawazoe on April 24, 2023. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] l11sa483unhw5aear5o84ghiqtify3c Kungiyar mayar da martani ga shan miyagun ƙwayoyi 0 161562 882873 2026-07-14T11:17:55Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363861234|Drug abuse response team]]" 882873 wikitext text/x-wiki In the United States, a '''quick response team (QRT)''', also known as a '''post-overdose outreach team''' or a '''drug abuse response team (DART)''', is an integrated, first responder and community paramedicine<ref name="ucnews">{{Cite web |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref> unit comprising [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] officers, rescue personnel, health care professionals and / or substance abuse counselors. A QRT is trained to serve as a first responder unit for narcotic-related medical emergencies and, thereafter, to approach and counsel overdose victims during their "recovery windows" — the 72 hours immediately following life-threatening drug overdoses — when users are thought to be more open to accepting help.<ref name="ucnews">{{Cite web |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref> At present, QRT and/or DART programs are operating in communities in at least 5 states (see "'''Proliferation'''" below). == History == The QRT deflection model was first developed in 2014, in Colerain Township, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] — a 45-square-mile suburb in Hamilton County, just northwest of Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Grieving Father Helped Bring a New Model of Fighting Heroin Addiction to Summit County, and It Might Change Everything |url=https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/a-grieving-father-helped-bring-a-new-model-of-fighting-heroin-addiction-to-summit-county-and-it-might-change-everything/Content?oid=7876089 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cleveland Scene}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroin overdose quick response teams in Ohio and Kentucky |url=https://yourvoiceohio.org/heroin-overdose-quick-response-teams-in-ohio-and-kentucky/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Your Voice Ohio}}</ref> Colerain's then-safety services director, Dan Meloy – who had previously served as the township's police chief and, later, as the township's administrator — oversaw development of its pilot QRT program, in collaboration with the community's assistant fire chief Will Mueller (who is also an adjunct instructor of Fire science at the University of Cincinnati<ref name="kern2018">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Jac |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref>), and CEO Nan Franks and social worker Shana Merrick from the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2" /> Concurrently and independently of the Colerain program, Lucas County, Ohio, developed its similar DART model, which it also first deployed in 2014.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}</ref> == Impetus == Meloy and other Colerain officials saw the need to develop more innovative, person-centered approaches to reduce the then-sharply rising number of narcotic overdoses in their community, which had been particularly hard-hit by the United States' mid-2010s opioid epidemic. At the time of the QRT pilot program's development, Colerain Township had approximately 60,000 residents, usually covered by just 33 fire/EMS personnel and 6 patrol officers at any given time.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Whereas in 2011, Colerain reported 51 total overdoses, by 2014 the annual number of overdoses in the community had risen to 141 – a 176% increase in just three years – according to statistics provided in 2016 by the township's Department of Public Safety to the non-profit organization Cover2 Resources, which had asked Colerain to consult as that organization assisted in the development of a similar QRT program in Summit County, Ohio (see "'''Proliferation'''" below).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}</ref> == Organization == In the original Colerain model, a special tactics-trained police officer, a specially-trained firefighter-medic and an addiction counselor from the community were partnered to form a single QRT.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The community's initial QRT emergency responder candidate pool included 6 of the community's firefighter-medics who had previous experience serving as military, SWAT, or Hostage Rescue Team tactical medics (TACMEDs) and 5 police officers with special tactics training (through their service in the military, with SWAT, or on Narcotics Squads).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The chosen firefighter-medics received additional [[Kariyar kai|self-defense]], chemical irritant deployment and de-escalation training.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Special tactics training was deemed necessary, in township officials' estimation, due to the volatile circumstances that often prevail on scene during narcotics-related emergency responses. Licensed substance abuse counselors were provided to the QRT program through a partnership with the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The QRT program included a "360 Solution" component, under which all Colerain patrol officers were equipped with nasal-delivery naloxone (Narcan), provided by the Ohio Department of Health and Hamilton County Public Health.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Additionally, the police department canvassed the community several times door-to-door, delivering brochures that informed citizens about the township's efforts to respond to the opioid epidemic.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Colerain's QRT members were trained to use "motivational interviewing" principles – expression of empathy to build rapport with the opiate user, helping the user to elicit the pros and cons of entering treatment, respecting the user's right to choose, and communicating to the user their capability to change – during their post-incident follow-ups with overdose victims, to attempt to divert users into addiction treatment programs.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> They were also trained to identify [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|barriers to treatment]], to assist users and their families in preparing to remove or overcome those barriers, to move the user toward a firm commitment to action, and to engage the victim's family and enlist its help in moving the victim to action.<ref name="Mueller2018">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Will |title=Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic |url=http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Colerain Township Department of Public Safety}}</ref> Follow-on counseling encounters were directed to be made in a manner that built trust, maintained discretion and confidentiality, protected the individual's right to choose his or her own care, and complied with all state and federal regulations on patient privacy (i.e.., HIPAA).<ref name="Mueller2018">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Will |title=Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic |url=http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Colerain Township Department of Public Safety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMueller">Mueller, Will. [http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf "Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Colerain Township Department of Public Safety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Efficacy == In January through June 2015 (the 6 months immediately preceding the unit's first deployment), Colerain's first responders made 96 overdose-related emergency runs (19 of which involved associated cardiac arrests). In the 6 months immediately following the QRT units' deployment, the township made 71 overdose-related emergency runs (7 of which involved associated cardiac arrests).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Although those initial, positive indications were not sufficient to conclusively prove the pilot program's effectiveness, they were nonetheless encouraging. A subsequent year-over-year analysis lent support to its developers hypothesis that the QRT program could be effective in reducing the number of overdoses in the community.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> In January through June 2016, the township made 67 overdose-related emergency runs (just 6 of which involved associated cardiac arrests), representing just over a 30% reduction in such runs from the same 6-month period in the preceding year.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> At 2016's year-end, Colerain Township's Department of Public Safety reported that its QRT units had conducted approximately 250 overdose follow-up encounters since July 2015, when the units were first deployed, and that nearly 80% of the users counseled by the unit had entered substance abuse treatment.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nearby Middletown, Ohio's QRT arguably did not succeed in reducing overdose rates or overdose-related deaths in its first year of operation. Interviewed by the ''Journal-News'', Middletown's fire chief, Paul Lolli, noted that in 2016 (the year its QRT was implemented), the city's emergency response agencies made 532 overdose-related runs (comprising 5.7% of its total response volume for that year) with 74 deaths recorded. But, from January 1 – June 17, 2017, the city's agencies had already made 577 opioid overdose responses (comprising 12.4% of its EMS run volume to that point in the year) with 51 recorded deaths. In 2017, Lucas County sheriff John Tharp stated that that county's DART program had, in the 3 years since its first deployment, achieved a similar success rate, with 74% of contacted individuals having either entered detox or connected with other substance abuse treatment programs.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Proliferation == The Colerain QRT's initial successes in addressing that township's opiate abuse epidemic garnered close attention from officials in surrounding communities, many of which expressed interest in adopting the model. Within the QRT's first 2 years of operation, communities in [[North Carolina]], northern Ohio, [[Texas]] and [[West Virginia]] contacted Colerain to inquire about its program. By June 2016, Ross County, Ohio, and its seat, Chillicothe, had launched their joint, multi-agency Post-Overdose Response Team (PORT), based on Colerain's QRT. In August 2016, Oxford, Ohio, in Butler County, had "loosely" formed a QRT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Carleigh |title=Oxford Creates First Heroin Quick Response Team |url=https://patch.com/ohio/miamiuniversity-oxford/oxford-creates-first-heroin-quick-response-team |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Oxford Patch |publisher=Patch}}</ref> By September 2016, another Cincinnati suburb, Norwood, had developed and deployed a Colerain-model QRT. In January 2017, the Funders' Response to the Heroin Epidemic – a Greater Cincinnati-based, private funding collaboration operated by InterAct for Change, a nonprofit subsidiary of Interact for Health — awarded both Colerain Township and Clermont County, Ohio, $100,000 grants to support (respectively) their QRT operational and development efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Allison |title=FRHE awards grants to address heroin epidemic |url=http://local.cincinnati.com/share/story/244463 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cincinnati.com |publisher=Gannett}}</ref> Both grants were to be paid over 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MHRB awarded $100K grant to fund heroin response team |url=http://clermontcountyohio.gov/2017/01/27/mhrb-awarded-100k-grant-to-fund-heroin-response-team/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=ClermontCountyOhio.gov |publisher=Clermont County Government}}</ref> By March 8, 2017, two other Tristate communities — Lawrenceburg, Indiana and Kenton County, Kentucky – had developed and launched their own versions of the QRT program. In contrast to the Colerain model, Kenton County's QRT – developed by Kenton County Police Department chief Spike Jones and Independence (Ky.) Fire District chief Scott Breeze – was operated by part-time staffers. Unlike Colerain's QRT members, who are full-time employees but also pull normal fire/EMS, police patrol or special tactics team duty, Kenton County's part-time staffers are not responsible for non-QRT duties. Middletown, Ohio, implemented its QRT program in 2016; the city's fire chief, Paul Lolli, reported that 92% of users contacted by the unit had "been able to enter treatment," although he acknowledged that the program had not recorded the results experienced by those who entered treatment, rendering the program's efficacy unclear. In June 2017, citing opiate addiction as his community's "No. 1 public safety issue," Boone County, Ky., Judge-Executive Gary Moore announced that county's launch of its own Colerain-inspired overdose response team. By July 2017, several other Ohio communities – including Colerain-neighboring Green Township, the cities of Cincinnati, [[Cleveland]], Hamilton, Mansfield, Oxford and Troy, and Logan and Richland Counties – had developed and implemented QRT programs.<ref name="kern2018">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Jac |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKern">Kern, Jac. [http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 "Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with 'Community Paramedicine,' 'Quick Response Teams'"]. ''University of Cincinnati''. University of Cincinnati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Summit County developed its QRT in partnership with the non-profit drug abuse education and prevention organization Cover2 Resources, with significant advisory support from Colerain Township's Meloy. The county deployed QRT units in Akron, Barberton, Coventry, Cuyahoga Falls, Green, Hudson, Munroe Falls, Norton, Stow and Tallmadge, under partnership agreements with those communities.<ref name="Sandy2018" /><ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Indianapolis and Raleigh had also deployed QRT units as of July 2017. In June 2017, Butler County Mental Health and Addiction Recovery Services received a $660,000 federal grant, funded by provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act, to develop a mobile overdose response program in that Southwestern Ohio locality. Also in June 2017, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed into law a state budget that allotted $3&nbsp;million in grant funding to assist Ohio communities in developing their own QRT or DART programs. The grants were to be administered by the Ohio Attorney General's Office and the initial application period was set to begin in mid-July 2017.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> In September 2017, Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine announced that QRT/DART development grants had been awarded to 40 Ohio [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] agencies and their partner organizations. Hancock County received $87,500 and, by the end of the year, its QRT was operational; Ottawa and Wood Counties also received funding. The Mahoning County Sheriff's Office was awarded a $150,000 grant to develop a county-wide QRT program. The Newton Falls Police Department in Trumbull County and the East Liverpool Police Department in Columbiana County each received $50,000 grants. Tuscarawas County was another of the first communities to receive an Ohio QRT/DART development grant; its sheriff's department was awarded $83,500 to start a county-wide, multi-agency program, which became operational in mid-October 2017. In December 2017, Meloy resigned from his role as Colerain Township administrator to become an addiction services consultant, helping other communities to start their own QRT programs. On June 9, 2018, during the United States Conference of Mayors’ 86th Annual Meeting in Boston, the City of Huntington, W.V. and its mayor, Steve Williams, received the City Livability Awards Program "Outstanding Achievement" honor for the successful deployment of its QRT. First given in 1979, City Livability Awards honor, "mayors and their city governments for developing programs that enhance the quality of life in urban areas," and "are given annually to ten mayors and their cities," according to the Conference's website. * Addiction recovery * Paramedicine * [[Lafiyar jama'a|Community medicine]] * Community policing * [[Rashin amfani da opium|Narcotic abuse]] * Opioid epidemic * [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|Social determinants of health]] * Intervention (counseling) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7pv1pdxackpxdrsjbieag9z0k10rj2p 882874 882873 2026-07-14T11:18:28Z D son203 45710 882874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} In the United States, a '''quick response team (QRT)''', also known as a '''post-overdose outreach team''' or a '''drug abuse response team (DART)''', is an integrated, first responder and community paramedicine<ref name="ucnews">{{Cite web |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref> unit comprising [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] officers, rescue personnel, health care professionals and / or substance abuse counselors. A QRT is trained to serve as a first responder unit for narcotic-related medical emergencies and, thereafter, to approach and counsel overdose victims during their "recovery windows" — the 72 hours immediately following life-threatening drug overdoses — when users are thought to be more open to accepting help.<ref name="ucnews">{{Cite web |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref> At present, QRT and/or DART programs are operating in communities in at least 5 states (see "'''Proliferation'''" below). == History == The QRT deflection model was first developed in 2014, in Colerain Township, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] — a 45-square-mile suburb in Hamilton County, just northwest of Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Grieving Father Helped Bring a New Model of Fighting Heroin Addiction to Summit County, and It Might Change Everything |url=https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/a-grieving-father-helped-bring-a-new-model-of-fighting-heroin-addiction-to-summit-county-and-it-might-change-everything/Content?oid=7876089 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cleveland Scene}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroin overdose quick response teams in Ohio and Kentucky |url=https://yourvoiceohio.org/heroin-overdose-quick-response-teams-in-ohio-and-kentucky/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Your Voice Ohio}}</ref> Colerain's then-safety services director, Dan Meloy – who had previously served as the township's police chief and, later, as the township's administrator — oversaw development of its pilot QRT program, in collaboration with the community's assistant fire chief Will Mueller (who is also an adjunct instructor of Fire science at the University of Cincinnati<ref name="kern2018">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Jac |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref>), and CEO Nan Franks and social worker Shana Merrick from the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2" /> Concurrently and independently of the Colerain program, Lucas County, Ohio, developed its similar DART model, which it also first deployed in 2014.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}</ref> == Impetus == Meloy and other Colerain officials saw the need to develop more innovative, person-centered approaches to reduce the then-sharply rising number of narcotic overdoses in their community, which had been particularly hard-hit by the United States' mid-2010s opioid epidemic. At the time of the QRT pilot program's development, Colerain Township had approximately 60,000 residents, usually covered by just 33 fire/EMS personnel and 6 patrol officers at any given time.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}</ref> Whereas in 2011, Colerain reported 51 total overdoses, by 2014 the annual number of overdoses in the community had risen to 141 – a 176% increase in just three years – according to statistics provided in 2016 by the township's Department of Public Safety to the non-profit organization Cover2 Resources, which had asked Colerain to consult as that organization assisted in the development of a similar QRT program in Summit County, Ohio (see "'''Proliferation'''" below).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}</ref> == Organization == In the original Colerain model, a special tactics-trained police officer, a specially-trained firefighter-medic and an addiction counselor from the community were partnered to form a single QRT.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The community's initial QRT emergency responder candidate pool included 6 of the community's firefighter-medics who had previous experience serving as military, SWAT, or Hostage Rescue Team tactical medics (TACMEDs) and 5 police officers with special tactics training (through their service in the military, with SWAT, or on Narcotics Squads).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The chosen firefighter-medics received additional [[Kariyar kai|self-defense]], chemical irritant deployment and de-escalation training.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Special tactics training was deemed necessary, in township officials' estimation, due to the volatile circumstances that often prevail on scene during narcotics-related emergency responses. Licensed substance abuse counselors were provided to the QRT program through a partnership with the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> The QRT program included a "360 Solution" component, under which all Colerain patrol officers were equipped with nasal-delivery naloxone (Narcan), provided by the Ohio Department of Health and Hamilton County Public Health.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Additionally, the police department canvassed the community several times door-to-door, delivering brochures that informed citizens about the township's efforts to respond to the opioid epidemic.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Colerain's QRT members were trained to use "motivational interviewing" principles – expression of empathy to build rapport with the opiate user, helping the user to elicit the pros and cons of entering treatment, respecting the user's right to choose, and communicating to the user their capability to change – during their post-incident follow-ups with overdose victims, to attempt to divert users into addiction treatment programs.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> They were also trained to identify [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|barriers to treatment]], to assist users and their families in preparing to remove or overcome those barriers, to move the user toward a firm commitment to action, and to engage the victim's family and enlist its help in moving the victim to action.<ref name="Mueller2018">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Will |title=Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic |url=http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Colerain Township Department of Public Safety}}</ref> Follow-on counseling encounters were directed to be made in a manner that built trust, maintained discretion and confidentiality, protected the individual's right to choose his or her own care, and complied with all state and federal regulations on patient privacy (i.e.., HIPAA).<ref name="Mueller2018">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Will |title=Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic |url=http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Colerain Township Department of Public Safety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMueller">Mueller, Will. [http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf "Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Colerain Township Department of Public Safety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Efficacy == In January through June 2015 (the 6 months immediately preceding the unit's first deployment), Colerain's first responders made 96 overdose-related emergency runs (19 of which involved associated cardiac arrests). In the 6 months immediately following the QRT units' deployment, the township made 71 overdose-related emergency runs (7 of which involved associated cardiac arrests).<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Although those initial, positive indications were not sufficient to conclusively prove the pilot program's effectiveness, they were nonetheless encouraging. A subsequent year-over-year analysis lent support to its developers hypothesis that the QRT program could be effective in reducing the number of overdoses in the community.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> In January through June 2016, the township made 67 overdose-related emergency runs (just 6 of which involved associated cardiac arrests), representing just over a 30% reduction in such runs from the same 6-month period in the preceding year.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> At 2016's year-end, Colerain Township's Department of Public Safety reported that its QRT units had conducted approximately 250 overdose follow-up encounters since July 2015, when the units were first deployed, and that nearly 80% of the users counseled by the unit had entered substance abuse treatment.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx "Quick Response Team – One Community's Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio"]. ''cover2.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nearby Middletown, Ohio's QRT arguably did not succeed in reducing overdose rates or overdose-related deaths in its first year of operation. Interviewed by the ''Journal-News'', Middletown's fire chief, Paul Lolli, noted that in 2016 (the year its QRT was implemented), the city's emergency response agencies made 532 overdose-related runs (comprising 5.7% of its total response volume for that year) with 74 deaths recorded. But, from January 1 – June 17, 2017, the city's agencies had already made 577 opioid overdose responses (comprising 12.4% of its EMS run volume to that point in the year) with 51 recorded deaths. In 2017, Lucas County sheriff John Tharp stated that that county's DART program had, in the 3 years since its first deployment, achieved a similar success rate, with 74% of contacted individuals having either entered detox or connected with other substance abuse treatment programs.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Proliferation == The Colerain QRT's initial successes in addressing that township's opiate abuse epidemic garnered close attention from officials in surrounding communities, many of which expressed interest in adopting the model. Within the QRT's first 2 years of operation, communities in [[North Carolina]], northern Ohio, [[Texas]] and [[West Virginia]] contacted Colerain to inquire about its program. By June 2016, Ross County, Ohio, and its seat, Chillicothe, had launched their joint, multi-agency Post-Overdose Response Team (PORT), based on Colerain's QRT. In August 2016, Oxford, Ohio, in Butler County, had "loosely" formed a QRT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Carleigh |title=Oxford Creates First Heroin Quick Response Team |url=https://patch.com/ohio/miamiuniversity-oxford/oxford-creates-first-heroin-quick-response-team |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Oxford Patch |publisher=Patch}}</ref> By September 2016, another Cincinnati suburb, Norwood, had developed and deployed a Colerain-model QRT. In January 2017, the Funders' Response to the Heroin Epidemic – a Greater Cincinnati-based, private funding collaboration operated by InterAct for Change, a nonprofit subsidiary of Interact for Health — awarded both Colerain Township and Clermont County, Ohio, $100,000 grants to support (respectively) their QRT operational and development efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Allison |title=FRHE awards grants to address heroin epidemic |url=http://local.cincinnati.com/share/story/244463 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cincinnati.com |publisher=Gannett}}</ref> Both grants were to be paid over 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MHRB awarded $100K grant to fund heroin response team |url=http://clermontcountyohio.gov/2017/01/27/mhrb-awarded-100k-grant-to-fund-heroin-response-team/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=ClermontCountyOhio.gov |publisher=Clermont County Government}}</ref> By March 8, 2017, two other Tristate communities — Lawrenceburg, Indiana and Kenton County, Kentucky – had developed and launched their own versions of the QRT program. In contrast to the Colerain model, Kenton County's QRT – developed by Kenton County Police Department chief Spike Jones and Independence (Ky.) Fire District chief Scott Breeze – was operated by part-time staffers. Unlike Colerain's QRT members, who are full-time employees but also pull normal fire/EMS, police patrol or special tactics team duty, Kenton County's part-time staffers are not responsible for non-QRT duties. Middletown, Ohio, implemented its QRT program in 2016; the city's fire chief, Paul Lolli, reported that 92% of users contacted by the unit had "been able to enter treatment," although he acknowledged that the program had not recorded the results experienced by those who entered treatment, rendering the program's efficacy unclear. In June 2017, citing opiate addiction as his community's "No. 1 public safety issue," Boone County, Ky., Judge-Executive Gary Moore announced that county's launch of its own Colerain-inspired overdose response team. By July 2017, several other Ohio communities – including Colerain-neighboring Green Township, the cities of Cincinnati, [[Cleveland]], Hamilton, Mansfield, Oxford and Troy, and Logan and Richland Counties – had developed and implemented QRT programs.<ref name="kern2018">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Jac |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKern">Kern, Jac. [http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 "Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with 'Community Paramedicine,' 'Quick Response Teams'"]. ''University of Cincinnati''. University of Cincinnati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Summit County developed its QRT in partnership with the non-profit drug abuse education and prevention organization Cover2 Resources, with significant advisory support from Colerain Township's Meloy. The county deployed QRT units in Akron, Barberton, Coventry, Cuyahoga Falls, Green, Hudson, Munroe Falls, Norton, Stow and Tallmadge, under partnership agreements with those communities.<ref name="Sandy2018" /><ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Indianapolis and Raleigh had also deployed QRT units as of July 2017. In June 2017, Butler County Mental Health and Addiction Recovery Services received a $660,000 federal grant, funded by provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act, to develop a mobile overdose response program in that Southwestern Ohio locality. Also in June 2017, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed into law a state budget that allotted $3&nbsp;million in grant funding to assist Ohio communities in developing their own QRT or DART programs. The grants were to be administered by the Ohio Attorney General's Office and the initial application period was set to begin in mid-July 2017.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 "Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic"]. ''Office of the Ohio Attorney General''. State of Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> In September 2017, Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine announced that QRT/DART development grants had been awarded to 40 Ohio [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] agencies and their partner organizations. Hancock County received $87,500 and, by the end of the year, its QRT was operational; Ottawa and Wood Counties also received funding. The Mahoning County Sheriff's Office was awarded a $150,000 grant to develop a county-wide QRT program. The Newton Falls Police Department in Trumbull County and the East Liverpool Police Department in Columbiana County each received $50,000 grants. Tuscarawas County was another of the first communities to receive an Ohio QRT/DART development grant; its sheriff's department was awarded $83,500 to start a county-wide, multi-agency program, which became operational in mid-October 2017. In December 2017, Meloy resigned from his role as Colerain Township administrator to become an addiction services consultant, helping other communities to start their own QRT programs. On June 9, 2018, during the United States Conference of Mayors’ 86th Annual Meeting in Boston, the City of Huntington, W.V. and its mayor, Steve Williams, received the City Livability Awards Program "Outstanding Achievement" honor for the successful deployment of its QRT. First given in 1979, City Livability Awards honor, "mayors and their city governments for developing programs that enhance the quality of life in urban areas," and "are given annually to ten mayors and their cities," according to the Conference's website. * Addiction recovery * Paramedicine * [[Lafiyar jama'a|Community medicine]] * Community policing * [[Rashin amfani da opium|Narcotic abuse]] * Opioid epidemic * [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|Social determinants of health]] * Intervention (counseling) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l8d8jzzmxy77sns4i5to4xdjlvkwucx Elizabeth Walter 0 161563 882875 2026-07-14T11:20:09Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329150928|Elizabeth Walter]]" 882875 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elizabeth Walter''' (1927 – 8 May 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Steven H. |author-link=Steven H Silver |title=In Memoriam: 2006 |url=http://www.sfsite.com/columns/steven242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317064649/http://sfsite.com/columns/steven242.htm |archive-date=March 17, 2007 |access-date=2007-09-25}}</ref> was an English writer of novels and short stories in the horror and fantasy genres. She was born in [[Landan|London]] but grew up in the Welsh Border country (Herefordshire). She lived in London in later life though with periodic returns to the Wye Valley and the Black Mountains. An editor for the British publishing house Collins, she edited their Crime Club titles for more than thirty years, from 1961 until she retired in 1994 and the imprint was brought to a close. She authored six short story collections and four novels. Three of her stories were filmed for television. Several of her supernatural tales were inspired by travels in other countries, especially Germany. She also edited ''A Christmas Scrapbook'' for Collins (1979, <nowiki>ISBN 0 00 216196 6</nowiki>), a selection of Victorian images from the Mansell Collection alongside "quaint and curious items of Christmas lore". == Bibliography == * ''The More Deceived'' (1960) * ''The Nearest and Dearest'' (1963) * ''A Season of Goodwill'' (1986) * ''Homeward Bound'' (1990) === Collections of ghost stories === * ''Snowfall and Other Chilling Events'' (1965) * ''The Sin Eater and Other Scientific Impossibilities'' (1967) * ''Davy Jones' Tale and Other Supernatural Stories'' (1971) * ''Come and Get Me and Other Uncanny Invitations'' (1973) * ''Dead Woman and Other Haunting Experiences'' (1975) * ''In the Mist and Other Uncanny Encounters'' (1979) === Non-fiction === * ''A Christmas Scrapbook'' (1979) * ''Season's Greetings'' (1980) * ''A Wedding Bouquet'' (1981) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 86fd6by52fguzw2x6ymaio5cfs7z7nl 882876 882875 2026-07-14T11:20:33Z D son203 45710 882876 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Walter''' (1927 – 8 May 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Steven H. |author-link=Steven H Silver |title=In Memoriam: 2006 |url=http://www.sfsite.com/columns/steven242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317064649/http://sfsite.com/columns/steven242.htm |archive-date=March 17, 2007 |access-date=2007-09-25}}</ref> was an English writer of novels and short stories in the horror and fantasy genres. She was born in [[Landan|London]] but grew up in the Welsh Border country (Herefordshire). She lived in London in later life though with periodic returns to the Wye Valley and the Black Mountains. An editor for the British publishing house Collins, she edited their Crime Club titles for more than thirty years, from 1961 until she retired in 1994 and the imprint was brought to a close. She authored six short story collections and four novels. Three of her stories were filmed for television. Several of her supernatural tales were inspired by travels in other countries, especially Germany. She also edited ''A Christmas Scrapbook'' for Collins (1979, <nowiki>ISBN 0 00 216196 6</nowiki>), a selection of Victorian images from the Mansell Collection alongside "quaint and curious items of Christmas lore". == Bibliography == * ''The More Deceived'' (1960) * ''The Nearest and Dearest'' (1963) * ''A Season of Goodwill'' (1986) * ''Homeward Bound'' (1990) === Collections of ghost stories === * ''Snowfall and Other Chilling Events'' (1965) * ''The Sin Eater and Other Scientific Impossibilities'' (1967) * ''Davy Jones' Tale and Other Supernatural Stories'' (1971) * ''Come and Get Me and Other Uncanny Invitations'' (1973) * ''Dead Woman and Other Haunting Experiences'' (1975) * ''In the Mist and Other Uncanny Encounters'' (1979) === Non-fiction === * ''A Christmas Scrapbook'' (1979) * ''Season's Greetings'' (1980) * ''A Wedding Bouquet'' (1981) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 6pcdxsblzba1yqguzaknsi3qpop29wj Cutar ciki ta haihuwa ta chloride 0 161564 882877 2026-07-14T11:22:13Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361616857|Congenital chloride diarrhea]]" 882877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Congenital chloride diarrhea''' ('''CCD''', also '''congenital chloridorrhea''' or '''Darrow Gamble syndrome''') is a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorder]] due to an autosomal recessive mutation on chromosome 7. The mutation is in downregulated-in-adenoma (DRA), a gene that encodes a membrane protein of intestinal cells. The protein belongs to the solute carrier 26 family of membrane transport proteins.<ref name="pmid18400693">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dorwart MR, Shcheynikov N, Yang D, Muallem S |date=April 2008 |title=The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport |journal=Physiology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=104–14 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00037.2007 |pmid=18400693}}</ref> More than 20 mutations in the gene are known to date. A rare disease, CCD occurs in all parts of the world but is more common in some populations with genetic founder effects,<ref name="pmid9886972">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kere J, Lohi H, Höglund P |date=January 1999 |title=Genetic Disorders of Membrane Transport III. Congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=276 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=G7–G13 |doi=10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G7 |pmid=9886972}}</ref> most notably in [[Finland]]. == Symptoms and signs == Chronic diarrhoea starting from early neonatal period. Failure to thrive is usually accompanying diarrhea. == Pathophysiology == CCD causes persistent secretory diarrhea. In a fetus, it leads to polyhydramnios and premature birth. Immediately after birth, it leads to [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|dehydration]], [[hypoelectrolytemia]], hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal distention, and failure to thrive.<ref name="pmid12442266">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mäkelä S, Kere J, Holmberg C, Höglund P |date=December 2002 |title=SLC26A3 mutations in congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=Human Mutation |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=425–38 |doi=10.1002/humu.10139 |pmid=12442266 |s2cid=2450225 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Diagnosis == CCD may be detectable on prenatal ultrasound.<ref name="pmid1418143">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose NC, Kaplan P, Scott S, Kousoulis A, Librizzi R |year=1992 |title=Prenatal presentation of congenital chloride diarrhea: clinical report and review of the literature |journal=American Journal of Perinatology |volume=9 |issue=5–6 |pages=398–400 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-999274 |pmid=1418143}}</ref><ref name="pmid1694648">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abdullah AM, Shaheed MM, Katugampola SM, Patel PJ |date=March 1990 |title=Congenital chloride diarrhoea: case report and review of the literature |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=71–4 |doi=10.1080/02724936.1990.11747412 |pmid=1694648}}</ref> After birth, signs in affected babies typically are abdominal distension, visible peristalsis, and watery stools persistent from birth that show chloride loss of more than 90&nbsp;mmol/L.<ref name="pmid1694648" /> An important feature in this [[Gudawa/Zawo|diarrhea]] that helps in the diagnosis, is that it is the only type of diarrhea that causes metabolic alkalosis rather than metabolic acidosis.<ref name="HirakawaHidaka2015">{{Cite journal |last=Hirakawa |first=M. |last2=Hidaka |first2=N. |last3=Kido |first3=S. |last4=Fukushima |first4=K. |last5=Kato |first5=K. |year=2015 |title=Congenital Chloride Diarrhea: Accurate Prenatal Diagnosis Using Color Doppler Sonography to Show the Passage of Diarrhea |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2113–2115 |doi=10.7863/ultra.15.01011 |issn=0278-4297 |pmid=26446821 |doi-access=}}</ref> == Treatment == Available treatments address the symptoms of CCD, not the underlying defect. Early diagnosis and aggressive salt replacement therapy result in normal growth and development, and generally good outcomes. Replacement of NaCl and KCl has been shown to be effective in children.<ref name="pmid16641574">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hihnala S, Höglund P, Lammi L, Kokkonen J, Ormälä T, Holmberg C |date=April 2006 |title=Long-term clinical outcome in patients with congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=369–75 |doi=10.1097/01.mpg.0000214161.37574.9a |pmid=16641574 |s2cid=12078505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == Observations leading to the characterization of the SLC26 family were based on research on rare human diseases. Three rare recessive diseases in humans have been shown to be caused by genes of this family. Diastrophic dysplasia, congenital chloride diarrhea, and Pendred syndrome are caused by the highly related genes SLC26A2 (first called DTDST), SLC26A3 (first called CLD or DRA), and SLC26A4 (first called PDS), respectively. Two of these diseases, diastrophic dysplasia and congenital chloride diarrhea, are Finnish heritage diseases.<ref name="g230">{{Cite journal |last=Uusimaa |first=Johanna |last2=Kettunen |first2=Johannes |last3=Varilo |first3=Teppo |last4=Järvelä |first4=Irma |last5=Kallijärvi |first5=Jukka |last6=Kääriäinen |first6=Helena |last7=Laine |first7=Minna |last8=Lapatto |first8=Risto |last9=Myllynen |first9=Päivi |last10=Niinikoski |first10=Harri |last11=Rahikkala |first11=Elisa |last12=Suomalainen |first12=Anu |last13=Tikkanen |first13=Ritva |last14=Tyynismaa |first14=Henna |last15=Vieira |first15=Päivi |date=2022-10-01 |title=The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |publisher=The Company of Biologists |volume=15 |issue=10 |page= |doi=10.1242/dmm.049490 |issn=1754-8403 |pmc=9637267}}</ref> == Manazarta == a4pnshviirtipkdf32in3yejgt3i0sn 882878 882877 2026-07-14T11:22:33Z D son203 45710 882878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Congenital chloride diarrhea''' ('''CCD''', also '''congenital chloridorrhea''' or '''Darrow Gamble syndrome''') is a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorder]] due to an autosomal recessive mutation on chromosome 7. The mutation is in downregulated-in-adenoma (DRA), a gene that encodes a membrane protein of intestinal cells. The protein belongs to the solute carrier 26 family of membrane transport proteins.<ref name="pmid18400693">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dorwart MR, Shcheynikov N, Yang D, Muallem S |date=April 2008 |title=The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport |journal=Physiology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=104–14 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00037.2007 |pmid=18400693}}</ref> More than 20 mutations in the gene are known to date. A rare disease, CCD occurs in all parts of the world but is more common in some populations with genetic founder effects,<ref name="pmid9886972">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kere J, Lohi H, Höglund P |date=January 1999 |title=Genetic Disorders of Membrane Transport III. Congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=276 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=G7–G13 |doi=10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G7 |pmid=9886972}}</ref> most notably in [[Finland]]. == Symptoms and signs == Chronic diarrhoea starting from early neonatal period. Failure to thrive is usually accompanying diarrhea. == Pathophysiology == CCD causes persistent secretory diarrhea. In a fetus, it leads to polyhydramnios and premature birth. Immediately after birth, it leads to [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|dehydration]], [[hypoelectrolytemia]], hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal distention, and failure to thrive.<ref name="pmid12442266">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mäkelä S, Kere J, Holmberg C, Höglund P |date=December 2002 |title=SLC26A3 mutations in congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=Human Mutation |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=425–38 |doi=10.1002/humu.10139 |pmid=12442266 |s2cid=2450225 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Diagnosis == CCD may be detectable on prenatal ultrasound.<ref name="pmid1418143">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose NC, Kaplan P, Scott S, Kousoulis A, Librizzi R |year=1992 |title=Prenatal presentation of congenital chloride diarrhea: clinical report and review of the literature |journal=American Journal of Perinatology |volume=9 |issue=5–6 |pages=398–400 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-999274 |pmid=1418143}}</ref><ref name="pmid1694648">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abdullah AM, Shaheed MM, Katugampola SM, Patel PJ |date=March 1990 |title=Congenital chloride diarrhoea: case report and review of the literature |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=71–4 |doi=10.1080/02724936.1990.11747412 |pmid=1694648}}</ref> After birth, signs in affected babies typically are abdominal distension, visible peristalsis, and watery stools persistent from birth that show chloride loss of more than 90&nbsp;mmol/L.<ref name="pmid1694648" /> An important feature in this [[Gudawa/Zawo|diarrhea]] that helps in the diagnosis, is that it is the only type of diarrhea that causes metabolic alkalosis rather than metabolic acidosis.<ref name="HirakawaHidaka2015">{{Cite journal |last=Hirakawa |first=M. |last2=Hidaka |first2=N. |last3=Kido |first3=S. |last4=Fukushima |first4=K. |last5=Kato |first5=K. |year=2015 |title=Congenital Chloride Diarrhea: Accurate Prenatal Diagnosis Using Color Doppler Sonography to Show the Passage of Diarrhea |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2113–2115 |doi=10.7863/ultra.15.01011 |issn=0278-4297 |pmid=26446821 |doi-access=}}</ref> == Treatment == Available treatments address the symptoms of CCD, not the underlying defect. Early diagnosis and aggressive salt replacement therapy result in normal growth and development, and generally good outcomes. Replacement of NaCl and KCl has been shown to be effective in children.<ref name="pmid16641574">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hihnala S, Höglund P, Lammi L, Kokkonen J, Ormälä T, Holmberg C |date=April 2006 |title=Long-term clinical outcome in patients with congenital chloride diarrhea |journal=Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=369–75 |doi=10.1097/01.mpg.0000214161.37574.9a |pmid=16641574 |s2cid=12078505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == Observations leading to the characterization of the SLC26 family were based on research on rare human diseases. Three rare recessive diseases in humans have been shown to be caused by genes of this family. Diastrophic dysplasia, congenital chloride diarrhea, and Pendred syndrome are caused by the highly related genes SLC26A2 (first called DTDST), SLC26A3 (first called CLD or DRA), and SLC26A4 (first called PDS), respectively. Two of these diseases, diastrophic dysplasia and congenital chloride diarrhea, are Finnish heritage diseases.<ref name="g230">{{Cite journal |last=Uusimaa |first=Johanna |last2=Kettunen |first2=Johannes |last3=Varilo |first3=Teppo |last4=Järvelä |first4=Irma |last5=Kallijärvi |first5=Jukka |last6=Kääriäinen |first6=Helena |last7=Laine |first7=Minna |last8=Lapatto |first8=Risto |last9=Myllynen |first9=Päivi |last10=Niinikoski |first10=Harri |last11=Rahikkala |first11=Elisa |last12=Suomalainen |first12=Anu |last13=Tikkanen |first13=Ritva |last14=Tyynismaa |first14=Henna |last15=Vieira |first15=Päivi |date=2022-10-01 |title=The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |publisher=The Company of Biologists |volume=15 |issue=10 |page= |doi=10.1242/dmm.049490 |issn=1754-8403 |pmc=9637267}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4frztd3ncob6240m1atiquym44p5dzr Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Varsity (Palo Alto) 0 161565 882880 2026-07-14T11:23:48Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329707812|Varsity Theatre (Palo Alto)]]" 882880 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Varsity_Theater,_Palo_Alto,_CA_(2771895956).jpg|alt=|thumb|Courtyard in 2008]] The '''Varsity Theatre''' is a former movie palace on University Avenue in Palo Alto, California. It was designed in a mixed Mission Revival and Spanish Renaissance style by brothers James Reid and Merritt Reid and opened in 1927. The theater closed in 1994 and the building has been adapted for other commercial uses, initially as a Borders bookstore and since 2015 housing a co-working space and a Blue Bottle cafe. == History == The original Varsity Theatre had opened in 1911 on the other side of University Avenue. Reid &amp;amp; Reid were commissioned to design a new building at 456&nbsp;University Avenue. Known for the Hotel del Coronado in Southern California, they designed a movie palace in a combination of Mission Revival and Spanish Renaissance styles with a distinctive neon marquee and an elongated, colonnade-lined courtyard. The reported cost was $250,000. It opened on September 26, 1927, showing ''Rose of the Golden West''. It was part of Peninsula Theatres Corporation, a subsidiary of the West Coast Theatres chain, which was later merged into Fox Theatres, and was also known as the Fox Varsity Theatre.<ref name="Treasures" /> University Avenue had several movie theaters; in the 1970s the Varsity became a revival house and also a live music venue, and housed a restaurant in the courtyard. It was operated by Landmark Theatres from 1987 to 1994, when it closed for financial reasons. It had been one of three movie theaters in the San Francisco Bay Area still showing ''The Rocky Horror Picture Show''. Despite protests from locals and also the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', which compared the theater to the Louvre, the owner, Charles "Chop" Keenan, was granted a zoning variance to increase square footage to offset the cost of seismic retrofitting in order to convert the Varsity into a Borders bookstore. Original plans to gut the building were modified to conform to federal regulations for historic buildings, and much of the interior was preserved in addition to the exterior appearance of the theater. Borders was liquidated in 2011. The building remained vacant until 2015, when it was renovated by Gensler to accommodate HanaHaus, a co-working space operated by the software company [[SAP]], and a Blue Bottle cafe. HanaHaus occupies the former auditorium, where the stage was retained and until the COVID-19 pandemic was available for conference rental. The closure of both HanaHaus and Blue Bottle was announced in September 2024. == Manazarta == o8wi07tzttvb8yxgb24xoddbaa81vk8 882881 882880 2026-07-14T11:24:09Z D son203 45710 882881 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Varsity_Theater,_Palo_Alto,_CA_(2771895956).jpg|alt=|thumb|Courtyard in 2008]]{{Databox}} The '''Varsity Theatre''' is a former movie palace on University Avenue in Palo Alto, California. It was designed in a mixed Mission Revival and Spanish Renaissance style by brothers James Reid and Merritt Reid and opened in 1927. The theater closed in 1994 and the building has been adapted for other commercial uses, initially as a Borders bookstore and since 2015 housing a co-working space and a Blue Bottle cafe. == History == The original Varsity Theatre had opened in 1911 on the other side of University Avenue. Reid &amp;amp; Reid were commissioned to design a new building at 456&nbsp;University Avenue. Known for the Hotel del Coronado in Southern California, they designed a movie palace in a combination of Mission Revival and Spanish Renaissance styles with a distinctive neon marquee and an elongated, colonnade-lined courtyard. The reported cost was $250,000. It opened on September 26, 1927, showing ''Rose of the Golden West''. It was part of Peninsula Theatres Corporation, a subsidiary of the West Coast Theatres chain, which was later merged into Fox Theatres, and was also known as the Fox Varsity Theatre.<ref name="Treasures" /> University Avenue had several movie theaters; in the 1970s the Varsity became a revival house and also a live music venue, and housed a restaurant in the courtyard. It was operated by Landmark Theatres from 1987 to 1994, when it closed for financial reasons. It had been one of three movie theaters in the San Francisco Bay Area still showing ''The Rocky Horror Picture Show''. Despite protests from locals and also the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', which compared the theater to the Louvre, the owner, Charles "Chop" Keenan, was granted a zoning variance to increase square footage to offset the cost of seismic retrofitting in order to convert the Varsity into a Borders bookstore. Original plans to gut the building were modified to conform to federal regulations for historic buildings, and much of the interior was preserved in addition to the exterior appearance of the theater. Borders was liquidated in 2011. The building remained vacant until 2015, when it was renovated by Gensler to accommodate HanaHaus, a co-working space operated by the software company [[SAP]], and a Blue Bottle cafe. HanaHaus occupies the former auditorium, where the stage was retained and until the COVID-19 pandemic was available for conference rental. The closure of both HanaHaus and Blue Bottle was announced in September 2024. == Manazarta == qjibs442quwq13u9xomwfm3t3recnsn Cation-chloride cotransporter 0 161566 882882 2026-07-14T11:26:18Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355374152|Cation-chloride cotransporter]]" 882882 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''cation-chloride cotransporter (CCC) family''' ([http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 TC# 2.A.30]) is part of the APC superfamily of secondary carriers. Members of the CCC family are found in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. Most characterized CCC family proteins are from higher eukaryotes, but one has been partially characterized from ''Nicotiana tabacum'' (a plant), and homologous ORFs  have been sequenced from ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' (worm), ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' (yeast) and ''Synechococcus sp.'' (blue green bacterium). The latter proteins are of unknown function. These proteins show sequence similarity to members of the APC family ([http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.3 TC #2.A.3]). CCC family proteins are usually large (between 1000 and 1200 amino acyl residues), and possess 12 putative transmembrane spanners flanked by large N-terminal and C-terminal hydrophilic domains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saier |first=MH Jr. |date= |title=2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 |access-date= |website=Transporter Classification Database |publisher=Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC}}</ref> == Function == CCC family proteins can catalyze NaCl/KCl symport, NaCl symport, or KCl symport depending on the system. The NaCl/KCl symporters are specifically inhibited by bumetanide while the NaCl symporters are specifically inhibited by thiazide. One member of the CCC family, the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter of humans, is involved in 5% of the filtered load of NaCl in the kidney. Mutations in the NaCl cotransporter cause the recessive Gitelman syndrome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Jong |first=Joke C. |last2=Willems |first2=Peter H. G. M. |last3=Mooren |first3=Fieke J. M. |last4=van den Heuvel |first4=Lambertus P. W. J. |last5=Knoers |first5=Nine V. A. M. |last6=Bindels |first6=René J. M. |date=2003-07-04 |title=The structural unit of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter is a homodimer |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=278 |issue=27 |pages=24302–24307 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M303101200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=12704198 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is regulated by [[RasGRP1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Benjamin |last2=Joshi |first2=Leena M. |last3=Cooke |first3=Leslie L. |last4=Vazquez |first4=Norma |last5=Musch |first5=Mark W. |last6=Hebert |first6=Steven C. |last7=Gamba |first7=Gerardo |last8=Hoover |first8=Robert S. |date=2007-12-11 |title=Phorbol ester stimulation of RasGRP1 regulates the sodium-chloride cotransporter by a PKC-independent pathway |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=20120–20125 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10420120K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0709506104 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2148432 |pmid=18077438 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br /><br /> == Roles in nervous system == CCC plays a key role in chloride homeostasis. During the day, NKCC is active, leading to Cl⁻ influx, and GABA receptor activation may result in Cl⁻ efflux, causing depolarization and excitatory signaling. At night, NKCC is inactive. KCC becomes active, exporting K⁺ and Cl⁻, thereby reducing [Cl⁻]<sub>i</sub>. Lower [Cl⁻]<sub>i</sub> enhances Cl⁻ influx upon GABA binding, hyperpolarizing the membrane and promoting inhibitory signaling. This chloride oscillation demonstrates the circadian rhythm of neuronal excitability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodan |first=Aylin R |date=2024 |title=Circadian rhythm regulation by pacemaker neuron chloride oscillation in flies |journal=Physiology |volume=39 |issue=3 |page=157-166 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00006.2024 |pmc=11368518 |pmid=38411570}}</ref> == NaCCC2 == Insects express two groups of sodium-dependent cation chloride cotransporters, including NKCCs and NaCCC2. Insect NKCCs and vertebrate NKCCs are directly the same ortholog, but NaCCC2 has no vertebrate ortholog. However, these transporters share high sequence similarity, but NaCCC2 demonstrates electrogenic transport behavior.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yarcusko |first=Ryan S. |last2=Song |first2=Maria Hemmi |last3=Neuger |first3=Grace C. |last4=Romero |first4=Michael F. |last5=Piermarini |first5=Peter M. |last6=Gillen |first6=Christopher M. |date=October 2024 |title=Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=296 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685 |pmc=11667794 |pmid=38914258}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Piermarini |first=Peter M. |last2=Akuma |first2=Daniel C. |last3=Crow |first3=John C. |last4=Jamil |first4=Taylor L. |last5=Kerkhoff |first5=Willa G. |last6=Viel |first6=Kenyatta C.M.F. |last7=Gillen |first7=Christopher M. |date=December 2017 |title=Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=214 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007 |pmid=28923771 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> NaCCC2 family members, including aeCCC2 from ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' and Ncc83 (also called aeCCC3) from ''Drosophila'', are expressed in osmoregulatory tissues, including Malpighian tubules and hindgut, where they function in ion secretion and absorption, and contribute to whole-body ion balance.<ref name=":2" /> Compared with the traditional electroneutral transport behavior in CCC family groups, aeCCC2 and Ncc83 demonstrates a strong preference for transporting Na and Li, carrying positive or negative ions across the membrane. This electrogenic behavior suggests a unique role in sodium homeostasis and osmoregulation in insects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalsi |first=Megha |last2=Gillen |first2=Christopher |last3=Piermarini |first3=Peter M. |date=2019-03-14 |title=Heterologous Expression of Aedes aegypti Cation Chloride Cotransporter 2 (aeCCC2) in Xenopus laevis Oocytes Induces an Enigmatic Na+/Li+ Conductance |journal=Insects |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=71 |doi=10.3390/insects10030071 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=6468792 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Transport reaction == The generalized transport reaction for CCC family symporters is:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saier |first=MH Jr. |date= |title=2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 |access-date= |website=Transporter Classification Database |publisher=Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaier">Saier, MH Jr. [http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 "2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family"]. ''Transporter Classification Database''. Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC.</cite></ref> : {Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup> + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>} (out) ⇌ {Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup> + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>} (in). That for the NaCl and KCl symporters is: : {Na<sup>+</sup> or K<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup>} (out) ⇌ {Na<sup>+</sup> or K<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup>} (in). == Structure == The NaCl cotransporter proteins are dimers in the membrane and contain 12 transmembrane spanners. Two splice variants of NKCC2 are identical except for a 23 aa membrane domain. They have different affinities for Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup>. This segment (residues 216–233 in NKCC2) were examined for ion selectivity. Residue 216 affects K<sup>+</sup> binding while residue 220 only affects Na<sup>+</sup> binding. These two sites are presumed to be adjacent to each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gagnon |first=Edith |last2=Bergeron |first2=Marc J. |last3=Daigle |first3=Nikolas D. |last4=Lefoll |first4=Marie-Hélène |last5=Isenring |first5=Paul |date=2005-09-16 |title=Molecular mechanisms of cation transport by the renal Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter: structural insight into the operating characteristics of the ion transport sites |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=280 |issue=37 |pages=32555–32563 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M505511200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=16027154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Each of the major types of CCC family members in mammals exist as paralogous isoforms. These may differ in substrates transported. For example, of the four currently recognized KCl transporters, KCC1 and KCC4 both recognize KCl with similar affinities, but KCC1 exhibits anion selectivity: Cl<sup>−</sup> > SCN<sup>−</sup> = Br<sup>−</sup> > PO3−4 > I<sup>−,</sup> while KCC4 exhibits anion selectivity: Cl<sup>−</sup> > Br<sup>−</sup> > PO3−4 = I<sup>−</sup> > SCN<sup>−</sup>. Both are activated by cell swelling under hypotonic conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mercado |first=A. |last2=Song |first2=L. |last3=Vazquez |first3=N. |last4=Mount |first4=D. B. |last5=Gamba |first5=G. |date=2000-09-29 |title=Functional comparison of the K+-Cl- cotransporters KCC1 and KCC4 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=275 |issue=39 |pages=30326–30334 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M003112200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=10913127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These proteins may cotransport water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mollajew |first=Rustam |last2=Zocher |first2=Florian |last3=Horner |first3=Andreas |last4=Wiesner |first4=Burkhard |last5=Klussmann |first5=Enno |last6=Pohl |first6=Peter |date=2010-12-01 |title=Routes of epithelial water flow: aquaporins versus cotransporters |journal=Biophysical Journal |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=3647–3656 |bibcode=2010BpJ....99.3647M |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.021 |issn=1542-0086 |pmc=2998630 |pmid=21112289}}</ref> CCCs share a conserved structural scaffold that consists of a transmembrane transport domain followed by a cytoplasmic regulatory domain. Warmuth et al. (2009) determined the x-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of a CCC from the archaeon ''Mehanosarcina acetivorans'' (PDB: 3G40​).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Stefan |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Iwan |last3=Dutzler |first3=Raimund |date=2009-04-15 |title=X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of a prokaryotic cation-chloride cotransporter |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A16723 |journal=Structure |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=538–546 |doi=10.1016/j.str.2009.02.009 |issn=0969-2126 |pmid=19368887 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It shows a novel fold of a regulatory domain, distantly related to universal stress proteins. The protein forms dimers in solution, consistent with the proposed dimeric organization of eukaryotic CCC transporters.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> AeCCC2 and Ncc83 are structurally members of the CCC family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yarcusko |first=Ryan S. |last2=Song |first2=Maria Hemmi |last3=Neuger |first3=Grace C. |last4=Romero |first4=Michael F. |last5=Piermarini |first5=Peter M. |last6=Gillen |first6=Christopher M. |date=October 2024 |title=Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=296 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685 |pmc=11667794 |pmid=38914258}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYarcuskoSongNeugerRomero2024">Yarcusko, Ryan S.; Song, Maria Hemmi; Neuger, Grace C.; Romero, Michael F.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Gillen, Christopher M. (October 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667794 "Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins"]. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology''. '''296''' 111685. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685|10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667794 11667794]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38914258 38914258].</cite></ref> Although aeCCC2 remains the conserved CCC structure, it holds a distinct ion-transport mechanism that differs from conventional vertebrate NKCC and KCC cotransporters. Furthermore, aeCCC2 and Ncc83 transporters share a similar gene structure. Both transporters have a similar length of nine predicted coding exons and high sequence identity across each exon. AeCCC2 holds around two-fold higher levels in tubules than in anal papillae. In contrast, Ncc83 is expressed nearly 100-fold more abundantly in anal papillae than in tubules.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Piermarini |first=Peter M. |last2=Akuma |first2=Daniel C. |last3=Crow |first3=John C. |last4=Jamil |first4=Taylor L. |last5=Kerkhoff |first5=Willa G. |last6=Viel |first6=Kenyatta C.M.F. |last7=Gillen |first7=Christopher M. |date=December 2017 |title=Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=214 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007 |pmid=28923771 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPiermariniAkumaCrowJamil2017">Piermarini, Peter M.; Akuma, Daniel C.; Crow, John C.; Jamil, Taylor L.; Kerkhoff, Willa G.; Viel, Kenyatta C.M.F.; Gillen, Christopher M. (December 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X "Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti"]</span>. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology''. '''214''': <span class="nowrap">40–</span>49. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007|10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28923771 28923771].</cite></ref> == Clinical relevance == === Neurological disorders === ==== Huntington disease ==== Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves alterations in neuronal pathways. The inhibitory-to-excitatory shift in GABAergic transmission is an important change, which is largely related to the disruption of chloride [[homeostasis]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dargaei |first=Zahra |last2=Bang |first2=Jee Yoon |last3=Mahadevan |first3=Vivek |last4=Khademullah |first4=C. Sahara |last5=Bedard |first5=Simon |last6=Parfitt |first6=Gustavo Morrone |last7=Kim |first7=Jun Chul |last8=Woodin |first8=Melanie A. |date=2018-02-13 |title=Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=7 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E1618D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716871115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5816181 |pmid=29382760 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide helps to lower the intracellular chloride levels and restores inhibitory GABAergic signaling. In Huntington’s disease mouse models, treatment with bumetanide successfully restored GABAergic inhibition and improved hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Down syndrome ==== Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by altered hippocampal-related functions, including deficits in memory, learning, and cognitive ability. In the Down syndrome mouse model that replicated the main features of the human condition, abnormalities were found in synaptic plasticity and exhibition/inhibition imbalance in neurotransmission.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Deidda |first=Gabriele |last2=Parrini |first2=Martina |last3=Naskar |first3=Shovan |last4=Bozarth |first4=Ignacio F |last5=Contestabile |first5=Andrea |last6=Cancedda |first6=Laura |date=April 2015 |title=Reversing excitatory GABAAR signaling restores synaptic plasticity and memory in a mouse model of Down syndrome |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3827 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=318–326 |doi=10.1038/nm.3827 |issn=1078-8956 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> For CCC expression, NKCC1 was unregulated in the hippocampus, leading to elevated intracellular chloride levels, and GABA causes depolarization. This alteration of GABAergic signaling contributes to impaired long-term potentiation (LTP).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref name=":5" /> Treatment with GABA<nowiki><sub id="mwvA">a</sub></nowiki> antagonists improved the long term potentiation and cognitive deficit in Down syndrome mouse models.<ref name=":5" /> ==== Alzheimer disease ==== Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with the loss of hippocampus neurons, presenting as memory loss and cognitive impairment. Alterations in NKCC1 expression have been proposed as mechanisms underlying impaired inhibitory signaling in Alzheimer's disease.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Vinnakota |first2=Chitra |last3=Guzmán |first3=Beatriz Calvo-Flores |last4=Newland |first4=Julia |last5=Peppercorn |first5=Katie |last6=Tate |first6=Warren P. |last7=Waldvogel |first7=Henry J. |last8=Faull |first8=Richard L. M. |last9=Kwakowsky |first9=Andrea |date=2022-04-10 |title=Beta-Amyloid (Aβ1-42) Increases the Expression of NKCC1 in the Mouse Hippocampus |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/molecules27082440 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9027496 |pmid=35458638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In mouse model, NKCC1 is unregulated in hippocampus.<ref name=":6" /> This finding is consistent with Huntington's disease and suggest that restoring chloride homeostasis through CCC may help hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in Alzheimer disease.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dargaei |first=Zahra |last2=Bang |first2=Jee Yoon |last3=Mahadevan |first3=Vivek |last4=Khademullah |first4=C. Sahara |last5=Bedard |first5=Simon |last6=Parfitt |first6=Gustavo Morrone |last7=Kim |first7=Jun Chul |last8=Woodin |first8=Melanie A. |date=2018-02-13 |title=Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=7 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E1618D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716871115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5816181 |pmid=29382760 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDargaeiBangMahadevanKhademullah2018">Dargaei, Zahra; Bang, Jee Yoon; Mahadevan, Vivek; Khademullah, C. Sahara; Bedard, Simon; Parfitt, Gustavo Morrone; Kim, Jun Chul; Woodin, Melanie A. (2018-02-13). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816181 "Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''115''' (7). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E1618D 2018PNAS..115E1618D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1716871115|10.1073/pnas.1716871115]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816181 5816181]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29382760 29382760].</cite></ref> === Neuropsychiatric disorders === Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder, consisting with positive (hallucinations), negative symptoms (withdrawal and lack of motivation) and cognitive symptoms (problem with focus, memory and executive function). GABAergic interneurons are diverse into different population and their different neuronal connections are important for coordinated development and brain regions' function.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Martin J |last2=Mirnics |first2=Karoly |date=January 2015 |title=Neurodevelopment, GABA System Dysfunction, and Schizophrenia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201495 |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=190–206 |doi=10.1038/npp.2014.95 |issn=0893-133X |pmc=4262918 |pmid=24759129}}</ref> The dysregulation of KCC2 and NKCC1 have been observed in schizophrenia in the prefrontal cortex and may impact the exhibition and inhibition switch in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arion |first=Dominique |last2=Lewis |first2=David A. |date=2011-01-03 |title=Altered Expression of Regulators of the Cortical Chloride Transporters NKCC1 and KCC2 in Schizophrenia |url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.114 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.114 |issn=0003-990X |pmc=3015012 |pmid=20819979 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Bipolar disorder ==== Bipolar disorder is a mental health illness that cause extreme mood swing, including emotional high (mania), and emotional low (depression). Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase generated sodium gradient, which are essential for the function of Na⁺-driven cotransporters, and disturbances in sodium handling have been implicated in bipolar disorder. Patients with bipolar disorder show evidence of impaired Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and altered sodium signaling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Gerwyn |last2=Walder |first2=Ken |last3=McGee |first3=Sean L. |last4=Dean |first4=Olivia M. |last5=Tye |first5=Susannah J. |last6=Maes |first6=Michael |last7=Berk |first7=Michael |date=March 2017 |title=A model of the mitochondrial basis of bipolar disorder |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014 |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=74 |issue=Pt A |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014 |issn=0149-7634 |pmid=28093238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtstein |first=David |last2=Ilani |first2=Asher |last3=Rosen |first3=Haim |last4=Horesh |first4=Noa |last5=Singh |first5=Shiv Vardan |last6=Buzaglo |first6=Nahum |last7=Hodes |first7=Anastasia |date=2018-08-07 |title=Na+, K+-ATPase Signaling and Bipolar Disorder |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=2314 |doi=10.3390/ijms19082314 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=6121236 |pmid=30087257 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == See also == * APC Superfamily * SLC12A9 * SLC12A8 * Chloride potassium symporter 5 * Transporter Classification Database == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] meqntdvf31a8lz9frz1wmjjhckg2k08 882883 882882 2026-07-14T11:26:43Z D son203 45710 882883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''cation-chloride cotransporter (CCC) family''' ([http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 TC# 2.A.30]) is part of the APC superfamily of secondary carriers. Members of the CCC family are found in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. Most characterized CCC family proteins are from higher eukaryotes, but one has been partially characterized from ''Nicotiana tabacum'' (a plant), and homologous ORFs  have been sequenced from ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' (worm), ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' (yeast) and ''Synechococcus sp.'' (blue green bacterium). The latter proteins are of unknown function. These proteins show sequence similarity to members of the APC family ([http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.3 TC #2.A.3]). CCC family proteins are usually large (between 1000 and 1200 amino acyl residues), and possess 12 putative transmembrane spanners flanked by large N-terminal and C-terminal hydrophilic domains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saier |first=MH Jr. |date= |title=2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 |access-date= |website=Transporter Classification Database |publisher=Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC}}</ref> == Function == CCC family proteins can catalyze NaCl/KCl symport, NaCl symport, or KCl symport depending on the system. The NaCl/KCl symporters are specifically inhibited by bumetanide while the NaCl symporters are specifically inhibited by thiazide. One member of the CCC family, the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter of humans, is involved in 5% of the filtered load of NaCl in the kidney. Mutations in the NaCl cotransporter cause the recessive Gitelman syndrome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Jong |first=Joke C. |last2=Willems |first2=Peter H. G. M. |last3=Mooren |first3=Fieke J. M. |last4=van den Heuvel |first4=Lambertus P. W. J. |last5=Knoers |first5=Nine V. A. M. |last6=Bindels |first6=René J. M. |date=2003-07-04 |title=The structural unit of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter is a homodimer |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=278 |issue=27 |pages=24302–24307 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M303101200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=12704198 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is regulated by [[RasGRP1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Benjamin |last2=Joshi |first2=Leena M. |last3=Cooke |first3=Leslie L. |last4=Vazquez |first4=Norma |last5=Musch |first5=Mark W. |last6=Hebert |first6=Steven C. |last7=Gamba |first7=Gerardo |last8=Hoover |first8=Robert S. |date=2007-12-11 |title=Phorbol ester stimulation of RasGRP1 regulates the sodium-chloride cotransporter by a PKC-independent pathway |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=20120–20125 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10420120K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0709506104 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2148432 |pmid=18077438 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br /><br /> == Roles in nervous system == CCC plays a key role in chloride homeostasis. During the day, NKCC is active, leading to Cl⁻ influx, and GABA receptor activation may result in Cl⁻ efflux, causing depolarization and excitatory signaling. At night, NKCC is inactive. KCC becomes active, exporting K⁺ and Cl⁻, thereby reducing [Cl⁻]<sub>i</sub>. Lower [Cl⁻]<sub>i</sub> enhances Cl⁻ influx upon GABA binding, hyperpolarizing the membrane and promoting inhibitory signaling. This chloride oscillation demonstrates the circadian rhythm of neuronal excitability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodan |first=Aylin R |date=2024 |title=Circadian rhythm regulation by pacemaker neuron chloride oscillation in flies |journal=Physiology |volume=39 |issue=3 |page=157-166 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00006.2024 |pmc=11368518 |pmid=38411570}}</ref> == NaCCC2 == Insects express two groups of sodium-dependent cation chloride cotransporters, including NKCCs and NaCCC2. Insect NKCCs and vertebrate NKCCs are directly the same ortholog, but NaCCC2 has no vertebrate ortholog. However, these transporters share high sequence similarity, but NaCCC2 demonstrates electrogenic transport behavior.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yarcusko |first=Ryan S. |last2=Song |first2=Maria Hemmi |last3=Neuger |first3=Grace C. |last4=Romero |first4=Michael F. |last5=Piermarini |first5=Peter M. |last6=Gillen |first6=Christopher M. |date=October 2024 |title=Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=296 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685 |pmc=11667794 |pmid=38914258}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Piermarini |first=Peter M. |last2=Akuma |first2=Daniel C. |last3=Crow |first3=John C. |last4=Jamil |first4=Taylor L. |last5=Kerkhoff |first5=Willa G. |last6=Viel |first6=Kenyatta C.M.F. |last7=Gillen |first7=Christopher M. |date=December 2017 |title=Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=214 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007 |pmid=28923771 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> NaCCC2 family members, including aeCCC2 from ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' and Ncc83 (also called aeCCC3) from ''Drosophila'', are expressed in osmoregulatory tissues, including Malpighian tubules and hindgut, where they function in ion secretion and absorption, and contribute to whole-body ion balance.<ref name=":2" /> Compared with the traditional electroneutral transport behavior in CCC family groups, aeCCC2 and Ncc83 demonstrates a strong preference for transporting Na and Li, carrying positive or negative ions across the membrane. This electrogenic behavior suggests a unique role in sodium homeostasis and osmoregulation in insects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalsi |first=Megha |last2=Gillen |first2=Christopher |last3=Piermarini |first3=Peter M. |date=2019-03-14 |title=Heterologous Expression of Aedes aegypti Cation Chloride Cotransporter 2 (aeCCC2) in Xenopus laevis Oocytes Induces an Enigmatic Na+/Li+ Conductance |journal=Insects |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=71 |doi=10.3390/insects10030071 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=6468792 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Transport reaction == The generalized transport reaction for CCC family symporters is:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saier |first=MH Jr. |date= |title=2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 |access-date= |website=Transporter Classification Database |publisher=Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaier">Saier, MH Jr. [http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.30 "2.A.30 The Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family"]. ''Transporter Classification Database''. Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group / SDSC.</cite></ref> : {Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup> + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>} (out) ⇌ {Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup> + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>} (in). That for the NaCl and KCl symporters is: : {Na<sup>+</sup> or K<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup>} (out) ⇌ {Na<sup>+</sup> or K<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup>} (in). == Structure == The NaCl cotransporter proteins are dimers in the membrane and contain 12 transmembrane spanners. Two splice variants of NKCC2 are identical except for a 23 aa membrane domain. They have different affinities for Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup>. This segment (residues 216–233 in NKCC2) were examined for ion selectivity. Residue 216 affects K<sup>+</sup> binding while residue 220 only affects Na<sup>+</sup> binding. These two sites are presumed to be adjacent to each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gagnon |first=Edith |last2=Bergeron |first2=Marc J. |last3=Daigle |first3=Nikolas D. |last4=Lefoll |first4=Marie-Hélène |last5=Isenring |first5=Paul |date=2005-09-16 |title=Molecular mechanisms of cation transport by the renal Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter: structural insight into the operating characteristics of the ion transport sites |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=280 |issue=37 |pages=32555–32563 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M505511200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=16027154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Each of the major types of CCC family members in mammals exist as paralogous isoforms. These may differ in substrates transported. For example, of the four currently recognized KCl transporters, KCC1 and KCC4 both recognize KCl with similar affinities, but KCC1 exhibits anion selectivity: Cl<sup>−</sup> > SCN<sup>−</sup> = Br<sup>−</sup> > PO3−4 > I<sup>−,</sup> while KCC4 exhibits anion selectivity: Cl<sup>−</sup> > Br<sup>−</sup> > PO3−4 = I<sup>−</sup> > SCN<sup>−</sup>. Both are activated by cell swelling under hypotonic conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mercado |first=A. |last2=Song |first2=L. |last3=Vazquez |first3=N. |last4=Mount |first4=D. B. |last5=Gamba |first5=G. |date=2000-09-29 |title=Functional comparison of the K+-Cl- cotransporters KCC1 and KCC4 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=275 |issue=39 |pages=30326–30334 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M003112200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=10913127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These proteins may cotransport water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mollajew |first=Rustam |last2=Zocher |first2=Florian |last3=Horner |first3=Andreas |last4=Wiesner |first4=Burkhard |last5=Klussmann |first5=Enno |last6=Pohl |first6=Peter |date=2010-12-01 |title=Routes of epithelial water flow: aquaporins versus cotransporters |journal=Biophysical Journal |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=3647–3656 |bibcode=2010BpJ....99.3647M |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.021 |issn=1542-0086 |pmc=2998630 |pmid=21112289}}</ref> CCCs share a conserved structural scaffold that consists of a transmembrane transport domain followed by a cytoplasmic regulatory domain. Warmuth et al. (2009) determined the x-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of a CCC from the archaeon ''Mehanosarcina acetivorans'' (PDB: 3G40​).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Stefan |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Iwan |last3=Dutzler |first3=Raimund |date=2009-04-15 |title=X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of a prokaryotic cation-chloride cotransporter |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A16723 |journal=Structure |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=538–546 |doi=10.1016/j.str.2009.02.009 |issn=0969-2126 |pmid=19368887 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It shows a novel fold of a regulatory domain, distantly related to universal stress proteins. The protein forms dimers in solution, consistent with the proposed dimeric organization of eukaryotic CCC transporters.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> AeCCC2 and Ncc83 are structurally members of the CCC family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yarcusko |first=Ryan S. |last2=Song |first2=Maria Hemmi |last3=Neuger |first3=Grace C. |last4=Romero |first4=Michael F. |last5=Piermarini |first5=Peter M. |last6=Gillen |first6=Christopher M. |date=October 2024 |title=Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=296 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685 |pmc=11667794 |pmid=38914258}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYarcuskoSongNeugerRomero2024">Yarcusko, Ryan S.; Song, Maria Hemmi; Neuger, Grace C.; Romero, Michael F.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Gillen, Christopher M. (October 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667794 "Function and regulation of the insect NaCCC2 sodium transport proteins"]. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology''. '''296''' 111685. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685|10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111685]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667794 11667794]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38914258 38914258].</cite></ref> Although aeCCC2 remains the conserved CCC structure, it holds a distinct ion-transport mechanism that differs from conventional vertebrate NKCC and KCC cotransporters. Furthermore, aeCCC2 and Ncc83 transporters share a similar gene structure. Both transporters have a similar length of nine predicted coding exons and high sequence identity across each exon. AeCCC2 holds around two-fold higher levels in tubules than in anal papillae. In contrast, Ncc83 is expressed nearly 100-fold more abundantly in anal papillae than in tubules.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Piermarini |first=Peter M. |last2=Akuma |first2=Daniel C. |last3=Crow |first3=John C. |last4=Jamil |first4=Taylor L. |last5=Kerkhoff |first5=Willa G. |last6=Viel |first6=Kenyatta C.M.F. |last7=Gillen |first7=Christopher M. |date=December 2017 |title=Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |language=en |volume=214 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007 |pmid=28923771 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPiermariniAkumaCrowJamil2017">Piermarini, Peter M.; Akuma, Daniel C.; Crow, John C.; Jamil, Taylor L.; Kerkhoff, Willa G.; Viel, Kenyatta C.M.F.; Gillen, Christopher M. (December 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331730212X "Differential expression of putative sodium-dependent cation-chloride cotransporters in Aedes aegypti"]</span>. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology''. '''214''': <span class="nowrap">40–</span>49. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007|10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28923771 28923771].</cite></ref> == Clinical relevance == === Neurological disorders === ==== Huntington disease ==== Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves alterations in neuronal pathways. The inhibitory-to-excitatory shift in GABAergic transmission is an important change, which is largely related to the disruption of chloride [[homeostasis]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dargaei |first=Zahra |last2=Bang |first2=Jee Yoon |last3=Mahadevan |first3=Vivek |last4=Khademullah |first4=C. Sahara |last5=Bedard |first5=Simon |last6=Parfitt |first6=Gustavo Morrone |last7=Kim |first7=Jun Chul |last8=Woodin |first8=Melanie A. |date=2018-02-13 |title=Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=7 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E1618D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716871115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5816181 |pmid=29382760 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide helps to lower the intracellular chloride levels and restores inhibitory GABAergic signaling. In Huntington’s disease mouse models, treatment with bumetanide successfully restored GABAergic inhibition and improved hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Down syndrome ==== Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by altered hippocampal-related functions, including deficits in memory, learning, and cognitive ability. In the Down syndrome mouse model that replicated the main features of the human condition, abnormalities were found in synaptic plasticity and exhibition/inhibition imbalance in neurotransmission.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Deidda |first=Gabriele |last2=Parrini |first2=Martina |last3=Naskar |first3=Shovan |last4=Bozarth |first4=Ignacio F |last5=Contestabile |first5=Andrea |last6=Cancedda |first6=Laura |date=April 2015 |title=Reversing excitatory GABAAR signaling restores synaptic plasticity and memory in a mouse model of Down syndrome |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3827 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=318–326 |doi=10.1038/nm.3827 |issn=1078-8956 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> For CCC expression, NKCC1 was unregulated in the hippocampus, leading to elevated intracellular chloride levels, and GABA causes depolarization. This alteration of GABAergic signaling contributes to impaired long-term potentiation (LTP).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref name=":5" /> Treatment with GABA<nowiki><sub id="mwvA">a</sub></nowiki> antagonists improved the long term potentiation and cognitive deficit in Down syndrome mouse models.<ref name=":5" /> ==== Alzheimer disease ==== Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with the loss of hippocampus neurons, presenting as memory loss and cognitive impairment. Alterations in NKCC1 expression have been proposed as mechanisms underlying impaired inhibitory signaling in Alzheimer's disease.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Vinnakota |first2=Chitra |last3=Guzmán |first3=Beatriz Calvo-Flores |last4=Newland |first4=Julia |last5=Peppercorn |first5=Katie |last6=Tate |first6=Warren P. |last7=Waldvogel |first7=Henry J. |last8=Faull |first8=Richard L. M. |last9=Kwakowsky |first9=Andrea |date=2022-04-10 |title=Beta-Amyloid (Aβ1-42) Increases the Expression of NKCC1 in the Mouse Hippocampus |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/molecules27082440 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9027496 |pmid=35458638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In mouse model, NKCC1 is unregulated in hippocampus.<ref name=":6" /> This finding is consistent with Huntington's disease and suggest that restoring chloride homeostasis through CCC may help hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in Alzheimer disease.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dargaei |first=Zahra |last2=Bang |first2=Jee Yoon |last3=Mahadevan |first3=Vivek |last4=Khademullah |first4=C. Sahara |last5=Bedard |first5=Simon |last6=Parfitt |first6=Gustavo Morrone |last7=Kim |first7=Jun Chul |last8=Woodin |first8=Melanie A. |date=2018-02-13 |title=Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=7 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E1618D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716871115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5816181 |pmid=29382760 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDargaeiBangMahadevanKhademullah2018">Dargaei, Zahra; Bang, Jee Yoon; Mahadevan, Vivek; Khademullah, C. Sahara; Bedard, Simon; Parfitt, Gustavo Morrone; Kim, Jun Chul; Woodin, Melanie A. (2018-02-13). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816181 "Restoring GABAergic inhibition rescues memory deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''115''' (7). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E1618D 2018PNAS..115E1618D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1716871115|10.1073/pnas.1716871115]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816181 5816181]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29382760 29382760].</cite></ref> === Neuropsychiatric disorders === Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder, consisting with positive (hallucinations), negative symptoms (withdrawal and lack of motivation) and cognitive symptoms (problem with focus, memory and executive function). GABAergic interneurons are diverse into different population and their different neuronal connections are important for coordinated development and brain regions' function.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Patricia |last2=Newland |first2=Julia |last3=Faull |first3=Richard L. M. |last4=Kwakowsky |first4=Andrea |date=2023-01-31 |title=Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1344 |doi=10.3390/molecules28031344 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9920462 |pmid=36771011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLamNewlandFaullKwakowsky2023">Lam, Patricia; Newland, Julia; Faull, Richard L. M.; Kwakowsky, Andrea (2023-01-31). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 "Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders"]. ''Molecules''. '''28''' (3): 1344. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/molecules28031344|10.3390/molecules28031344]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049 1420-3049]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920462 9920462]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771011 36771011].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Martin J |last2=Mirnics |first2=Karoly |date=January 2015 |title=Neurodevelopment, GABA System Dysfunction, and Schizophrenia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201495 |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=190–206 |doi=10.1038/npp.2014.95 |issn=0893-133X |pmc=4262918 |pmid=24759129}}</ref> The dysregulation of KCC2 and NKCC1 have been observed in schizophrenia in the prefrontal cortex and may impact the exhibition and inhibition switch in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arion |first=Dominique |last2=Lewis |first2=David A. |date=2011-01-03 |title=Altered Expression of Regulators of the Cortical Chloride Transporters NKCC1 and KCC2 in Schizophrenia |url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.114 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.114 |issn=0003-990X |pmc=3015012 |pmid=20819979 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Bipolar disorder ==== Bipolar disorder is a mental health illness that cause extreme mood swing, including emotional high (mania), and emotional low (depression). Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase generated sodium gradient, which are essential for the function of Na⁺-driven cotransporters, and disturbances in sodium handling have been implicated in bipolar disorder. Patients with bipolar disorder show evidence of impaired Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and altered sodium signaling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Gerwyn |last2=Walder |first2=Ken |last3=McGee |first3=Sean L. |last4=Dean |first4=Olivia M. |last5=Tye |first5=Susannah J. |last6=Maes |first6=Michael |last7=Berk |first7=Michael |date=March 2017 |title=A model of the mitochondrial basis of bipolar disorder |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014 |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=74 |issue=Pt A |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014 |issn=0149-7634 |pmid=28093238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtstein |first=David |last2=Ilani |first2=Asher |last3=Rosen |first3=Haim |last4=Horesh |first4=Noa |last5=Singh |first5=Shiv Vardan |last6=Buzaglo |first6=Nahum |last7=Hodes |first7=Anastasia |date=2018-08-07 |title=Na+, K+-ATPase Signaling and Bipolar Disorder |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=2314 |doi=10.3390/ijms19082314 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=6121236 |pmid=30087257 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == See also == * APC Superfamily * SLC12A9 * SLC12A8 * Chloride potassium symporter 5 * Transporter Classification Database == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9201nl5ir0jnls62ebwf6xk5lzsfwy1 Gine-gine na zamani 0 161567 882884 2026-07-14T11:29:28Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363694670|Modern architecture]]" 882884 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Fayil:Bauakademie_Schinkel_(Eduard_Gaertner).jpg|The Berlin Bauakademie, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1832–36), is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its heretofore relatively streamlined façade of the building Fayil:Crystal_Palace.PNG|The Crystal Palace (1851) was one of the first buildings to have [[Gilashin gine-gine|cast plate glass]] windows supported by a cast-iron frame Fayil:Maison_François_Coignet_2.jpg|The first house built of reinforced concrete, designed by François Coignet (1853) in Saint-Denis near Paris Fayil:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG|The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, by William Le Baron Jenney (1884) Fayil:Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG|The [[Eiffel Tower]] being constructed (August 1887–89) </gallery>'''Modern architecture''', also called '''modernist architecture''', or '''the modern movement''', is an [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|architectural]] movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction (particularly the use of glass, [[Karfe|steel]], and concrete); the principle of functionalism (i.e. that form should follow function); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection According to Le Corbusier, the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, while [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies van der Rohe]] was heavily inspired by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=6.12. Karl Friedrich Schinkel and the Bauakademie |url=https://thearchitectureprofessor.com/2020/06/28/6-12-karl-friedrich-schinkel-and-the-bauakademie/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mies & Schinkel : Das Vorbild Schinkels im Werk Mies van der Rohes – Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/PCEJRWPC6XVS5PJ6TN377G3HWLPY5WLM}}</ref> The movement emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]] until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} == Origins ==   Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, drywall, plate glass, and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The [[Gilashin gine-gine|cast plate glass]] process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} and based on the works of Viollet le Duc. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings.<ref name="britannia">{{Cite web |title=François Coignet &#124; French house builder |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Coignet |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris.<ref name="britannia" /> A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, first demonstrated at the New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG|Home Insurance Building in Chicago by William Le Baron Jenney (1883) Fayil:Prudential_buffalo_louis_sullivan.jpg|Prudential (Guaranty) Building by Louis Sullivan in Buffalo, New York (1896) Fayil:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0645).jpg|The Flatiron Building in New York City (1903) Fayil:Carson_Pirie_Scott_building,_Chicago,_Illinois_-_Louis_Sullivan.jpg|The Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building in Chicago by Louis Sullivan (1904–1906) Fayil:Woolworth_Building_and_City_Hall_Park,_New_York_City_1910s_retouched.png|The Woolworth Building and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but neo-Gothic on the outside. Fayil:WoolworthBuilding_crop.jpg|The neo-Gothic crown of the Woolworth Building by Cass Gilbert (1912) </gallery>The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in the late 19th century, most notably eclecticism, Victorian and Edwardian architecture, and the Beaux-Arts architectural style.<ref>Crouch, Christopher. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press.{{ISBN|0-312-21830-3}} (cloth) {{ISBN|0-312-21832-X}} (pbk)</ref> This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In his 1872 book ''Entretiens sur l'architecture'', he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate a new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Antoni Gaudí.{{Sfn|Bouillon|1985}} == Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Fayil:Schoolofart1.jpg|The Glasgow School of Art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1896–99) Fayil:25bis_rue_Benjamin-Franklin_(25437741212).jpg|Reinforced concrete apartment building by Auguste Perret, Paris (1903) Fayil:Vienna_-_PSK_Otto_Wagner's_Postsparkasse_-_5977.jpg|Austrian Postal Savings Bank in Vienna by Otto Wagner (1904–1906) Fayil:Berlin_AEG_Turbinenfabrik.jpg|The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens (1909) Fayil:Casa_Steiner_-_Foto_Fachada_Trasera.jpg|The Steiner House in Vienna by Adolf Loos, main façade (1910) Fayil:Woluwe-St-Pierre_-_Hoffmann_050917_(1).jpg|Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann, Brussels, (1906–1911) Fayil:Théâtre_des_Champs-Élysées_DSC09330.jpg|The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris by Auguste Perret (1911–1913) Fayil:01Sauvage26rueVavin.JPG|Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by Henri Sauvage (1912–1914) Fayil:Копия_ginsburg4.PNG|[[Ginsburg skyscraper|The Ginsburg skyscraper]] in [[Kiev|Kyiv]] (1910–1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925. Fayil:Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_z_fontanna.jpg|The Centennial Hall in Wrocław by Max Berg (1911–1913) Fayil:Fagus-Werke-01.jpg|The Fagus Factory in Alfeld by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer (1911–13) Fayil:Taut_Glass_Pavilion_exterior_1914.jpg|The Glass Pavilion in [[Köln|Cologne]] by Bruno Taut (1914) </gallery>At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona, Antoni Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture; the façade of the Casa Batlló in Barcelona (1904–1906)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history |url=https://www.casabatllo.es/en/antoni-gaudi/casa-batllo/history/ |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=Casa Batlló |quote=a full renovation was carried out between 1904 and 1906}}</ref> had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings.{{Sfn|Poisson|2009}} Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Henri Sauvage added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912–1914); the reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, a masterpiece of reinforced concrete construction, with Art Deco sculptural bas-reliefs on the façade by Antoine Bourdelle. Because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectator's view of the stage.{{Sfn|Poisson|2009}} Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style. In his book ''Moderne Architektur'' (1895) he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on "modern life".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226869393 Otto Wagner, ''Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to this Field of Art''], 1895, translation by Harry Francis Mallgrave, Getty Publications, 1988, {{ISBN|0226869393}}</ref> He designed a stylized ornamental metro station at Karlsplatz in Vienna (1888–89), then an ornamental Art Nouveau residence, Majolika House (1898), before moving to a much more geometric and simplified style, without ornament, in the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1904–1906). Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior. The reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, a large open space of steel, glass, and concrete where the only decoration was the structure itself.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began to refrain from using ornament in his buildings. His Steiner House, in Vienna (1910), was an example of what he called rationalist architecture; it had a simple stucco rectangular façade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which became known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture, the Stoclet Palace, in Brussels, in 1906–1911. This residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings, and a tower. A large pool in front of the house reflected its cubic forms. The interior was decorated with paintings by Gustav Klimt and other artists, and the architect even designed clothing for the family to match the architecture.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} In Germany, a modernist industrial movement, ''Deutscher Werkbund'' (German Work Federation) had been created in Munich in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius, a prominent architectural commentator. Its goal was to bring together designers and industrialists, to turn out well-designed, high-quality products, and in the process to invent a new type of architecture. The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. The architects include Peter Behrens, Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann and Richard Riemerschmid. In 1909 Behrens designed one of the earliest and most influential industrial buildings in the modernist style, the AEG turbine factory, a functional monument of steel and concrete. In 1911–1913, Adolf Meyer and Walter Gropius, who had both worked for Behrens, built another revolutionary industrial plant, the Fagus Factory in Alfeld an der Laine, a building without ornament where every construction element was on display. The ''Werkbund'' organized a major exposition of modernist design in Cologne just a few weeks before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. For the 1914 Cologne exhibition, Bruno Taut built a revolutionary glass pavilion.{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} == Early American modernism (1890s–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:William_H._Winslow_House_Front_Facade.jpg|William H. Winslow House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, River Forest, Illinois (1893–94) Fayil:Oak_park_house2.jpg|The Arthur Heurtley House in Oak Park, Illinois (1902) Fayil:LarkinAdministrationBuilding1906.jpg|Larkin Administration Building by Frank Lloyd Wright, Buffalo, New York (1904–1906) Fayil:Unity_Temple_-_Oak_Park_IL_9_(3224132995).jpg|Interior of Unity Temple by Frank Lloyd Wright, Oak Park, Illinois (1905–1908) Fayil:Frederick_C._Robie_House.JPG|The Robie House by Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago (1909) </gallery>Frank Lloyd Wright was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement. Like Le Corbusier and [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], he had no formal architectural training. From 1887 to 1893 he worked in the Chicago office of Louis Sullivan, who pioneered the first tall steel-frame office buildings in Chicago, and who famously stated "form follows function".{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his Prairie Houses, including the Winslow House in River Forest, Illinois (1893–94); Arthur Heurtley House (1902) and Robie House (1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of the earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His Larkin Building (1904–1906) in Buffalo, New York, Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} == Bibliography == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nbauhvrkgag49meejr3s1c30j88g8m3 882885 882884 2026-07-14T11:30:03Z D son203 45710 882885 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Fayil:Bauakademie_Schinkel_(Eduard_Gaertner).jpg|The Berlin Bauakademie, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1832–36), is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its heretofore relatively streamlined façade of the building Fayil:Crystal_Palace.PNG|The Crystal Palace (1851) was one of the first buildings to have [[Gilashin gine-gine|cast plate glass]] windows supported by a cast-iron frame Fayil:Maison_François_Coignet_2.jpg|The first house built of reinforced concrete, designed by François Coignet (1853) in Saint-Denis near Paris Fayil:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG|The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, by William Le Baron Jenney (1884) Fayil:Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG|The [[Eiffel Tower]] being constructed (August 1887–89) </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Modern architecture''', also called '''modernist architecture''', or '''the modern movement''', is an [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|architectural]] movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction (particularly the use of glass, [[Karfe|steel]], and concrete); the principle of functionalism (i.e. that form should follow function); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection According to Le Corbusier, the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, while [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies van der Rohe]] was heavily inspired by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=6.12. Karl Friedrich Schinkel and the Bauakademie |url=https://thearchitectureprofessor.com/2020/06/28/6-12-karl-friedrich-schinkel-and-the-bauakademie/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mies & Schinkel : Das Vorbild Schinkels im Werk Mies van der Rohes – Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/PCEJRWPC6XVS5PJ6TN377G3HWLPY5WLM}}</ref> The movement emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]] until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} == Origins ==   Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, drywall, plate glass, and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The [[Gilashin gine-gine|cast plate glass]] process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} and based on the works of Viollet le Duc. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings.<ref name="britannia">{{Cite web |title=François Coignet &#124; French house builder |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Coignet |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris.<ref name="britannia" /> A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, first demonstrated at the New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG|Home Insurance Building in Chicago by William Le Baron Jenney (1883) Fayil:Prudential_buffalo_louis_sullivan.jpg|Prudential (Guaranty) Building by Louis Sullivan in Buffalo, New York (1896) Fayil:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0645).jpg|The Flatiron Building in New York City (1903) Fayil:Carson_Pirie_Scott_building,_Chicago,_Illinois_-_Louis_Sullivan.jpg|The Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building in Chicago by Louis Sullivan (1904–1906) Fayil:Woolworth_Building_and_City_Hall_Park,_New_York_City_1910s_retouched.png|The Woolworth Building and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but neo-Gothic on the outside. Fayil:WoolworthBuilding_crop.jpg|The neo-Gothic crown of the Woolworth Building by Cass Gilbert (1912) </gallery>The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in the late 19th century, most notably eclecticism, Victorian and Edwardian architecture, and the Beaux-Arts architectural style.<ref>Crouch, Christopher. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press.{{ISBN|0-312-21830-3}} (cloth) {{ISBN|0-312-21832-X}} (pbk)</ref> This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In his 1872 book ''Entretiens sur l'architecture'', he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate a new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Antoni Gaudí.{{Sfn|Bouillon|1985}} == Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Fayil:Schoolofart1.jpg|The Glasgow School of Art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1896–99) Fayil:25bis_rue_Benjamin-Franklin_(25437741212).jpg|Reinforced concrete apartment building by Auguste Perret, Paris (1903) Fayil:Vienna_-_PSK_Otto_Wagner's_Postsparkasse_-_5977.jpg|Austrian Postal Savings Bank in Vienna by Otto Wagner (1904–1906) Fayil:Berlin_AEG_Turbinenfabrik.jpg|The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens (1909) Fayil:Casa_Steiner_-_Foto_Fachada_Trasera.jpg|The Steiner House in Vienna by Adolf Loos, main façade (1910) Fayil:Woluwe-St-Pierre_-_Hoffmann_050917_(1).jpg|Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann, Brussels, (1906–1911) Fayil:Théâtre_des_Champs-Élysées_DSC09330.jpg|The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris by Auguste Perret (1911–1913) Fayil:01Sauvage26rueVavin.JPG|Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by Henri Sauvage (1912–1914) Fayil:Копия_ginsburg4.PNG|[[Ginsburg skyscraper|The Ginsburg skyscraper]] in [[Kiev|Kyiv]] (1910–1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925. Fayil:Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_z_fontanna.jpg|The Centennial Hall in Wrocław by Max Berg (1911–1913) Fayil:Fagus-Werke-01.jpg|The Fagus Factory in Alfeld by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer (1911–13) Fayil:Taut_Glass_Pavilion_exterior_1914.jpg|The Glass Pavilion in [[Köln|Cologne]] by Bruno Taut (1914) </gallery>At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona, Antoni Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture; the façade of the Casa Batlló in Barcelona (1904–1906)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history |url=https://www.casabatllo.es/en/antoni-gaudi/casa-batllo/history/ |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=Casa Batlló |quote=a full renovation was carried out between 1904 and 1906}}</ref> had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings.{{Sfn|Poisson|2009}} Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Henri Sauvage added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912–1914); the reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, a masterpiece of reinforced concrete construction, with Art Deco sculptural bas-reliefs on the façade by Antoine Bourdelle. Because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectator's view of the stage.{{Sfn|Poisson|2009}} Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style. In his book ''Moderne Architektur'' (1895) he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on "modern life".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226869393 Otto Wagner, ''Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to this Field of Art''], 1895, translation by Harry Francis Mallgrave, Getty Publications, 1988, {{ISBN|0226869393}}</ref> He designed a stylized ornamental metro station at Karlsplatz in Vienna (1888–89), then an ornamental Art Nouveau residence, Majolika House (1898), before moving to a much more geometric and simplified style, without ornament, in the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1904–1906). Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior. The reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, a large open space of steel, glass, and concrete where the only decoration was the structure itself.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began to refrain from using ornament in his buildings. His Steiner House, in Vienna (1910), was an example of what he called rationalist architecture; it had a simple stucco rectangular façade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which became known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture, the Stoclet Palace, in Brussels, in 1906–1911. This residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings, and a tower. A large pool in front of the house reflected its cubic forms. The interior was decorated with paintings by Gustav Klimt and other artists, and the architect even designed clothing for the family to match the architecture.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} In Germany, a modernist industrial movement, ''Deutscher Werkbund'' (German Work Federation) had been created in Munich in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius, a prominent architectural commentator. Its goal was to bring together designers and industrialists, to turn out well-designed, high-quality products, and in the process to invent a new type of architecture. The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. The architects include Peter Behrens, Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann and Richard Riemerschmid. In 1909 Behrens designed one of the earliest and most influential industrial buildings in the modernist style, the AEG turbine factory, a functional monument of steel and concrete. In 1911–1913, Adolf Meyer and Walter Gropius, who had both worked for Behrens, built another revolutionary industrial plant, the Fagus Factory in Alfeld an der Laine, a building without ornament where every construction element was on display. The ''Werkbund'' organized a major exposition of modernist design in Cologne just a few weeks before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. For the 1914 Cologne exhibition, Bruno Taut built a revolutionary glass pavilion.{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} == Early American modernism (1890s–1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Fayil:William_H._Winslow_House_Front_Facade.jpg|William H. Winslow House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, River Forest, Illinois (1893–94) Fayil:Oak_park_house2.jpg|The Arthur Heurtley House in Oak Park, Illinois (1902) Fayil:LarkinAdministrationBuilding1906.jpg|Larkin Administration Building by Frank Lloyd Wright, Buffalo, New York (1904–1906) Fayil:Unity_Temple_-_Oak_Park_IL_9_(3224132995).jpg|Interior of Unity Temple by Frank Lloyd Wright, Oak Park, Illinois (1905–1908) Fayil:Frederick_C._Robie_House.JPG|The Robie House by Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago (1909) </gallery>Frank Lloyd Wright was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement. Like Le Corbusier and [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], he had no formal architectural training. From 1887 to 1893 he worked in the Chicago office of Louis Sullivan, who pioneered the first tall steel-frame office buildings in Chicago, and who famously stated "form follows function".{{Sfn|Tietz|1999}} Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his Prairie Houses, including the Winslow House in River Forest, Illinois (1893–94); Arthur Heurtley House (1902) and Robie House (1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of the earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His Larkin Building (1904–1906) in Buffalo, New York, Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents.{{Sfn|Bony|2012}} == Bibliography == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gjvnmb0643kryjkesdh445ezl9op7mu Ba kamar Sauran ba 0 161568 882886 2026-07-14T11:31:52Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347916616|Not like Others]]" 882886 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Not Like Others |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Peter Pontikis]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Peter Pontikis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Patrick Sobieski |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |Jenny Lampa<br /><br />Ruth Vega Fernandez<br /><br />[[David Dencik]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Erik Persson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Hanna Lejonqvist |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |Svante Fjaestad |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />companies</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Impasse Films<br /><br />Patrick Sobieski</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Distributed by | class="infobox-data" |NonStop Entertainment |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * September&nbsp;5,&nbsp;2008<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-09-05</span>)</span>&#x20;(Stockholm) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |75 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Sweden |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |Swedish |} '''''Not Like Others''''' (original title: '''''Vampyrer''''') is a 2008 Swedish vampire-drama film written and directed by Peter Pontikis. The story revolves around two vampire sisters trying to escape a biker gang. At the same time, one of the sisters wants to leave her life as a vampire and have an ordinary existence with her human boyfriend. The films is Sweden's third vampire film, with ''Frostbite'' being the first and ''Let The Right One In'' the second. == Plot == Two vampire sisters, Vera (Jenny Lampa) and Vanja (Ruth Vega Fernandez), attend an illegal club. At the club, Vera is sexually harassed by a biker (Peter Järn). She drags him into the bathroom, pretending to accept having sex with him. Vera kills the biker with her pocket knife and drinks his blood. Vera and Vanja escapes the scene. The biker's gang gives them chase wanting revenge. The narration intercuts with events from previous nights. Vera and Vanja belong to a breed of vampires, who are human-like but can only survive on blood. Both of the sisters are homeless. Vanja plans to try to live with her secret human boyfriend and pass off as a regular human, having heard a rumor that other vampires have done this. Vanja tries to avoid killing humans and steals blood from hospitals to feed her cravings. After having been found by the bikers Vera and Vanja escape through the [[Stockholm]] Ghost Park and are separated. Vera is picked up by a Taxi Driver, representing humanity (David Dencik). The driver seem friendly at first but when he finds out she does not have any money to pay him he asks for oral sex. Vera attacks and kills him. Vera and Vanja are reunited at a midnight theatre showing Night of the Living Dead and Vanja tells Vera about her plan. Vera panics with the idea of not living with her sister and betrays their location to one of the bikers (Jörgen Persson) as he is talking to his friend (Omid Khansari). The bikers chase the sisters down to a warehouse. Vera has a change of heart and confronts the bikers as Vanja escapes. Vera admits to the bikers killing their friend and meets her end at their hands. == Cast ==   David Dencik is the only human character to have any (audible) dialogue. According to director Portikis, he is supposed to represent humanity. Marcus Ovnell, who plays Vanja's human boyfriend, went on and married Jenny Lampa. The film met with mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Like Others (Movie Review) &#124; Bloody Good Horror |url=http://www.bloodygoodhorror.com/bgh/reviews/02/01/2011/not-like-others}}</ref> Swedish critic and writer of the first Swedish vampire film (2006's ''Frostbite'') Pidde Andersson has mentioned in several reviews and interviews that he views it as the worst vampire film of all times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sökresultat för "5" – JPS Media |url=http://www.jpsmedia.se/index.php?s=5&s2=17&t=10682&t2=KATARINA%20HARRISON%20LINDBERGH%20Vampyrernas%20historia}}</ref> * Vampire film == Manazarta == ox6dwtx42qj2e68sejqaal3h8qcotkm 882887 882886 2026-07-14T11:32:20Z D son203 45710 882887 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Not Like Others |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Peter Pontikis]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Peter Pontikis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Patrick Sobieski |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |Jenny Lampa<br /><br />Ruth Vega Fernandez<br /><br />[[David Dencik]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Erik Persson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Hanna Lejonqvist |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |Svante Fjaestad |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />companies</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Impasse Films<br /><br />Patrick Sobieski</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Distributed by | class="infobox-data" |NonStop Entertainment |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * September&nbsp;5,&nbsp;2008<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-09-05</span>)</span>&#x20;(Stockholm) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |75 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Sweden |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |Swedish |} {{Databox}} '''''Not Like Others''''' (original title: '''''Vampyrer''''') is a 2008 Swedish vampire-drama film written and directed by Peter Pontikis. The story revolves around two vampire sisters trying to escape a biker gang. At the same time, one of the sisters wants to leave her life as a vampire and have an ordinary existence with her human boyfriend. The films is Sweden's third vampire film, with ''Frostbite'' being the first and ''Let The Right One In'' the second. == Plot == Two vampire sisters, Vera (Jenny Lampa) and Vanja (Ruth Vega Fernandez), attend an illegal club. At the club, Vera is sexually harassed by a biker (Peter Järn). She drags him into the bathroom, pretending to accept having sex with him. Vera kills the biker with her pocket knife and drinks his blood. Vera and Vanja escapes the scene. The biker's gang gives them chase wanting revenge. The narration intercuts with events from previous nights. Vera and Vanja belong to a breed of vampires, who are human-like but can only survive on blood. Both of the sisters are homeless. Vanja plans to try to live with her secret human boyfriend and pass off as a regular human, having heard a rumor that other vampires have done this. Vanja tries to avoid killing humans and steals blood from hospitals to feed her cravings. After having been found by the bikers Vera and Vanja escape through the [[Stockholm]] Ghost Park and are separated. Vera is picked up by a Taxi Driver, representing humanity (David Dencik). The driver seem friendly at first but when he finds out she does not have any money to pay him he asks for oral sex. Vera attacks and kills him. Vera and Vanja are reunited at a midnight theatre showing Night of the Living Dead and Vanja tells Vera about her plan. Vera panics with the idea of not living with her sister and betrays their location to one of the bikers (Jörgen Persson) as he is talking to his friend (Omid Khansari). The bikers chase the sisters down to a warehouse. Vera has a change of heart and confronts the bikers as Vanja escapes. Vera admits to the bikers killing their friend and meets her end at their hands. == Cast ==   David Dencik is the only human character to have any (audible) dialogue. According to director Portikis, he is supposed to represent humanity. Marcus Ovnell, who plays Vanja's human boyfriend, went on and married Jenny Lampa. The film met with mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Like Others (Movie Review) &#124; Bloody Good Horror |url=http://www.bloodygoodhorror.com/bgh/reviews/02/01/2011/not-like-others}}</ref> Swedish critic and writer of the first Swedish vampire film (2006's ''Frostbite'') Pidde Andersson has mentioned in several reviews and interviews that he views it as the worst vampire film of all times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sökresultat för "5" – JPS Media |url=http://www.jpsmedia.se/index.php?s=5&s2=17&t=10682&t2=KATARINA%20HARRISON%20LINDBERGH%20Vampyrernas%20historia}}</ref> * Vampire film == Manazarta == td0ip2dmqj7njemx2erb3kdmldnhg1z Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1982 0 161569 882888 2026-07-14T11:53:29Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363931188|1982 FIFA World Cup]]" 882888 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''1982 FIFA World Cup''' was the 12th [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|FIFA World Cup]], the quadrennial [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|football]] tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982. The tournament was won by Italy, who defeated West Germany 3–1 in the final held in the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] in [[Madrid]]. It was Italy's third World Cup title, but their first since 1938. The defending champions, Argentina, were eliminated in the second round (finishing third and last in their group). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]], Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals. The tournament featured the first penalty shoot-out in World Cup competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Tim |date=11 July 2014 |title=1982: Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football's Greatest Ever Matches |url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927181154/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=20 May 2015 |website=Esquire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ger |first=McCarthy |date=10 July 2011 |title=Memory Lane – West Germany v France at World Cup 82 |url=http://backpagefootball.com/memory-lane-west-germany-v-france-at-world-cup-82/21132/ |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=Backpage Football}}</ref> This was the third and last World Cup to feature two rounds of group stages. It was also the third time (after 1934 and 1966) that all four semi-finalists were European. In the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, equalling the largest margin of victory recorded in the finals (Hungary over South Korea 9–0 in 1954, and Yugoslavia over [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|Zaire]] 9–0 in 1974). Although filled with compelling and entertaining matches, this tournament also was marred by violent fouls, poor officiating, some overcrowded stadiums, very hot weather in some cities and alleged collusion between teams. One particular incident of note was West German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's foul of French player Patrick Battiston during a semi-final match in Seville, and another was Italian player Claudio Gentile's intense and often violent match-long fouling and marking of Argentine player [[Diego Maradona]]. FIFA changed the regulations to somewhat prevent this kind of brutality on the pitch for the subsequent tournament in Mexico. == Host selection == Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in [[Landan|London]] on 6 July 1966. Hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time. West Germany and Spain were initially competing for a hosting bid, but ultimately agreed a deal whereby [[Ispaniya|Spain]] would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament and West Germany would allow Spain to bid for the 1982 World Cup unopposed. As a result, West Germany withdrew its bid for the 1982 edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Cómo la FIFA adjudicó a España el Mundial del 82 con Franco aún vivo y terminó siendo una oportunidad para proyectar al mundo un país nuevo |url=https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/como-fifa-adjudico-espana-mundial-82-franco-aun-vivo-termino-siendo-oportunidad-proyectar-mundo-pais-nuevo_202606126a2c463df2a09b63649e7d0e.html |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=LaSexta |language=es}}</ref> The decision to host the World Cup in Spain was controversial: At the time of Spain being selected, the country was still under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco's regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Controversy with a seeded head, broken balls and confusion with the first chosen ones: the story of the embarrassing 1982 World Cup draw |url=https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/23/controversy-with-a-seeded-head-broken-balls-and-confusion-with-the-first-chosen-ones-the-story-of-the-embarrassing-1982-world-cup-draw/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> However, the regime of Francoist Spain ended by 1975 with the death of Franco. The World Cup had significant effects on Spanish society after the democratic transition because, from the period from 1975 to 1982, Spain was still [[Demokradiyya a Spain|undergoing a transition from dictatorship to democracy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simón |first=Juan |date=2020-11-16 |title=Fighting against oblivion: the legacy of the 1982 World Cup, or the first challenge of democratic Spain |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14660970.2020.1793626 |journal=Soccer & Society |language=en |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=918–931 |doi=10.1080/14660970.2020.1793626 |issn=1466-0970 |s2cid=225701114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Qualification == For the first time ever, the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams. This allowed more countries to participate from Africa and Asia. Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958. Belgium, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, England and the Soviet Union were all back in the finals after 12-year absences. England had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in 20 years (they qualified for the 1966 tournament as hosts and for the 1970 tournament as defending champions).<ref name="falklands">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=World Cup withdrawal considered amid Falklands War |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20856004 |access-date=28 December 2012 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Yugoslavia and Chile were also back after missing the 1978 tournament. [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]], Honduras, Kuwait, and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time. This was the first time that all six confederations (AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC and [[UEFA]]) sent representative teams to the tournament. === List of qualified teams ===   {{As of|2026}}, this was the last time El Salvador qualified for the World Cup finals, the only time Kuwait have qualified, and the last time Mexico (who were disqualified from 1990) and South Korea failed to qualify. == Summary == === Format === [[Fayil:Selecció_de_futbol_d'Hondures._Copa_del_Món_de_Futbol_de_1982._(Alginet,_País_Valencià).jpg|thumb|Honduras team in Alginet, during a June 1982 preparatory match.]] The first round was a round-robin group stage containing six groups of four teams each. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw, with goal difference used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced. In the second round, the twelve remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each, with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage. The composition of the groups in the second round was determined before the start of the tournament. Groups A and B were to include one team from each of Groups 1 through 6, and Groups C and D included the remaining six teams. The winners of Groups 1 and 3 were in Group A while the runners-up were in Group C. The winners of Groups 2 and 4 were in Group B while the runners-up were in Group D. The winner of Group 5 was in Group D and the runner-up was in Group B. The winner of Group 6 was in Group C and the runner-up was in Group A. Thus, Group A mirrored Group C, and Group B mirrored Group D with the winners and runners-up from the first round being placed into opposite groups in the second round. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group A !Group B !Group C !Group D |- |Winner G1 |Winner G2 |Winner G6 |Winner G5 |- |Winner G3 |Winner G4 |Runner-up G1 |Runner-up G2 |- |Runner-up G6 |Runner-up G5 |Runner-up G3 |Runner-up G4 |} The second-round groups that mirrored each other (based on the first-round groupings) faced off against each other in the semi-finals. Thus, the Group A winner played the Group C winner, and the Group B winner played the Group D winner. This meant that if two teams which played in the same first-round group both emerged from the second round, they would meet for the second time of the tournament in a semi-final match. It also guaranteed that the final match would feature two teams that had not previously played each other in the tournament. Italy and Poland who were both in Group 1 in the first round, each won their second-round groups and played each other in a semi-final match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2015 |title=1982 FIFA World Cup Outline |url=http://soccernostalgia.blogspot.ie/2015_05_01_archive.html |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Soccernostalgia}}</ref> === First group stage === In Group 1, newcomers [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]] held both Poland and Italy to draws, and were denied a place in the next round on the basis of having scored fewer goals than Italy (the sides had an equal goal difference). Poland and Italy qualified over Cameroon and Peru. Italian journalists and tifosi criticised their team for their uninspired performances that managed three draws; the squad was reeling from the recent Serie A scandal, where national players were suspended for match fixing and illegal betting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 1982 |title=Italy qualify with two goals in three games |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19820624&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Glasgow Herald (page 19)}}</ref> Group 2 featured one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day, the 2–1 victory of [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]] over reigning European Champions West Germany. In the final match in the group, West Germany met Austria in a match later dubbed as the "Disgrace of Gijón". Algeria had already played their final group game on the previous day, and West Germany and Austria knew that a West German win by one or two goals would qualify them both, while a larger German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria, and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans. After 10&nbsp;minutes of all-out attack, West Germany scored a goal by Horst Hrubesch. After that solitary goal, the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match. Chants of "''Fuera, fuera''" ("''Out, out''") were screamed by the Spanish crowd, while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. This performance was widely deplored, even by the German and Austrian fans. One German fan was so upset by his team's display that he burned his German flag in disgust. Algeria protested to FIFA, who ruled that the result would stand; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously. LIn Group 3, which featured the opening ceremony and first match of the tournament, Belgium defeated the defending champion Argentina 1–0. The [[Camp Nou]] stadium was the home of [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], and many fans had wanted to see the club's new signing, Argentinian star [[Diego Maradona]], who did not perform to expectations. Both Belgium and Argentina ultimately advanced at the expense of Hungary and El Salvador despite Hungary's 10–1 win over the Central American nation – which, with a total of 11 goals, is the second highest scoreline in a World Cup game (equal with Brazil's 6–5 victory over Poland in the 1938 tournament and Hungary's 8–3 victory over West Germany in the 1954 tournament). Group 4 opened with England midfielder Bryan Robson's goal against France after only 27&nbsp;seconds of play. England won 3–1 and qualified along with France over Czechoslovakia and Kuwait, though the tiny Gulf emirate held Czechoslovakia to a 1–1 draw. In the game between Kuwait and France, with France leading 3–1, France midfielder Alain Giresse scored a goal vehemently contested by the Kuwait team, who had stopped play after hearing a piercing whistle from the stands, which they thought had come from Soviet referee Miroslav Stupar. Play had not yet resumed when Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, brother of the then-Kuwaiti Emir and president of the Kuwait Football Association, rushed onto the pitch to remonstrate with the referee. Stupar reversed his initial decision and disallowed the goal to the fury of the French. Maxime Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1. In Group 5, Honduras held hosts Spain to a 1–1 draw. Northern Ireland won the group outright, eliminating Yugoslavia and beating hosts Spain 1–0; Northern Ireland had to play the majority of the second half with ten men after Mal Donaghy was dismissed. Spain narrowly avoided elimination due to a huge referee error, securing a contentious 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia, largely attributed to a disputed penalty decision. At 17 years and 41 days, Northern Ireland forward Norman Whiteside was the youngest player to appear in a World Cup match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 1982 |title=Ten-man Irish in fairytale victory |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19820626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Glasgow Herald (page 19)}}</ref> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] were in Group 6. With Zico, Sócrates, Falcão, Éder and others, they boasted an offensive firepower that promised a return to the glory days of 1970. They beat the USSR 2–1 thanks to a 20-metre Éder goal two minutes from time, then [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] and New Zealand with four goals each. The Soviets took the group's other qualifying berth on goal difference at the expense of the Scots. === Second group stage === [[Fayil:Mundial82coruña.jpg|thumb|A statue commemorating the 1982 FIFA World Cup at the Estadio Riazor in A Coruña.]] Poland opened Group A with a 3–0 defeat of Belgium thanks to a Zbigniew Boniek hat-trick. The Soviet Union prevailed 1–0 in the next match over Belgium. The Poles edged out the USSR for the semi-final spot on the final day on goal difference thanks to a 0–0 draw in a politically charged match, as Poland's then-Communist government had imposed a martial law a few months earlier to quash internal dissent. In Group B, a match between England and West Germany ended in a goalless draw. West Germany put the pressure on England in their second match by beating Spain 2–1. The home side drew 0–0 against England, denying Ron Greenwood's team a semi-final place and putting England in the same position as Cameroon, being eliminated without losing a game. The match between Brazil and Italy pitted Brazil's attack against Italy's defence, with the majority of the game played around the Italian area, and with the Italian midfielders and defenders returning the repeated set volleys of Brazilian shooters such as Zico, Sócrates and Falcão. Italian centre back Gentile was assigned to mark Brazilian striker Zico, earning a yellow card and a suspension for the semi-final. Paolo Rossi opened the scoring when he headed in Antonio Cabrini's cross with just five minutes played. Sócrates equalised for Brazil seven minutes later. In the twenty-fifth minute Rossi stepped past Júnior, intercepted a pass from Cerezo across the Brazilians' goal, and drilled the shot home. The Brazilians threw everything in search of another equaliser, while Italy defended bravely. On 68 minutes, Falcão collected a pass from Júnior and as Cerezo's dummy run distracted three defenders, fired home from 20 yards out. Now Italy had gained the lead twice thanks to Rossi's goals, and Brazil had come back twice; at 2–2, Brazil would have been through on goal difference, but in the 74th minute, a poor clearance from an Italian corner kick went back to the Brazilian six-yard line where Rossi and Francesco Graziani were waiting. Both aimed at the same shot, Rossi connecting to get a hat trick and sending Italy into the lead for good. In the 86th minute Giancarlo Antognoni scored an apparent fourth goal for Italy, but it was wrongly disallowed for offside. In the dying moments Dino Zoff made a miraculous save to deny Oscar a goal, ensuring that Italy advanced to the semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=1982: Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football's Greatest Ever Matches |url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927181154/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Esquire.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Foot (historian)}}</ref> [[Fayil:Adidas_Tango_España.jpg|thumb|Adidas Tango España, the official match ball of Spain '82.]] ''Football in Action'' (Spanish: Fútbol en acción) is an educational animated television series about football produced by BRB Internacional and {{Lang|es|[[Televisión Española]]}} (TVE). The main character is a twelve-year-old Naranjito, who is accompanied on his adventures by his friends: {{Lang|es|Clementina}} (a mandarin orange), Citronio (a lemon), and Imarchi (a robot). The series talks about the rules of football and the history of the World Cup. Its 26 episodes of 25 minutes each were first aired in 1981–82 on TVE 1. === Poster === The official poster was designed by Joan Miró.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Russia's 2018 World Cup poster is super retro |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/237780e8-0fe1-4dae-94f7-e4ba19d86158}}</ref> == Controversies == The final match in group 2 between West Germany and Austria, the "Disgrace of Gijón", was controversial because of accusations of match fixing. It led to a rule change so that the final two games in each group were played simultaneously in subsequent World Cups. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jnm7wnbps4hw2r2v8g3928i2dqbt5kq 882889 882888 2026-07-14T11:54:09Z D son203 45710 882889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''1982 FIFA World Cup''' was the 12th [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|FIFA World Cup]], the quadrennial [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|football]] tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982. The tournament was won by Italy, who defeated West Germany 3–1 in the final held in the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] in [[Madrid]]. It was Italy's third World Cup title, but their first since 1938. The defending champions, Argentina, were eliminated in the second round (finishing third and last in their group). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]], Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals. The tournament featured the first penalty shoot-out in World Cup competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Tim |date=11 July 2014 |title=1982: Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football's Greatest Ever Matches |url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927181154/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=20 May 2015 |website=Esquire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ger |first=McCarthy |date=10 July 2011 |title=Memory Lane – West Germany v France at World Cup 82 |url=http://backpagefootball.com/memory-lane-west-germany-v-france-at-world-cup-82/21132/ |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=Backpage Football}}</ref> This was the third and last World Cup to feature two rounds of group stages. It was also the third time (after 1934 and 1966) that all four semi-finalists were European. In the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, equalling the largest margin of victory recorded in the finals (Hungary over South Korea 9–0 in 1954, and Yugoslavia over [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|Zaire]] 9–0 in 1974). Although filled with compelling and entertaining matches, this tournament also was marred by violent fouls, poor officiating, some overcrowded stadiums, very hot weather in some cities and alleged collusion between teams. One particular incident of note was West German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's foul of French player Patrick Battiston during a semi-final match in Seville, and another was Italian player Claudio Gentile's intense and often violent match-long fouling and marking of Argentine player [[Diego Maradona]]. FIFA changed the regulations to somewhat prevent this kind of brutality on the pitch for the subsequent tournament in Mexico. == Host selection == Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in [[Landan|London]] on 6 July 1966. Hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time. West Germany and Spain were initially competing for a hosting bid, but ultimately agreed a deal whereby [[Ispaniya|Spain]] would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament and West Germany would allow Spain to bid for the 1982 World Cup unopposed. As a result, West Germany withdrew its bid for the 1982 edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Cómo la FIFA adjudicó a España el Mundial del 82 con Franco aún vivo y terminó siendo una oportunidad para proyectar al mundo un país nuevo |url=https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/como-fifa-adjudico-espana-mundial-82-franco-aun-vivo-termino-siendo-oportunidad-proyectar-mundo-pais-nuevo_202606126a2c463df2a09b63649e7d0e.html |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=LaSexta |language=es}}</ref> The decision to host the World Cup in Spain was controversial: At the time of Spain being selected, the country was still under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco's regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Controversy with a seeded head, broken balls and confusion with the first chosen ones: the story of the embarrassing 1982 World Cup draw |url=https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/23/controversy-with-a-seeded-head-broken-balls-and-confusion-with-the-first-chosen-ones-the-story-of-the-embarrassing-1982-world-cup-draw/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> However, the regime of Francoist Spain ended by 1975 with the death of Franco. The World Cup had significant effects on Spanish society after the democratic transition because, from the period from 1975 to 1982, Spain was still [[Demokradiyya a Spain|undergoing a transition from dictatorship to democracy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simón |first=Juan |date=2020-11-16 |title=Fighting against oblivion: the legacy of the 1982 World Cup, or the first challenge of democratic Spain |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14660970.2020.1793626 |journal=Soccer & Society |language=en |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=918–931 |doi=10.1080/14660970.2020.1793626 |issn=1466-0970 |s2cid=225701114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Qualification == For the first time ever, the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams. This allowed more countries to participate from Africa and Asia. Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958. Belgium, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, England and the Soviet Union were all back in the finals after 12-year absences. England had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in 20 years (they qualified for the 1966 tournament as hosts and for the 1970 tournament as defending champions).<ref name="falklands">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=World Cup withdrawal considered amid Falklands War |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20856004 |access-date=28 December 2012 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Yugoslavia and Chile were also back after missing the 1978 tournament. [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]], Honduras, Kuwait, and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time. This was the first time that all six confederations (AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC and [[UEFA]]) sent representative teams to the tournament. === List of qualified teams ===   {{As of|2026}}, this was the last time El Salvador qualified for the World Cup finals, the only time Kuwait have qualified, and the last time Mexico (who were disqualified from 1990) and South Korea failed to qualify. == Summary == === Format === [[Fayil:Selecció_de_futbol_d'Hondures._Copa_del_Món_de_Futbol_de_1982._(Alginet,_País_Valencià).jpg|thumb|Honduras team in Alginet, during a June 1982 preparatory match.]] The first round was a round-robin group stage containing six groups of four teams each. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw, with goal difference used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced. In the second round, the twelve remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each, with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage. The composition of the groups in the second round was determined before the start of the tournament. Groups A and B were to include one team from each of Groups 1 through 6, and Groups C and D included the remaining six teams. The winners of Groups 1 and 3 were in Group A while the runners-up were in Group C. The winners of Groups 2 and 4 were in Group B while the runners-up were in Group D. The winner of Group 5 was in Group D and the runner-up was in Group B. The winner of Group 6 was in Group C and the runner-up was in Group A. Thus, Group A mirrored Group C, and Group B mirrored Group D with the winners and runners-up from the first round being placed into opposite groups in the second round. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group A !Group B !Group C !Group D |- |Winner G1 |Winner G2 |Winner G6 |Winner G5 |- |Winner G3 |Winner G4 |Runner-up G1 |Runner-up G2 |- |Runner-up G6 |Runner-up G5 |Runner-up G3 |Runner-up G4 |} The second-round groups that mirrored each other (based on the first-round groupings) faced off against each other in the semi-finals. Thus, the Group A winner played the Group C winner, and the Group B winner played the Group D winner. This meant that if two teams which played in the same first-round group both emerged from the second round, they would meet for the second time of the tournament in a semi-final match. It also guaranteed that the final match would feature two teams that had not previously played each other in the tournament. Italy and Poland who were both in Group 1 in the first round, each won their second-round groups and played each other in a semi-final match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2015 |title=1982 FIFA World Cup Outline |url=http://soccernostalgia.blogspot.ie/2015_05_01_archive.html |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Soccernostalgia}}</ref> === First group stage === In Group 1, newcomers [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Cameroon]] held both Poland and Italy to draws, and were denied a place in the next round on the basis of having scored fewer goals than Italy (the sides had an equal goal difference). Poland and Italy qualified over Cameroon and Peru. Italian journalists and tifosi criticised their team for their uninspired performances that managed three draws; the squad was reeling from the recent Serie A scandal, where national players were suspended for match fixing and illegal betting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 1982 |title=Italy qualify with two goals in three games |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19820624&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Glasgow Herald (page 19)}}</ref> Group 2 featured one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day, the 2–1 victory of [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]] over reigning European Champions West Germany. In the final match in the group, West Germany met Austria in a match later dubbed as the "Disgrace of Gijón". Algeria had already played their final group game on the previous day, and West Germany and Austria knew that a West German win by one or two goals would qualify them both, while a larger German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria, and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans. After 10&nbsp;minutes of all-out attack, West Germany scored a goal by Horst Hrubesch. After that solitary goal, the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match. Chants of "''Fuera, fuera''" ("''Out, out''") were screamed by the Spanish crowd, while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. This performance was widely deplored, even by the German and Austrian fans. One German fan was so upset by his team's display that he burned his German flag in disgust. Algeria protested to FIFA, who ruled that the result would stand; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously. LIn Group 3, which featured the opening ceremony and first match of the tournament, Belgium defeated the defending champion Argentina 1–0. The [[Camp Nou]] stadium was the home of [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], and many fans had wanted to see the club's new signing, Argentinian star [[Diego Maradona]], who did not perform to expectations. Both Belgium and Argentina ultimately advanced at the expense of Hungary and El Salvador despite Hungary's 10–1 win over the Central American nation – which, with a total of 11 goals, is the second highest scoreline in a World Cup game (equal with Brazil's 6–5 victory over Poland in the 1938 tournament and Hungary's 8–3 victory over West Germany in the 1954 tournament). Group 4 opened with England midfielder Bryan Robson's goal against France after only 27&nbsp;seconds of play. England won 3–1 and qualified along with France over Czechoslovakia and Kuwait, though the tiny Gulf emirate held Czechoslovakia to a 1–1 draw. In the game between Kuwait and France, with France leading 3–1, France midfielder Alain Giresse scored a goal vehemently contested by the Kuwait team, who had stopped play after hearing a piercing whistle from the stands, which they thought had come from Soviet referee Miroslav Stupar. Play had not yet resumed when Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, brother of the then-Kuwaiti Emir and president of the Kuwait Football Association, rushed onto the pitch to remonstrate with the referee. Stupar reversed his initial decision and disallowed the goal to the fury of the French. Maxime Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1. In Group 5, Honduras held hosts Spain to a 1–1 draw. Northern Ireland won the group outright, eliminating Yugoslavia and beating hosts Spain 1–0; Northern Ireland had to play the majority of the second half with ten men after Mal Donaghy was dismissed. Spain narrowly avoided elimination due to a huge referee error, securing a contentious 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia, largely attributed to a disputed penalty decision. At 17 years and 41 days, Northern Ireland forward Norman Whiteside was the youngest player to appear in a World Cup match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 1982 |title=Ten-man Irish in fairytale victory |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19820626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Glasgow Herald (page 19)}}</ref> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] were in Group 6. With Zico, Sócrates, Falcão, Éder and others, they boasted an offensive firepower that promised a return to the glory days of 1970. They beat the USSR 2–1 thanks to a 20-metre Éder goal two minutes from time, then [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] and New Zealand with four goals each. The Soviets took the group's other qualifying berth on goal difference at the expense of the Scots. === Second group stage === [[Fayil:Mundial82coruña.jpg|thumb|A statue commemorating the 1982 FIFA World Cup at the Estadio Riazor in A Coruña.]] Poland opened Group A with a 3–0 defeat of Belgium thanks to a Zbigniew Boniek hat-trick. The Soviet Union prevailed 1–0 in the next match over Belgium. The Poles edged out the USSR for the semi-final spot on the final day on goal difference thanks to a 0–0 draw in a politically charged match, as Poland's then-Communist government had imposed a martial law a few months earlier to quash internal dissent. In Group B, a match between England and West Germany ended in a goalless draw. West Germany put the pressure on England in their second match by beating Spain 2–1. The home side drew 0–0 against England, denying Ron Greenwood's team a semi-final place and putting England in the same position as Cameroon, being eliminated without losing a game. The match between Brazil and Italy pitted Brazil's attack against Italy's defence, with the majority of the game played around the Italian area, and with the Italian midfielders and defenders returning the repeated set volleys of Brazilian shooters such as Zico, Sócrates and Falcão. Italian centre back Gentile was assigned to mark Brazilian striker Zico, earning a yellow card and a suspension for the semi-final. Paolo Rossi opened the scoring when he headed in Antonio Cabrini's cross with just five minutes played. Sócrates equalised for Brazil seven minutes later. In the twenty-fifth minute Rossi stepped past Júnior, intercepted a pass from Cerezo across the Brazilians' goal, and drilled the shot home. The Brazilians threw everything in search of another equaliser, while Italy defended bravely. On 68 minutes, Falcão collected a pass from Júnior and as Cerezo's dummy run distracted three defenders, fired home from 20 yards out. Now Italy had gained the lead twice thanks to Rossi's goals, and Brazil had come back twice; at 2–2, Brazil would have been through on goal difference, but in the 74th minute, a poor clearance from an Italian corner kick went back to the Brazilian six-yard line where Rossi and Francesco Graziani were waiting. Both aimed at the same shot, Rossi connecting to get a hat trick and sending Italy into the lead for good. In the 86th minute Giancarlo Antognoni scored an apparent fourth goal for Italy, but it was wrongly disallowed for offside. In the dying moments Dino Zoff made a miraculous save to deny Oscar a goal, ensuring that Italy advanced to the semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=1982: Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football's Greatest Ever Matches |url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927181154/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6396/1982-why-brazil-v-italy-was-one-of-footballs-greatest-ever-matches/ |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Esquire.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Foot (historian)}}</ref> [[Fayil:Adidas_Tango_España.jpg|thumb|Adidas Tango España, the official match ball of Spain '82.]] ''Football in Action'' (Spanish: Fútbol en acción) is an educational animated television series about football produced by BRB Internacional and {{Lang|es|[[Televisión Española]]}} (TVE). The main character is a twelve-year-old Naranjito, who is accompanied on his adventures by his friends: {{Lang|es|Clementina}} (a mandarin orange), Citronio (a lemon), and Imarchi (a robot). The series talks about the rules of football and the history of the World Cup. Its 26 episodes of 25 minutes each were first aired in 1981–82 on TVE 1. === Poster === The official poster was designed by Joan Miró.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Russia's 2018 World Cup poster is super retro |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/237780e8-0fe1-4dae-94f7-e4ba19d86158}}</ref> == Controversies == The final match in group 2 between West Germany and Austria, the "Disgrace of Gijón", was controversial because of accusations of match fixing. It led to a rule change so that the final two games in each group were played simultaneously in subsequent World Cups. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5wwcimrslwi0zexev31egtk03jee4ss